WO2005076674A1 - Commutateur de phase et accelerateur lineaire a onde stationnaire equipe du commutateur - Google Patents

Commutateur de phase et accelerateur lineaire a onde stationnaire equipe du commutateur Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005076674A1
WO2005076674A1 PCT/CN2004/000502 CN2004000502W WO2005076674A1 WO 2005076674 A1 WO2005076674 A1 WO 2005076674A1 CN 2004000502 W CN2004000502 W CN 2004000502W WO 2005076674 A1 WO2005076674 A1 WO 2005076674A1
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Prior art keywords
cavity
acceleration
coupling
phase switch
cavities
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PCT/CN2004/000502
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Chongguo Yao
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Mian Yang Gao Xin Qu Twin Peak Technology Development Inc.
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Application filed by Mian Yang Gao Xin Qu Twin Peak Technology Development Inc. filed Critical Mian Yang Gao Xin Qu Twin Peak Technology Development Inc.
Priority to EP04733523A priority Critical patent/EP1715730A1/en
Publication of WO2005076674A1 publication Critical patent/WO2005076674A1/zh
Priority to US11/496,733 priority patent/US7397206B2/en

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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05HPLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H9/00Linear accelerators
    • H05H9/04Standing-wave linear accelerators

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a phase switch and a standing wave electron linear accelerator using the same, and more particularly to a phase switch capable of stably operating in a ⁇ / 2 mode and a medical standing wave electron linear accelerator using the same.
  • the electrons are accelerated to a speed very close to the speed of light (energy of about 1-1.5 MeV), and in the later section of light speed, the electrons continue to be accelerated on the wave to more speed. High energy.
  • the performance of the final output electron beam is largely determined by the relationship between the field strength and the phase velocity in the beam segment. While phase velocity is a structural parameter, field strength varies with power. As the power decreases, the energy of the electrons decreases. When the power is reduced to a certain value, the relationship between the field strength and the phase velocity in the focusing section deviates far from the design value, the performance of the output electron beam is seriously deteriorated, the capture is greatly reduced, and the accelerator cannot work normally.
  • phase switch to regulate the energy. Assume that the final output electron beam energy of the accelerator is 18 MeV, and a phase switch is placed at the electron energy reaching 12 MeV. When the phase switch is operated, the acceleration section behind it is inverted and the phase is changed by 180 degrees. The electrons are no longer accelerated. Instead, it is decelerated and the energy is reduced from 12 MeV to 6 MeV. Since the relationship between the field strength and the phase velocity in the beam segment is unchanged in these two states, the 6 MeV electron beam has the same performance as the 18 MeV electron beam.
  • patent application US 4,629,938 is more Has been used in its production of medical accelerators.
  • Tsinghua University's patent CN 1,237,079A is similar to the above patented technology, but it is used for the shaft-coupled standing wave structure, while Varian's is used for the side-coupled structure.
  • Patent 6 (US 6,366,021 A) is the latest. The above-mentioned several patents are the adjustment mechanism in one coupling cavity.
  • Elekta's patent application PCT / GB00 / 03004 attempts to use an axis perpendicular to the axis of the accelerator Cylindrical coupling cavity (usually the axis of the coupling cavity is parallel to the accelerator) to achieve phase inversion. It works in the TE m polarization mode. Through the polarization plane of the mechanical rotation mode, it achieves the purpose of continuously adjusting its relative coupling with the adjacent acceleration cavity, and even the phase inversion. However, as described in the patent application specification, when the polarization plane is rotated, the frequency of the cylindrical coupling cavity will change, which affects the performance and stability of the structure.
  • the present invention provides a phase switch capable of realizing simple energy conversion, precise positioning without an adjustment mechanism, and a structure that stably operates in the ⁇ / 2 mode, and a medical standing wave electron using the same Linear Accelerator.
  • a phase switch for coupling to a standing wave electron linear accelerator in an edge coupling structure.
  • the accelerator includes a plurality of acceleration cavities arranged side by side in a straight line, and the phase switch is disposed in the A predetermined set of two accelerating cavities among a plurality of accelerating cavities, wherein the phase switch is composed of a three-cavity system and a separate single coupling cavity; the phase switch works in a normal state and flips In a normal state, the three-cavity system is detuned, only the single coupling cavity is in an operating state, and acceleration fields are present in two acceleration cavities before and after the phase switch is coupled; The single coupling cavity is detuned, only the three-S air system is in a working state, the acceleration cavity in the former acceleration cavity coupled to the phase switch is the acceleration cavity, and the acceleration cavity in the latter acceleration cavity is coupled to the phase switch. It is a deceleration cavity, that is, when the switch switches between these two states, the phase of the
  • a standing wave electron linear accelerator comprising: a plurality of acceleration cavities arranged side by side in a straight line; and at least one phase switch as described above, wherein the entire structure of the electronic linear accelerator is The structures including the phase switches all work in a ⁇ / 2 mode.
  • phase switch and the electronic linear accelerator according to the present invention it is possible to fundamentally solve the problems of insufficient structural performance and working stability, ignition, low coupling efficiency, low flexibility, and precision required in the prior art described above. Many problems such as positioning reset. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • the drawings include- Figures 1A and 1B respectively show the structure of a phase switch according to the first embodiment of the present invention and the field distribution in the acceleration cavity on its two sides, and the phase switch is now in a state called a normal state; 2A and 2B respectively show the structure of the phase switch according to the first embodiment of the present invention and the field distribution in the acceleration cavity on its two sides.
