WO2005052557A1 - An examination system for examination of a specimen; sub-units and units therefore, a sensor and a microscope - Google Patents
An examination system for examination of a specimen; sub-units and units therefore, a sensor and a microscope Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005052557A1 WO2005052557A1 PCT/DK2004/000830 DK2004000830W WO2005052557A1 WO 2005052557 A1 WO2005052557 A1 WO 2005052557A1 DK 2004000830 W DK2004000830 W DK 2004000830W WO 2005052557 A1 WO2005052557 A1 WO 2005052557A1
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
- G02B6/1226—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths involving surface plasmon interaction
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
- G01N21/648—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters using evanescent coupling or surface plasmon coupling for the excitation of fluorescence
Definitions
- the first cladding has a refractive index less than 1.4.
- Useful materials for such a cladding are e.g. disclosed in US 5024507.
- This patent discloses the preparation of a cladding from a photopolymerizable composition comprising an unsubstituted or fluorosubstituted diacrylate monomer; a fluorinated monofunctional acrylate monomer in an amount of from about 2 to about 12 parts by weight per part by weight of the diacrylate monomer; a photoinitiator; and a viscosity modifying agent to increase the viscosity of the composition to about 1000 to about 15000 cP.
- the core layer comprises a wider section under or over the examination area, the wider section of the core layer comprising two or more crossing cores each adapted to be fed with light to generate surface plasmons in the cladding/core interface.
- the one or more additional layers applied on the side of the first dielectric cladding layer turning away from the core layer include a feeding core layer and a third cladding layer, the feeding core layer being sandwiched between the first and the third claddings .
- the refractive indexes of respectively the feeding core and the third cladding layer should preferably be so that light fed to the feeding core propagates along the feeding core and couples with the core to provide propagating waves along the core whereby plasmons are generated in the cladding/core interface.
- the invention therefore also relates to an examination system for examination of a specimen, and comprising a surface plasmon polarition sub-unit, a light source and a detector unit .
- the source in general is defined as any source with brightness high enough to couple sufficient power for a specific purpose into the core (also designated LR-SPP waveguide) of the sub-unit.
- the light source pump to work together with the surface plasmon polarition sub-unit can couple to the surface plasmon polarition waveguide directly, via an end- coupling scheme or- via an evanescent wave coupling scheme .
- the plasmon polarition unit and the light source in combination are capable of generating and propagating surface plasmons along core/cladding interfaces of a hypothetical surface plasmon polarition test unit differing from the surface plasmon polarition sub-unit in that it comprises a hypothetical second cladding layer identical with the first cladding layer on the side of the core layer opposite the first cladding layer, so as to in combination with the light source generate an evanescent plasmon polarition field in the hypothetical second cladding, wherein the evanescent plasmon polarition field preferably has an extension in the z direction into the hypothetical second cladding, which is at least 50 nm, such as at least 100 nm, such as at least 1 ⁇ m such as up to about 10 ⁇ m e.g. around 5 ⁇ m.
- the support matrix of the specimen has an absolute refractive index n 5 which is at least 1.20, such as up to about 2.0, absolute refractive index n 5 is preferably “" in “ the “ “ “ interval “ from “ 1 " .30 “'” to “” 1 " . “ 407 such as around 1.32-1.34, such as about 1.33, and preferably n 5 is equal to n 1 .
- the support matrix is a liquid e.g. in the form of an aqueous buffer, in the form of biological fluid such as milk, saliva, blood plasma, urine or other liquids such as water samples, beverage e.g. beer and vine.
- the liquid may also be a solvent e.g. DMSO.
- the support matrix is a solid material and the substance is contained therein.
- Such a solid material may e.g. be a polymer such as styrene or polyolefin, e.g. EPON.
- the substance to be examined may in principle be any type of substance e.g. in the form of a biocomponent as disclosed above.
- the substance of the specimen is selected from the group consisting of beads, spheres synthetic surfaces, e.g. provided by plasma or wet chemistry, polymers, tissues, cells, body fluids, blood components, microorganism including procaryotic and eucaryotic, and derivatives thereof, or parts thereof, such as membranes, cell walls, proteins, glyco proteins, fusion proteins nucleic acids, such as RNA, DNA, cDNA, LNA, PNA, amino modified components, oligonucleotides, peptides, hormones, antigen, antibodies, lipids, vesicles, and complexes and aggretes including one or more of these molecules .
- the substance of the specimen is excitable by subjection to a plasmon field to thereby generate a light signal, said substance preferably being selected from the group consisting of amino acids, DNA, proteins, peptides, the substances preferably being excitable by subjection to a plasmon field generated by light with a wavelength of between 250 and 350 nm.
