WO2006028536A1 - Engine part coating created from polysiloxane and coating method - Google Patents
Engine part coating created from polysiloxane and coating method Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006028536A1 WO2006028536A1 PCT/US2005/020885 US2005020885W WO2006028536A1 WO 2006028536 A1 WO2006028536 A1 WO 2006028536A1 US 2005020885 W US2005020885 W US 2005020885W WO 2006028536 A1 WO2006028536 A1 WO 2006028536A1
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- oil
- polydialkylsiloxane
- polyhydrocarbylsiloxane
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M107/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound
- C10M107/50—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound containing silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M155/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M143/00 - C10M153/00
- C10M155/02—Monomer containing silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L83/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L83/04—Polysiloxanes
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2229/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2229/04—Siloxanes with specific structure
- C10M2229/046—Siloxanes with specific structure containing silicon-oxygen-carbon bonds
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2229/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2229/04—Siloxanes with specific structure
- C10M2229/046—Siloxanes with specific structure containing silicon-oxygen-carbon bonds
- C10M2229/0465—Siloxanes with specific structure containing silicon-oxygen-carbon bonds used as base material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2229/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2229/04—Siloxanes with specific structure
- C10M2229/047—Siloxanes with specific structure containing alkylene oxide groups
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2229/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2229/04—Siloxanes with specific structure
- C10M2229/047—Siloxanes with specific structure containing alkylene oxide groups
- C10M2229/0475—Siloxanes with specific structure containing alkylene oxide groups used as base material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2229/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2229/04—Siloxanes with specific structure
- C10M2229/048—Siloxanes with specific structure containing carboxyl groups
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2229/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2229/04—Siloxanes with specific structure
- C10M2229/048—Siloxanes with specific structure containing carboxyl groups
- C10M2229/0485—Siloxanes with specific structure containing carboxyl groups used as base material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
- C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
- C10N2020/055—Particles related characteristics
- C10N2020/06—Particles of special shape or size
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- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/26—Waterproofing or water resistance
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/50—Emission or smoke controlling properties
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/08—Hydraulic fluids, e.g. brake-fluids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/252—Diesel engines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/255—Gasoline engines
- C10N2040/26—Two-strokes or two-cycle engines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
- C10N2050/01—Emulsions, colloids, or micelles
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
- C10N2050/015—Dispersions of solid lubricants
- C10N2050/02—Dispersions of solid lubricants dissolved or suspended in a carrier which subsequently evaporates to leave a lubricant coating
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
- C10N2050/023—Multi-layer lubricant coatings
Definitions
- motor oil is used to lubricate moving parts in an engine or in other mechanical devices. Proper lubrication of engine parts is essential to preserving the life of the engine.
- motor oil there are many well-recognized limitations affecting the lubricating efficiency of motor oil.
- the filming properties of petroleum-based and synthetic motor oils are often inadequate, particularly in high heat areas of the motor such as the pistons, rods and cylinder walls. Without proper filming of motor oil in these areas, these parts become extremely hot [i.e., approximately 300 to 370 degrees Fahrenheit (-149-188 0 C)], which compounds suffer from the problems associated with inadequate lubrication.
- the oil oxidizes and forms a glaze on the surface of the cylinder walls.
- the oxidized oil also coats and forms a glaze on the piston rings and piston walls.
- the glazing of these surfaces compromises the proper sealing of the combustion chamber, which creates increased surface tension and reduces compression resulting in lower oxidation of the fuel which in turn decreases horse power and fuel efficiency and increases harmful emissions.
- Polysiloxanes in general, in particular polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxanes can be readily mixed with a lubricant (e.g., lubricating oil), fuel or other petroleum-based products, and the resulting mixture can be in the form of a stable dispersion or suspension having lubricating properties exceeding those of existing fuel-additive combinations and existing synthetic lubricants.
- a lubricant e.g., lubricating oil
- a dispersion of the polyether- or polyester- modified polydialkylsiloxane in oil has enhanced filming properties, even at elevated temperatures within the engine.
- the enhanced filming properties provide for enhanced lubrication, providing an increased level of power while allowing engines to run more smoothly and cleanly.
- the polydialkylsiloxane can be added to a variety of fluid-conduits, such as the lubrication systems and fuel system, in a vehicle or in other types of motors.
- polysiloxanes can be converted to three types of surfaces that are formed during the coating process that alone or in combination lead to increased lubricity, prevent abrasion, seal the combustion chamber, etc. and are thermally resistant coatings that are either physically pliable or extremely hard.
- Heating liquid polysiloxanes increases cross-linking resulting in polysiloxanes with increased molecular weight as shown in structure A below.
- Such polysiloxanes with increased molecular weights are solids at the temperatures of typical engines. Such a polymerization process can be facilitated by the metal surface acting as a catalyst. Such polymerization reactions are accelerated by higher temperatures and high pressures generated between metals parts in combustion engines can also facilitate the generation of strong antiwear films. Thus, the films could specifically form on the metal surfaces that are subjected to the highest temperatures and pressures where such films would be most beneficial.
- Such a material can exhibit temperatures in the ranges found in the combustion chamber and can act to provide a glass-coating that is deformable and that can readily form seals.
- Structure B Decomposition or Pyrolysis of Polysiloxanes to Silica (SiO 2 ) or Silicon Oxy Carbide Ceramic Films
- the concentration of polysiloxane, in particular of polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane in the mixture with oil or fuel can be between 0.5 percent to 2.5 percent by volume (all concentrations expressed herein are by volume unless otherwise indicated) and, in particular embodiments, the concentration of the siloxane is between 0.5 to 1.5 percent. Any other percentages between 0.001% and 100% depending on the particular use are possible as well. If applied as an oil additive, the coating takes whatever it needs to form itself from the oil- polysiloxane mixture and leaves the rest in the oil. For this reason, there is basically no upper percentage, as long as sufficient lubrication of the engine is provided.