  • the phase switch is now in another state called an inversion state ⁇ , also called an inversion state. Turn state '1';
  • 3A and 3B respectively show another arrangement of a phase switch and a field distribution in an acceleration cavity thereof according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
  • This arrangement is particularly suitable for an X-band accelerator
  • 4A and 3B respectively show a phase switch and a field distribution in an acceleration cavity thereof according to a third embodiment of the present invention
  • 5A and 5B show a phase switch according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 shows a phase switch according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1A and 1B show a state of a phase switch according to a first embodiment of the present invention, also called a normal state '0', and a field distribution in an acceleration cavity on both sides of the phase switch.
  • reference numerals 101 and 102 are acceleration cavities
  • reference numeral 103 is a single coupling cavity in the phase switch
  • reference numerals 104 and 106 are end coupling cavities
  • reference numeral 105 is a side-pass acceleration cavity
  • reference numerals 107, 108, 109, and 116 are all used.
  • an electron accelerator usually includes a plurality of (a least Two) 3 ⁇ 4 3 lines of accelerating cavity aligned with each other.
  • Adjacent acceleration chambers 101 and 102 communicate with each other through a coupling unit (a phase switch composed of a three-cavity system 104, 105, 106 and a single coupling cavity 103 in the present invention), so that the entire electronic acceleration system becomes a whole.
  • the coupling between the coupling unit and the acceleration cavities 101 and 102 is realized through a coupling slit.
  • the coupling unit can be arranged at any position on the side of the adjacent acceleration cavities 101 and 102, as long as it can connect the adjacent acceleration cavities and meet the design requirements for the edge coupling structure of the electron accelerator.
  • the coupling unit may be disposed at the top, bottom, or both sides of an adjacent acceleration cavity.
  • the phase switch according to the first embodiment of the present invention is composed of a three-cavity system (an end coupling cavity 104, a side acceleration cavity 105, and an end coupling cavity 106) and a separate single coupling cavity 103, as shown in FIG. 1A.
  • the three-cavity system (end-coupling cavity 104, side-through acceleration cavity 105, and end-coupling cavity 106) is disposed at the bottom end of the acceleration cavity. parallel.
  • the two end coupling cavities 104 and 106 are respectively coupled to the acceleration cavities 101 and 102 through two coupling slits provided thereon.
  • the single coupling cavity 103 is disposed on the top of the acceleration cavity.
  • the single coupling cavity 103 is coupled to the acceleration cavities 101 and 102 through two coupling slits provided thereon, and its axis is parallel to the acceleration cavities 101 and 102.
  • FIG. 1A shows the state W, that is, the three-cavity system (the end coupling cavity 104 + the side acceleration cavity 105 + the end coupling cavity 106) is detuned, and the single coupling cavity 103 works.
  • a state of the phase switch is shown, which is also called a normal state.
  • detuning members 108 and 109 are provided on the sides opposite to the side-through acceleration cavity 105, respectively.
  • the axes are parallel.
  • a detuning member 107 is also provided on any one of the sides of the single coupling cavity 103 perpendicular to the accelerator axis.
  • the three-cavity system (the end coupling cavity 104 + the side acceleration cavity 105 + the end coupling cavity 106) is completely detuned, and at this time, the single coupling cavity 103
  • the detuning component 107 in the middle is completely removed from the cavity, and the entire structure accelerates electrons to high energy like a normal acceleration structure.
  • the single coupling cavity is in a working state, there are no contact parts therein, and there is no radio frequency breakdown problem.
  • the field is very weak and does not cause RF breakdown.
  • FIG. 2A another state of the phase switch is shown, which is also called a reverse state '1'.
  • the three-cavity system (the end-coupling cavity 104, the side acceleration cavity 105, and the end-coupling cavity 106) works, and the single-coupling cavity 103 is detuned.
  • the detuning component 107 is completely moved into the cavity, the single coupling cavity 103 is completely detuned, and the three-cavity system (the end coupling cavity 104, the side acceleration cavity 105, and the end coupling cavity 106) is in a working state.
  • the radio frequency field reaches the next acceleration cavity 102 from the acceleration cavity 101 through the three-cavity system (the end coupling cavity 104, the side-through acceleration cavity 105, and the end coupling cavity 106). Since the three-cavity system (end-coupling cavity 104, side-through acceleration cavity 105, and end-coupling cavity 106) also operates in ⁇ / 2 mode, additional ⁇ phase shift, the phase of the field is reversed (relative to the normal state '0') in the acceleration section following it, and the electrons are decelerated therein. When the system is symmetrically designed, the field strengths on both sides of the system remain uniform, whether in the normal state or the reversed state, as shown in the field strength distribution diagrams in Figures 1B and 2B.
  • the field distribution in the figure is the field distribution and field direction in the accelerating cavity at a certain moment, not the field encountered by the electron in each cavity.
  • FIG. 1A the field directions in the two acceleration cavities are shown to be opposite, since the electrons transition from the acceleration cavity 101 to the acceleration cavity 102, the field direction in the acceleration cavity 102 has changed by ⁇ Therefore, the field directions encountered by the electrons in the acceleration S-space 101 and the acceleration cavity 102 are the same, that is, they are both acceleration fields, which is known and understood by those skilled in the art.
