WO2006028527A2 - Extended depth of field using a multi-focal length lens with a controlled range of spherical aberration and centrally obscured aperture - Google Patents
Extended depth of field using a multi-focal length lens with a controlled range of spherical aberration and centrally obscured aperture Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006028527A2 WO2006028527A2 PCT/US2005/016231 US2005016231W WO2006028527A2 WO 2006028527 A2 WO2006028527 A2 WO 2006028527A2 US 2005016231 W US2005016231 W US 2005016231W WO 2006028527 A2 WO2006028527 A2 WO 2006028527A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- imaging
- spherical aberration
- multifocal
- imaging subsystem
- image
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/0075—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 with means for altering, e.g. increasing, the depth of field or depth of focus
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B13/00—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below
- G02B13/18—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below with lenses having one or more non-spherical faces, e.g. for reducing geometrical aberration
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T5/00—Image enhancement or restoration
- G06T5/50—Image enhancement or restoration by the use of more than one image, e.g. averaging, subtraction
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/80—Camera processing pipelines; Components thereof
Definitions
- the invention relates to imaging scenes or other objects that can be brought to focus by combining a blurred intermediate image with digital processing that produces a recovered image having an extended depth of field. Particular applicability is found for the invention in photographic applications, although other applications including pattern recognition, detection, microscopy, machine vision, and optical measurement can also benefit from the invention.
- Objects imaged by conventional imaging subsystems are sharply in focus over a limited distance known as the depth of field, which is inversely proportional to the square of the imaging system's numerical aperture for diffraction-limited imaging.
- Present-day cameras have mechanical focusing means, including automatic systems, to provide high quality images of particular scenes at various object distances. Even with these means, it is difficult to photograph objects clearly that span a large range of such distances. Cameras with a larger depth of focus will clearly provide superior photographs.
- Amplitude attenuation filters have also been used to extend the depth of field.
- the attenuation filters are located in the aperture of the imaging systems, leaving inner radii clear but attenuating the outer annulus.
- the filter introduces large amount of light loss, which limits its applications.
- One such example locates a cubic phase mask within the aperture of the imaging system to generate a distance invariant transfer function, thereafter. Digital processing removes the blur. Although significant improvement in the depth of field is achieved, the cubic phase mask is not rotationally symmetric and has proven to be expensive and difficult to fabricate.
- Another such example similarly locates a circularly symmetric, logarithmic asphere lens to extend the depth-of-field, which is more economical to manufacture.
- the impulse response is not perfectly uniform over the full range of operation, and as a result, some degradation is experienced in the image quality of the recovered image.
- Our invention incorporates a multifocal imaging subsystem that purposefully blurs intermediate images of objects such as by introducing a controlled amount of spherical aberration to provide a more uniform impulse response over a range of focal depths.
- Third order spherical aberration is preferably the dominant feature of the purposeful blur.
- a digital processing subsystem recovers images convoluted through the more uniform impulse response for producing likenesses of the objects that remain in focus through an extended range of object depths.
- the multifocal imaging subsystem that purposefully blurs intermediate images is preferably circularly symmetric with a centrally obscured aperture, which narrows the impulse responses and avoids conditions such as contrast inversion for larger amounts of defocus.
- the controlled spherical aberration and the centrally obscured aperture provide a sufficiently narrow and invariant impulse response over the extended depth of focus for achieving diffraction- limited performance over the extended range far exceeding classical limits. Diffraction-limited performance over a depth of field increased by six to ten times the classical limit can be achieved.
- the circularly symmetric structure of the imaging subsystem simplifies manufacture and reduces overall costs.
- One example of an integrated computational imaging system in accordance with the invention for producing images having an extended depth of field includes a multifocal imaging subsystem for producing an intermediate image that is purposefully blurred.
- the multifocal imaging subsystem exhibits spherical aberration as the dominant feature of the purposeful blur.
- a central obscuration cooperates with the spherical aberration to reduce variance among the blurring effects through a range of defocused positions.
- a digital processing subsystem deblurs the intermediate image produced by the multifocal imaging subsystem and calculates a recovered image having an extended depth of field.
- the overall aberration of the multifocal imaging subsystem can be expressed as a phase delay function in nominal wavelengths of imaging light, and the spherical aberration preferably contributes a phase delay of between 1 .8 and 6 wavelengths.
- the controlled measure of spherical aberration is preferably mainly of the third order and is independent of the wavelength of illumination, focal length, and best focus object distance.
- the aperture of the multifocal imaging subsystem is preferably circularly symmetric, having a minimum radius ⁇ R, defining an outer limit of a central obscuration and an inner limit of an annular aperture, and a maximum radius R defining an outer limit of the annular aperture.
- a ratio of ⁇ R/R is greater than or equal to 0.3, provided that the light loss is not excessive.
- At least one lens of the multifocal imaging subsystem can be designed substantially free of spherical aberration, and a phase plate can be designed to produce the spherical aberration that forms the dominant feature of the purposeful blur.
- the phase plate can be attached to an aperture of the multifocal imaging subsystem at an image-plane side of the multifocal imaging subsystem.
- the multifocal imaging system can include at least one lens element having a surface modified to produce the spherical aberration that forms the dominant feature of the purposeful blur and that is in a proper range for reducing impulse response variance.
- the spherical aberration can also be divided among more than one lens element to increase design flexibility.
- phase delays produced within the aperture at ⁇ R and R are preferably at least approximately equal for the center of the designated object range.
- Another example of the invention as an extended depth of field imaging system includes a multifocal imaging subsystem designed as a combination of an ideal imaging component and a spherical aberration component that balances in and out of focus effects through a range of object distances.
- An intermediate image-detecting device detects images formed by the imaging subsystem, exhibiting balanced in and out of focus effects through the range of object distances.
- a computer processing device calculates a recovered image having an extended depth of field based on a correction of the balanced in and out of focus effects through the range of object distances.
- the ideal imaging component preferably provides for imaging an object at a given object distance, and the range of object distances through which the spherical aberration component balances in and out of focus effects includes the given object distance.
- the multifocal imaging subsystem can include a lens designed to contribute the ideal imaging component and a phase plate designed to contribute the spherical aberration component.
- the phase plate can be located within an aperture of the multifocal imaging subsystem between the lens and the intermediate image-detecting device.
- the invention can also be practiced as a method of designing a multifocal imaging subsystem as a part of an integrated computational imaging subsystem.
- a first component of the multifocal imaging subsystem is designed as an ideal imaging component for imaging an object at a given object distance.
- a second component of the multifocal imaging subsystem is designed as a spherical aberrator for balancing in and out of focus effects through a range of object distances.
- Combining the first and second components of the multifocal imaging subsystem produces an intermediate image that is purposefully blurred.
- the second component of the multifocal imaging subsystem contributes an aspherical aberration that is the dominant feature of the purposeful blur.
- Information concerning the intermediate image and the purposeful blur is supplied to a digital processing system for producing a recovered image having an extended depth of field.
- the range of object distances through which the spherical aberration component balances in and out of focus effects preferably includes the given object distance.
- the range of object distances through which the spherical aberration component balances in and out of focus effects is at least six times larger than the object distances over which the first component produces diffraction-limited imaging.
- An aperture of the multifocal imaging subsystem is preferably arranged with a central obscuration that is sized to cooperate with the second component of the multifocal imaging subsystem to further balance in and out of focus effects through a range of object distances.
- FIG. 8 Another example of an integrated computational imaging system in accordance with the invention includes a multifocal imaging subsystem for producing an intermediate image of an object combining an ideal imaging component and a prescribed aberration component for purposefully blurring the intermediate image.
- a central obscuration of the multifocal imaging subsystem renders point spread functions of object points produced with the purposeful blur more uniform over a range of object distances.
- a digital processing subsystem deblurs the intermediate image produced by the multifocal imaging subsystem and calculates a recovered image having an extended depth of field.
- Each of the point spread functions of object points preferably has a central peak and oscillating ring structures, and the central obscuration provides for narrowing the average point spread function either for the close-in points or the distance object points, depending on the design.
- the central obscuration preferably renders both the widths of the central peaks and the oscillating ring structures more uniform among the object points.
- the purposeful blur of the multifocal imaging subsystem is preferably the starting point for rendering the point spread functions of object points more uniform over a range of object distances.
- the central obscuration preferably removes variant components of the point spread functions produced by the purposeful blur for narrowing the central peak of the average point spread function among the object points, especially the object distance corresponding to the center section of the imaging subsystem.
- the digital processing subsystem preferably calculates the recovered image based on the average point spread function. Increases in performance associated with the central obscuration are believed mainly due to the similarities of the point spread functions over the design range of object distances rather than from any direct increase of the depth of field that might otherwise accompany the use of a central obscuration in an ideal imaging system.
