WO2005054200A1 - Benzoyl amino pyridyl carboxylic acid derivatives useful as glucokinase (glk) activators - Google Patents
Benzoyl amino pyridyl carboxylic acid derivatives useful as glucokinase (glk) activators Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005054200A1 WO2005054200A1 PCT/GB2004/004966 GB2004004966W WO2005054200A1 WO 2005054200 A1 WO2005054200 A1 WO 2005054200A1 GB 2004004966 W GB2004004966 W GB 2004004966W WO 2005054200 A1 WO2005054200 A1 WO 2005054200A1
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- 0 CC(C)Oc1cc(C(Nc(cc2)ncc2C(OC)=*)=*)cc(OCc2ccccc2)c1 Chemical compound CC(C)Oc1cc(C(Nc(cc2)ncc2C(OC)=*)=*)cc(OCc2ccccc2)c1 0.000 description 2
- LXXBHALIDHVOPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC(C)Oc1cc(C(C)Nc(nc2)ccc2C(O)=O)cc(Oc2cc(F)cc(F)c2)c1 Chemical compound CC(C)Oc1cc(C(C)Nc(nc2)ccc2C(O)=O)cc(Oc2cc(F)cc(F)c2)c1 LXXBHALIDHVOPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PJIAOAQBXXYLRX-ZDUSSCGKSA-N C[C@@H](COC)Oc1cc(C(O)=O)cc(OCc2ccccc2)c1 Chemical compound C[C@@H](COC)Oc1cc(C(O)=O)cc(OCc2ccccc2)c1 PJIAOAQBXXYLRX-ZDUSSCGKSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
- C07D213/79—Acids; Esters
- C07D213/80—Acids; Esters in position 3
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
- A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a group of benzoyl amino pyridyl carboxylic acids which are useful in the treatment or prevention of a disease or medical condition mediated 5 through glucokinase (GLK), leading to a decreased glucose threshold for insulin secretion.
- GLK glucokinase
- the compounds are predicted to lower blood glucose by increasing hepatic glucose uptake. Such compounds may have utility in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes and obesity.
- the invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds and to methods of treatment of diseases mediated by GLK using said compounds.
- the main plasma membrane glucose transporter is GLUT2.
- GLK glucose-6-phosphate
- GLK glucokinase5
- GLK activity is rate limiting for glucose utilisation and therefore regulates the extent of glucose induced insulin secretion and hepatic glycogen synthesis. These processes are critical in the maintenance of whole body glucose homeostasis and both are dysfunctional in diabetes [2].
- Type 2 maturity-onset diabetes of the young the diabetes is caused by GLK loss of function mutations [3, 4].
- Hyperglycaemia in MODY-2 patients results from defective glucose utilisation in both the pancreas and liver [5].
- Defective glucose utilisation in the pancreas of MODY-2 patients results in a raised threshold for5 glucose stimulated insulin secretion. Conversely, rare activating mutations of GLK reduce this threshold resulting in familial hyperinsulinism [6, 7].
- hepatic glucokinase activity is also decreased in type 2 diabetics [8].
- global or liver selective overexpression of GLK prevents or reverses the development of the diabetic phenotype in both dietary and genetic models of the0 disease [9-12].
- acute treatment of type 2 diabetics with fructose improves glucose tolerance through stimulation of hepatic glucose utilisation [13]. This effect is believed to be mediated through a fructose induced increase in cytosolic GLK activity in the hepatocyte by the mechanism described below [13].
- Hepatic GLK activity is inhibited through association with GLK regulatory protein (GLKRP).
- the GLK/GLKRP complex is stabilised by fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) binding to the GLKRP and destabilised by displacement of this sugar phosphate by fructose- 1 -phosphate (F1P).
- F1P is generated by fructokinase mediated phosphorylation of dietary fructose. Consequently, GLK/GLKRP complex integrity and hepatic GLK activity is regulated in a nutritionally dependent manner as F6P is elevated in the post-absorptive state whereas F1P predominates in the post-prandial state.
- the pancreatic ⁇ -cell expresses GLK in the absence of GLKRP.
- ⁇ -cell GLK activity is regulated exclusively by the availability of its substrate, glucose.
- Small molecules may activate GLK either directly or through destabilising the GLK/GLKRP complex.
- the former class of compounds are predicted to stimulate glucose utilisation in both the liver and the pancreas whereas the latter are predicted to act exclusively in the liver.
- compounds with either profile are predicted to be of therapeutic benefit in treating Type 2 diabetes as this disease is characterised by defective glucose utilisation in both tissues.
- GLK and GLKRP and the K ATP channel are expressed in neurones of the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that is important in the regulation of energy balance and the control of food intake [14-18].
- GLK activators may be of therapeutic use in treating eating disorders, including obesity, in addition to diabetes.
- the hypothalamic effects will be additive or synergistic to the effects of the same compounds acting in the liver and/or pancreas in normalising glucose homeostasis, for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.
- the GLK/GLKRP system can be described as a potential "Diabesity" target (of benefit in both Diabetes and Obesity).
- WO0058293 and WO01/44216 a series of benzylcarbamoyl compounds are described as glucokinase activators.