- the Polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane can also be added directly to the engine oil in the oil pan of an automobile. However, the enhanced lubricating properties from use of the siloxane will not be realized until the siloxane is generally uniformly dispersed throughout the engine oil.
- Other ways of adding the polydialkylsiloxane are to mix it directly with the fuel, in particular in the case of a 2-stroke engine.
- Such a mixture would be preferably between 1:40 — 1 :60 polysiloxane:fuel. It takes usually only one fuel tank to achieve the coating and the coating may last for 10.000 or more miles and then other oil can be used. Stronger coatings may be achieved by having the additive in several fuel tanks, or it is likewise possible to use the polysiloxane additive continuously as the regular oil, i.e. in every fuel tank filling. In this case, adding can be effected either by premixing the polydialkylsiloxane with the fuel, or by injecting it from a separate chamber into the combustion chamber. If injected directly, a dispersion or suspension in water has an additional cleansing effect.
- the siloxane can be premixed with a quantity of the lubricant, such as motor oil, to produce a premixture having a concentration of approximately 8 to 33 percent siloxane, or in a more-specific embodiment, at a ratio of one part siloxane to five parts oil to form a siloxane-and-oil additive.
- the siloxane-and-oil additive is then added to the quantity or pool of lubricating oil in an oil pan or reservoir to obtain a siloxane concentration of, e.g., between approximately 0.5 to approximately 2.5 percent. Depending on the use, also other concentrations are possible.
- the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is mixed with oil to form the siloxane-and-oil additive using a sonic mixer, although other mixers including shear-producing mixers, such as a homogenizer or spray-nozzle-type mixer, can alternatively be utilized.
- the mixture is heated during mixing until the temperature of the mixture reaches approximately 200 degrees Fahrenheit (93 0 C).
- the mixture is mixed for sufficient time until the siloxane is generally uniformly distributed throughout the oil forming a fine suspension or dispersion of the polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane in the oil. It is believed that improved lubricating properties will be achieved with fine emulsion.
- any impurities that might be present in the oil or siloxane are filtered out, bringing the maximum impurity particle size down to less than 2 microns.
- the resulting dispersion is filtered through a filter with a pore size of approximately 2 microns to filter out impurities or siloxane, and the droplet size or agglomerates thereof exceeding 2 microns in diameter are reduced to smaller droplets, preferably 1 micron or lower to guarantee proper degrading of the polydialkylsiloxane as part of the coating process.
- a typically recommended amount is 1 ounce on 5 quarts of lubricant for a normal motor. Older Motors with more internal deposits may require a higher amount, for instance 2-3 ounces on 5 quarts of lubricant.
- a lubricant composition including the polyether- or polyester- modified polydialkylsiloxane can offer filming properties that are substantially improved over those of existing motor oils that incorporate known additives and over existing synthetic lubricants. Moreover, these excellent filming properties can be maintained even at high temperatures and after the engine stops running. Consequently, the lubricant including the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane, when used in an engine, can remain on engine parts longer after the engine stops running. Additionally, the small droplet size of the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane enables it to be mixed with an oil in a fine emulsion without separation and without settling of the siloxane from the oil.
- inclusion of the polydialkylsiloxane in the motor oil also reduces harmful vibrations in the engine due to the removal of dissolved gases. Further still, inclusion of the polydialkylsiloxane increases the flashpoint of the motor oil, increases the service life of the motor oil, reduces pollutant emissions from the engine, and enables better sealing of the pistons in the engine by the motor oil.
- the polydialkylsiloxane also helps to reduce engine rust by substantially eliminating moisture from the motor oil.
- the polydialkylsiloxane when included in a fuel, the polydialkylsiloxane can increase the pumping capacity of the fuel system by lubricating the pump and the lines of the injection system.
- the polydialkylsiloxane can also help to prevent vapor lock caused by vaporization in the fuel line.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system and process for formulating a polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane-and-oil lubricating composition.
- Fig. 2 shows a cylinder block of an engine treated with polydialkylsiloxane that was cut (sawed) in half through the centerline of the cylinder and crankshaft.
- Fig. 3 shows a cylinder block of an engine as in Fig. 2, but on an untreated engine.
- Fig. 4 is a diagram and table demonstrating the surface roughness in the non-combustion chamber zone of the treated engine denoted as section A in Fig. 2.
- Fig. 5 is a diagram demonstrating the surface roughness of the treated engine in the combustion chamber zone denoted B in Fig. 2.
- Fig. 6 is a diagram and table demonstrating the surface roughness in the non-combustion chamber zone of the untreated engine denoted as section A in Fig. 3.
- Fig. 7 is a diagram demonstrating the surface roughness of the untreated engine in the combustion chamber zone denoted B in Fig. 3.
- Fig. 8 (a) shows the borderline at the lower dead center between sections A and B for the treated engine shown in Fig. 2.
- Fig. 8 (b) shows the equivalent borderline as in Fig. 8 (a) for the untreated engine shown in Fig. 3.
- Fig. 9 (a) and 10 (a) show the piston ring in a treated engine.
- Fig. 9 (b) and 10 (b) show the piston ring in an untreated engine.
- Fig. 11 shows the rod caps embracing the crank shaft, denoted 1 in the treated and denoted 2 in the untreated engine.
- the method of the invention for lubricating a vehicle comprises: adding polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane to a fluid-conduit system in an engine-operated vehicle, wherein the polydialkylsiloxane forms a mixture with oil in the fluid-conduit system; and operating the engine of the vehicle, wherein the mixture of polydialkylsiloxane and oil coats automobile parts accessed by the fluid-conduit system.
- polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxanes of the present invention can generally be represented by the following chemical formula (1):
- Z is independently selected from O, R 1 and R 1 - are independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl and -Z-(C 1 -C 6 alkyl) R 2 and R 2 - are independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl; R 3 Is -(C(R 6 )(R 7 ))-;
- R 4 Is -(C(R 8 )(R 9 )V;
- R 5 is selected from hydrogen, -O-(C 1 -C 6 -alkyl) and C 1 -C 6 alkyl;
- R 6 , R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are independently selected from hydrogen and C 1 -C 6 alkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 10; m is an integer from 0 to 5; v is an integer from 1 to 4; x is an integer from 1 to 150; and y is an integer from 1 to 500.
- the C 1 -C 6 alkyl comprises methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl and isomers thereof.
- the C 1 -C 6 alkyl group comprises methyl, ethyl, propyl and isomers thereof.
- R 1 , Rr, R 2 and R 2 - are methyl so as to form a polyether- or polyester modified polydimethylsiloxane. All C 1 -C 6 alkyl groups can be optionally substituted, i.e.
- one or more of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl groups can be replaced by a substituent selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, -F and -Cl.
- the polydialkylsiloxanes used in the present invention can be in a solid form or in a liquid form, all being indicated as particles, dependent on their molecular weight and the alkyl groups used in particular for R 1 , Rr, R 2 and R 2 . If the polydialkylsiloxane is in a solid form, particles with a diameter of less than 2 microns, preferably less than 1 micron are generally used in the present invention. If the polydialkylsiloxane is in a liquid form, then the polydialkylsiloxane will be present in droplet form within the same size range as mentioned above.
- the physical properties of the polydialkylsiloxane will further be influenced by the respective type of polyether- or polyester group used in the polymer. If liquid siloxanes will be applied, said siloxanes usually have a viscosity from about 50 cs to about 1000 cs, preferably from about 100 cs to about 800 cs.
- n is an integer from 1 to 10, preferably from 1 to 5.
- m is an integer from 0 to 5, wherein m is preferably 1 or 2.
- v is an integer from 1 to 4, while x is an integer from 1 to 150, preferably from 5 to 120.
- y is an integer from 1 to 500, preferably from 10 to 350.
- suitable polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxanes can be obtained from BYK-Chemie USA, Inc. of Wallingford, Connecticut.
- Polyether-modified polydialkylsiloxanes can be used with a wide variety of petroleum-based lubricants, synthetic lubricants, or even with water, to form improved lubricating mixtures thereof for a wide variety of applications.
- a polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane in an automobile include its use as an additive for (1) manual and automatic transmission fluid; (2) power steering fluid; (3) gear oil for use in a differential; (4) all-purpose machine lubricant; and (5) any type of fuel (e.g., in standard grades of gasoline and in a two-cycle engine in lieu of petroleum-based lubricants or diesel fuel).
- the additive can be used as a rust and corrosion inhibitor and as a lubricant for plastic and rubber surfaces.
- Other useful mixtures can be with wd40, grease, water, or alcohol.
- polyether- or polyester modified polydialkylsiloxane is represented by the general formula (2):
- Z is independently selected from O, or R 3 Js -(C(R 6 )(R 7 ))-;
- R- 5 is selected from hydrogen, -O-(Ci-C 6 -alkyl) and C 1 -C 6 alkyl;
- R 6 , R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are independently selected from hydrogen and C 1 -C 6 alkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 10; m is an integer from 0 to 5; v is an integer from 1 to 4; x is an integer from 1 to 150; and y is an integer from 1 to 500.
- Ci-C 6 alkyl is the same as defined above.
- Z is -O- in formula (2).
- Polydialkylsiloxanes, in particular polydimethylsiloxane, are inert and non-poisonous.
- Motor oil is one example of a lubricating oil as mentioned above, with which the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is mixed.
- Motor oil typically is either a processed crude oil (petroleum) composition or in the form of a "synthetic" motor oil. In either, the motor oil serves to lubricate engine components so that the components will pass across one another without significantly sacrificing power due to friction. When the engine is running, the motor oil creates a film between moving parts, wherein this film substantially reduces friction between the parts.
- the motor oil also protects the parts from wear and against corrosion caused by acids that can form in the oil as a result of oxidation, condensation and combustion by-products. Motor oil with the polydialkylsiloxane additive also helps to clean, the engine by preventing formation of deposits that can compromise fuel efficiency and engine performance in addition to causing engine wear.
- any solid particle larger than about 5-20 microns in size can seriously damage an engine if introduced directly into the combustion chamber without a chance to disintegrate into smaller particles.
- the motor oil helps to hold any such particles in suspension until they can be removed by the oil filter. Further still, motor oil serves to transport heat that is generated by combustion or by friction away from engine components such as the crankshaft, camshaft, timing gears, pistons, main and connecting rod bearings.
- Motor oil includes a base fluid, known as a "basestock,” and an additive package.
- the basestock generally forms the majority of the motor oil and can either be petroleum or synthetic.
- Examples of motor oils having petroleum basestocks include Chevron SUPREME motor oil,
- Pennzoil MULTIGRADE motor oil Huntington's Chemical Company
- Examples of motor oils having synthetic basestocks include Mobil 1 SUPERSYN motor oil, Castrol SYNTEC motor oil, Valvoline SYNPOWER motor oil, Pennzoil SYNTHETIC motor oil, Kendall GT-I SYNTHETIC motor oil and many others.
- Petroleum basestocks are a purified form of crude oil and have been used since the earliest motor oils were developed. Petroleum basestocks include paraffins (wax), sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, water, salts and a number of metals.
- These contaminants are substantially (though not fully) removed from the basestock via a refining process via a procedure including many or all of the following steps.
- the crude oil is then subject to partial vaporization; the components of the crude oil with the highest boiling points, except for asphaltic materials, are separated to form the petroleum basestock.