- the substance may be marked e.g. with a fluorescent label such as it is generally known in the art e.g. fluorescent labels selected from the group consisting of metals e.g. gold, polysulfated hydrocarbon dyes (e.g. Trypan Blue) , GFP proteins, DS-red, FITC, TRIC, •Phycoerythriner, Rhodaminer, Fluorchromes .
- fluorescent labels selected from the group consisting of metals e.g. gold, polysulfated hydrocarbon dyes (e.g. Trypan Blue) , GFP proteins, DS-red, FITC, TRIC, •Phycoerythriner, Rhodaminer, Fluorchromes .
- two or more fluorescent labels preferably excitable at different wavelength may be used.
- the invention also relates to an examination system in combination with a specimen for examination of said specimen, said system comprising a surface plasmon polarition unit, a light source and a detection unit.
- the light source is coupled to the surface plasmon polarition unit for guiding light into its core, wherein the core has a thickness tm, se ec e ⁇ so as to in combination with the light source generate and propagate surface plasmons along said core/cladding interfaces and whereby an evanescent plasmon polarition field capable of interacting with the substance is generated in the secondary cladding to thereby generate a signal.
- the detection unit is adapted to collect this signal.
- the surface plasmon polarition unit of the examination system in combination with a_ specimen may preferably be as disclosed above.
- the detector unit is adapted to collect a light signal e.g. in the form of a fluorescent signal coming from the side of the core layer opposite the first cladding layer.
- the microscope may in principle be constructed as a conventional microscope with the additional units, a surface plasmon polarition sub-unit as disclosed above and a light source as disclosed above capable of guiding light into the surface plasmon polarition sub-unit as disclosed above. Additionally it may comprise a detector unit as disclosed above .
- the plasmon polarition sub-unit may preferably be removable.
- the invention also relates to a set of surface plasmon polarition sub-units comprising at least two surface plasmon polarition sub-units, each of them individually from each other being as disclosed above, and the surface plasmon polarition sub-units respectively being arranged to support a specimen to form a part or all of its second cladding on the side of the core layer opposite its first cladding layer so that the distance from the core to the specimen in " one surface ' piasmon polarition sub-unit differs from the distance from the core to the specimen in another one of the surface plasmon polarition sub- units .
- FIG. lb shows a top view of the embodiment shown in FIG. la.
- FIG. 2a shows a schematic side view of a second embodiment of a surface plasmon polarition sub-unit according to the invention.
- FIG. 2b shows a top view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 2a.
- FIG. 3b shows a top view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3a.
- FIG. 4a shows a schematic side view of a fourth embodiment of a surface plasmon polarition sub-unit according to the invention.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic perspective view of the fourth embodiment of a surface plasmon polarition sub-unit according to the invention.
- FIG. 9b shows a top view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 9a.
- FIG. 10 shows a schematic side view of a first embodiment of a surface plasmon polarition unit according to the invention.
- FIG. 11 shows a schematic side view of a second embodiment of a surface plasmon polarition unit according to the invention.
- FIG. 12 shows a schematic side view of a third embodiment of a surface plasmon polarition unit according to the invention.
- FIG. 13 shows experimental results obtained from a structure according to a fourth surface plasmon polarition unit shown in FIG. 14.
- FIG. 14 shows schematic side view of a fourth surface plasmon polarition unit according to the invention.
- FIGs. la and lb show respectively a side view and a top view of a first embodiment of a surface plasmon polarition sub-unit according to the invention.
- the surface plasmon polarition sub-unit comprises a support unit 1, e.g. in the form of a wafer such as BK7 wafer.
- a first cladding layer 2 Onto the support unit 1 is placed a first cladding layer 2 and thereon is placed a core layer 3.
- the core layer has a smaller width 3a close in the end from "" " where the light "'” is “ “” to " “ “ propagate “” from, followed by a wider section 3b placed beneath or above the area supposed to support a specimen.
- FIGs. 3a and 3b show respectively a side view and a top view of a third embodiment of a surface plasmon polarition sub-unit according to the invention.
- the surface plasmon polarition sub-unit comprises a support unit 21, e.g. in the form of a wafer such as BK7 wafer.
- a third cladding layer 22a Onto the support unit 21 is placed, in the mentioned order, a third cladding layer 22a, a feeding core layer 22b and a first cladding layer 22c.
- Onto the first cladding layer 22c is placed a core layer 23 having square form. It will be observed that the core layer can not be end fed but has to be fed via the feeding core as described above.