- WO9749708 disclose a number of intermediates used in the preparation of compounds useful as vasopressin agents which are structurally similar to those disclosed in the present invention. Structurally similar compounds are also disclosed in WO9641795 and JP8143565 (vasopressin antagonism), in JP8301760 (skin damage prevention) and in EP619116 (osetopathy).
- WO01/12621 describes the preparation of as isoxazolylpyrimidines and related compounds as inhibitors of c-JUN N-terminal kinases, and pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds.
- US 5466715 and US 5258407 describe the preparation of 3,4-disubstituted phenol immunostimulants.
- JP 58069812 describes hypoglycemic pharmaceuticals containing benzamide derivatives.
- US 3950351 describes 2-benzamido-5- nitrothiazoles and Cavier et al [Eur J Med Chem - Chim Ther (1978) 13(6), 539-43] discuss the biological interest of these compounds.
- WO03/000262 discloses vinylphenyl derivatives as GLK activators
- WO03/015774 discloses benzamide compounds as GLK activators
- WO03/066613 discloses N-phenyl-2- pyrimidinamine derivatives as GLK activators.
- PCT/GB02/02873 ( WO03/000267) describes a group of benzoyl amino pyridyl carboxylic acids which are activators of the enzyme glucokinase (GLK).
- GLK glucokinase
- R 1 is selected from: fluoro, chloro, C 1-3 alkyl and C 1-3 alkoxy;
- R 2 -X- is selected from: methyl, methoxymethyl and n is 0, 1 or 2; or a salt, pro-drug or solvate thereof.
- Compounds of Formula (I) may form salts which are within the ambit of the invention. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are preferred although other salts may be useful in, for example, isolating or purifying compounds.
- the invention includes in its definition any such optically active or racemic form which possesses the property of stimulating GLK directly or inhibiting the GLK/GLKRP interaction.
- the synthesis of optically active forms may be carried out by standard techniques of organic chemistry well known in the art, for example by synthesis from optically active starting materials or by resolution of a racemic form.
- certain compounds may exist in tautomeric forms and that the invention also relates to any and all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the invention which activate GLK.
- Preferred compounds of Formula (I) are those wherein any one or more of the following apply: (1)
- the group at the 3 position of the benzoylamino group of Formula (I) is preferably:
- R 1 is selected from chloro, fluoro, methyl, ethyl, methoxy and ethoxy; (3) R 1 is selected from chloro, fluoro, methyl and ethyl;
- R 1 is selected from chloro fluoro and methyl
- R ⁇ n is selected from methyl, fluoro, di-fluoro and fluoro-chloro
- R 1 ⁇ is selected from methyl, fluoro, di-fluoro, fluoro-chloro and fluoro-methyl;
- n 2 and R 1 is independently selected from chloro and fluoro. According to a further feature of the invention there is provided the following preferred groups of compounds of the invention: (I) a compound of Formula (la)
- R 1 and n are as defined above in a compound of Formula (I); or a salt, solvate or pro-drug thereof.
- Preferred compounds of the invention include one or more of the following: 6-[3- ⁇ (lS)-l-methyl-2-methoxy-ethoxy ⁇ -5- ⁇ 3- methylphenoxy ⁇ phenylcarbonylamino]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid; 6-[3- ⁇ (lS)-l-methyl-2-methoxy-ethoxy ⁇ -5-phenoxyphenylcarbonylamino]pyridine-3- carboxylic acid; 6-[3- ⁇ (lS)-l-methyl-2-methoxy-ethoxy ⁇ -5- ⁇ 3,5-difluoro- phenoxy ⁇ phenylcarbonylamino]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid; 6-[3- ⁇ (lS)-l-methyl-2-methoxy-ethoxy ⁇ -5- ⁇ 3- fluorophenoxy ⁇ phenylcarbonylamino]pyridine-3-carbox
- the compounds of the invention may be administered in the form of a pro-drug.
- a pro-drug is a bioprecursor or pharmaceutically acceptable compound being degradable in the body to produce a compound of the invention (such as an ester or amide of a compound of the invention, particularly an in vivo hydrolysable ester).
- a prodrug derivatives see: a) Design of Prodrugs, edited by H. Bundgaard, (Elsevier, 1985) and Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 42, p. 309-396, edited by K. Widder, et al.
- An in- vivo hydrolysable ester of a compound of the invention containing a carboxy or a hydroxy group is, for example, a pharmaceutically- acceptable ester which is hydrolysed in the human or animal body to produce the parent acid or alcohol.
- Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable esters for carboxy include C ⁇ to C ⁇ alkoxymethyl esters for example methoxymethyl, to C 6 alkanoyloxymethyl esters for example pivaloyloxymethyl, phthalidyl esters, C 3 to Cscycloalkoxycarbonyloxy to C 6 alkyl esters for example 1-cyclohexylcarbonyloxyethyl; l,3-dioxolen-2-onylmethyl esters, for example 5-methyl- l,3-dioxolen-2-onylmethyl; and C 1-6 alkoxycarbonyloxyethyl esters.