- the basestock is then subject to vacuum distillation to separate it according to molecular weights and, accordingly, by viscosity. Solvents are extracted from the basestock. Waxes are also removed from the basestock to improve the basestock' s low-temperature fluidity, which is compromised by wax crystallization at low temperatures.
- Hydrofinishing can also be performed, whereby the basestock is passed through a catalyst bed (or via clay treatment) to remove components such as sulfur and nitrogen from the basestock, thereby improving its oxidation stability, thermal stability and its color.
- hydrotreating can also be performed, wherein the basestock is subject to extremely high temperature and pressure in the presence of a catalyst to convert remaining aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants into usable nonaromatic hydrocarbon molecules.
- Synthetic basestocks are chemically engineered specifically to meet the lubrication needs of an engine. Synthetic basestocks are engineered from pure, substantially contaminant-free compounds. Synthetic basestocks have been widely used in automobiles since the 1970's. Synthetic basestocks typically are formed of one or more of the following: polyalphaolefms, diesters, and polyolesters. Polyalphaolei ⁇ n basestocks are the most common and are also referred to as "synthesized hydrocarbons.” Polyalphaolefin basestocks include no wax, metals, sulfur or phosphorous and have a viscosity index around 150 and a pour point below about 40°F (4°C).
- motor oils typically include an additive package to improve a variety of desirable properties in the motor oil.
- the additives usually only form a small percentage of the oil, with the basestock forming the vast majority.
- Additives that improve the viscosity characteristics of the motor oil include pour point depressants, which improve the flow of the basestock at low temperatures by absorbing into wax crystals and lowering their volume. Pour point depressants are routinely used in petroleum basestocks but are often not needed in synthetic basestocks.
- viscosity index improvers are polymers that expand with increasing temperature; at high temperatures, the expanding polymers can compensate for high-temperature "thinning" of the basestock to help to provide a more-consistent viscosity in the motor oil across a broad temperature range.
- Other classes of additives help to maintain lubricant stability in terms of helping to prevent breakdown and viscosity loss in the oil over time.
- detergents and dispersants help to minimize and contain build up in the form of sludge and varnish in an oil. Detergents and dispersants are attracted to the sludge and varnish contaminants and serve to contain and suspend those particles so that they do not agglomerate to form a deposit.
- Anti-foaming agents are also included in the oil to control formation of air bubbles in the oil, which can otherwise form at room temperature, as a consequence of the detergents and dispersants. As anti-foaming agents, very minor amounts of the respective additive are necessary. Additionally, oxidation inhibitors are included to reduce the tendency of oils to oxidize; the oxidation inhibitors either destroy free radicals or react with peroxides in the oil. Further still, corrosion inhibitors are included; the corrosion inhibitors either neutralize acids that form in the oil or coat metal surfaces so that the surfaces do not contact the acids. Finally, anti-wear agents, such as zinc and phosphorus, can be included in the motor oil to coat metal surfaces with a protective barrier against physical wear.
- One embodiment of a polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane additive for a lubricating oil is produced by mixing the selected polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane with the lubricating oil at a ratio of one part polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane to five parts lubricating oil (based on the volume) to form a pre-mixed siloxane-and-oil additive, wherein the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is uniformly distributed in the oil in the form of a dispersion or suspension.
- the concentration of polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is about 8 to about 33 percent-by- volume
- the concentration of the lubricating oil is about 67 to about 92 percent-by- volume, i.e. the ratio is from about 1:2 to about 1:12.
- This pre-mixture is then blended with the actual motor oil so that the aforementioned ratio above 0.5 % polydialkylsiloxane, preferabley between 0.5 and 2.5% polydialkylsiloxane in the motor oil is achieved.
- the pre-mixture is either blended with the fuel, preferably from a separate oil reservoir.
- the siloxane and the oil can be mixed using a sonic mixer, such as a Branson 900-B mixer sold by Branson Ultrasonic Corp. (Danbury, Connecticut, USA). Where a sonic mixer is used, the mixing can be accomplished using a pump to circulate the polyether- or polyester- modified polydialkylsiloxane and lubricating oil through the sonic mixer for approximately three to four hours or until the temperature of the mixture reaches approximately 200 degrees Fahrenheit (93 °C) due to the mixing. Although the temperature of the mixture rises due to the sonic mixing process, the mixture can also be heated using an external heater or other heating means.
- a sonic mixer such as a Branson 900-B mixer sold by Branson Ultrasonic Corp. (Danbury, Connecticut, USA).
- the mixing can be accomplished using a pump to circulate the polyether- or polyester- modified polydialkylsiloxane and lubricating oil through the sonic mixer for approximately three to four hours or until the temperature of
- the mixing process reduces the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane to a generally spherical-shaped droplet or particle form, wherein the diameter of the particles can be less than approximately two micrometers (microns) and in particular mixtures is less than one micron.
- the term, "diameter,” is generally intended to include the corresponding widest dimension of particles or droplets that are not spherical, such as a generally cube-shaped particle or droplet.
- the benefits produced by the siloxane-and-oil additive when added to the lubricating oil will be realized for additive mixtures in which the particle size of the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is reduced to as small as 0.002 microns, preferably 0.001 microns in diameter.
- the siloxane-and-oil additive is filtered through a filter having a pore size of approximately 2 microns to filter out any siloxane particles, droplets or agglomerates having a diameter of more than two microns. Further, filters having a pore size of approximately 1 micron or less can also be used.
- the formulation process is shown schematically in the Figure.
- Selected quantities of the selected polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane and oil e.g., 55 gallons oil and 11 gallons siloxane
- Pump 7 then pumps the siloxane and oil through sonic mixer 9 and, optionally, through heater 11 to three-way valve 13.
- Valve 13 can be set or positioned in a first or recirculating orientation to continuously direct the flow of siloxane and oil back to reservoir 5, where the flow is re-circulated through the sonic mixer 9 and optionally through heater 11.
