WO2005019550A1 - Building construction method and modular shuttering method - Google Patents

Building construction method and modular shuttering method Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005019550A1
WO2005019550A1 PCT/ES2004/000382 ES2004000382W WO2005019550A1 WO 2005019550 A1 WO2005019550 A1 WO 2005019550A1 ES 2004000382 W ES2004000382 W ES 2004000382W WO 2005019550 A1 WO2005019550 A1 WO 2005019550A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
formwork
vertical
walls
panels
concrete
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/ES2004/000382
Other languages
Spanish (es)
French (fr)
Inventor
Juan Antonio Corredera Artacho
Andrés CORREDERA ARTACHO
Original Assignee
Incoribe, S.L.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Incoribe, S.L. filed Critical Incoribe, S.L.
Priority to EP04766921A priority Critical patent/EP1669503A1/en
Publication of WO2005019550A1 publication Critical patent/WO2005019550A1/en

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/16—Structures made from masses, e.g. of concrete, cast or similarly formed in situ with or without making use of additional elements, such as permanent forms, substructures to be coated with load-bearing material
    • E04B1/161—Structures made from masses, e.g. of concrete, cast or similarly formed in situ with or without making use of additional elements, such as permanent forms, substructures to be coated with load-bearing material with vertical and horizontal slabs, both being partially cast in situ
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G11/00—Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs
    • E04G11/02—Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs for rooms as a whole by which walls and floors are cast simultaneously, whole storeys, or whole buildings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a new procedure for the construction of one- or multi-storey buildings, intended for any use, be it industrial, services or housing, specially designed to be carried out "in situ” by combining the traditional way of building based on pillars and slabs but simultaneously executing the construction of the exterior enclosure walls the interior distribution partition.
  • the invention also describes a modular formwork process for use preferably in the previous construction method, although its use in other known construction procedures is also possible, whether they are directed to buildings or not.
  • the object of the invention is to ensure that pillars, exterior enclosure walls, interior distribution walls, floors, electrical and sanitary installations are constructed at the same time, obtaining a perfectly finished building with the finishes included, in the absence of only small details or touch-ups, providing the system with the advantages of traditional construction systems and structural construction systems, resulting in a significant reduction in construction time.
  • the traditional or non-structural construction system consists, after the preparation of the corresponding foundation, in the construction of a structure based on pillars and slabs, after which, once finished, the construction is carried out, using bricks or other appropriate materials, of exterior walls and partitions, on which later rubs will be made for installation of the facilities, and finally a plaster will be made by applying a plaster layer or similar.
  • structural construction systems are also known, in which structural concrete is used to obtain walls and slabs.
  • reinforced concrete walls and slabs are obtained, in the absence of pillars, which must subsequently be covered both at the level of floors and ceilings and at the level of walls.
  • the main object of the invention relates to a mixed construction system, that is to say that it combines, as previously mentioned, traditional or non-structural construction with structural construction, following a certain construction procedure.
  • pillars that will be metallic or reinforced based, preferably, of structural concrete and ferralla, and after the These pillars are prepared by means of the formwork of the exterior walls and interior partitions, the aforementioned pillars being included within the formwork and subsequently pouring into the concrete formwork, preferably non-structural lightened, for the walls and partitions.
  • a composite panel is arranged in which a thermal insulation plate plus a board are involved , preferably of plasterboard, so that the latter will be seen when decoupling, offering a perfect finish.
  • the thermal insulation plates incorporate on one of their faces, the contact with the concrete, a plurality of grooves, preferably of a dovetail section, to ensure good adhesion with the concrete board.
  • said plates have tongue and groove joining means on their sides, their opposite sides being therefore different, one with a projection (male) and the other with a recess (female) for the union of successive plates.
  • Another object of the present invention relates to a modular formwork process, one of its characteristics being the use of the thermal insulation plates described above as internal formwork plates, the use of conventional formwork plates not being necessary to proceed to concreting of the walls.
  • steps of this modular formwork process integrated in the building construction method object of the present invention are described, although said modular formwork method can also be employed in other construction methods and independently of the described construction procedure in the present invention.
  • the formwork panels for interior walls and partitions can be topped by their upper end in an orthogonal bending to link directly with the formwork panels constituting the horizontal formwork for the slab.