- An in- vivo hydrolysable ester of a compound of the invention containing a hydroxy group includes inorganic esters such as phosphate esters (including phosphoramidic cyclic esters) and -acyloxyalkyl ethers and related compounds which as a result of the in- vivo hydrolysis of the ester breakdown to give the parent hydroxy group/s.
- inorganic esters such as phosphate esters (including phosphoramidic cyclic esters) and -acyloxyalkyl ethers and related compounds which as a result of the in- vivo hydrolysis of the ester breakdown to give the parent hydroxy group/s.
- ⁇ -acyloxyalkyl ethers include acetoxymethoxy and 2,2-dimethylpropionyloxy-methoxy.
- a selection of in-vivo hydrolysable ester forming groups for hydroxy include alkanoyl, benzoyl, phenylacetyl and substituted benzoyl and phenylacetyl, alkoxycarbonyl (to give alkyl carbonate esters), dialkylcarbamoyl and N-(dialkylaminoethyl)-N-alkylcarbamoyl (to give carbamates), dialkylaminoacetyl and carboxyacetyl.
- a suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of a compound of the invention is, for example, an acid-addition salt of a compound of the invention which is sufficiently basic, for example, an acid-addition salt with, for example, an inorganic or organic acid, for example hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulphuric, phosphoric, trifluoroacetic, citric or maleic acid.
- a suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of a benzoxazinone derivative of the invention which is sufficiently acidic is an alkali metal salt, for example a sodium or potassium salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, for example a calcium or magnesium salt, an ammonium salt or a salt with an organic base which affords a physiologically-acceptable cation, for example a salt with methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, piperidine, morpholine or tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine.
- a further feature of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (la), (lb), (Ic) or (Id) as defined above, or a salt, solvate or prodrug thereof, together with a pharmaceutically-acceptable diluent or carrier.
- a compound of Formula (I), (la), (lb), (Ic) or (Id) as defined above for use as a medicament.
- a compound of Formula (I), (la), (lb), (Ic) or (Id) for use in the preparation of a medicament for treatment of a disease mediated through GLK, in particular type 2 diabetes.
- the compound is suitably formulated as a pharmaceutical composition for use in this way.
- a method of treating GLK mediated diseases, especially diabetes by administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (lb), (Ic) or (Id), or salt, solvate or pro-drug thereof, to a mammal in need of such treatment.
- Specific diseases which may be treated by a compound or composition of the invention include: blood glucose lowering in Diabetes Mellitus type 2 without a serious risk of hypoglycaemia (and potential to treat type 1), dyslipidemia, obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome X, impaired glucose tolerance.
- the GLK/GLKRP system can be described as a potential "Diabesity" target (of benefit in both Diabetes and Obesity).
- a compound of Formula (I), (la), (lb), (Ic) or (Id), or salt, solvate or pro-drug thereof in the preparation of a medicament for use in the combined treatment or prevention of diabetes and obesity.
- a compound of Formula (I), (la), (lb), (Ic) or (Id), or salt, solvate or pro-drug thereof in the preparation of a medicament for use in the treatment or prevention of obesity.
- a method for the combined treatment of obesity and diabetes by administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (lb), (Ic) or (Id), or salt, solvate or pro-drug thereof, to a mammal in need of such treatment.
- a method for the treatment of obesity by administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (lb), (Ic) or (Id), or salt, solvate or pro-drug thereof, to a mammal in need of such treatment.
- compositions of the invention may be in a form suitable for oral use (for example as tablets, lozenges, hard or soft capsules, aqueous or oily suspensions, emulsions, dispersible powders or granules, syrups or elixirs), for topical use (for example as creams, ointments, gels, or aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions), for administration by inhalation (for example as a finely divided powder or a liquid aerosol), for administration by insufflation (for example as a finely divided powder) or for parenteral administration (for example as a sterile aqueous or oily solution for intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular or intramuscular dosing or as a suppository for rectal dosing).
- oral use for example as tablets, lozenges, hard or soft capsules, aqueous or oily suspensions, emulsions, dispersible powders or granules, syrups or elixir
- compositions of the invention may be obtained by conventional procedures using conventional pharmaceutical excipients, well known in the art.
- compositions intended for oral use may contain, for example, one or more colouring, sweetening, flavouring and/or preservative agents.
- Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients for a tablet formulation include, for example, inert diluents such as lactose, sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate, granulating and disintegrating agents such as corn starch or algenic acid; binding agents such as starch; lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc; preservative agents such as ethyl or propyl p .
- compositions for oral use may be in the form of hard gelatin capsules in which the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules in which the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
- an inert solid diluent for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin
- an oil such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
- Aqueous suspensions generally contain the active ingredient in finely powdered form together with one or more suspending agents, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents such as lecithin or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids (for example polyoxethylene stearate), or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol
- the aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives (such as ethyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, anti- oxidants (such as ascorbic acid), colouring agents, flavouring agents, and/or sweetening agents (such as sucrose, saccharine or aspartame).
- Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil (such as arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil) or in a mineral oil (such as liquid paraffin).