- the associated improvements in the depth of field are believed mainly due to both the narrower central peak of the average point spread function and the similar oscillating ring structures of the point spread functions over the designed object range. These two factors lead to point spread functions that vary less with object distance, so that the average point spread function used in the digital processing can provide a significantly improved output.
- Yet another example of the invention as an integrated computational imaging system for producing images having an extended depth of field includes an imaging subsystem for producing an intermediate image of an object and means for producing a purposeful blur in the intermediate image using a predetermined amount of third order spherical aberration that contributes to an extended depth of field.
- a digital processing subsystem deblurs the intermediate image produced by the multifocal imaging subsystem and for calculating a recovered image having an extended depth of field.
- An example of the invention as a multifocal imaging system includes a multiple lens element system that is purposefully blurred by means of a third order spherical aberration that contributes to an extended depth of field.
- the third order spherical aberration is distributed among a plurality of the lens elements and forms a dominant monochromatic aberration of the system.
- a central obscuration cooperates with the third order spherical aberration for reducing variation in the purposeful blur over the extended depth of field.
- the plurality of lens elements can include at least two logarithmic aspheres.
- a method of designing a multifocal lens system in accordance with the invention for extended depth of field imaging includes formulating an imaging system as a combination of an ideal imaging component arranged for diffraction-limited imaging and an aberration component dominated by a third order spherical aberration.
- the amount of the third order spherical aberration is determined so as to reduce variations among impulse responses over the extended depth of field.
- the amount of the third order spherical aberration is determined by adjusting the amount of third order spherical aberration from one amount to another to identify more uniform combinations of impulse responses over the extended depth of field.
- Another method of designing a multifocal lens system in accordance with the invention for extended depth of field imaging includes modifying an ideal lens design by incorporating into the lens design an amount of third order spherical aberration.
- the performance of the modified lens design is tested over a range of focus positions.
- the amount of the third order spherical aberration is adjusted for producing point spread functions that vary less over the range of focus positions.
- a central obscuration is preferably incorporated into the design to narrow the point-spread functions, e.g., at the close-in distances for the ⁇ - design.
- a method of designing an integrated computational imaging system in accordance with the invention for producing images having an extended depth of field includes formulating an imaging system having an aberration component dominated by a third order spherical aberration for producing a blurred intermediate image.
- the amount of the third order spherical aberration is determined so as to reduce variations among impulse responses over a range of focus positions.
- a calculated impulse response departs from an arithmetic average of the impulse responses over the range of focus positions to unevenly weight the impulse responses over the extended depth of field.
- the calculated impulse response is incorporated into a digital processing algorithm for deblurring the intermediate image produced by the multifocal imaging subsystem and for calculating a recovered image having an extended depth of field.
- a circularly symmetric, spherically aberrated, multifocal imaging system with centrally obscured aperture can be used in accordance with the invention for intermediate imaging.
- the resulting impulse response is sufficiently invariant over a range of object depths to support digital processing for recovering an image that remains in focus over a range of focal depths.
- this combined system can produce diffraction-limited resolution over an extended depth of field that is ten times that obtained by a conventional lens system. Prior approaches to extending the depth of field have not had this capability.
- the new imaging system is also economical to manufacture, since it can be circularly symmetric.
- the invention can also be practiced as a method of recovering an image based on an intermediate image, which includes accessing an intermediate image of a scene and performing an iterative digital deconvolution of the intermediate image using a maximum entropy algorithm. Using the maximum entropy algorithm, a new image is estimated containing a combination of directional images. These directional images are uniquely altered using a metric parameter to speed convergence toward a recovered image while avoiding points of stagnation.
- the metric parameter reconciles conventional maximum entropy algorithms at metric parameter values of zero and one. Values of the metric parameter are preferably chosen between zero and one to advantageously adjust the weight of different pixel values. Preferably, the metric parameter has a value between 0.2 and 0.6. The appropriate choice of the metric parameter contributes to a modulation transfer function having a shape that increases contrast at high spatial frequencies approaching a Nyquist limit.
- the intermediate image can be produced using a multifocal imaging system, such as an aspheric lens.
- Typical point spread functions of such lenses have oscillating bases, which reduce image contrast.
- the metric parameter is adjustable within its preferred range significantly reduces side lobe oscillation that is seen in the blurred image.
- FIG. 1 is the block diagram of an integrated computational imaging system in accordance with the present invention.
- Fig. 2 is the diagram of the multifocal imaging subsystem having a centrally obscured aperture.
- Figs. 3A-3F are graphs depicting point spread functions of a centrally obscured /?-type multifocal lens for various amounts of spherical aberration.
- Figs. 4A-4F are graphs depicting point spread functions of a non-centrally obscured /?-type multifocal lens for various amounts of spherical aberration.
- Figs. 5A-5F are graphs depicting point spread functions of a centrally obscured ⁇ -type multifocal lens for various amounts of spherical aberration.
- Figs. 6A-6F are graphs depicting point spread functions of a non-centrally obscured y-t ⁇ pe multifocal lens for various amounts of spherical aberration.
- Fig. 7 is a top-level flow chart for nonlinear digital processing according to a maximum entropy algorithm.
- Fig. 8 is a flow chart showing steps within the maximum entropy algorithm for determining successive estimations of the object imaged by the multifocal imaging system.
- Fig. 9 is a graph plotting the curves that show a convergence advantage associated with an optimization of a metric parameter in the maximum entropy algorithm.
- Fig. 10 is a set of images of two point objects separated by a diffraction-limited distance for an imaging subsystem having a full aperture, including: intermediate image (a) showing a diffraction-limited blurred image by an ideal lens for the point objects at the optimum object distance, intermediate images (b) (c) (d) showing blurred images by a spherically aberrated multifocal imaging subsystem for other object distances, and recovered images (e), (f), (g), (h) showing images recovered by the maximum entropy algorithm from the intermediate images (a) (b) (c) and (d), respectively.
- Fig. 1 1 is another set of images of the two point objects separated by a diffraction-limited distance for an imaging subsystem having a centrally obscured aperture, including: images (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) formed by an ideal lens with the central obscuration at different object distances, intermediate images (f), (g), (h), (i), and (j) formed by a spherically aberrated multifocal imaging system with the central obscuration at the same object distances, and recovered images (k), (I), (m), (n), and (o) showing images recovered by the maximum entropy algorithm from the intermediate images (f) (g), (h), (i), and (j), respectively.
- Fig. 12 is a graph plotting recovered data for a two point object at a defocused object distance comparing results from a spherically aberrated imaging subsystem with different central obscuration values and the blurred image data for Nikon lens without a central obscuration.
- Fig. 1 3 is a graph plotting recovered data for a two point object at an optimum object distance comparing results from a spherically aberrated imaging subsystem with different central obscuration values and the blurred image data for Nikon lens without central obscuration.
- Fig. 14 is a set of images illustrating the maximum entropy recovery of a defocused tiger image, including image (a) formed by ideal lens without central obscuration and recovered images (b), (c), and (d) from a spherically aberrated imaging system with different central obscuration values of 0.0 R, 0.3/?, and 0.5/?, respectively.
- Fig. 1 5 is a graph plotting the overall transfer functions of the integrated imaging system with centrally obscured aperture for six object distances.
- Fig. 1 6 is a graph depicting the relatively small difference between the overall transfer functions of the integrated imaging system using point object and edge object.
- Our studies of circularly symmetric multifocal lenses have revealed that a controlled amount of spherical aberration provides a desirable distance-invariant blur that leads to superior depth-of-field imaging.
- Our preferred multifocal lens for extending the depth of field can be based on any standard imaging arrangement modified to incorporate a third order spherical aberration as well as higher order spherical aberrations.
- standard imaging arrangements include Petzval lenses, Cooke lenses, and double Gauss lenses.
- an integrated computational imaging system 1 0 for extended depth of field imaging includes a multifocal imaging subsystem 12, an intermediate image detection device 14, a digital processing subsystem 16, and a display 1 8.
- the multifocal imaging subsystem 12 includes a single or multiple element lens 22 and a phase plate 24.
- the lens 22 is preferably a conventional lens having at least one spherical surface arranged for ideal imaging and the phase plate 24 is preferably arranged to contribute a predetermined amount of spherical aberration.
- a central obscuration 26 can also be located within an aperture 28 of the multifocal imaging subsystem 1 2 for further improving performance.
- the phase plate 24 can be fabricated separately and aligned with the lens 22 as shown, or the optical contribution of the phase plate can be incorporated into a surface of lens 22, such as in the form of a logarithmic lens.
- both the lens 22 and the phase plate 24 are preferably transmissive, either or both of the lens 22 and the phase plate 24 can be alternatively fashioned as reflective surfaces such as in telescopic photography applications.
- the central obscuration 26 can also be realized in different ways, such as by adding a central stop within the aperture 28 or by arranging for an annular pattern of illumination that has center darkness. A pre-existing central stop can also be used for purposes of the invention, such as a secondary mirror of a telescope.