  • the invention is self-explanatory in terms of physical concepts.
  • the switch switches between these two states, the phase of the field strength in the acceleration section behind the phase switch changes.
  • the entire structure works in ⁇ / 2 mode. Therefore, the accelerator can work stably in both states of the switch. This is particularly important for medical accelerators.
  • the two patents with phase inversion function mentioned above, US 4, 286, 192 A and PCT / GB00 / 03004 fail to do this.
  • switching from one position of the switch to another unlike the two patents mentioned above, requires the switching mechanism to ensure accurate positioning, because the switching mechanism (detune components 107-109) in the present invention only plays a role Detune single-coupling or triple-cavity systems.
  • the magnetron works in a low power state, the repetition frequency can be greatly increased to increase the output for imaging applications. This result offers an attractive prospect.
  • a standing wave accelerator tube with a length of about 30 cm is manufactured.
  • an electron beam of 6 MeV is output for treatment, and when the phase switch is switched to a reverse state of '1', 100-150 KeV is output.
  • the targets of the two sources are almost at the same location. Realize "Image Guided Radiotherapy” (IGRT) A revolution in radiation therapy.
  • IGRT Image Guided Radiotherapy
  • Fig. 3A shows another arrangement of a phase switch according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
  • This arrangement is particularly suitable for an X-band accelerator.
  • reference numeral 110 is a drift space
  • reference numeral 111 is a focusing or deflecting element.
  • the phase switch is usually located, the energy of the electron is already very high and very relativistic.
  • a drift space 110 having a length of ⁇ / 2 can be placed, and a focusing or deflecting element 111 can be set in the drift space as required.
  • This arrangement provides more vertical space for the phase switch. As far as phase switching is concerned, the two arrangements are no different. But in terms of accelerator operation, the effects of the two states of the phase switch are exactly the opposite.
  • This arrangement is particularly suitable for X-band accelerators.
  • the length of the drift space can be increased to ⁇ , 3 ⁇ / 2 ⁇ as required.
  • Fig. 3B shows a field intensity distribution in another arrangement of the phase switch according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4A shows a phase switch according to a third embodiment of the present invention. It is assumed that ⁇ 1 is the coupling coefficient of the acceleration cavity 101 and the end coupling cavity 104 in the phase switch, ⁇ 2 is the coupling coefficient of the end coupling cavity 104 and the side-pass acceleration cavity 105, and ⁇ 3 is the coupling of the side-pass acceleration cavity 105 and the end-coupling cavity 106. coefficient, ⁇ 4 is coupled to the coupling coefficient and the cavity 106 of the accelerating cavities 102, ⁇ 5 to 101 and a single-phase switches accelerating cavities coupling coefficient of coupling cavities 103,! 6 is a coupling coefficient of the single coupling cavity 103 and the acceleration cavity 102.
  • the field strength in the subsequent acceleration section can be increased or decreased according to design requirements. For example, if i 4 is larger than ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 is equal to ⁇ 3, the field strength in the subsequent acceleration segment will decrease when the phase is reversed, as shown in the field strength distribution diagram in FIG. 4B.
  • ⁇ 5 and ⁇ 6 can be changed. For example, if ⁇ 6 is larger than ⁇ 5, the field strength in the subsequent acceleration segment will be reduced when the phase is reversed.
  • phase switch Since there are four parameters ( ⁇ , ⁇ 2, i3, and ⁇ 4) that can be adjusted, a considerable field strength adjustment can be obtained. It should be particularly emphasized that the two functions of the phase switch, that is, phase change ⁇ and field strength adjustment, are completely independent, and the structure always works in ⁇ / 2 mode regardless of the increase or decrease of the field strength in the subsequent acceleration section.
  • Reference numeral 112 is a coupling slit between the end-coupling cavity 104 and the side-coupling cavity 105 in the phase switch
  • reference numeral 113 is a coupling slit between the side-coupling cavity 105 and the end-coupling cavity 106.
  • the arrangement of the three-cavity system (the end coupling cavity 104, the side acceleration 3 105, and the end coupling cavity 106) may be changed appropriately.
  • Figures 5 and 6 show two different embodiments.
  • FIG. 5 shows an arrangement of the present invention that is closer to the actual application, wherein FIG. 5A is a side view according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view taken along a dotted line AA ′.
  • the components used for the detune cavity are not shown in Figures 5A and 5B.
  • a three-cavity system (the end coupling cavity 104, the side-through acceleration cavity 105, and the end coupling cavity 106) is disposed at the top of the acceleration cavities 101 and 102, and the single coupling cavity 103 is disposed At the bottom ends of the acceleration chambers 101 and 102.
  • the three-cavity system (the end ⁇ Yu cavity 104, the side acceleration cavity 105, and the end coupling cavity 106) in this embodiment has different arrangements.
  • the axis of the side acceleration cavity 105 in the three-cavity system is set on a plane slightly higher than the axis of the two end coupling cavities 104 and 106, and the two end coupling cavities 104 and 106 Then the axis of the acceleration cavity is used as the axis staggered from each other by a certain angle.
  • the axis of the side-through acceleration cavity 105 is higher than the height of the end coupling cavities 104 and 106 and the angle at which the two end coupling cavities 104 and 106 are staggered from each other, those skilled in the art are fully capable of designing and selecting according to specific applications.