- valve 13 can be set or advanced to a second or filling orientation in which the siloxane and oil flows into the filtering station 15 and is allowed to drain by gravity through a filter 15 to a bottling station 17 where the mixture of siloxane and oil is bottled in selected quantities, such as 12 ounces.
- the premixed siloxane-and-oil additive is then added to a sufficient quantity of lubricating oil to form a selected quantity of lubricant, such as the recommended amount of oil to be held in the lubricating system of an automobile engine, such that the resulting percentage of polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane in the resulting lubricant is approximately between 0.5 and 2.5 percent and, in a particular example, is approximately 1.25 percent of the total volume.
- twelve ounces of the siloxane-and-oil additive formed at a ratio of one part siloxane to five parts oil, as explained above, can be added to enough oil to result in five quarts of a lubricant mixture.
- the resulting mixture includes approximately two ounces of polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane in 160 ounces of lubricant, such that the volume of siloxane is 1.25 percent of the total volume.
- the polydialkylsiloxane will generally be well mixed in the oil after the automobile is driven about 10 miles (16 km).
- the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane serves to de-gas the motor oil and to displace moisture from the motor oil.
- the polydialkylsiloxane also prevents re-introduction of dissolved gases and water into the motor oil.
- motor oil typically comprises 10 to 15% infiltrated air, which is dissolved in the oil.
- the temperature of the motor oil rises, which causes the dissolved gas to vaporize, thereby forming air bubbles in the motor oil. Those air bubbles then grow larger and larger as the oil approaches the hot engine parts and temperature increases.
- the air bubbles displace oil and produce turbulence in the flow of the oil around the engine parts, thereby compromising the ability of the motor oil to coat the engine parts and producing potentially destructive harmonic vibrations in the engine due to explosion of the gas bubbles.
- the coating avoids foaming on the surface of the respective engine part being lubricated since it has direct contact at a high concentration with the oil.
- Preventing foaming means basically preventing gas bubbles on the lubricated surface and that prevents displacement of oil by bursting gas bubbles.
- the coating has a much higher concentration of heat activated or heat degraded polydialkylsiloxane as a known anti-foaming agent, this enhances the anti-foaming properties significantly to an extent that cannot be achieved by the additive in the oil itself in absence of a completed coating process.
- conventional anti-foaming agents are used as an additive in prior art, no effective coating results.
- more bursting gas bubbles are present on the surfaces resulting in more displacement of oil. The consequence of more oil displacement is more metal- to-metal contact that results in the worst case in harmonics and therefore in even more direct metal-to-metal contact causing abrasion.
- the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane serves a function far beyond traditional uses of "anti-foamants" in motor oil, wherein an anti-foamant is used to remove large gas bubbles, formed, e.g., by detergents. Rather, the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane removes substantially all of the dissolved gas (e.g., at least 99.9% removal) and water from the oil. By substantially eliminating this source of gas bubbles when the motor oil approaches its maximum operating temperature, the motor oil flows more fluidly and smoothly around hot parts and better coats those parts.
- the flashpoint and oxidation temperature of the motor oil can also be raised substantially by the addition of the polydialkylsiloxane. For example, the flashpoint of a PENNZOIL 10/30 motor oil was raised from 228°F (109 0 C) to greater then 500 0 F (>260°C) by adding the polydialkylsiloxane.
- the improved flow of the oil and the substantial removal of gas bubbles from around the hot parts enables the oil to form a film around piston cylinders, thereby sealing the pistons properly and cooling the pistons to thereby help to prevent pre-ignition due to contact of the fuel with overheated pistons.
- the polydialkylsiloxane displaces moisture from the motor oil.
- moisture i.e., water
- Rust generates acid, which can destroy the oil and bearings lubricated therewith.
- inclusion of the polydialkylsiloxane helps to promote longer oil life [e.g., an oil life of 12,500 miles (20,000 km) or more] and also to lengthen the life of engine parts by displacing water (and gases) from the oil.
- One reason for the improved filming properties and lengthened life of the oil is the displacement of air and water by polydialkylsiloxane from the oil, but also other phenomena may contribute.
- Additional additives can be added to the siloxane-and-oil mixture to enhance properties of the mixture.
- Potential additional additives include rust inhibitors and anti-oxidants.
- Selected strippers or solvents such as mineral spirits or lacquer thinner can also be added to strip off any glazing on engine parts formed during previous operation of the engine before introduction of the siloxane-and-oil additive. The stripper or solvent would function to deglaze the affected engine parts and to then volatilize at elevated engine-operating temperatures. It is believed that the material deglazed from the engine parts by the stripper is then filtered out of the lubricant as it passes through the oil filter.
- additives that can be included in the siloxane-and-oil mixture include viscosity index improvers or dimethylsulfoxide at a concentration of approximately one tenth of one percent (0.1%) for use as a blending agent, sodium hydroxide (0.0001%) as a blending and binding agent, and glycerol to help maintain the siloxane in suspension.
- the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane can be added directly to a quantity of lubricant, such as the motor oil in an oil pan of an automobile, without premixing the siloxane with a portion of the lubricating oil to be used, while still achieving the enhanced lubricating properties.
- polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane can be used as an additive to a motor oil, wherein said polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is represented by general formula (1) or (2) as mentioned above.
- a very good temperature for depositing the coating on the surface like the cylinder wall is 345 - 425 Fahrenheit, while degrading of the coating does not happen below 2000 Fahrenheit.
- Typical piston temperatures are 375 - 500 F, while typical cylinder wall temperatures of water cooled cylinder walls are 250 - 375 F.
- the temperatures in the combustion chamber typically range between 800 and 1200 F. So roughly any temperature between 300 and 2000 F is appropriate for coating, preferably below 800 F.