- Other imaging systems contemplated by the invention include multiple lens elements such as for dealing with chromatic aberrations or other imaging requirements.
- the invention provides increased flexibility within such multiple lens element designs to distribute the desired amount of spherical aberration among a plurality of the lens elements.
- at least two of the lens elements can be formed as logarithmic aspheres, each incorporating a portion of the desired spherical aberration.
- the image detection device 14 which collects an intermediate image 30 of objects 20 that is generally blurred, can be fashioned as a pixilated CCD (charge coupled device) or CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) detector or other light sensitive device.
- the detector pixels can be arranged as a two-dimensional array, as a one- dimensional array, or even as a single detector pixel. Any pixel combinations short of two dimensions are preferably subject to scanning for collecting enough information to complete a two dimensional intermediate image 30. However, one-dimensional imaging can be used for particular applications.
- the digital processing subsystem 16 preferably includes a computer-processing device having a combination of hardware and software for the purpose of image processing.
- the digital processing subsystem 1 6 can be incorporated into a camera system that also includes the multifocal imaging subsystem 1 2, or the digital processing subsystem 1 6 can be arranged as a standalone image-processing computer.
- the primary purpose of the digital processing subsystem 1 6 is to sharpen the intermediate image 30.
- An inverse filter or its modifications, e.g., Wiener filter, can be used for this purpose.
- a nonlinear algorithm such as an iterative maximum entropy algorithm, is used to sharpen the intermediate image 30. If maximum entropy algorithm is used, an optional acceleration factor, metric parameter, can be chosen to optimize the speed and convergence.
- the digitally processed image which is referred to as a recovered image 32
- the display device 1 8 which can be CRT (cathode ray tube), LCD (liquid crystal display) or other display device appropriate for viewing purposes.
- the display device 1 8 can be omitted and the recovered image 32 can be inputted to other functional hardware/software.
- the recovered image 32 can be input to a pattern recognition system or a machine vision system. If the recovered image 32 is used for these latter purposes, then the digital processing subsystem can be incorporated into the pattern recognition or machine vision system.
- the digital processing device can become optional depending on the amount of blurs in the intermediate image.
- the integrated computational imaging system 10 is applicable to binary or gray scale or color imaging. It is also applicable to a range of different wavelengths including infrared imaging.
- FIG. 2 An optical diagram of a modified multifocal imaging subsystem 1 2 for producing the intermediate image 30 is illustrated in FIG. 2 based on use of a logarithmic asphere 34 that combines the ideal imaging of the lens 22 with a predetermined spherical aberration of the phase plate 24.
- a point source 5 which is located along an optical axis 36 at a distance so away from the logarithmic asphere 34 at object plane I, is imaged as a blurred intermediate point image Pat image plane Il at a distance f along the optical axis 36 on the other side of the logarithmic asphere 34.
- the logarithmic asphere 34 is mounted within the annular (or ring-type) aperture 28, having a radius from ⁇ R to R, where ⁇ R is the radius of the central obscuration 26 and R is the radius of lens aperture 28, where 0 ⁇ ⁇ R ⁇ R.
- the center portion of the lens aperture 28 from the optical axis 36 to ⁇ R is blocked by the central obscuration 26 in the form of a disk- shaped stop.
- ⁇ /k W + ⁇ ldeal /k (D wherein the phase delay ⁇ is measured in radians, Ar equals 2 ⁇ / ⁇ o where ⁇ o is the average wavelength of illumination, and W ⁇ s the optical path difference (O.P.D.) in micrometers.
- ⁇ ide ⁇ l 6702.07(A 2 -26.35(A 4 + 0.21(A 6 +... K K K
- Equation (3) is valid in the nonparaxial regime.
- ⁇ P ⁇ (p) ⁇ /- ⁇ - ⁇ n[A ⁇ (t 2 +r 2 )] -l ⁇ - ⁇ /j[ ] n(A/) -l)
- Equations (5) or (7) From a power series expansion of Equations (5) or (7), it can be appreciated for purposes of the invention that additional spherical aberration is the dominant feature of the purposeful blur that is being introduced. This will be made more evident within a description of some specific embodiments.
- Equation (4) For completing a design based on Equations (4)-(8), the desired range for the depth-of-field s/, Si- can be selected along with representative values for t, R, ⁇ R, so, and ⁇ o. Thereafter, the variables a ⁇ , A ⁇ , and ⁇ p ⁇ (or a ⁇ , A ⁇ , and ⁇ p ⁇ ) can be computed. From these, Equation (4) can be used to compute the aberration term W.
- a multifocal lens useful for extended depth-of-field imaging can be composed of any standard imaging arrangement that is designed to incorporate a predetermined amount of spherical aberration, including third order spherical aberration as well as higher order spherical aberrations.
- standard imaging and projection arrangements such as Petzval lenses, Cooke lenses, and double Gauss lenses can be used for these purposes.
- the first row of data is the whole phase delay function of the multifocal lens from Equation (1 ), i.e., .22 (r/R) 2 - 45.63(r/R) 4 +0.32(r/R) 6 +... .
- the second row of data is the radian phase delay function for an ideal lens arrangement, e.g., Petzval lens, Cooke lens, double Gauss lens, or Cassegrain system.
- the third row of data is the aberration terms of the phase delay function, which is the difference between the phase delays of the multifocal lens and an ideal lens.
- the dominant aberration term in the multifocal lens is the third order spherical aberration (i.e., the fourth order term of r/R).
- the largest allowable O.P.D. is generally 0.25A
- Good performance of our multifocal lens includes spherical aberration in the amount of 1 .8 to 6 wavelengths, while the higher order spherical aberration is largely insignificant.
- the multifocal lens designed this way will have an extended depth of field from 6 to 10 times that of a conventional ideal lens.
- the phase delay for the different terms is shown in the following Table II.
- the effective third order aberration amounts are similar for both the full aperture multifocal lens described by Table I and the centrally obscured multifocal lens described by Table II. Accordingly, the good performance centrally obscured multifocal lens has an effective third order aberration that is still within a range from 1 .8 to 6 wavelengths.
- the multifocal lens having an effective third order spherical aberration in the range of 1 .8 to 6 wavelengths can increase the depth of field six to ten times over that of a conventional lens. This conclusion pertains to any reasonable amount of central obscuration and also is independent of the wavelength of illumination, focal length and best focus object distance.
- the second order term i.e. (r/R) 2 of the series expansion, is not relevant to the increase of depth of field, but has the function of changing the position of center of the focus range.
- r/R the second order term
- Another method of multifocal lens realization is to incorporate the aberration into the lens design of the logarithmic asphere 34.
- the overall phase delay function can still include the ideal lens part and the aberration part.
- This method has the advantage that no actual lens element is needed, e.g., the flipover of the well-known lens arrangement introduces large amount of spherical aberration, which could be used as the starting design point.
- Two important features of this embodiment are that it contains good angular resolution as well as good color correction.
- the desired amount of spherical aberration can also be distributed among multiple lens elements of the design to proved more design flexibility.
- a substantially distance-invariant impulse response is important to the recovery of images having extended depths of focus.
- a predetermined amount of spherical aberration can be used to produce a more distance-invariant impulse response for effective performance both with and without central obscuration.
- an optimum amount of spherical aberration has been found to be about 3 waves.
- Figures 3A to 3F show the effective range for a distance-invariant impulse response. Of note are: 1 ) the width of center peak; 2) the similarity of side lobes; and 3) the energy leaked to side lobes.
- a difference between the /?-type and ⁇ -Xype phase plates is the sign change for the second and fourth order terms.
- the fourth order term which corresponds to third order spherical aberration is positive for the ⁇ type lens and negative for the /?-type lens.
- the absolute values of the corresponding third order spherical aberration terms are similar for the same design range.
- Figs. 6A-6F depict the point-spread functions for different amounts of third order spherical aberration in units of O. P. D with no central obscuration. It is apparent that the width of the point spread function changes from small to large with the object is farther away, which contrasts with the results of the /?-type lens. From the Figs.
- digital processing of the intermediate image 30 can be used to sharpen the images of object points throughout the depth of field.
- One method of image recovery involves use an inverse filter, such as the Weiner-Helstrom inverse filter.
- a maximum entropy algorithm can be programmed into the digital processing subsystem, and a preferred approach to the application of this algorithm for image recovery is set forth below.
- the maximum entropy algorithm is an iterative approach to determining an estimate of object 20.
- a diagram of the algorithm is shown in Fig. 5, where an unknown object is convolved with the actual point spread function of the lens. Then, noise is added in the process of imaging. Starting with the initial estimate of the object, an image of this object is calculated by convolving with the single point spread function. Then, a difference between the measured blurred image and the calculated blurred image is calculated. If the difference is larger statistically than the noise in the experiment or the criterion of entropy maximization is not reached, the new estimation of the object is generated until both noise constraint and entropy maximization criterion are met, i.e., Equations (10) and (1 1 ) are satisfied.