- the oily suspensions may also contain a thickening agent such as beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set out above, and flavouring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation.
- compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
- Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water generally contain the active ingredient together with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients such as sweetening, flavouring and colouring agents, may also be present.
- the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil-in- water emulsions.
- the oily phase may be a vegetable oil, such as olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, such as for example liquid paraffin or a mixture of any of these.
- Suitable emulsifying agents may be, for example, naturally-occurring gums such as gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally-occurring phosphatides such as soya bean, lecithin, an esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides (for example sorbitan monooleate) and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
- the emulsions may also contain sweetening, flavouring and preservative agents.
- Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents such as glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, aspartame or sucrose, and may also contain a demulcent, preservative, flavouring and/or colouring agent.
- the pharmaceutical compositions may also be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oily suspension, which may be formulated according to known procedures using one or more of the appropriate dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents, which have been mentioned above.
- a sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
- compositions for administration by inhalation may be in the form of a conventional pressurised aerosol arranged to dispense the active ingredient either as an aerosol containing finely divided solid or liquid droplets.
- Conventional aerosol propellants such as volatile fluorinated hydrocarbons or hydrocarbons may be used and the aerosol device is conveniently arranged to dispense a metered quantity of active ingredient.
- a formulation intended for oral administration to humans will generally contain, for example, from 0.5 mg to 2 g of active agent compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount of excipients which may vary from about 5 to about 98 percent by weight of the total composition.
- Dosage unit forms will generally contain about 1 mg to about 500 mg of an active ingredient.
- a daily dose in the range for example, 0.5 mg to 75 mg per kg body weight is received, given if required in divided doses.
- Ixi general lower doses will be administered when a parenteral route is employed.
- a dose in the range for example, 0.5 mg to 30 mg per kg body weight will generally be used.
- a dose in the range for example, 0.5 mg to 25 mg per kg body weight will be used.
- Oral administration is however preferred.
- the elevation of GLK activity described herein may be applied as a sole therapy or in combination with one or more other substances and/or treatments for the indicated being treated. Such conjoint treatment may be achieved by way of the simultaneous, sequential or separate administration of the individual components of the treatment. Simultaneous treatment may be in a single tablet or in separate tablets.
- chemotherapy may include the following main categories of treatment:
- Insulin secretagogues including sulphonylureas (for example glibenclamide, glipizide), prandial glucose regulators (for example repaglinide, nateglinide);
- Agents that improve incretin action for example dipeptidyl peptidase IN inhibitors, and GLP-1 agonists;
- Insulin sensitising agents including PPARgamma agonists (for example pioglitazone and rosiglitazone), and agents with combined PPARalpha and gamma activity; 5) Agents that modulate hepatic glucose balance (for example metformin, fructose 1, 6 bisphosphatase inhibitors, glycogen phopsphorylase inhibitors, glycogen synthase kinase inhibitors);
- Anti-obesity agents for example sibutramine and orlistat
- Anti- dyslipidaemia agents such as, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (eg statins); PPAR agonists (fibrates, eg gemfibrozil); bile acid sequestrants (cholestyramine); cholesterol absorption inhibitors (plant stanols, synthetic inhibitors); bile acid absorption inhibitors (IBATi) and nicotinic acid and analogues (niacin and slow release formulations); 11) Antihypertensive agents such as, ⁇ blockers (eg atenolol, inderal); ACE inhibitors (eg lisinopril); Calcium antagonists (eg.
- nifedipine Angiotensin receptor antagonists (eg candesartan), antagonists and diuretic agents (eg. furosemide, benzthiazide); 12) Haemostasis modulators such as, antithrombotics, activators of fibrinolysis and 5 antiplatelet agents; thrombin antagonists; factor Xa inhibitors; factor Vila inhibitors); antiplatelet agents (eg. aspirin, clopidogrel); anticoagulants (heparin and Low molecular weight analogues, hirudin) and warfarin; 13) Agents which antagonise the actions of glucagon; and 14) Anti-inflammatory agents, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (eg.
- non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs eg.
- a compound of the invention, or a salt thereof may be prepared by any process known 15 to be applicable to the preparation of such compounds or structurally related compounds.
- Functional groups may be protected and deprotected using conventional methods. For examples of protecting groups such as amino and carboxylic acid protecting groups (as well as means of formation and eventual deprotection), see T.W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts, "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis", Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 20 1991.
- Processes for the synthesis of compounds of Formula (I), (la), (lb), (Ic) or (Id) are provided as a further feature of the invention.
- a process for the preparation of a compound of Formula (I), (la), (lb), (Ic) or (Id) which comprises: 25 (a) reaction of an acid of Formula (IJJa) or activated derivative thereof with a compound of Formula (IJJb),
- Formula (DTf) Formula (Dig) wherein X 3 is a leaving group or an organometallic reagent and X 4 is a hydroxyl group or X 3 is a hydroxyl group and X 4 is a leaving group or an organometallic reagent and wherein P 1 is hydrogen or a protecting group; or (e) reaction of a compound of Formula (Dm) with a compound of Formula (Dli),
- Suitable leaving groups for processes a) to e) are well known to the skilled person and include for example activated hydroxy leaving groups (such as mesylate and tosylate groups) and halo leaving groups such as fluoro, chloro or bromo.