- a surface test where a layer of the various surface areas was evaporated and run through a spectrometer proved a significant increase of the silicon in a layer that was one micron thick from the surface.
- the baseline was first determined, i.e. the silicon content of the alloy that is for instance around 7%. After treatment, the increase in the silicon content was at least 5%, i.e. the spectrum revealed a silicon content of 12% if the baseline was 5%.
- Equal quantities of each lubricant were applied to a hot plate heated to 350 degrees Fahrenheit (177 0 C) and angled downward at a 45-degree angle.
- the hot plate comprised a TEFLON-coated aluminum plate.
- the test was performed as follows: All the oils tested were tested without the added polydialkylsiloxane. The test was completed with standard oil and runoff was noted. All the test oils were then mixed with the polydialkylsiloxane mix and retested as before. The results showed marked improvement as to coating properties on the hot plate.
- An oxidation test was performed in the same manner, where as a spoon shaped receptacle was used to hold 2 cc's of oil above a heat source of 800 0 F for 2 min. observation of the samples showed that regular oils oxidized and evaporated within 10 to 30 sec. The same test was performed with the same base oils with a proportional addition of siloxane. Observations showed a significant reduction in oxidation and evaporation of the mixture.
- the improved lubricating properties of lubricants including the siloxane-and-oil additive were further demonstrated by comparing the horsepower generated by an automobile engine operating without the siloxane-and-oil additive added to the lubricant versus the horsepower generated by the same automobile engine with the siloxane-and-oil additive added to the engine lubricant.
- the horsepower generated by a 1998 Jeep GRAND CHEROKEE LAREDO automobile having a 4.0-liter, six-cylinder engine was measured using a Dynajet Model 248C Dynamometer.
- the horsepower of the Jeep GRAND CHEROKEE automobile was initially measured without the siloxane-and-oil additive added to the engine lubricant.
- the lubricant utilized in the engine lubricating system was 5 quarts of 10W-30 petroleum based motor oil.
- the engine of the automobile was accelerated from 0 to 5200 RPM (revolutions per minute), and measurements were taken at increasing increments of 250 RPM.
- the absolute barometric pressure was recorded as 29.92 in. Hg (about 100 kPa) with a vapor pressure of 0.61 in. Hg (about 2 kPa).
- the intake air temperature was measured at 86 degrees Fahrenheit (3O 0 C), and the gear ratio was recorded as 49 RPM/MPH.
- SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
- a second test was performed on the same automobile by adding 12 ounces of the siloxane-and-oil additive to the engine-lubricating oil.
- the ratio of siloxane to oil in the additive was 1 ounce siloxane to 11 ounces oil. Adding the twelve ounces of additive to the existing 5 quarts of oil in the automobile resulted in a concentration of siloxane in the lubricant of approximately 0.58%.
- the automobile was again accelerated from 0 to 5200 RPM with measurements again taken at increasing 250 RPM intervals.
- the absolute barometric pressure was recorded as 29.92 in. Hg (about 100 kPa) with a vapor pressure of 0.61 in. Hg (about 2 kPa).
- the intake air temperature was measured at 88.8 degrees Fahrenheit (31.6°C), and the gear ratio was recorded as 48 RPM/MPH.
- An SAE correction factor of 1.01 was used to convert the measured horsepower to a corrected horsepower.
- a comparison of the emissions of automobiles with and without the siloxane-and-oil additive added to the engine lubricant Penzoil 10/30 was preformed using the acceleration simulation mode (ASM) emission test for the State of California.
- ASM acceleration simulation mode
- the test results, below, provide the measured exhaust concentrations of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxide (NO x ) gases, which are generally considered harmful.
- the data in the column entitled, "Concentration without additive,” comprise the results for a first test in which no additive was added to the engine lubricant (5 quarts of motor oil), and the data in the column entitled, “Concentration with additive,” comprises the results of a second test in which 12 ounces of the siloxane-and-oil additive (at a ratio of 2 ounces siloxane per 10 ounces oil) were added to the engine lubricant to result in an overall concentration of siloxane in the lubricant of approximately 1.16% by volume.
- the polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane at a viscosity of approx 10/30 wt. was the sole lubricant utilized in an automobile engine lubricating system.
- the polyether- modified polydimethylsiloxane was processed in the same manner as the siloxane-and-oil mixture described above with reference to the Figure, except that no oil was added. More specifically, polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane, without oil, was circulated by pump 7 through sonic mixer 9 until the particle or droplet size was reduced to approximately one micron in diameter and then passed through the filter 15 to remove any particles having a diameter exceeding the pore size of approximately two microns.
- the polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane processed in the manner described in Example 4, above, was added to gasoline to replace the two-cycle engine oil normally included in an oil-and-gas mixture used with a two-cycle engine.
- the ratio of gasoline to polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane was fifty to one, and no adverse engine effects were observed. Passing through of particulate (oil) through the engine was reduced if not completely eliminated. No oil residue was noted when using siloxane in place of regular 2 cycle oil as compared to regular 2 cycle oils that were observed to pass through the engine as unburaed solids, causing detrimental environmental damage to both land and water, as well as killing any plant life that the solids came into contact with.
- the polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane can be premixed with a quantity of two- cycle engine oil before adding the resulting lubricant to the gasoline at the recommended fuel-to- lubricant ratio.
- processed polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane can be added to the gasoline separate from the two-cycle engine oil to achieve the desired fuel-to-lubricant ratio.
- polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane is described primarily with reference to its use in forming an additive for motor oil
- polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane has also been formulated and tested as an additive for power steering fluid, transmission fluid or oil and gear grease. Testing on these various formulations all showed improvement in the lubricating properties of the formulations. Such testing has also been performed on water-based Lubricants as well as petroleum-based lubricants. In addition, testing was done on a wide range of weights of oil, from 5 to 120 weight oil
- Test Engine LYCOMING MDL#0-320-E2A Horsepower: 150
- the test was performed on a piper Cherokee 140 (PA-28- 140) airplane.