  • a three-cavity system (the end coupling cavity 104, the side acceleration cavity 105, and the end coupling cavity 106) is provided at the top of the acceleration cavity 101 and 102,
  • the single coupling cavity 103 is disposed at the bottom ends of the acceleration cavities 101 and 102.
  • the three-cavity system (the end coupling cavity 104, the side acceleration 3 ⁇ 4 105, and the end coupling cavity 106) in this embodiment has different arrangements.
  • the axis of the side acceleration cavity 105 in the three-cavity system is disposed on a plane higher than the axis of the two end coupling cavities 104 and 106, and the side acceleration cavity 105 is disposed on the bottom surface thereof.
  • the coupling slots 112 and 113 on the side the coupling slots 104 and 106 are coupled.
  • an additional detuning component 116 is provided to detune the bypass cavity 105.
  • This phase switch can also be applied to shaft-coupled standing wave structures.
  • the embodiments of the present invention have been described above, but the description of these specific embodiments should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present application. Without departing from the spirit and essence of the present application, those skilled in the art can make other changes, changes, or applications, but these are all within the scope of the present application.

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Description

相位开关
以及采用此种相位开关的驻波电子直线加速器
技术领域
本发明涉及一种相位开关以及采用其构成的驻波电子直线加速器, 尤其涉 及一种能稳定地工作在 π/2模式下的相位开关以及采用其构成的医用驻波电子 直线加速器。
技术背景
驻波电子直线加速器在放射治疗上获得广泛的应用。 扩展它的工作能量范 围, 在中能和高能加速器上提高低能(4- 6MeV)端的输出剂量, 实现一机多用, 一直是近三十年来研究的方向。 而 '图像引导放疗' ( IGRT) 更是近年来主攻 的方向。 主要相关的专利有:
1. US 4, 286, 192 A Tanabe 等 Varian 8/1981
2. US 4, 382, 208 A Meddaugh 等 Varian 5/1983
3. US 4, 629, 938 A Whitham Varian 12/1986
4. US 4, 746, 839 A Kazusa等 NEC 5/1988
5. US 5, 821, 694 A Young LANL 10/1998
6. us 6, 366, 021 Bl Meddaugh 等 Varian 4/2002
7. PCT/GB00/03004 Al len 等 Elekta 8/2000
8. CN 1237079 A 童德春 等 清华大学等 12/1999 在使用放射治疗设备对疾病进行治疗时, 电子直线加速器所放射出的高能 量放射束被用来杀死癌细胞等致病细胞。 然而, 此类放射束的能量要远高于用 于医学成像所需的能量。 有鉴于此, 就需要一种装置能在高能量和低能量之间 进行切换, 使得在放射治疗设备被用于检查时, 直线加速器能够输出低能的电 子束, 而在进行治疗时, 直线加速器能够输出高能的电子束。 在电子直线加速器前面约 20厘米的聚束段中, 电子被加速到非常接近光 速的速度 (能量约 1-1. 5 MeV) , 在后面的光速段中电子骑在波上继续被加速 到更高的能量。 最终输出电子束的性能在很大程度上由聚束段中场强和相速的 关系决定。 而相速是一个结构参数, 场强则随功率而变化。 随功率的降低, 电 子的能量降低。 当功率降低到某一值, 聚束段中场强和相速的关系远偏离设计 值, 输出电子束的性能严重变坏, 俘获大大减小, 加速器无法正常工作。