- Process c) - compounds of Formula (Did) and (Die) can be reacted together in a suitable solvent, such as DMF or THF, with a base such as sodium hydride or potassium tert-butoxide, at a temperature in the range 0 to 100°C, optionally using metal catalysis such as palladium(D)acetate, palladium on carbon, copper(D)acetate or copper(I)iodide;
- a suitable solvent such as THF or DCM
- a suitable phosphine such as triphenylphosphine
- azodicarboxylate such as diethylazodicarboxylate
- Process d) - compounds of Formula (Did) and (Die) can be reacted together in a suitable solvent, such as DMF or THF, with a base such as sodium hydride or potassium tert-butoxide, at a temperature in the range 0 to 100°C, optionally using metal catalysis such as palladium( ⁇ )acetate, palladium on carbon, copper(D)acetate or copper(I)iodide;
- Process e) - reaction of a compound of Formula (DUi) with a compound of Formula (Dli) can be performed in a polar solvent, such as DMF or a non-polar solvent such as THF with a strong base, such as sodium hydride or potassium tert-butoxide at a temperature between 0 and 100°C, optionally using metal catalysis, such as palladium(D)acetate, palladium on carbon, copper(D)acetate or copper(I)iodide.
- protecting groups may be removed by any convenient method as described in the literature or known to the skilled chemist as appropriate for the removal of the protecting group in question, such methods being chosen so as to effect removal of the protecting group with minimum disturbance of groups elsewhere in the molecule.
- Specific examples of protecting groups are given below for the sake of convenience, in which "lower” signifies that the group to which it is applied preferably has 1-4 carbon atoms. It will be understood that these examples are not exhaustive. Where specific examples of methods for the removal of protecting groups are given below these are similarly not exhaustive. The use of protecting groups and methods of deprotection not specifically mentioned is of course within the scope of the invention.
- a carboxy protecting group may be the residue of an ester-forming aliphatic or araliphatic alcohol or of an ester-forming silanol (the said alcohol or silanol preferably containing 1-20 carbon atoms).
- carboxy protecting groups include straight or branched chain (l-12C)alkyl groups (e.g. isopropyl, t-butyl); lower alkoxy lower alkyl groups (e.g. methoxymethyl, ethoxymethyl, isobutoxymethyl; lower aliphatic acyloxy lower alkyl groups, (e.g. acetoxymethyl, propionyloxymethyl, butyryloxymethyl, pivaloyloxymethyl); lower alkoxycarbonyloxy lower alkyl groups (e.g. 1-methoxycarbonyloxyethyl,
- aryl lower alkyl groups e.g. rj-methoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, benzhydryl and phthalidyl
- tri(lower alkyl)silyl groups e.g. trimethylsilyl and t-butyldimethylsilyl
- tri (lower alkyl)silyl lower alkyl groups e.g. trimethylsilylethyl
- (2-6C)alkenyl groups e.g. allyl and vinylethyl.
- hydroxy protecting groups include lower alkenyl groups (e.g. allyl); lower alkanoyl groups (e.g. acetyl); lower alkoxycarbonyl groups (e.g. t-butoxycarbonyl); lower alkenyloxycarbonyl groups (e.g. allyloxycarbonyl); aryl lower alkoxycarbonyl groups (e.g. benzoyloxycarbonyl, p-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, o-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, rj-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl); tri lower alkyl/arylsilyl groups (e.g.
- amino protecting groups include formyl, aralkyl groups (e.g. benzyl and substituted benzyl, e.g. p-methoxybenzyl, nitrobenzyl and 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, and triphenylmethyl); di-p_-anisylmethyl and furylmethyl groups; lower alkoxycarbonyl (e.g.
- t-butoxycarbonyl lower alkenyloxycarbonyl (e.g. allyloxycarbonyl); aryl lower alkoxycarbonyl groups (e.g. benzyloxycarbonyl, p_-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, o-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, rj-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl; trialkylsilyl (e.g. trimethylsilyl and t-butyldimethylsilyl); alkylidene (e.g. methylidene); benzylidene and substituted benzylidene groups.
- aryl lower alkoxycarbonyl groups e.g. benzyloxycarbonyl, p_-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, o-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, rj-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl
- trialkylsilyl e.g. trimethylsilyl and t-butyldimethylsily
- Methods appropriate for removal of hydroxy and amino protecting groups include, for example, acid-, base, metal- or enzymically-catalysed hydrolysis, or photolytically for groups such as o-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, or with fluoride ions for silyl groups.
- protecting groups for amide groups include aralkoxymethyl (e.g. benzyloxymethyl and substituted benzyloxymethyl); alkoxymethyl (e.g. methoxymethyl and trimethylsilylethoxymethyl); tri alkyl arylsilyl (e.g.
- alk-1-enyl e.g. allyl, but-1-enyl and substituted vinyl e.g. 2- phenyl vinyl
- Aralkoxymethyl, groups may be introduced onto the amide group by reacting the latter group with the appropriate aralkoxymethyl chloride, and removed by catalytic hydrogenation.