- the plane was purchased on December 1, 2003 in Dallas, Texas.
- the engine logs reflected 1,850 hours of engine operation since its last engine rebuild/service (Factory recommends rebuild at 2,000 hour intervals).
- the plane/engine showed signs of oil being bypassed from the engine crank case (blow by) and dumped out under the plane, leaving severe oil coating under the belly of the plane.
- the plane was then flown to California and took 15 hours. During this flight, all vital stats were watched closely. The following items were recorded during the flight; Oil consumption, fuel consumption per hour, engine performance, and head temperatures.
- New oil (Aero Shell 100wt) was added, the filter replaced, and 1 oz of polydialkylsiloxane was added to the crankcase.
- the engine was operated for ten hours and another oil change/filter replacement was performed. This oil change was to help flush out any contaminants/debris that was still present from the first oil change.
- New oil (Aero Shell 100wt) was added, the filter replaced, and another 1 oz of polydialkylsiloxane was added to the crankcase.
- the plane was operated in normal flight conditions for approximately 12-15 hours of service. At this time, a visual inspection of oil showed very little oxidation. Fuel burn was noted and reflected an hourly burn of 5.5 gallons per hour (with in the pattern and during level flight at 60% power). Oil consumption had been reduced to almost nothing and no additional oil was required after 15 hours of service.
- MAX (Normal day, pilot and 3501b's Fuel, 1700 ft. min. Max at 64 knots, 10 deg. Flaps)
- Oil consumption 1 qt per 25-30 hours of service (cruise speed / 60% power or better)
- the testing equipment is portable and fairly easy to operate.
- the equipment consists of a telescopic pole (9- 12ft) with one end consisting of a triangular shaped apparatus that houses a laser/optical measurement device.
- the measuring device is attached to a hand-held computer and a recording/printing mechanism.
- a bung protruding from the measurement device is placed directly into the exhaust stack allowing the triangular housing to rest above/across the exhaust pipe opening.
- the measurement device measures smoke/exhaust across two points using laser light refraction.
- the truck is in idle and the first measurements are calculated.
- the tester in the cab of the truck, steps on the accelerator and holds it down at set RPM's for a set period (approx. 5 seconds). This test is repeated and measured several times as the handheld computer instructs the tester along the way. These measurements are recorded and calculated in a report. This calculates the particulate/opacity of the diesel exhaust under load.
- the chart that follows includes all of the testing data recorded during four different tests.
- the first test is the baseline and is used to calculate all of the comparisons among the other tests after being treated with polydialkylsiloxane (in the oil crankcase).
- the three tests were run at different times based on mileage after polydialkylsiloxane addition to the system.
- the third test after driving the truck for 100 miles, the test results are even better.
- the measuring device was used on two other trucks and calibrated to insure the readings of the device. The readings indicated that after 100 miles, 100% removal of the diesel exhaust particulate had been achieved.
- Example 8 Testing the waste gas emissions of a Jeep Cherokee under different driving conditions under CFR - 40 Part 86 of the Federal Rest Guide
- the Environmental Protection Agency uses this test to analyze and measure emissions from gas fueled motor vehicles.
- the CVS / FTP tests consists of three phases that are modeled after normal on-road vehicle usage. This includes the vehicle to perform: a cold start
- test results for the following vehicle were extremely positive in regards to reduction of tailpipe emissions. After treating the vehicle with the oil catalyst, test results indicate reductions across the board. The reductions and end results for this vehicle are as follows:
- the CVS / FPT tests is cumulative and measures the data as grams per mile vs.
- the ASM Emission Test that collects data based on two specific speeds (15 mph, 25 mph) / engine loads and measures the data as a % and as PPM.
- the reductions in the CVS/ FPT tests indicate similar % reductions as the ASM Emission tests in the studies done prior to this test. Both tests show that vehicles tested after introduction of the oil catalyst are achieving major reductions in vehicle emissions.
- the ASM Emission test is positive (reducing emission % and PPM)
- the CVS / FPT are also consistently positive (reducing emission % as grams per mile). Further testing will have to be performed to determine the specific mathematical lineal relationship between the two tests. This will be important for future testing and comparisons of future data.
- Samples of the emissions are collected in bags and analyzed for THC, CO, NOx, CO2, Particulate Matter (PM) and fuel economy. All personnel, tests, testing equipment, and testing facilities used for these tests are both EPA and California Air Resource Board (CARB) certified.
- CARB California Air Resource Board
- test results for the following vehicle were extremely positive in regards to reduction of particulate matter and tailpipe emissions. After treating the vehicle with the oil catalyst, test results indicate reductions across the board. The reductions and end results for this vehicle are as follows:
- Example 10 Diesel fuel efficiency protocol from the Canadian Hydrogen Energy Company Ltd.
- Trip Data 'Base Line which is conducted, under controlled conditions on a specific vehicle (Cab or Cab and Trailer). All pertinent data must be accurately detailed and recorded. Base Line data collection to be performed with HFI Unit "OFF”. 2. Perform Trip Collection Session(s) with HFI Unit "ON"(polysiloxane added). 3. Each subsequent Trip Collection Session will have selective parameters) (varied by design) for comparative purposes.
- a Base Trip Data Collection Point and 1 Trip Collection Sessions have been recorded using a CAT 430. Data Collection sessions occurred on June 3, 2005. 1. Select a start-return route of 100 to 200 miles.
- Trip Data Collection 3. Ready to collect Trip Data with polysiloxane added and to compare Base Data
- the test conducted by Canadian Hydrogen Energy Company Ltd. is an on-the-road test that simulates normal highway driving conditions experienced by most truck driving fleets across the United States and Canada.