使用相位开关来调节能量就可以避免这一问题。 假设加速器的最终输出电 子束能量为 18 MeV,在电子能量达到 12 MeV 处放置一相位开关, 当相位开关 工作时, 它后面的加速段被倒相, 亦相位改变 180度, 电子不再受到加速, 而 是被减速, 能量从 12 MeV 减到 6 MeV。 由于在这二个状态下, 聚束段中场强 和相速的关系并未改变, 6 MeV 的电子束具有和 18 MeV 电子束一样好的性能。
Tanabe在 1981年获得的专利 US 4, 268, 192提出一个设计, 在通常的边 耦合腔中, 一端由可移动的活塞代替, 当活塞伸入耦合腔中, TM 或 TEM模 式的频率降到 S波段某一值, 结构再次谐振, 由于在这个耦合腔中附加的 π相 移, 使它后面的加速段相位改变 180度, 实现相位反转。 但在这个狀态下, 耦 合腔中存在很强的场强, 任何移动的部件会引起高频打火。 在相位反转时, 也 难于独立调节场强。 此外, 在这一部分, 结构不工作在 π/2模式。 活塞位置的 微小变化, 不仅影响整个结构的谐振特性, 也会改变场强的分布。
而在上述的 Varian公司所获得的专利申请 US 4, 286, 192、 US 4, 382, 208、 US 4, 629, 938和专利 US 6, 366, 021中, 专利申请 US 4, 629, 938更一直用于其 生产的医用加速器上。 清华大学的专利 CN 1,237,079A与上述专利技术相似, 但用于轴耦合驻波结构,而 Varian的则用于边耦合结构。专利 6 ( US 6, 366, 021 A) 是最新的。 上述几个专利都是在一个耦合腔中的调节机构, 通过改变它与 相邻二个加速腔的耦合, 调节它前后二段加速结构中的相对场强, 以提高低能 端的输出, 故也常称为 (能量开关' 。 NEC 的专利则用二个预先设定的, 与相 邻加速腔有不同耦合的耦合腔, 失谐其中一个或另一个, 以达到同样的目的。 但由于它们均不涉及相位反转, 仅针对通过改变耦合系数来适当提高聚束段的 场强, 改善加速器输出的低能电子束性能, 因此在此不作进一步讨论。
Elekta的专利申请 PCT/GB00/03004试图用一个其轴线垂直于加速器轴线 的圆柱耦合腔(通常耦合腔轴线与加速器平行)来实现相位反转。其工作在 TEm 极化模式, 通过机械转动模式的偏振平面, 达到连续调节它与相邻加速腔的相 对耦合大小, 乃至相位反转的目的。 但正如该专利申请说明书所述, 当偏振平 面转动时, 圆柱耦合腔的频率会发生变化, 影响结构的性能和工作的稳定性。 此外, 由于其工作在特定的高次模式 TEm下, 因此在工作时容易受到其他相近 的高次模式的影响, 并且由于其圆柱形耦合腔中仍然有场强存在, 因此, 其并 不是严格地工; (乍在 π/2模式下并且同样具有打火的问题, 这些都影响到了其工 作的稳定性。另外, 其技术方案还存在调整机构调节不便, 灵活性不强等问题。
发明内容
为了解决上述问题, 本发明提供了一种能实现简单的能量转换、 没有调节 机构的精确定位问题、 而结构又稳定地工作在 π/2模式下的相位开关以及采用 其构成的医用驻波电子直线加速器。
根据本发明的第一方面, 提供了一种相位开关, 用于以边耦合结构耦合至 驻波电子直线加速器, 所述加速器包括直线并排排列的多个加速腔, 所述相位 开关设置在所述多个加速腔中的预定的一组两个相邻加速腔之间, 其中, 所述 相位开关由一个三腔系统和一个分开的单耦合腔组成; 所述相位幵关工作在正 常状态和翻转状态, 在正常状态时, 所述三腔系统被失谐, 仅所述单耦合腔处 于工作状态, 与所述相位开关相耦合的前后两个加速腔中均为加速场; 在反转 状态时, 单耦合腔被失谐, 仅所述三 S空系统处于工作状态, 与所述相位开关相 耦合的前一加速腔中为加速腔, 与所述相位幵关相耦合的后一加速腔中为减速 腔, 即当开关在这二个状态之间转换日寸, 与所述相位开关相耦合的后面的加速 腔中场强的相位改变 π。
根据本发明的第二方面, 提供了一种驻波电子直线加速器, 包括: 直线并 排排列的多个加速腔; 以及至少一个女 Π上所述的相位开关, 其中整个所述电子 直线加速器的结构, 包括所述相位开关的结构, 都工作在 π/2模式。
使用根据本发明的相位开关和电子直线加速器, 可以从根本上解决以上所 述的现有技术中存在的结构性能和工作稳定性不够、 打火、 耦合效率不高、 灵 活度不高以及要求精确定位复位等诸多问题。 附图说明
通过结合以下附图对各实施例所做的描述, 本领域普通技术人员将能够更 清楚地理解本发明的目的、 特征以及优点。 在所有附图中, 相同的附图标记用 于标识相同的部件。 附图包括- 图 1A和 1B分别显示根据本发明第一实施例的相位开关的结构以及在它二 边的加速腔中的场分布, 相位开关此时处于被称为正常状态 的一个状态; 图 2A和 2B分别显示根据本发明第一实施例的相位开关的结构以及在它二 边的加速腔中的场分布, 相位开关此时处于被称为反转状态 ^ 的另一个状 态, 也称反转状态 ' 1 ' ;
图 3A和 3B分别显示根据本发明的第二实施例的相位开关的另一种安排及 其加速腔中场分布, 这种安排特别适合 X波段的加速器;
图 4A和 3B分别显示根据本发明的第三实施例的相位开关及其加速腔中场 分布;