- the examination system according to the invention shown in FIG. 8 comprises a surface plasmon polarition sub-unit 56 as disclosed in FIG. 6.
- the surface plasmon polarition sub-unit 56 is removably inserted into a sub-unit support frame 57 placed onto an additional support unit 58 e.g. in the form of a microscope table.
- an additional support unit 58 e.g. in the form of a microscope table.
- different surface plasmon polarition sub-units may be used e.g. for the possibility and changing of the penetration depth.
- the surface plasmon polarition sub-unit may be easy to clean.
- the support frame 57 ensures that a safe position can be obtained for bringing an optimal amount of light into the feeding core.
- a detection unit 61 e.g. in the form of a microscope objective may be placed above the examination area provided by the upper surface of the core 23.
- FIGs. 9a and 9b show respectively a side view and a top view of a sixth embodiment of a surface plasmon polarition sub-unit according to the invention.
- the surface plasmon polarition sub-unit comprises a support unit 91, e.g. "'" in the " form of " a " wafer “ such as BK7 wafer " .
- Onto the support unit 91 is placed, in the mentioned order, a third cladding layer 92a, a feeding core layer 92b and a first cladding layer 92c.
- Onto the first cladding layer 92c is placed a core layer 93 having square form. It will be observed that the core layer can not be end fed but has to be fed via the feeding core as described above.
- the metallic surface of the core 93 comprises nanostructured features 94.
- the nanostructured features can have geometrical shape and be arrange a single features or in both periodic and nonperiodic arrays .
- FIG. 10 shows a schematic side view of a first embodiment of a surface plasmon polarition unit according to the invention.
- the surface plasmon polarition unit comprises a support unit 101, e.g. in the form of a wafer such as BK7 wafer.
- a support unit 101 e.g. in the form of a wafer such as BK7 wafer.
- Onto the support unit 101 is placed, in the mentioned order, a third cladding layer 102a, a feeding core layer 102b and a first cladding layer 102c.
- Onto the first cladding layer 102c is placed a core layer 103.
- Onto the core layer 103 is placed an aqueous solutions comprising the sample to be examined.
- the coupling of a laser beam by a prism into a planar dielectric waveguide is governed by the angle ⁇ of incidence of the light onto the prism.
- the light energy can be transferred into the waveguide (the feeding core 102b) by the evanescent fields that are excited in a ⁇ gap ⁇ between the " prism and the feeding core 102b.
- the incident beam must have the proper angle of incidence so the evanescent field in the gap travels with the same phase velocity as the mode to be excited in the feeding core 102b, the incident beam must have the same polarization as the mode to be excited and the prim must be placed close to the planar dielectric waveguide, here the feeding core.
- the gap is in order of half a wavelength.
- FIG. 11 shows a schematic side view of a second embodiment of a surface plasmon polarition unit according to the invention.
- the surface plasmon polarition unit comprises a support unit 111, e.g. in the form of a wafer such as BK7 wafer.
- a support unit 111 Onto the support unit 111 is placed, in the mentioned order, a third cladding layer 112a, a feeding core layer 112b and a first cladding layer 112c.
- Onto the first cladding layer 112c is placed a core layer 113.
- Onto the core layer 113 is placed an aqueous solutions comprising the sample to be examined.
- the coupling of a laser beam by a grating into a planar dielectric waveguide, here the feeding core layer 113b, is also governed by the angle ⁇ of incidence of the light onto the grating.
- Butt coupling technique The coupling of a laser beam by a butt coupling into a planar dielectric waveguide is governed by the mode matching of a laser beam to the mode of the dielectric waveguide, here the feeding core 122b.
- the laser beam is butt-coupled from a single- mode fiber or objective, perpendicular to the surface, into planar waveguides in question.
- FIG. 14 shows schematic side view of a fourth surface plasmon polarition " unit according “ to “ the “ invention” . '
- a detection unit 147-. in the form of a microscope objective is placed above the liquid sample 144.
- FIG. 13 shows experimental results obtained from a structure according to a fourth surface plasmon polarition unit shown in FIG. 14.
- the experiment is described as example 1.
- the example includes Imaging of aqueous solutions with T-8878 fluorophores from Molecular Probes on a feeding core structure.
- the curve A shows a schematic drawing of the transverse intensity field distribution of the realized feeding core structure (example 1) with the refractive indices as follows:
- nl corresponds to a substrate, n2 and n4 to a CYTOP polymer layer, n3 to a PMMA polymer layer, n5 to a gold film layer and n6 to the sample under investigation.