- the "Real World” test enables accurate recording of: fuel consumption, mileage, weight, weather conditions, tire pressure, driver factor, and a predetermined route.
- Example 11 Comparative Test of an engine run with and without polydialkylsiloxane and cutting both engines apart
- the engines used were Briggs and Stratton 3.5 hp single cylinder engines comparable to the engines found on individual home lawnmowers with:
- Both engines were run simultaneously for a period of 10 (ten) hours total. 2 hours at idle for break-in, and 7+ hours at maximum RPM.
- the unspecified time was checking harmonics of the engines in the mid-range RPMs.
- Zones A and B are two different zones in one and the same cylinder bore. Therefore, before the engine is operated for the first time, the surface roughness is the same in zones A and B.
- the difference in surface roughness between zones A and zone B is caused by the contact of the piston ring with the cylinder wall grinding the cylinder wall.
- the difference in surface roughness is partially caused by the grinding effect, partially by the coating process in the treated engine shown in Fig. 2.
- Fig. 3 shows the equivalent of Fig. 2, but for the untreated engine, i.e. the engine that was running without the polydialkylsiloxane.
- Non-destructive dimensional tests were performed on the halves of the cylinder blocks. These tests consist of a profilometer reading of surface roughness on the contact and non-contact areas of both cylinder bores and a diameter reading on the same surfaces. The results were as follows:
- Fig. 4-7 demonstrating the surface roughness in the non- combustion chamber zone of the treated engine denoted as section A in Fig. 2 while Fig. 5 shows the surface roughness of the treated engine in the combustion chamber zone denoted B in Fig. 2.
- the average roughness in the treated engine went down from 4.0 microns to 0.5 microns, while the peak roughness went down from 21.5 microns to 3.5 microns.
- the equivalent graphs are shown in Figs. 6 and 7 for the untreated engine.
- the surface roughness of the cylinder wall decreases through contact of the piston ring with the cylinder wall, but by far not as significantly as for the treated engine, namely in peak roughness only from 10.0 to 4.5 microns, and in average roughness from 3.0 to 1.0. Put in relation, the surface roughness decreased 6 times in peak and 8 time in average on the treated engine but only about 2 time in peak and 3 times in average on the untreated engine. This significant difference demonstrates that a significant coating takes place by adding polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane into the motor oil.
- the ratio of the polydialkylsiloxane to motor oil is preferably between 0.5 and 2.5% for a regular 4-stroke engine, and if added to diesel fuel in a diesel engine in the same range, preferably a little lower like 1.5%. in a ratio of about 0.5 to 2.5% and in case of a two-stroke engine in a ratio of about 1% polydialkylsiloxane by volume to fuel.
- both the peak roughness and the surface roughness were reduced to a significantly larger extent in the treated engine as compared to the un-treated engine.
- the consistent diameter growth of 0.0002 inch for each cylinder is expected.
- the reduction of the roughness after running the engines is indicative of the additive's ability to coat and protect the contacting surfaces.
- Fig. 8 (a) shows the borderline between sections A and B for the treated engine shown in Fig. 2, while Fig. 8 (b) shows the equivalent borderline for the untreated engine shown in Fig. 3.
- the vertical striations (A) are the machine marks from the manufacturing process. The movement of the piston is from left to right (B). As visible, section B in the treated engine according to Fig. 8 (a) is much smoother than in Fig. 8 (b). Also notable are pittings, tears and gouges in Fig. 8 (b) at the lower dead center of the uncoated engine that are believed to demonstrate a significant difference between the coated and uncoated cylinder walls.
- FIG. 9 (a) and (b) and 10 (a) and (b) showing the piston ring This coincides with Fig. 9 (a) and (b) and 10 (a) and (b) showing the piston ring.
- Fig. 9 (a) showing the coated engine the abrasion strip in the middle which is an indicator of direct metal- to-metal contact at least at the peaks of the roughness is much narrower than in Fig. 9 (b) showing the piston ring in the uncoated engine.
- fig. 9 (b) basically the entire piston ring shows some shiny section over the entire width, while the piston ring in fig. 9 (a) shows a strong contrast between the narrow shiny strip and the dark, non-abrasion strips where the shiny strip is sandwiched in between. This difference becomes even more apparent in Fig.
- Fig. 11 shows the rod caps embracing the crank shaft, the much smoother surface on the rod cap denoted 1 belonging to the treated engine, while the surface of the rod cap denoted 2 shows significant wash marks as a result of abrasion.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
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EP05763798A EP1786890A1 (en) | 2004-09-03 | 2005-06-12 | Engine part coating created from polysiloxane and coating method |
CA002578923A CA2578923A1 (en) | 2004-09-03 | 2005-06-12 | Engine part coating created from polysiloxane and coating method |
MX2007002387A MX2007002387A (en) | 2004-09-03 | 2005-06-12 | Engine part coating created from polysiloxane and coating method. |
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US10/934,824 US20060052253A1 (en) | 2004-09-03 | 2004-09-03 | Lubricant including polyether-or polyester modified polydialkylsiloxane |
US10/934,824 | 2004-09-03 | ||
US11/010,817 US20060105923A1 (en) | 2003-12-12 | 2004-12-13 | Lubricant including polyether- or polyester modified polydialkylsiloxane |
US11/010,817 | 2004-12-13 |
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EP (1) | EP1786890A1 (en) |
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- 2005-06-12 MX MX2007002387A patent/MX2007002387A/en unknown
- 2005-06-12 WO PCT/US2005/020885 patent/WO2006028536A1/en active Application Filing
- 2005-06-12 CA CA002578923A patent/CA2578923A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Also Published As
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EP1786890A1 (en) | 2007-05-23 |
CA2578923A1 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
US20060105923A1 (en) | 2006-05-18 |
MX2007002387A (en) | 2007-09-14 |
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