图 5A和 5B显示根据本发明的第四实施例的相位开关;
图 6 显示根据本发明的第五实施例的相位开关。
具体实施方式
图 1A及 1B显示根据本发明第一实施例的相位开关的一个状态, 也称正常 状态 ' 0' , 以及在它二边的加速腔中的场分布, 电子到达相位开关后面的加 速腔时遇到加速场。 图 1A中标号 101和 102为加速腔, 标号 103为相位开关 中的单耦合腔,标号 104和 106为端耦合腔,标号 105为边通加速腔,标号 107, 108, 109和 116都为用于失谐腔的部件, 尽管图 1A中仅示出了两个相邻的加 速腔 101、 102, 但如本领域普通技术人员所熟知和理解的, 电子加速器通常包 括并列安排的多个 (至少两个) ¾3线相互对准的加速腔。 相邻的加速腔 101、 102通过耦合单元 (在本发明中为由三腔系统 104、 105、 106和单耦合腔 103 所构成的相位开关) 相互连通, 使整个电子加速系统成为一体。 耦合单元与加 速腔 101、 102的耦合是通过耦合狭缝实现的。 本领域普通技术人员容易理解 的是, 耦合单元可以被设置在相邻的加速腔 101、 102侧面的任何位置上, 只 要它能够起到连通相邻加速腔的作用且符合对电子加速器的边耦合结构的设 计要求, 例如, 耦合单元可以设置在相邻加速腔的顶端、 底端或两侧。
根据本发明第一实施例的相位开关由一个三腔系统 (端耦合腔 104、 边通 加速腔 105和端耦合腔 106) 和一个分开的单耦合腔 103组成, 如图 1A所示。 其中三腔系统 (端耦合腔 104、 边通加速腔 105和端耦合腔 106 ) 设置在加速 腔底端, 它们以轴线相互对准的方式并排排列, 且其轴线与加速腔 101、 102 的轴线平行。 两个端耦合腔 104和 106通过设置其上的两个耦合狭缝分别与加 速腔 101和 102相耦合。单耦合腔 103设置于加速腔顶端。同样,单耦合腔 103 通过设置其上的两个耦合狭缝分别与加速腔 101和 102相耦合, 其轴线与加速 腔 101、 102相平行。
根据本发明的相位开关有二个状态。 图 1A示出了状态 W , 即三腔系统 (端耦合腔 104+边通加速腔 105+端耦合腔 106) 被失谐, 单耦合腔 103工作。
在图 1A中, 显示相位开关的一个状态, 也称正常状态 。 在两个端 耦合腔 104和 106上,分别在与边通加速腔 105相对的一侧设置了失谐部件 108 和 109, 失谐部件 108和 109的移动方向 (移入或移出)与加速腔的轴线平行。 类似地在单耦合腔 103的与加速器轴线相垂直的侧面中的任一个上也设置了失 谐部件 107。 如图所示, 当将失谐部件 108和 109移入腔内时, 三腔系统 (端 耦合腔 104+边通加速腔 105+端耦合腔 106 ) 被完全失谐, 而此时单耦合腔 103 中的失谐部件 107被完全移出腔外, 整个结构象通常的加速结构一样, 加速电 子到高能。 此时, 单耦合腔处在工作狀态, 在其中没有任何接触部件, 无射频 击穿问题。 而在三腔系统中场非常弱, 也不会引起射频击穿。
在图 2A中, 显示相位开关另的一个状态, 也称反转状态 ' 1 ' 。 该系统 处于状态 ' 1 ' 情况时, 三腔系统 (端耦合腔 104、 边通加速腔 105和端耦合腔 106) 工作, 而单耦合腔 103被失谐。 此时, 失谐部件 107被完全移入腔内, 单耦合腔 103被完全失谐, 而三腔系统 (端耦合腔 104、 边通加速腔 105和端 耦合腔 106 )处在工作狀态。射频场从加速腔 101通过三腔系统(端耦合腔 104、 边通加速腔 105和端耦合腔 106 ) 达到下一个加速腔 102。 由于三腔系统 (端 耦合腔 104、 边通加速腔 105和端耦合腔 106 ) 也工作在 π/2模式, 产生附加 的 π相移, 它后面的加速段中场相位被反转 (相对正常状态 ' 0 ' ) , 电子在 其中被减速。当系统为对称设计时,无论在正常状态 ,还是反转状态 , 系统二边的场强保持均匀一致, 如附图 1B禾口附图 2Β中的场强分布图所示。 应 当指出, 图中的场分布是在某一时刻加速腔中的场分布和场方向, 而不是电子 在每个腔中遇到的场。 具体而言, 以图 1A为例, 虽然两个加速腔中的场方向 被显示为相反的, 但由于电子从加速腔 101过渡到加速腔 102时, 加速腔 102 中的场方向已经改变了 π, 因此电子在加速 S空 101和加速腔 102中所遇到的场 方向是相同的, 即都为加速场,这一点是本领域普通技术人员所已知和理解的。
本发明在物理概念上是一目了然的。 当开关在这二个状态之间转换时, 相 位开关后面的加速段中场强的相位改变。 而且在相位开关二个状态中的任一状 态下, 整个结构都工作在 π/2 模式。 因而在开关的二个状态下, 加速器都能 稳定工作。 这对医用加速器特别重要。 而上面提及的二个具有相位反转功能的 专利, US 4, 286, 192 A和 PCT/GB00/03004并未能做到这一点。 而且从开关的 一个位置转换到另一个位置, 不像上述二个专利那样, 要求转换机构保证精确 的定位, 因为本发明中的转换机构 (失谐部件 107-109 ) 所起的作用仅仅是分 别使单耦合腔或三腔系统失谐。
在通常的 6 MeV短加速器上, 我们应用这一相位开关, 在初步调整结构参 数后, 获得一组有趣的结果, 列于下表:
Figure imgf000008_0001