- the symbols a, b, c, d, e and f represent the thickness of respectively the substrate, the lover cladding, feeding core upper cladding, metal film and sample under investigation.
- the calculations are performed for 633 nm wavelength and TM polarized light.
- the feeding core structure was covered with fluorescing molecules in an aqueous solution with a refractive index similar to the CYTOP polymer film.
- the SPP sub-unit is comprised of the following basic elements: A substrate which acts as support for the light guiding layers . At least one layer of lower dielectric cladding with refractive index nl. On top of the lower cladding layer (s) the unit further comprises a core layer of material characterized by a negative real part of its dielectric constant within the frequency range of interest. Finally the sub-unit comprises a mechanism for support of the substance under investigation.
- the substrate is chosen to be comprised of a layer of BK7 glass with a refractive index of 1,517.
- the lower cladding has refractive index n x essentially equal to the refractive index n 2 of the substance under investigation.
- the material is chosen to be a 4 ⁇ m layer of the fluoropolymer CYTOP with a refractive index of 1.34 which essentially matches the index of an aqueous substance.
- the core layer is comprised of a layer of metal, preferably Ag, deposited on top of the lower cladding structure.
- the thickness of the silver layer in this embodiment is 8 nm.
- the metal layer consists of a finite width stripe which, when covered with water, supports the propagation of a long range surface plasmon polarition (LR-SPP) along the stri " pe7
- LR-SPP surface plasmon polarition
- the metal " stripe " is connected to a wider section of metal, the interaction region, where the LR-SPP is diverging to spread over a wider area while interaction with the fluorescent units under investigation.
- the sub-unit in the first preferred embodiment can be realized using the following processing steps: Spin coat a layer of CYTOP on top a BK7 wafer. Cure the Cytop by heating. Spin coat layer of photoresist on top of the structure. Illuminate the resist with UV light through a mask with the desired metal pattern. Develop the resist. Metal deposition of Ag. Remove resist with metal on top in acetone ..
- Another preferred embodiment comprises a structure similar, to the one described in the ' .
- first preferred embodiment with the difference that the region of interaction in the metal layer is connected with narrow metal guides on each side such as to provide a more homogenous distribution of power in the interaction region.
- the lower cladding on top of BK7 glass consists of three layers. The layers are arranged in such a way that n, 10 " ⁇ , n x upper ⁇ n ⁇ middel support propagation of light captured by the middle layer by total internal reflection. In this preferred embodiment this lower cladding waveguide is chosen to be single mode at 633 nm.
- the lower cladding consists of three layers arranged in such a way as to provide a multimode waveguide of light guided within the middle layer. This can be achieved by increasing the thickness of the middle layer such as to e.g. 20 ⁇ m.
- Advantage of such a configuration compared with the one described in the third embodiment is a larger tolerance in aligning the sub unit to the generating light source.
- the disadvantage is a lower coupling efficient between the light in the guide and the LR-SPP.
- the multilayer structures of the lower cladding are realized by spin coating of multiple layers on top of each other.
- the sub-unit in addition to the lower cladding layer (s) further comprises a thin top cladding layer deposited on top of the lower cladding and the core layers.
- the refractive index of the top cladding layer is substantially equal to the index of the lower cladding and " in turn the substance un ⁇ er investigation. "
- One purpose of the top cladding layer is to protect the guiding core. Another purpose is to limit the reach of the LR-SPP evanescent tail into the substance under investigation.
- a still further purpose of the top cladding could be to have LR-SPP guiding within the core in selected regions without applying the substance under investigation.
- a final purpose of the top cladding is to provide a support for the substance under investigation in the region of interaction.
- the top cladding can be made e.g. by spin coating.
- the sub-unit is furthermore supplied with a support aggregate for the substance under investigation.
- the support frame in this preferred embodiment is realized as a combination top cladding with part of the cladding removed over the region of interaction and a support ring of silicone surrounding the area.
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Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP04797489A EP1728065A1 (en) | 2003-11-28 | 2004-11-29 | An examination system for examination of a specimen; sub-units and units therefore, a sensor and a microscope |
US11/420,777 US20060274314A1 (en) | 2003-11-28 | 2006-05-29 | Examination system for examination of a specimen; sub-units and units therefore, a sensor and a microscope |
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DKPA200301764 | 2003-11-28 | ||
DKPA200301764 | 2003-11-28 |
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US11/420,777 Continuation-In-Part US20060274314A1 (en) | 2003-11-28 | 2006-05-29 | Examination system for examination of a specimen; sub-units and units therefore, a sensor and a microscope |
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US20060274314A1 (en) | 2006-12-07 |
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