  • the time of realization of the work is of the order of three times less than with traditional systems, since the placement of the formwork is very fast, due to the perfection of the assembly and its low weight, each plate being able to be manipulated by a single person, without requiring additional equipment or forklifts.
  • the decrease in labor is the most important saving item in the system, since due to the simplicity and perfection of the assembly, specialized operators are not necessary for its placement, in addition to being significantly simplified the process, by eliminating multiple Classic operations: ceramic brick wall lifting, mortar plastering on the inner face, application of thermal and acoustic insulation, application of a new ceramic brick wall, realization of friction or regattas for the installation of plumbing and electrical pipes, termination of interior plaster, etc.
  • Figure 1 shows a partial and perspective view of a building made according to the construction system that constitutes the object of the present invention, which appears multiple sectioned to show more clearly its interior structure.
  • Figure 2. Shows an enlarged detail of a point of confluence between a wall and a slab, also in accordance with the construction system that is recommended.
  • Figure 3. Shows a detail of the area of union between the pillar of the first floor and the pillar of the second floor.
  • Figure 4.- Shows a detail of a register box.
  • Figure 5. Shows a detail of a registration box attached to a floor slab.
  • Figure 6. Shows a perspective view of the formwork of an exterior wall according to the modular formwork process object of the present invention. PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
  • the construction system that the invention proposes part of a foundation based on a concrete slab 1, preferably lightened, with a reinforcement 2 and with reinforced tie and beams at all edges of the slab as in the points provided for the location of the pillars 3.
  • Said pillars 3 can be either metallic or reinforced concrete.
  • the slab 1 can be lightened by special plastic buckets or ceramic or concrete vaults, but incorporating in any case, duly embedded in it, the sanitary drains 4 and any other necessary service conduction.
  • the pillars are anchored with a metal crosshead 20 that is embedded in the upper slab and on which the metal plates that will serve to anchor the next section of pillars 3 on them will be placed, both elements being welded or screwed.
  • the electro-welded meshes 6 that will be embedded within each exterior wall or interior partition wall are arranged, and to said meshes 6 the ducts 4 are conveniently fixed for the building facilities, which are unified in the corresponding register boxes 22 and mechanisms.
  • the registration boxes 22 are placed and fastened to the formwork plates 7 in a position determined during the construction design stage. Any type of registration box 22, whether for water, electricity or telephony, can be fastened to the desired height, in enclosure walls, indoor or any other place where the placement of registration boxes is necessary.
  • the fastening system of the boxes 22 to the plates 7 is carried out by means of clamps 23 with zipper operation.
  • these clamps 23 are made of PVC, although they can also be of another material.
  • the clamps 23 are composed of two flat and elongated elements 23a joined by one of their ends by means of a rivet 23b, and at the free end of said elements is a washer that will be in charge of the union between them. On the contact face of both elements they have parallel projections that will fit together once both ends are inserted into the washer.
  • the registration box 22 is cylindrical and hollow without one of its bases. To make the connection of the box 22 with the formwork plate 7, the open base of the box 22 is supported on the inner face of the formwork plate 7.
  • the box 22 will have at least one hole in its closed base and the plate
  • the formwork will also have a hole 24.
  • the two free ends 23a are then passed through the hole in the box until the rivet 23b stops and then said ends 23a are passed through the hole 24 of the plate.
  • the two free ends are introduced through the washer that is responsible for fitting the parallel projections of each end until they meet the outer face of the formwork plate.
  • it may be necessary to use two clamps 23 for which it will be necessary to make two holes in the box and two in the formwork plate.
  • the box 22 is placed on the formwork plate 7, the latter is placed in position prior to pouring the concrete.
  • the boxes have holes for the introduction of the different telephony, electricity or water conduits 4, in the same, this also being done prior to the pouring of the concrete.
  • the registration box 22 is fully secured against the formwork 7 thanks to the clamp 23 for the subsequent pouring of the concrete.
  • said clamps 23 are cut so that when said plates 7 have been removed, the registration box 22 is perfectly flush in the final wall.
  • a board consisting of plates 8 with different finishes can be adapted, such as plasterboard, preferably "Pladur®” type, and immediately inside said board a panel 9 of expanded polystyrene or other similar material, with suitable characteristics of thermal and acoustic insulation.