由于磁控管工作在低功率狀态, 可以大大提高重复频率以增加输出, 供成 象应用。 这一结果提供了一个诱人的前景。 使用本发明, 即本申请中所描述的 相位开关, 制造一根长约 30厘米的驻波加速管。 使用 2. 6兆瓦的磁控管, 当 相位开关在正常状态 ' 0 ' 时, 输出 6MeV的电子束供治疗用, 而当相位开关转 换到反转状态 ' 1 ' 时, 输出 100-150 KeV的电子束供成象应用。 二个源的靶 点几乎在同一位置。 实现真正意义上的 "图像引导放疗" (IGRT) , 从而带来 了放射治疗上的一次革命。
图 3A是显示根据本发明的第二实施例的相位开关的另一种安排, 这种安 排特别适合 X波段的加速器。 在图 3A中与图 1A中相同的部件用相同的附图标 记来表示, 另外, 标号 110为漂移空间, 标号 111为聚焦或偏转元件。 通常相 位开关所在的位置, 电子的能量已经很高, 非常相对论化。 可以放置一段 λ/2 长度的漂移空间 110, 在漂移空间中根据需要可设置聚焦或偏转元件 111。 这 种安排为相位开关提供更多的纵向空间。 就相位开关而言, 二种安排没有什么 不同。 但就加速器工作而言, 则相位开关二种状态的作用正好相反。 这种安排 特别适合 X波段的加速器。 根据需要漂移空间的长度可以增加到 λ, 3λ/2 ···。
图 3Β显示了根据本发明的第二实施例的相位开关的另一种安排中的场强 分布。
图 4Α显示根据本发明的第三实施例的相位开关。 其中假设 κ1为相位开关 中加速腔 101和端耦合腔 104的耦合系数, κ2为端耦合腔 104和边通加速腔 105的耦合系数, Κ3为边通加速腔 105和端耦合腔 106的耦合系数, κ4为端耦 合腔 106和加速腔 102的耦合系数, Κ5为加速腔 101和相位开关中单耦合腔 103的耦合系数, !6为单耦合腔 103和加速腔 102的耦合系数。 当相位开关需 要被设计为非对称时, 例如, κ4大于 κ1, 则相位反转时, 后面加速段中的场 强将降低。我们再回到图 1A和 2Α的安排。前面曾提及, 当系统为对称设计时, 即图 1A和 2Α所示的实施例, 耦合系数 κ1=κ4, κ2=κ3和 κ5=κ6。 无论在正常 状态 , 还是反转状态 ' Γ , 系统二边(本发明中是加速腔 101和 102中) 的场强保持均匀一致。 当三腔系统 (端耦合腔 104、 边通加速腔 105和端耦合 腔 106 ) 设计为非对称时, 则相位反转时, 后面加速段中的场强可根据设计要 求, 升高或降低。 例如, 若 i 4大于 κ1, 而 κ2等于 κ3, 则相位反转时, 后面 加速段中的场强将降低, 如图 4Β中的场强分布图所示。 而在图 3Α的安排中, 则可改变 κ5和 κ6, 例如, 若 κ6大于 κ5, 则相位反转时, 后面加速段中的 场强将降低。 由于存在四个参数(κΐ , κ2 , i 3和 κ4)可以调整, 能够得到相当 大的场强调节。 应该特别强调, 相位开关的这二种功能、 即相位改变 π和场强 调整、 是完全独立的, 无论后面加速段中的场强升高或降低, 结构始终工作在 π/2模式。 图 5和图 6分别显示了根据本发明的第四和第五实施例的相位开关。其中 标号 112为相位开关中端耦合腔 104和边通加速腔 105的耦合狭缝, 标号 113 为边通加速腔 105和端耦合腔 106的耦合狭缝。 为了更有效地利用有限的纵向 空间, 对三腔系统 (端耦合腔 104、 边通加速 3 105和端耦合腔 106 ) 的安排 可以做一些适当的变化。 图 5和图 6显示了二个不同的实施例。
图 5显示了一种本发明的更接近于实际应用的安排, 其中图 5A为根据本 发明第四实施例的侧面视图,而图 5B为沿点划线 AA'的剖面视图。为简明起见, 图 5A和 5B中并未显示用于失谐腔的部件。 图 5A和 5B所示的实施例中, 三腔 系统 (端耦合腔 104、 边通加速腔 105和端耦合腔 106 ) 被设置在加速腔 101 和 102的顶端, 而单耦合腔 103则被设置在加速腔 101和 102的底端。 与第一 实施例不同的是, 本实施例中的三腔系统 (端 Φ禹合腔 104、 边通加速腔 105和 端耦合腔 106) 具有不同的安排。 其中, 如图戶斤示, 三腔系统中的边通加速腔 105的轴线被设置在略高于两个端耦合腔 104禾口 106的轴线的平面上, 而两个 端耦合腔 104和 106则以加速腔的轴线为轴相互错开一定角度。 至于边通加速 腔 105的轴线具体高出端耦合腔 104和 106的高度以及两个端耦合腔 104和 106 相互错开的角度, 本领域普通技术人员完全具有根据具体应用进行设计和选择 的能力。
图 6所示的第五实施例中, 与第四实施例 目同, 三腔系统(端耦合腔 104、 边通加速腔 105和端耦合腔 106 ) 被设置在加速腔 101和 102的顶端, 而单耦 合腔 103则被设置在加速腔 101和 102的底端。 与第一实施例不同的是, 本实 施例中的三腔系统 (端耦合腔 104、 边通加速¾ 105和端耦合腔 106 ) 具有不 同的安排。 其中, 如图所示, 三腔系统中的边通加速腔 105的轴线被设置在高 于两个端耦合腔 104和 106的轴线的平面上, 且边通加速腔 105是通过设置在 其底面而不是侧面的耦合缝隙 112和 113来耦合到端耦合腔 104和 106。此外, 额外的失谐部件 116还被提供用来失谐边通加速腔 105。