- the single point spread function used in the convolution can be calculated as an average of the point spread functions observed for the different focal depths. However, individual focal distances can be weighted differently to adjust the single point spread function for favoring certain object distances over others for compensating for other effects. The single point spread function could also be varied experimentally to achieve desired results for particular applications or scenes.
- the parameter r adjusts the pixel values of direction-images derived from a steep ascent method.
- the parameter r ranges from 0 to 1 , although Y> ⁇ is still possible.
- this parameter is larger, more emphasis is given to the larger pixel values in the image, and also there exists more deviation of the direction images e, from direction images derived steepest ascent method.
- the quadratic approximation models St and C t are established.
- the quadratic models greatly facilitate the constrained maximization process because these quadratic equations are much easier to solve than the original nonlinear equations in Equations (10) and (1 1 ).
- the diagram of how to find the next estimation of the object is shown in Fig. 8.
- metric parameter Y In order to study the optimum value of metric parameter Y, an extended study has been made of the effect of varying the parameter Y.
- Three different pictures of varying histograms are used including: binary scene, zebra, and tiger. Each of these pictures has 256x256 pixels with the maximum pixel value scaled to 255.
- Each picture is blurred using 1 5 normalized impulse responses with the maximum blur consisting of a 5x5 matrix with 1 5 non-zero values and 10 zeros in the outer regions.
- Gaussian noise is added with a standard deviation ⁇ ranging from 0.2 to 1 .8 in 9 steps.
- the metric parameter Y ⁇ s given 21 values ranging from 0.0 to 1 .0. Hence, in these computer simulations there are about 8,000 cases.
- an effectiveness parameter for the number of iterations which is defined by L ⁇ /D, where L is the number of loops for the maximum entropy calculation to converge, ⁇ is the noise standard deviation, and D is the number of non-zero pixel in the blurring function.
- L the number of loops for the maximum entropy calculation to converge
- ⁇ the noise standard deviation
- D the number of non-zero pixel in the blurring function.
- the number of loops L for the maximum entropy recovery is linearly proportional to the area of the point spread function, D, or qualitatively proportional to the severeness of the blur.
- the loop number is also approximately inversely proportional to the standard deviation of the noise, ⁇ .
- the new metric parameter y improves the speed and reliability of the metric parameter - maximum entropy algorithm.
- the larger pixel values will have larger weight, so ⁇ > 0 is chosen to let the algorithm approach the desired larger pixel value faster.
- y is chosen from 0 to 1 .
- ⁇ A becomes the search direction for the steepest ascent method.
- ⁇ A becomes the search direction used by Burch et al. in a paper entitled "Image restoration by a powerful maximum entropy method," Comput. Visions Graph. Image Process. 23, 1 1 3-1 28 (1 983), which is hereby incorporated by reference.
- the steepest ascent method nor the method of Burch et al. incorporate the metric parameter ⁇ , which provides a new mathematical construction that can be manipulated to increase the speed of convergence and avoid stagnation.
- VQ O (1 5)
- VQ- VQ needs to be minimized, too. Accordingly, the next search direction should be Vi V(VQ- VQ) , or VVQ - VQ.
- VVQ is the dyadic gradient whose component is defined as follows:
- the next task is to find an estimation of the object for the next iteration f n+ 1 >, which is defined as:
- ⁇ f x,e, + x 2 e 2 + x 3 e 3 (24)
- Equation (27) and (28) the notation is defined as follows:
- Equations A, B 1 M 1 and /V can be calculated from Equations (20) and (21 ).
- Equations (27) and (28) can be simplified by introducing new variables to diagonalize /?and N. First, the rotation matrix R is found to diagonalize the matrix B, i.e.,
- RBR T diag( ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ i ) (30)
- a new variable Y is defined as follows:
- Equations (32) and (33) become:
- a new variable U is defined as:
- the Lagrange multiplier method can be used to solve the maximization in Equation (50) by introducing a new variable Qt as follows:
- Equation (53) a ⁇ s determined by solving the following equation, which is derived by the substitution of Equation (55) into Equation (51 ) and by the use of the constraint in Equation (53):
- metric parameter-maximum entropy algorithm or MPME algorithm improves image quality by increasing the contrast of the recovered image. Adjustments to the metric parameter y, particularly to within the range of
- 0.2 to 0.6 result in a modulation transfer function having a more rectangular form, which preserves contrast of higher spatial frequency components.
- the effect of the metric parameter ⁇ ⁇ s also evident on the point-spread function as a reduction in side lobe oscillations apparent in the intermediate image.
- the final point images are closer to true points with little or no ringing. Disappearance of the oscillating rings also increases contrast.
- the MPME algorithm provides an iterative digital deconvolution method capable of starting with any image.
- An estimate of the next new image can contain a linear combination of directional images.
- the metric parameter ⁇ modifies the directional images from those provided by conventional maximum entropy algorithms, while reconciling the directional images of the conventional algorithms as integer instances of the metric parameter ⁇ .
- a quadratic Taylor expansion is used to calculate the values of the entropy 5 and the statistical noise constraint Cas functions of the search directions.
- the modified statistical noise constraint assures an iterative solution of the new image estimate.
- the metric parameter-maximum entropy algorithm has an important range of applications due to the "box-like" form of the resulting overall modulation transfer function, as shown in Fig. 1 5. Hence, at high spatial frequencies the contrast of any digital image will be higher than is typical of the classical fall-off of photographic images. As is well known, the incoherent image optical transfer function falls off in a triangular-like manner as the spatial frequency ranges from zero to the
- the MPME algorithm provides sharper, crisper, high contrast output. While there are earlier algorithms that provide some form of high-frequency or edge sharpening, these earlier algorithms amplify the high-frequency noise as well. For example one such algorithm consists of a two-dimensional FFT, followed by high-frequency emphasis, followed by an inverse FFT. However, as is well known, these earlier methods of providing emphasis or higher contrast at the higher spatial frequencies amplify the noise in the image. From experiments using the MPME algorithm, as is apparent from a study of the operation as shown in Figs. 7 and 8, the MPME algorithm does not have this drawback. The MPME algorithm provides sharper contrast at the higher spatial frequencies without undue amplification of the noise. Therefore, this contributes to its general applicability in digital image processing.
- FIGs. 10 and 1 1 compare the images produced through a full aperture logarithmic asphere with the images produced through a centrally obscured logarithmic asphere.
- the imaging of a two-point object simulation is shown in Fig. 10, based on a full aperture ⁇ -design logarithmic asphere.
- the diffraction-limited depth of field is ⁇ 8mm.
- the two object points are separated by the diffraction limit distance, viz., 2.27 ⁇ m.
- Figs. 10(e)-(h) show the maximum entropy recovery results for the images in Figs. 10(a)-(d), respectively.
- the performance of an idealized lens is shown in Figs. 10(a) and 10(e).
- Figs. 10(a) and 10(e) the excellent recovery due to the deconvolution inherent in the maximum entropy algorithm.
- the rows are for object distances 1450mm, 1492mm, 1 500mm, 1 508mm, and 1 580mm, respectively, and the columns are for ideal images, intermediate (blurred) images, and recovered images, respectively.
- the conventional depth of field ranges from 1492mm to 1 508mm.
- a single average impulse response over the design range is used for all five recoveries.
- the similarity of blur for the logarithmic asphere is clearly seen from the center column of the intermediate (blurred) images, all have two bright peaks at the center accompanied by low intensity oscillating rings. The center bright peaks also have similar sizes.
- the oscillating rings do not pose a problem since excellent recoveries are achieved for all five images.
- Fig. 14(a) is the recovered image for the logarithmic asphere without center obscuration.
- Fig. 14(c) shows the tiger image reproduced by an ideal lens with full aperture for comparison purposes.
- the logarithmic aspheres both with and without obscuration are capable of extending the depth of field.
- the recovered images for logarithmic aspheres with obscuration are better because there are fewer artifacts.
- the artifacts of the recovery are believed to appear because of differences between the point spread functions through the range of object distances, while the average point spread function over the design range is used for all the recoveries.
- the width of tiger whiskers in the simulation is about 0.7 ⁇ m, which is smaller than the diffraction-limited spot size.
- the overall frequency response can be found by dividing the spectrum of the recovered image by that of the input object.
- the images of a point source can be calculated at various object distances, and the maximum entropy algorithm can be applied to these intermediate images to recover the point object.
- the recoveries can be considered as the combined impulse response of the integrated computational imaging system.
- a Fourier transform of the recoveries is plotted in Fig. 1 5.
- the curves are the combined transfer functions of the system over a range of object distances.
- the transfer function of the system is circularly symmetric, and Fig. 1 5 shows its values along the radial direction over a range of focal depths.