- Alkoxymethyl, tri alkyl/arylsilyl and tri alkyl/silyloxymethyl groups may be introduced by reacting the amide with the appropriate chloride and removing with acid; or in the case of the silyl containing groups, fluoride ions.
- alkoxyphenyl and alkoxybenzyl groups are conveniently introduced by arylation or alkylation with an appropriate halide and removed by oxidation with eerie ammonium nitrate.
- alk-1-enyl groups may be introduced by reacting the amide with the appropriate aldehyde and removed with acid.
- Example 1 was prepared from the corresponding ester, methyl 6-[( ⁇ 3- ⁇ [(iS)-l-methyl-2- (methyloxy)ethyl]oxy ⁇ -5-[(3-methylphenyl)oxy]phenyl ⁇ carbonyl)amino]pyridine-3- carboxylate in accordance with Method A. m/z 437 (M+H) + ;
- Examples 1.1-1.6 were also prepared using the appropriate ester.
- Example 1 The appropriate ester for the preparation of Example 1 was prepared from methyl 6- ⁇ [(3- hydroxy-5- ⁇ [(lS)-l-methyl-2-(methyloxy)ethyl]oxy ⁇ phenyl)carbonyl]amino ⁇ pyridine-3- carboxylate and 3-methylphenylboronic acid in accordance with method B. m/z 451 (M+H) + .
- the appropriate esters for the preparation of Example 1.1 to 1.6 were also prepared.
- Example 2 was prepared from the corresponding ester, methyl 6-[( ⁇ 3-[(3,5- difluorophenyl)oxy]-5-[(l-methylethyl)oxy]phenyl ⁇ carbonyl)amino]pyridine-3-carboxylate in accordance with Method A. m/z 429 (M+H) + 427 (M-H) + ;
- Examples 2.1-2.2 were also prepared using the appropriate ester.
- Example 2 The appropriate ester for the preparation of Example 2 was prepared from methyl 6-[( ⁇ 3- hydroxy-5-[(l-methylethyl)oxy]phenyl ⁇ carbonyl)amino]pyridine-3-carboxylate and 3,5- difluorophenylboronic acid in accordance with method B.
- EXAMPLE 3 6-[3- ⁇ 4-fluorophenoxy ⁇ -5- ⁇ (lS)-l-methyIprop-2-yn-l- yloxy ⁇ phenyIcarbonylamino]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid.
- Example 3 was prepared from the corresponding ester, methyl 6- ⁇ [3-[(4-fluorophenyl)oxy]-5- ⁇ [(lS)-l-methylprop-2-yn-l-yl]oxy ⁇ phenyl)carbonyl] amino ⁇ pyridine-3-carboxylate in accordance with Method A, however, the acidic precipitate was extracted several times with ethyl acetate and concentrated to give the desired compound (55% yield). m/z 421(M+H) + , 419 (M-H) " ,
- Oxalyl Chloride (22.2 mmol) was added to a slurry of 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)oxy]-5- [( ⁇ henylmethyl)oxy]benzoic acid (7.39 mmol) in DCM (50 mL) and DMF (0.5 mL). The reaction was stirred at ambient temperature for 6 hours 30 minutes then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was azeotroped with DCM (x3) and dried in vacuo. Methyl 6-aminonicotinate (8.87 mmol) and pyridine (40-50 mL) were added to the residue and the reaction stirred under an atmosphere of Argon for 16 hours.
- Enzymatic activity of GLK may be measured by incubating GLK, ATP and glucose.
- the rate of product formation may be determined by coupling the assay to a G-6-P dehydrogenase, NADP/NADPH system and measuring the linear increase in optical density at 340nm (Matschinsky et al 1993).
- Activation of GLK by compounds can be assessed using this assay in the presence or absence of GLKRP (GLK regulatory protein) as described in Brocklehurst et al (Diabetes 2004, 53, 535-541).
- a GLK/GLKRP binding assay for measuring the binding interactions between GLK and GLKRP may be used to identify compounds which modulate GLK by modulating the interaction between GLK and GLKRP.
- GLKRP and GLK are incubated with an inhibitory concentration of F-6-P, optionally in the presence of test compound, and the extent of interaction between GLK and GLKRP is measured.
- Compounds which either displace F-6-P or in some other way reduce the GLK/GLKRP interaction will be detected by a decrease in the amount of GLK/GLKRP complex formed.
- Compounds which promote F-6-P binding or in some other way enhance the GLK/GLKRP interaction will be detected by an increase in the amount of GLK/GLKRP complex formed.
- a specific example of such a binding assay is described below
- GLK/GLKRP scintillation proximity assay Recombinant human GLK and GLKRP were used to develop a "mix and measure" 96 well SPA (scintillation proximity assay) as described in WOO 1/20327 (the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference).
- GLK Biotinylated
- GLKRP are incubated with streptavidin linked SPA beads (Amersham) in the presence of an inhibitory concentration of radiolabelled [3H]F-6-P (Amersham Custom Synthesis TRQ8689), giving a signal.