  • the internal formwork plate 7 as well as the plate with plasterboard finish 8 can be replaced by a single plate incorporating a plate 34 that determines the practically finished internal surface for said walls, being able to use different materials for the interior view face of the wall such as plaster, as well as a polystyrene plate 35, which performs the functions of acoustic and thermal insulation.
  • the face of the panels 9 or plates 35 of expanded polystyrene destined to come into contact with the concrete mass, preferably lightened 10, is provided with grooves 11 in a dovetail profile, to ensure a perfect grip of the polystyrene 9 and the concrete lightened 10.
  • a sheet or plate 12 can be established which allows the removal of the formwork plates with ease, without the need to use formwork material.
  • the pillars are coated of a polyethylene foam material with a density of 60 or somewhat greater and 1 cm. thick that makes expansion joint between lightened concrete and the pillar material.
  • the formwork plates 7 have the particularity of being provided at the level of the upper end of the walls and partitions of orthogonally angled extensions 13 which allow the formwork plates corresponding to the floors 14 to be connected without continuity solution.
  • the concrete is poured, preferably lightened, which will constitute the exterior walls and vertical partitions, leaving an unfilled space empty during vertical concreting, approximately the last three centimeters.
  • the objective of this measure is to allow an elastic material to be introduced into said space to provide the necessary sealing to possible air and water filtrations.
  • the walls and enclosure walls of the distribution of the slab that will be disposed on them are independent through said joint.
  • the horizontal metal formwork is arranged at a certain distance, approximately five centimeters above the bottom face of the termination plate of the pillars 3 that have already been embedded inside the lightened concrete that constitutes the walls and closing walls.
  • hydrophobic gypsum boards 15 are established, which will eventually constitute the exposed face of the slabs corresponding to the ceilings, boards on which the classic polystyrene vaults 16 are established to improve acoustic and thermal isolation and lighten the weight of the floor.
  • Said polystyrene cases 16 can be replaced by concrete, ceramic or similar cases. Said cases are arranged forming alignments that will lead to pipes 17 in which the introduction of metal reinforcements and after the pouring of the concrete, semi-directional or two-way semi-joists will be configured. Pre-wired electrical and hydraulic lines are also embedded in their final position. The last operation, once the previous ones have been completed, consists in the pouring of the structural concrete onto the formwork for the construction of the slab described.
  • the construction steps described above must be repeated, that is, the arrangement of the vertical formwork with the pre-installation inside and the subsequent concreting of said formwork vertical
  • the arrangement of the walls and partitions of said first floor may vary with respect to those on the ground floor.
  • the floor covering 19 will be established, for example based on ceramic tiles, while openings will be established in the wall formwork , with their corresponding fences, to obtain the necessary gaps corresponding to doors and windows.
  • the first optional stage of the modular formwork procedure consists in the placement of angular guides anchored in the ground for the configuration of the perimeter of the building to be built. Subsequently to said guides, and using them, interior vertical panels are placed for the horizontal formwork, joined together laterally and preferably by tongue and groove.
  • Said interior vertical panels 34,35 may preferably be formed by a plate formed by a laminated plasterboard 34 and a thermal insulation plate 35, preferably polystyrene, the thickness of said plate being sufficient to withstand the pressure of the concrete to be poured subsequently between the inner and outer formwork panel.
  • Said laminated plasterboard that is equivalent to the construction face can be replaced by another material with another surface finish.
  • the plate that forms each interior vertical panel can be a conventional formwork panel.
  • each vertical aligner 31 preferably four are arranged in each vertical aligner 31 attached to the inner face of the vertical panels 34,35.
  • Said vertical aligners 31 consist of preferably metallic straight bodies or guides with two orthogonally arranged surfaces having holes along their said surfaces, all the holes being separated from each other a certain distance and which can be variable.
  • Said vertical aligners 31 are arranged a certain distance apart from each other along the vertical panels 34,35, said distance being preferably 1, 20 meters.
  • braces 37 are introduced that cross the vertical aligners 31 and the vertical panels 34,35, ensuring the union between both elements.
  • fastening means 39 combined with stop elements are used.
  • the braces 37 consist of cylindrical bodies or threaded bars on their surface whose length will be variable depending on the thickness of the wall to be constructed. Said fasteners 39 are crossed by the strap 37 and are subject to the vertical aligners 31, ensuring the position of the tie rod by means of a stop element 38 threaded to the free end of the tie rod 37 protruding from the clamping element 39. Preferably four braces 37 are arranged for each vertical aligner 31.