- the relative spatial frequency 1 .0 corresponds to a cutoff frequency of the diffraction-limited lens for the same imaging settings.
- the amplitude of the overall transfer function of the new system is increased to the diffraction limit over an extended object range.
- the phase of the overall transfer function is zero due to the circular symmetry of the impulse response. The diffraction-limited performance for the integrated computational imaging system over an extended depth of field is clearly seen from these curves.
- Fig. 1 5 is a good indication of performance of the integrated imaging system.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2007529820A JP2008511859A (en) | 2004-09-03 | 2005-05-11 | Extended depth of focus using a multifocal length lens with a controlled spherical aberration range and a concealed central aperture |
AU2005283143A AU2005283143A1 (en) | 2004-09-03 | 2005-05-11 | Multifocal lens with extended depth of field |
CN200580036684A CN100594398C (en) | 2004-09-03 | 2005-05-11 | Extended depth of field using a multi-focal length lens with a controlled range of spherical aberration and centrally obscured aperture |
CA002577735A CA2577735A1 (en) | 2004-09-03 | 2005-05-11 | Extended depth of field using a multi-focal length lens with a controlled range of spherical aberration and centrally obscured aperture |
EP05748290A EP1789830A2 (en) | 2004-09-03 | 2005-05-11 | Extended depth of field using a multi-focal length lens with a controlled range of spherical aberration and centrally obscured aperture |
IL181671A IL181671A (en) | 2004-09-03 | 2007-03-01 | Extended depth of field using a multi-focal length lens with a controlled range of spherical aberration and centrally obscured aperture |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US60707604P | 2004-09-03 | 2004-09-03 | |
US60/607,076 | 2004-09-03 | ||
US52299004P | 2004-11-30 | 2004-11-30 | |
US60/522,990 | 2004-11-30 | ||
US10/908,287 US7336430B2 (en) | 2004-09-03 | 2005-05-05 | Extended depth of field using a multi-focal length lens with a controlled range of spherical aberration and a centrally obscured aperture |
US10/908,287 | 2005-05-05 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2006028527A2 true WO2006028527A2 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
WO2006028527A3 WO2006028527A3 (en) | 2007-01-18 |
Family
ID=35995929
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2005/016231 WO2006028527A2 (en) | 2004-09-03 | 2005-05-11 | Extended depth of field using a multi-focal length lens with a controlled range of spherical aberration and centrally obscured aperture |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (4) | US7336430B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1789830A2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2008511859A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20070057231A (en) |
CN (1) | CN100594398C (en) |
AU (1) | AU2005283143A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2577735A1 (en) |
IL (1) | IL181671A (en) |
SG (1) | SG142313A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2006028527A2 (en) |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2008020109A1 (en) | 2006-08-03 | 2008-02-21 | Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas | Method for restoration of images which are affected by imperfections, device for implementation of this, and the corresponding applications |
US7469202B2 (en) | 2003-12-01 | 2008-12-23 | Omnivision Cdm Optics, Inc. | System and method for optimizing optical and digital system designs |
JP2009140496A (en) * | 2007-12-03 | 2009-06-25 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Electro-optic color image processing system and lens system |
JP2010164973A (en) * | 2009-01-16 | 2010-07-29 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Imaging system using enhanced spherical aberration and specifically sized fir filter |
US7944467B2 (en) | 2003-12-01 | 2011-05-17 | Omnivision Technologies, Inc. | Task-based imaging systems |
JP2011518341A (en) * | 2008-02-29 | 2011-06-23 | グローバル バイオニック オプティクス リミテッド | Single lens extended depth of field imaging system |
US8144208B2 (en) | 2003-12-01 | 2012-03-27 | Omnivision Technologies, Inc. | Task-based imaging systems |
US8988516B2 (en) | 2011-09-21 | 2015-03-24 | Olympus Medical Systems Corp. | Imaging device and endoscope |
Families Citing this family (131)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8005314B2 (en) * | 2005-12-09 | 2011-08-23 | Amnis Corporation | Extended depth of field imaging for high speed object analysis |
US8717456B2 (en) * | 2002-02-27 | 2014-05-06 | Omnivision Technologies, Inc. | Optical imaging systems and methods utilizing nonlinear and/or spatially varying image processing |
US8294999B2 (en) | 2003-01-16 | 2012-10-23 | DigitalOptics Corporation International | Optics for an extended depth of field |
JP4377404B2 (en) * | 2003-01-16 | 2009-12-02 | ディ−ブルアー テクノロジス リミテッド | Camera with image enhancement function |
US7773316B2 (en) * | 2003-01-16 | 2010-08-10 | Tessera International, Inc. | Optics for an extended depth of field |
US7602989B2 (en) * | 2004-05-26 | 2009-10-13 | Biggs David S C | Realtime 2D deconvolution system and method |
US7336430B2 (en) * | 2004-09-03 | 2008-02-26 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Extended depth of field using a multi-focal length lens with a controlled range of spherical aberration and a centrally obscured aperture |
KR101134208B1 (en) | 2004-10-01 | 2012-04-09 | 더 보드 어브 트러스티스 어브 더 리랜드 스탠포드 주니어 유니버시티 | Imaging arrangements and methods therefor |
US7215493B2 (en) * | 2005-01-27 | 2007-05-08 | Psc Scanning, Inc. | Imaging system with a lens having increased light collection efficiency and a deblurring equalizer |
US7760957B2 (en) * | 2005-03-14 | 2010-07-20 | Ffei Limited | Sharpness enhancement |
JP4790329B2 (en) * | 2005-06-21 | 2011-10-12 | オリンパスイメージング株式会社 | Camera with focus adjustment device |
KR100691268B1 (en) * | 2005-08-02 | 2007-03-12 | 삼성전기주식회사 | Optical System For Processing Image By Using Point Spread Function And Image Processing Method Thereof |
KR20080035690A (en) * | 2005-08-11 | 2008-04-23 | 글로벌 바이오닉 옵틱스 피티와이 엘티디 | Optical lens systems |
US7512574B2 (en) * | 2005-09-30 | 2009-03-31 | International Business Machines Corporation | Consistent histogram maintenance using query feedback |
US20070239417A1 (en) * | 2006-03-31 | 2007-10-11 | D-Blur Technologies Ltd. | Camera performance simulation |
KR100801088B1 (en) * | 2006-10-02 | 2008-02-05 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Camera apparatus having multiple focus and method for producing focus-free image and out of focus image using the apparatus |
US8155478B2 (en) * | 2006-10-26 | 2012-04-10 | Broadcom Corporation | Image creation with software controllable depth of field |
US20090112314A1 (en) * | 2007-10-25 | 2009-04-30 | Sarver Edwin J | Multi-focal intraocular lens with asymmetric point spread function |
US10298834B2 (en) | 2006-12-01 | 2019-05-21 | Google Llc | Video refocusing |
US20100265385A1 (en) * | 2009-04-18 | 2010-10-21 | Knight Timothy J | Light Field Camera Image, File and Configuration Data, and Methods of Using, Storing and Communicating Same |
US8559705B2 (en) | 2006-12-01 | 2013-10-15 | Lytro, Inc. | Interactive refocusing of electronic images |
US7646549B2 (en) * | 2006-12-18 | 2010-01-12 | Xceed Imaging Ltd | Imaging system and method for providing extended depth of focus, range extraction and super resolved imaging |
US7755766B1 (en) * | 2007-03-27 | 2010-07-13 | Itt Manufacturing Enterprises, Inc. | Telescope interferometric maintenance evaluation tool |
JP4407714B2 (en) | 2007-04-06 | 2010-02-03 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Biometric authentication device and biometric authentication method |
EP1978394A1 (en) * | 2007-04-06 | 2008-10-08 | Global Bionic Optics Pty Ltd. | Optical system for increasing depth of field |
KR100896572B1 (en) | 2007-04-27 | 2009-05-07 | 삼성전기주식회사 | Image processing method for extending depth of field |
JP5536995B2 (en) * | 2007-07-17 | 2014-07-02 | オリンパス株式会社 | Microscope objective lens and laser scanning microscope system |
WO2009061439A2 (en) * | 2007-11-06 | 2009-05-14 | Tessera North America, Inc. | Determinate and indeterminate optical systems |
KR101412752B1 (en) | 2007-11-26 | 2014-07-01 | 삼성전기주식회사 | Apparatus and method for digital auto-focus |
US7615729B2 (en) * | 2007-12-10 | 2009-11-10 | Aptina Imaging Corporation | Apparatus and method for resonant lens focusing |