通过此类在安排上的变化, 既不会对本发明的实际效果产生任何影响, 同 时还能达到有效地利用空间的目的。 也许还有其它的安排, 在不脱离本发明的 基本原理的情况下, 这些都应包括在本申请的范围之内。
这一相位开关也可应用在轴耦合驻波结构上。 以上对本发明的各实施例进行了描述, 但对于这些特定实施例的描述不应 该被解释为对本申请范围的限制。 在不脱离本申请的精神与实质的情况下, 本 领域普通技术人员还能做出其它的变化、 改变或应用, 但这些都在本申请的范 围之内。

Claims

权利要求
1. 一种相位开关, 用于以边耦合结构耦合至驻波电子直线加速器, 所述 加速器包括直线并排排列的多个加速腔, 所述相位开关设置在所述多个加速腔 中的预定的一组两个相邻加速腔之间, 其中:
所述相位开关由一个三腔系统和一个分开的单耦合腔组成;
所述相位开关工作在正常状态和翻转状态, 在正常状态时, 所述三腔系统 被失谐, 仅所述单耦合腔处于工作状态, 与所述相位开关相耦合的前后两个加 速腔中均为加速场; 在反转状态时, 单耦合腔被失谐, 仅所述三腔系统处于工 作状态, 与所述相位开关相耦合的前一加速腔中为加速腔, 与所述相位开关相 耦合的后一加速腔中为减速腔, 即当开关在这二个状态之间转换时, 与所述相 位开关相耦合的后面的加速腔中场强的相位改变 π。
2. 如权利要求 1所述的相位开关, 其特征在于, 所述三腔系统设置在所 述加速腔底端, 所述单耦合腔设置在所述加速腔顶端。
3. 如权利要求 1所述的相位开关, 其特征在于, 所述三腔系统设置在所 述加速腔顶端, 所述单耦合腔设置在所述加速腔底端。
4. 如权利要求 1所述的相位开关, 其特征在于, 所述三腔系统进一步包 括第一端耦合腔、 第二端耦合腔和边通加速腔:
所述第一端耦合腔具有用于与所述相位开关耦合的所述两个相邻加速腔 中的一个第一加速腔相耦合的第一耦合狭缝, 以及用于使所述第一端耦合腔和 边通加速腔失谐的第一失 部件;
所述第二端耦合腔具有用于与所述相位开关耦合的两个相邻加速腔中的 一个第二加速腔相耦合的第二耦合狭缝, 以及用于使所述第二端耦合腔和边通 加速腔失谐的第二失谐部件;
边通加速腔设置在第一端耦合腔与第二端耦合腔之间, 所述边通加速腔具 有分别与所述第一端耦合腔和第二端耦合腔相耦合的第三耦合狭缝和第四耦 合狭缝。
5. 如权利要求 1所述的相位开关, 其特征在于, 所述单耦合腔还包括使 其失谐的第三失谐部件以及分别与电子加速器的所述两个相邻加速腔相耦合 的第五耦合狭缝和第六耦合狭缝。
6. 如权利要求 4所述的;(¾位开关, 其特征在于,
所述第一端耦合腔、 第二端耦合腔以轴线相互对准的方式并排排列, 且其 轴线与所述加速腔的轴线平行;
所述单耦合腔的轴线也与力口速腔的轴线相平行。
7. 如权利要求 4所述的木目位开关, 其特征在于, 所述边通加速腔的轴线 被设置在略高于所述第一端耦合腔和所述第二端耦合腔的轴线的平面上, 而所 述第一端耦合腔和第二端耦合胜则以加速腔的轴线为轴相互错开一定角度。
8. 如权利要求 4所述的; |¾位开关, 其特征在于, 所述边通加速腔被设置 在所述第一端耦合腔和第二端親合腔的上方, 所述第三和第四耦合狭缝设置在 所述边通加速腔的底部, 且所述边通加速腔也包括用于使其失谐的第四失谐部 件。
9. 如权利要求 4- 8中的任一项所述的相位开关, 其特征在于, 在实现相 位反转的同时, 所述相位开关中所述第一端耦合腔、 第二端耦合腔与边通加速 腔之间的耦合系数以及所述第一与第二端耦合腔各自与相邻加速腔的耦合系 数是可变的, 用以改变它前后二段结构中场强的相对大小。
10. 一种驻波电子直线加速器, 包括:
直线并排排列的多个加速月空; 以及
至少一个如权利要求 1-10中任一项所述的相位开关,
其中整个所述电子直线加速器的结构, 包括所述相位开关的结构, 都工作 在 π/2模式。
PCT/CN2004/000502 2004-02-01 2004-05-18 Commutateur de phase et accelerateur lineaire a onde stationnaire equipe du commutateur WO2005076674A1 (fr)

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CN105555009A (zh) * 2016-01-19 2016-05-04 中国科学技术大学 一种轴上电耦合驻波加速管的能量开关
CN105764230A (zh) * 2016-03-24 2016-07-13 上海联影医疗科技有限公司 加速管、加速带电粒子的方法以及医用直线加速器

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CN105764230A (zh) * 2016-03-24 2016-07-13 上海联影医疗科技有限公司 加速管、加速带电粒子的方法以及医用直线加速器

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CN100358397C (zh) 2007-12-26
US20070096664A1 (en) 2007-05-03
EP1715730A1 (en) 2006-10-25
US7397206B2 (en) 2008-07-08

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