- Compounds which either displace the F-6-P or in some other way disrupt the GLK / GLKRP binding interaction will cause this signal to be lost. Binding assays were performed at room temperature for 2 hours.
- the reaction mixtures contained 50mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 2mM ATP, 5mM MgCl 2 , 0.5mM DTT, recombinant biotinylated GLK ( 0.1 mg), recombinant GLKRP (0.1 mg), 0.05mCi [3H] F-6-P (Amersham) to give a final volume of 100ml.
- the extent of GLK/GLKRP complex formation was determined by addition of O.lmg/well avidin linked SPA beads (Amersham) and scintillation counting on a Packard TopCount NXT.
- a F-6-P / GLKRP binding assay for measuring the binding interaction between GLKRP and F-6-P This method may be used to provide further information on the mechanism of action of the compounds.
- Compounds identified in the GLK/GLKRP binding assay may modulate the interaction of GLK and GLKRP either by displacing F-6-P or by modifying the GLK/GLKRP interaction in some other way.
- protein-protein interactions are generally known to occur by interactions through multiple binding sites. It is thus possible that a compound which modifies the interaction between GLK and GLKRP could act by binding to one or more of several different binding sites.
- the F-6-P / GLKRP binding assay identifies only those compounds which modulate the interaction of GLK and GLKRP by displacing F-6-P from its binding site on GLKRP.
- GLKRP is incubated with test compound and an inhibitory concentration of F-6-P, in the absence of GLK, and the extent of interaction between F-6-P and GLKRP is measured.
- Compounds which displace the binding of F-6-P to GLKRP may be detected by a change in the amount of GLKRP/F-6-P complex formed.
- a specific example of such a binding assay is described below
- F-6-P I GLKRP scintillation proximity assay Recombinant human GLKRP was used to develop a "mix and measure" 96 well scintillation proximity assay ) as described in WO01/20327 (the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference).
- FLAG-tagged GLKRP is incubated with protein A coated SPA beads (Amersham) and an anti-FLAG antibody in the presence of an inhibitory concentration of radiolabelled [3HJF-6-P. A signal is generated. Compounds which displace the F-6-P will cause this signal to be lost.
- a combination of this assay and the GLK/GLKRP binding assay will allow the observer to identify compounds which disrupt the GLK/GLKRP binding interaction by displacing F-6-P.
- Binding assays were performed at room temperature for 2 hours.
- the reaction mixtures contained 50mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 2mM ATP, 5mM MgCl 2 , 0.5mM DTT, recombinant FLAG tagged GLKRP (0.1 mg), Anti-Flag M2 Antibody (0.2mg) ( IBI Kodak), 0.05mCi [3H] F-6-P (Amersham) to give a final volume of 100ml.
- the extent of F-6-P/GLKRP complex formation was determined by addition of O.lmg/well protein A linked SPA beads (Amersham) and scintillation counting on a Packard TopCount NXT. 5 Production of recombinant GLK and GLKRP:
- mRNA Human liver total mRNA was prepared by polytron homogenisation in 4M guanidine 10 isothiocyanate, 2.5mM citrate, 0.5% Sarkosyl, lOOmM b-mercaptoethanol, followed by centrifugation through 5.7M CsCl, 25mM sodium acetate at 135,000g (max) as described in Sambrook J, Fritsch EF & Maniatis T, 1989.
- Poly A + mRNA was prepared directly using a FastTrackTM mRNA isolation kit (Invitrogen).
- GLK and GLKRP cDNA was cloned in E. coli using pBluescript D, (Short et al 1998) a recombinant cloning vector system similar to that employed by Yanisch-Perron C et al 25 (1985), comprising a colEI-based replicon bearing a polylinker DNA fragment containing multiple unique restriction sites, flanked by bacteriophage T3 and T7 promoter sequences; a filamentous phage origin of replication and an ampicillin drug resistance marker gene.
- Transformations 30 E. Coli transformations were generally carried out by electroporation. 400 ml cultures of strains DH5a or BL21(DE3) were grown in L-broth to an OD 600 of 0.5 and harvested by centrifugation at 2,000g. The cells were washed twice in ice-cold deionised water, resuspended in 1ml 10% glycerol and stored in aliquots at -70°C. Ligation mixes were desalted using Millipore V seriesTM membranes (0.0025mm) pore size).
- Expression GLK was expressed from the vector pTB375NBSE in E.coli BL21 cells,, producing a recombinant protein containing a 6-His tag immediately adjacent to the N-terminal methionine.
- another suitable vector is pET21(+)DNA, Novagen, Cat number 697703.
- the 6-His tag was used to allow purification of the recombinant protein on a column packed with nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid agarose purchased from Qiagen (cat no 30250).
- GLKRP was expressed from the vector pFLAG CTC (D3I Kodak) in E.coli BL21 cells, producing a recombinant protein containing a C-terminal FLAG tag.
- the protein was purified initially by DEAE Sepharose ion exchange followed by utilisation of the FLAG tag for final purification on an M2 anti-FLAG immunoaffinity column purchased from Sigma- Aldrich (cat no. A1205).