TWI459030B (en) * | 2008-02-15 | 2014-11-01 | Omnivision Tech Inc | Imaging optics, optical imaging system and computer-based method for providing non-monotonic wavefront phase |
EP2096483A1 (en) * | 2008-02-29 | 2009-09-02 | Global Bionic Optics Pty Ltd. | Single-lens extended depth-of-field imaging systems |
WO2009120718A1 (en) * | 2008-03-24 | 2009-10-01 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Methods, systems, and media for controlling depth of field in images |
US8922700B2 (en) * | 2008-04-03 | 2014-12-30 | Omnivision Technologies, Inc. | Imaging system including distributed phase modification and associated methods |
US8280194B2 (en) | 2008-04-29 | 2012-10-02 | Sony Corporation | Reduced hardware implementation for a two-picture depth map algorithm |
FR2931255A1 (en) * | 2008-05-15 | 2009-11-20 | Dxo Labs Sa | OPTICAL SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DESIGNING THE SAME |
JP4658162B2 (en) * | 2008-06-27 | 2011-03-23 | 京セラ株式会社 | Imaging apparatus and electronic apparatus |
US7898746B2 (en) * | 2008-07-03 | 2011-03-01 | Aptina Imaging Corporation | Extended depth-of-field lenses and methods for their design, optimization and manufacturing |
CN101887170B (en) * | 2009-05-13 | 2015-04-22 | 北京泰邦天地科技有限公司 | Imaging method and system for inhibiting aero-optical effect |
WO2010017694A1 (en) * | 2008-08-15 | 2010-02-18 | 北京泰邦天地科技有限公司 | Device for acquiring equally blurred intermediate images |
US8553093B2 (en) | 2008-09-30 | 2013-10-08 | Sony Corporation | Method and apparatus for super-resolution imaging using digital imaging devices |
JP5103637B2 (en) * | 2008-09-30 | 2012-12-19 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | Imaging apparatus, imaging method, and program |
US8194995B2 (en) | 2008-09-30 | 2012-06-05 | Sony Corporation | Fast camera auto-focus |
KR20100051359A (en) * | 2008-11-07 | 2010-05-17 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Method and apparatus for generating of image data |
US8279325B2 (en) * | 2008-11-25 | 2012-10-02 | Lytro, Inc. | System and method for acquiring, editing, generating and outputting video data |
KR101634353B1 (en) * | 2008-12-04 | 2016-06-28 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Micro lens, method for manufacturing the micro lens, apparatus for manufacturing the micro lens, camera module including the micro lens |
US8289440B2 (en) | 2008-12-08 | 2012-10-16 | Lytro, Inc. | Light field data acquisition devices, and methods of using and manufacturing same |
US8199248B2 (en) * | 2009-01-30 | 2012-06-12 | Sony Corporation | Two-dimensional polynomial model for depth estimation based on two-picture matching |
US8379321B2 (en) * | 2009-03-05 | 2013-02-19 | Raytheon Canada Limited | Method and apparatus for accurate imaging with an extended depth of field |
EP2228677A1 (en) * | 2009-03-09 | 2010-09-15 | Global Bionic Optics Pty Ltd. | Extended depth-of-field surveillance imaging system |
US8908058B2 (en) * | 2009-04-18 | 2014-12-09 | Lytro, Inc. | Storage and transmission of pictures including multiple frames |
TWI387331B (en) * | 2009-04-22 | 2013-02-21 | Avermedia Information Inc | Document camera |
WO2010135700A1 (en) * | 2009-05-22 | 2010-11-25 | C8 Medisensors Inc. | Large field of view, high numerical aperture compound objective lens with two pairs of identical elements and near ir spectrometer containing two such compound lenses |
US8194170B2 (en) * | 2009-06-02 | 2012-06-05 | Algonquin College | Axicon lens array |
CN101964866B (en) * | 2009-07-24 | 2013-03-20 | 鸿富锦精密工业(深圳)有限公司 | Computation and image pickup type digital camera |
KR101648540B1 (en) * | 2009-08-13 | 2016-08-16 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Wafer-level lens module and imaging device including the same |
US20110044554A1 (en) * | 2009-08-21 | 2011-02-24 | Konica Minolta Systems Laboratory, Inc. | Adaptive deblurring for camera-based document image processing |
US8305699B2 (en) * | 2009-09-23 | 2012-11-06 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Wafer-level lens module with extended depth of field and imaging device including the wafer-level lens module |
JP2011070134A (en) * | 2009-09-28 | 2011-04-07 | Kyocera Corp | Imaging apparatus and method for processing image |
US8248511B2 (en) * | 2009-09-30 | 2012-08-21 | Ricoh Co., Ltd. | Dual-mode extended depth-of-field imaging systems |
TWI402478B (en) * | 2009-10-29 | 2013-07-21 | Univ Nat Sun Yat Sen | Microscope measurement system using phase mask and method thereof |
US8027582B2 (en) * | 2009-12-21 | 2011-09-27 | Sony Corporation | Autofocus with confidence measure |
US8749620B1 (en) | 2010-02-20 | 2014-06-10 | Lytro, Inc. | 3D light field cameras, images and files, and methods of using, operating, processing and viewing same |
US8330825B2 (en) * | 2010-02-22 | 2012-12-11 | Eastman Kodak Company | Zoom lens system characterization for image sharpening |
TWI421618B (en) * | 2010-04-09 | 2014-01-01 | Ind Tech Res Inst | Projection system for extending depth of field and image processing method thereof |
CN102221746B (en) * | 2010-04-15 | 2014-01-22 | 财团法人工业技术研究院 | Projection system with expanded depth of field and image processing method |
US8600186B2 (en) * | 2010-04-26 | 2013-12-03 | City University Of Hong Kong | Well focused catadioptric image acquisition |
US8416334B2 (en) | 2010-04-27 | 2013-04-09 | Fm-Assets Pty Ltd. | Thick single-lens extended depth-of-field imaging systems |
KR101725044B1 (en) * | 2010-05-27 | 2017-04-11 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Imaging display apparatus |
EP2466872B1 (en) | 2010-12-14 | 2018-06-06 | Axis AB | Method and digital video camera for improving the image quality of images in a video image stream |
CN102566045A (en) * | 2010-12-20 | 2012-07-11 | 北京泰邦天地科技有限公司 | Optical imaging system |
US8768102B1 (en) | 2011-02-09 | 2014-07-01 | Lytro, Inc. | Downsampling light field images |
US8406548B2 (en) * | 2011-02-28 | 2013-03-26 | Sony Corporation | Method and apparatus for performing a blur rendering process on an image |
US9055248B2 (en) * | 2011-05-02 | 2015-06-09 | Sony Corporation | Infrared imaging system and method of operating |
CN102314683B (en) * | 2011-07-15 | 2013-01-16 | 清华大学 | Computational imaging method and imaging system based on nonplanar image sensor |
US9184199B2 (en) | 2011-08-01 | 2015-11-10 | Lytro, Inc. | Optical assembly including plenoptic microlens array |
TW201323854A (en) * | 2011-12-01 | 2013-06-16 | Ind Tech Res Inst | Optical interference apparatus |
US8995785B2 (en) | 2012-02-28 | 2015-03-31 | Lytro, Inc. | Light-field processing and analysis, camera control, and user interfaces and interaction on light-field capture devices |
US8811769B1 (en) | 2012-02-28 | 2014-08-19 | Lytro, Inc. | Extended depth of field and variable center of perspective in light-field processing |
US8948545B2 (en) | 2012-02-28 | 2015-02-03 | Lytro, Inc. | Compensating for sensor saturation and microlens modulation during light-field image processing |
US9420276B2 (en) | 2012-02-28 | 2016-08-16 | Lytro, Inc. | Calibration of light-field camera geometry via robust fitting |
US8831377B2 (en) | 2012-02-28 | 2014-09-09 | Lytro, Inc. | Compensating for variation in microlens position during light-field image processing |
US10129524B2 (en) | 2012-06-26 | 2018-11-13 | Google Llc | Depth-assigned content for depth-enhanced virtual reality images |
US9607424B2 (en) | 2012-06-26 | 2017-03-28 | Lytro, Inc. | Depth-assigned content for depth-enhanced pictures |
US9201008B2 (en) | 2012-06-26 | 2015-12-01 | Universite Laval | Method and system for obtaining an extended-depth-of-field volumetric image using laser scanning imaging |
US9858649B2 (en) | 2015-09-30 | 2018-01-02 | Lytro, Inc. | Depth-based image blurring |
TWI452333B (en) | 2012-08-15 | 2014-09-11 | Largan Precision Co Ltd | Image capturing lens system |
US8997021B2 (en) | 2012-11-06 | 2015-03-31 | Lytro, Inc. | Parallax and/or three-dimensional effects for thumbnail image displays |
US9001226B1 (en) | 2012-12-04 | 2015-04-07 | Lytro, Inc. | Capturing and relighting images using multiple devices |
US10334151B2 (en) | 2013-04-22 | 2019-06-25 | Google Llc | Phase detection autofocus using subaperture images |
CN103313084B (en) * | 2013-06-20 | 2015-01-14 | 四川大学 | Integrated imaging double-shooting method based on different microlens array parameters |
KR20150005107A (en) * | 2013-07-04 | 2015-01-14 | 삼성전자주식회사 | , optical scanning unit employing the same, and electrophotography type image forming apparatus |
KR102303389B1 (en) * | 2013-12-23 | 2021-09-16 | 유니버시티 오브 델라웨어 | 3-d light field camera and photography method |
JP6228300B2 (en) | 2013-12-24 | 2017-11-08 | ライトロ, インコーポレイテッドLytro, Inc. | Improving the resolution of plenoptic cameras |
US9305375B2 (en) | 2014-03-25 | 2016-04-05 | Lytro, Inc. | High-quality post-rendering depth blur |
EP3161554A4 (en) * | 2014-06-25 | 2018-03-14 | Ramot at Tel-Aviv University Ltd. | System and method for light-field imaging |
WO2016033590A1 (en) | 2014-08-31 | 2016-03-03 | Berestka John | Systems and methods for analyzing the eye |
KR102195407B1 (en) | 2015-03-16 | 2020-12-29 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Image signal processor and devices having the same |
US10444931B2 (en) | 2017-05-09 | 2019-10-15 | Google Llc | Vantage generation and interactive playback |
US10440407B2 (en) | 2017-05-09 | 2019-10-08 | Google Llc | Adaptive control for immersive experience delivery |
US10419737B2 (en) | 2015-04-15 | 2019-09-17 | Google Llc | Data structures and delivery methods for expediting virtual reality playback |
US10412373B2 (en) | 2015-04-15 | 2019-09-10 | Google Llc | Image capture for virtual reality displays |
US10565734B2 (en) | 2015-04-15 | 2020-02-18 | Google Llc | Video capture, processing, calibration, computational fiber artifact removal, and light-field pipeline |
US10341632B2 (en) | 2015-04-15 | 2019-07-02 | Google Llc. | Spatial random access enabled video system with a three-dimensional viewing volume |
US10567464B2 (en) | 2015-04-15 | 2020-02-18 | Google Llc | Video compression with adaptive view-dependent lighting removal |
US10275898B1 (en) | 2015-04-15 | 2019-04-30 | Google Llc | Wedge-based light-field video capture |
US10546424B2 (en) | 2015-04-15 | 2020-01-28 | Google Llc | Layered content delivery for virtual and augmented reality experiences |
US11328446B2 (en) | 2015-04-15 | 2022-05-10 | Google Llc | Combining light-field data with active depth data for depth map generation |
US10469873B2 (en) | 2015-04-15 | 2019-11-05 | Google Llc | Encoding and decoding virtual reality video |
US10540818B2 (en) | 2015-04-15 | 2020-01-21 | Google Llc | Stereo image generation and interactive playback |
US9495590B1 (en) * | 2015-04-23 | 2016-11-15 | Global Bionic Optics, Ltd. | Extended depth-of-field biometric system |
FR3038193B1 (en) * | 2015-06-26 | 2018-07-13 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | METHOD FOR DESIGNING AN IMAGING SYSTEM, SPATIAL FILTER AND IMAGING SYSTEM COMPRISING SUCH A SPATIAL FILTER |
US9979909B2 (en) | 2015-07-24 | 2018-05-22 | Lytro, Inc. | Automatic lens flare detection and correction for light-field images |
CN105118031B (en) * | 2015-08-11 | 2017-11-03 | 中国科学院计算技术研究所 | A kind of method for the image procossing for recovering depth information |
CN105824237B (en) * | 2016-03-11 | 2018-10-09 | 西北工业大学 | Adaptive offset control method based on line laser sensor |
WO2017177180A1 (en) * | 2016-04-08 | 2017-10-12 | ARIZONA BOARD OF REGENTS on behalf of THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, A BODY CORPORATE | Systems and methods for extended depth-of-field microscopy |
US10275892B2 (en) | 2016-06-09 | 2019-04-30 | Google Llc | Multi-view scene segmentation and propagation |
US10679361B2 (en) | 2016-12-05 | 2020-06-09 | Google Llc | Multi-view rotoscope contour propagation |
US10594945B2 (en) | 2017-04-03 | 2020-03-17 | Google Llc | Generating dolly zoom effect using light field image data |
US10474227B2 (en) | 2017-05-09 | 2019-11-12 | Google Llc | Generation of virtual reality with 6 degrees of freedom from limited viewer data |
US10354399B2 (en) | 2017-05-25 | 2019-07-16 | Google Llc | Multi-view back-projection to a light-field |
US10545215B2 (en) | 2017-09-13 | 2020-01-28 | Google Llc | 4D camera tracking and optical stabilization |
US10832023B2 (en) | 2017-12-15 | 2020-11-10 | Cognex Corporation | Dual-imaging vision system camera and method for using the same |
US11301655B2 (en) | 2017-12-15 | 2022-04-12 | Cognex Corporation | Vision imaging system having a camera and dual aimer assemblies |
US10965862B2 (en) | 2018-01-18 | 2021-03-30 | Google Llc | Multi-camera navigation interface |
EP3594731A1 (en) * | 2018-07-10 | 2020-01-15 | CSEM Centre Suisse D'electronique Et De Microtechnique SA | Micro-optical component for generating an image |
US10984513B1 (en) * | 2019-09-30 | 2021-04-20 | Google Llc | Automatic generation of all-in-focus images with a mobile camera |
CN110849260B (en) * | 2019-10-29 | 2021-07-13 | 北京临近空间飞行器系统工程研究所 | Distance measuring device, electron microscope and microscope object distance adjusting method |
BE1027429B1 (en) | 2019-11-07 | 2021-02-08 | Innovate Prec Besloten Vennootschap Met Beperkte Aansprakelijkheid | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR OBTAINING AN IMAGE WITH EXTENDED DEPTH OF FIELD |
WO2023113193A1 (en) * | 2021-12-15 | 2023-06-22 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Device and method for extended depth of field imaging |
CN114911036A (en) * | 2022-05-18 | 2022-08-16 | Oppo广东移动通信有限公司 | Lens and electronic equipment |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20030057353A1 (en) * | 2001-07-20 | 2003-03-27 | Dowski Edward Raymond | Wavefront coding zoom lens imaging systems |
Family Cites Families (37)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4340283A (en) * | 1978-12-18 | 1982-07-20 | Cohen Allen L | Phase shift multifocal zone plate |
US4745484A (en) * | 1986-07-30 | 1988-05-17 | Drexler Technology Corporation | Method and apparatus for stepped imaging in reading data |
FR2609817B1 (en) | 1987-01-21 | 1989-05-05 | Matra | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR SHOOTING WITH A LARGE DEPTH OF FIELD |
DE3905619C2 (en) * | 1988-02-23 | 2000-04-13 | Olympus Optical Co | Image input / output device |
DE3931934C2 (en) * | 1988-10-03 | 1994-11-10 | Olympus Optical Co | Image input / output device |
JP2907465B2 (en) | 1989-11-24 | 1999-06-21 | オリンパス光学工業株式会社 | Image input / output device |
JP3165672B2 (en) | 1991-01-23 | 2001-05-14 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | Article having water / oil repellent coating and method for producing the same |
IL100657A0 (en) | 1992-01-14 | 1992-09-06 | Ziv Soferman | Multifocal optical apparatus |
US5322998A (en) * | 1993-03-31 | 1994-06-21 | Eastman Kodak Company | Conical blur filter for reducing artifacts in imaging apparatus |
US5438366A (en) * | 1993-03-31 | 1995-08-01 | Eastman Kodak Company | Aspherical blur filter for reducing artifacts in imaging apparatus |
US5483366A (en) * | 1994-07-20 | 1996-01-09 | David Sarnoff Research Center Inc | LCD with hige capacitance pixel having an ITO active region/poly SI pixel region electrical connection and having poly SI selection line extensions along pixel edges |
US6229649B1 (en) * | 1994-10-04 | 2001-05-08 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Pseudo deconvolution method of recovering a distorted optical image |
KR19980702008A (en) * | 1995-02-03 | 1998-07-15 | 마이클 지. 가브리지 | Method and apparatus for increasing field depth of optical system |
US6911638B2 (en) * | 1995-02-03 | 2005-06-28 | The Regents Of The University Of Colorado, A Body Corporate | Wavefront coding zoom lens imaging systems |
US20020118457A1 (en) * | 2000-12-22 | 2002-08-29 | Dowski Edward Raymond | Wavefront coded imaging systems |
US7218448B1 (en) * | 1997-03-17 | 2007-05-15 | The Regents Of The University Of Colorado | Extended depth of field optical systems |
US20020195548A1 (en) * | 2001-06-06 | 2002-12-26 | Dowski Edward Raymond | Wavefront coding interference contrast imaging systems |
SE512350C2 (en) * | 1996-01-09 | 2000-03-06 | Kjell Olsson | Increased depth of field in photographic image |
JP4136011B2 (en) * | 1996-04-30 | 2008-08-20 | オリンパス株式会社 | Depth of focus extension device |
JP3408112B2 (en) * | 1997-04-30 | 2003-05-19 | キヤノン株式会社 | Optical member having diffractive optical element and optical system using the same |
US6069738A (en) * | 1998-05-27 | 2000-05-30 | University Technology Corporation | Apparatus and methods for extending depth of field in image projection systems |
US6097856A (en) * | 1998-07-10 | 2000-08-01 | Welch Allyn, Inc. | Apparatus and method for reducing imaging errors in imaging systems having an extended depth of field |
US20010008418A1 (en) * | 2000-01-13 | 2001-07-19 | Minolta Co., Ltd. | Image processing apparatus and method |
US6536898B1 (en) * | 2000-09-15 | 2003-03-25 | The Regents Of The University Of Colorado | Extended depth of field optics for human vision |