- Biotinylation of GLK was biotinylated by reaction with biotinamidocaproate N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (biotin-NHS) purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (cat no. B2643). Briefly, free amino groups of the target protein (GLK) are reacted with biotin-NHS at a defined molar ratio forming stable amide bonds resulting in a product containing covalently bound biotin. Excess, non- conjugated biotin-NHS is removed from the product by dialysis.
- biotinamidocaproate N-hydroxysuccinimide ester purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (cat no. B2643). Briefly, free amino groups of the target protein (GLK) are reacted with biotin-NHS at a defined molar ratio forming stable amide bonds resulting in a product containing covalently bound biotin. Excess, non- conjugated biotin-NHS is removed from the product by dialysis.
- Samples of plasma were obtained either by conscious blood sampling or terminal blood sampling as follows: Conscious blood sampling (for compound level or blood chemistry) - Intravenous blood samples were taken from tail vein using 600 ⁇ l Starstedt Multivette (EDTA) and 22G needle at the required time point. Samples were kept on ice and centrifuged at 3000rpm for 10 minutes within 15-30 minutes of withdrawal. The plasma was aspirated and stored at -20°C Terminal blood sampling for compound level or blood chemistry - At the end of experiment animals were euthanased by exposure to CO 2 /O 2 . Blood sample were taken by cardiac puncture. Samples were kept on ice and centrifuged at 3000rpm for 10 minutes within 15-30 minutes of withdrawal. The plasma was aspirated and stored at -20°C
- HPLC-MS-MS high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection
- the concentration of the test sample was calculated with reference to a standard curve relating the ratio to the concentration prepared by using known concentrations of test sample added to samples of rat plasma using (3-isopropoxy-5-benzyoxy-benzoyl)amino pyridine 3-carboxylic acid as an internal standard, treated as described above.
- Plasma protein binding of compounds was measured using the equilibrium dialysis technique (W. Lindner et al, J.Chromatography, 1996, 677, 1-28 ). Compound was dialysed at a concentration of 20 ⁇ M for 18 hours at 37°C with plasma and isotonic phosphate buffer pH 7.4 (1ml of each in the dialysis cell). A Spectrum® 20-cell equilibrium dialyser was used together with Teflon, semi-micro dialysis cells and Spectra/Por®2 membrane discs with a molecular weight cut off 12-14000 Dalton, 47mm (supplied by PerBio Science UK Ltd, Tattenhall, Cheshire). Plasma and buffer samples are removed following dialysis and analysed using HPLCUV/MS (high performance liquid chromatography with UV and mass spec detection) to give the % free level in plasma.
- HPLCUV/MS high performance liquid chromatography with UV and mass spec detection
- the plasma half -life is the time taken for the concentration of compound in the plasma to decline to half of its original value. This is typically determined following intravenous administration of the test compound, followed by measurement of the compound concentrations in plasma samples as described above.
- the plasma half-life is estimated from a semilogarithmic plot, plotting the log of the plasma concentration (InCp) against sample time (t, linear).
- Compounds of the invention have the following characteristics: (i) an activating activity for glucokinase with an EC 50 of less than about 200nM; (ii) a percentage free in plasma of between about 0.04% and about 1%;
- a peak blood levels (including both bound and free) of between about 0.3 ⁇ M and about lO ⁇ M for a normalised does of lmg of compound per kilogram of rat body weight; and (iv) a half life in plasma (tVi) of at least about 1 hour.
- Example 1 has the following values:
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Abstract
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US10/579,337 US20070255062A1 (en) | 2003-11-29 | 2004-11-25 | Benzoyl Amino Pyridyl Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Useful as Glucokinase (Glk) Activators |
JP2006540611A JP2007512301A (en) | 2003-11-29 | 2004-11-25 | Benzoylaminopyridylcarboxylic acid derivatives useful as glucokinase (GLK) activators |
EP04798669A EP1697324A1 (en) | 2003-11-29 | 2004-11-25 | Benzoyl amino pyridyl carboxylic acid derivatives useful as glucokinase (glk) activators |
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GB0327761.3 | 2003-11-29 | ||
GBGB0327761.3A GB0327761D0 (en) | 2003-11-29 | 2003-11-29 | Compounds |
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US (1) | US20070255062A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1697324A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2007512301A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1886377A (en) |
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WO2005080359A1 (en) * | 2004-02-18 | 2005-09-01 | Astrazeneca Ab | Benzamide derivatives and their use as glucokinae activating agents |
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- 2004-11-25 WO PCT/GB2004/004966 patent/WO2005054200A1/en active Application Filing
- 2004-11-25 EP EP04798669A patent/EP1697324A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-11-25 US US10/579,337 patent/US20070255062A1/en not_active Abandoned
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US8614332B2 (en) | 2006-07-06 | 2013-12-24 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | Substituted pyrazolylamides useful as glucokinase activators |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20070255062A1 (en) | 2007-11-01 |
EP1697324A1 (en) | 2006-09-06 |
JP2007512301A (en) | 2007-05-17 |
GB0327761D0 (en) | 2003-12-31 |
CN1886377A (en) | 2006-12-27 |
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