US6873733B2 (en) * | 2001-01-19 | 2005-03-29 | The Regents Of The University Of Colorado | Combined wavefront coding and amplitude contrast imaging systems |
US20030051353A1 (en) * | 2001-02-13 | 2003-03-20 | Andreas Gartner | Formation of a disk from a fracturable material |
US6525302B2 (en) * | 2001-06-06 | 2003-02-25 | The Regents Of The University Of Colorado | Wavefront coding phase contrast imaging systems |
US6842297B2 (en) * | 2001-08-31 | 2005-01-11 | Cdm Optics, Inc. | Wavefront coding optics |
WO2003052465A2 (en) * | 2001-12-18 | 2003-06-26 | University Of Rochester | Multifocal aspheric lens obtaining extended field depth |
US20040008423A1 (en) * | 2002-01-28 | 2004-01-15 | Driscoll Edward C. | Visual teleconferencing apparatus |
US7197193B2 (en) * | 2002-05-03 | 2007-03-27 | Creatv Microtech, Inc. | Apparatus and method for three dimensional image reconstruction |
US7031054B2 (en) * | 2002-10-09 | 2006-04-18 | The Regent Of The University Of Colorado | Methods and systems for reducing depth of field of hybrid imaging systems |
US7180673B2 (en) * | 2003-03-28 | 2007-02-20 | Cdm Optics, Inc. | Mechanically-adjustable optical phase filters for modifying depth of field, aberration-tolerance, anti-aliasing in optical systems |
JP4749332B2 (en) * | 2003-05-30 | 2011-08-17 | オムニビジョン テクノロジーズ, インコーポレイテッド | Lithographic system and method with increased depth of focus |
US7912292B2 (en) * | 2003-11-12 | 2011-03-22 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | System and method for filtering and automatic detection of candidate anatomical structures in medical images |
US7336430B2 (en) * | 2004-09-03 | 2008-02-26 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Extended depth of field using a multi-focal length lens with a controlled range of spherical aberration and a centrally obscured aperture |
US7898746B2 (en) * | 2008-07-03 | 2011-03-01 | Aptina Imaging Corporation | Extended depth-of-field lenses and methods for their design, optimization and manufacturing |
-
2005
- 2005-05-05 US US10/908,287 patent/US7336430B2/en active Active
- 2005-05-11 AU AU2005283143A patent/AU2005283143A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-05-11 KR KR1020077007485A patent/KR20070057231A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-05-11 EP EP05748290A patent/EP1789830A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-05-11 WO PCT/US2005/016231 patent/WO2006028527A2/en active Application Filing
- 2005-05-11 CN CN200580036684A patent/CN100594398C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-05-11 SG SG200803018-1A patent/SG142313A1/en unknown
- 2005-05-11 JP JP2007529820A patent/JP2008511859A/en active Pending
- 2005-05-11 CA CA002577735A patent/CA2577735A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2007
- 2007-03-01 IL IL181671A patent/IL181671A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-10-11 US US11/870,729 patent/US8086058B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-12-14 US US11/956,553 patent/US7511895B2/en active Active
- 2007-12-21 US US11/963,033 patent/US7593161B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20030057353A1 (en) * | 2001-07-20 | 2003-03-27 | Dowski Edward Raymond | Wavefront coding zoom lens imaging systems |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
TUCKER S.C. ET AL.: 'Extended Depth of Field and abberration control for inexpensive digital microscope system' OPTICS EXPRESS vol. 4, no. 11, May 1999, pages 467 - 474, XP002394774 * |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7469202B2 (en) | 2003-12-01 | 2008-12-23 | Omnivision Cdm Optics, Inc. | System and method for optimizing optical and digital system designs |
US7860699B2 (en) | 2003-12-01 | 2010-12-28 | Omnivision Technologies, Inc. | System and method for optimizing optical and digital system designs |
US7944467B2 (en) | 2003-12-01 | 2011-05-17 | Omnivision Technologies, Inc. | Task-based imaging systems |
US8144208B2 (en) | 2003-12-01 | 2012-03-27 | Omnivision Technologies, Inc. | Task-based imaging systems |
US8760516B2 (en) | 2003-12-01 | 2014-06-24 | Omnivision Technologies, Inc. | Task-based imaging systems |
WO2008020109A1 (en) | 2006-08-03 | 2008-02-21 | Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas | Method for restoration of images which are affected by imperfections, device for implementation of this, and the corresponding applications |
JP2009140496A (en) * | 2007-12-03 | 2009-06-25 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Electro-optic color image processing system and lens system |
JP2011518341A (en) * | 2008-02-29 | 2011-06-23 | グローバル バイオニック オプティクス リミテッド | Single lens extended depth of field imaging system |
JP2010164973A (en) * | 2009-01-16 | 2010-07-29 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Imaging system using enhanced spherical aberration and specifically sized fir filter |
US8988516B2 (en) | 2011-09-21 | 2015-03-24 | Olympus Medical Systems Corp. | Imaging device and endoscope |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
IL181671A (en) | 2010-11-30 |
US20080075386A1 (en) | 2008-03-27 |
KR20070057231A (en) | 2007-06-04 |
IL181671A0 (en) | 2007-07-04 |
CN100594398C (en) | 2010-03-17 |
US20080151388A1 (en) | 2008-06-26 |
US8086058B2 (en) | 2011-12-27 |
CA2577735A1 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
JP2008511859A (en) | 2008-04-17 |
US7336430B2 (en) | 2008-02-26 |
US7593161B2 (en) | 2009-09-22 |
EP1789830A2 (en) | 2007-05-30 |
US20060050409A1 (en) | 2006-03-09 |
SG142313A1 (en) | 2008-05-28 |
AU2005283143A1 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
US20080089598A1 (en) | 2008-04-17 |
CN101048691A (en) | 2007-10-03 |
WO2006028527A3 (en) | 2007-01-18 |
US7511895B2 (en) | 2009-03-31 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US7511895B2 (en) | Apparatus and method for extended depth of field imaging | |
US7627193B2 (en) | Camera with image enhancement functions | |
US7260251B2 (en) | Systems and methods for minimizing aberrating effects in imaging systems | |
US8432479B2 (en) | Range measurement using a zoom camera | |
US7965936B2 (en) | 4D light field cameras | |
US20130341493A1 (en) | Imaging device and imaging system | |
US9473700B2 (en) | Camera systems and methods for gigapixel computational imaging | |
JPH11500235A (en) | Optical system with extended depth of field | |
US8203627B2 (en) | Compact optical zoom | |
Tisse et al. | Extended depth-of-field (EDoF) using sharpness transport across colour channels | |
EP1672912B1 (en) | Method for producing an optical system including an electronic image enhancement processor | |
Dorronsoro et al. | Low-cost wavefront coding using coma and a denoising-based deconvolution | |
Zelenka et al. | Restoration of images with wavefront aberrations | |
Scrymgeour et al. | Advanced Imaging Optics Utilizing Wavefront Coding. | |
MONTIEL | Analysis of wavefront coding technology current and future potentialities for optical design future work | |
Bakin | Extended Depth of Field Technology in Camera Systems |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BW BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE EG ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KM KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NA NG NI NO NZ OM PG PH PL PT RO RU SC SD SE SG SK SL SM SY TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VC VN YU ZA ZM ZW |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): GM KE LS MW MZ NA SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IS IT LT LU MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2577735 Country of ref document: CA |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2005283143 Country of ref document: AU |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 181671 Country of ref document: IL |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2007529820 Country of ref document: JP |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2005283143 Country of ref document: AU Date of ref document: 20050511 Kind code of ref document: A |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 2005283143 Country of ref document: AU |
|
DPE1 | Request for preliminary examination filed after expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed from 20040101) | ||
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2005748290 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 1020077007485 Country of ref document: KR |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 200580036684.X Country of ref document: CN |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 2005748290 Country of ref document: EP |