  • a metal mesh 6 is placed and secured, by appropriate means, for example wires or clips, on the outer side of the vertical panels 31 and along its entire surface and length.
  • the mission of said metal mesh is to facilitate the distribution of concrete during its pouring between the exterior and interior formwork elements.
  • aligners 40 are placed in the vertical aligners 31 for the rear support of horizontal aligners 32.
  • the horizontal aligners 32 are positioned embedded between the aligners 40 and the vertical aligners 31
  • the aligner holders 40 consist of flat metal elements preferably of small thickness which have holes on one of their sides for attachment to the vertical aligners 31 and on the opposite side of the clamp have a partially U-shaped shape capable of holding the horizontal aligners 32.
  • Said horizontal aligners 32 consist of straight bodies or bars with preferably rectangular section.
  • the aligner holders 40 are located along the vertical aligners 31 separated from each other a certain distance. Preferably this distance will be, the first horizontal aligner 32 will be located one sixth from the top of the vertical aligner 31, the second horizontal aligner 32 will be located halfway to the vertical aligner 31 and the third and last horizontal aligner 32 will be located at a sixth of the bottom of the vertical aligner 31. Obviously these distances can be altered depending on the construction needs.
  • each of the braces 37 is preferably introduced, threaded into a separating element 33.
  • Said separating element 33 will determine the width of the wall to be constructed, and as mentioned above it will preferably be threaded to the tie rod 37, said separator 33 being constituted by a tubular element, preferably made of steel and as indicated with a thread inside it to be threaded to the tie rod 37.
  • the outer formwork panels 36 will be placed, together with the corresponding vertical aligners, aligners and horizontal aligners.
  • the outer formwork panels 36 will be traversed by the braces 37, as well as the outer vertical aligners.
  • the same procedure will be followed as for the internal panels 34,35.
  • both interior 34.35 and exterior 36 panels, as well as the metal mesh 6, have prior to their installation of holes provided in the facade as windows, doors, terraces and balconies, depending on the design of the facade.
  • the external formwork panels 36 can have on their face, the exterior face, of any finish, such as wood, brick or any other.
  • the formwork of the interior partitions of the building or distribution partitions is prepared and for this the previous process is repeated, but placing the vertical aligners 31 of the internal partitions faced with the vertical feeders 31 of the outer enclosure.
  • semi-beams or elongated metal elements will be placed on the upper ends of the vertical aligners 31 of the external enclosure and of the internal partition, which will serve as support for the fastening panels for the subsequent forged.
  • Said panels may have a varied finish on their underside, such as plaster or wood, among others. At this point you can pour concrete between the formwork panels.
  • the shoring is made in the precise places and the procedure is as in the construction procedure described above.

Abstract

The invention relates to a mixed construction method which combines traditional or non-structural construction with structural construction, whereby concrete is used in both walls and slabs. According to the invention, a concrete slab (1) serves as a foundation means, and reinforced concrete structural pillars (3) are disposed thereon. Moreover, shuttering plates (7) are used to produce the walls, based on concrete which is reinforced using electrowelded meshes (6). The invention also relates to a shuttering method which is characterised by the savings made in terms of materials and labour.

Description

PRnπFniMiFNTn DF CONSTRUCCIÓN Γ>F FDiFinms Y PROΓ.FΓH IFNTO DF FNπnFRΔnn MΠΠUI ΔR PRnπFniMiFNTn DF CONSTRUCTION Γ> F FDiFinms AND PROΓ.FΓH IFNTO DF FNπnFRΔnn MΠΠUI ΔR
OBJETO DE LA INVENCIÓNOBJECT OF THE INVENTION
La presente invención se refiere a un nuevo procedimiento de construcción de edificios de una o varias plantas, destinados a cualquier uso sea este industrial, de servicios o viviendas, especialmente concebido para ser realizado "in situ" mediante la combinación de la forma de construir tradicional a base de pilares y forjados pero ejecutando simultáneamente la construcción de los muros de cerramiento exterior la tabiquería de distribución interior.The present invention relates to a new procedure for the construction of one- or multi-storey buildings, intended for any use, be it industrial, services or housing, specially designed to be carried out "in situ" by combining the traditional way of building based on pillars and slabs but simultaneously executing the construction of the exterior enclosure walls the interior distribution partition.
Asimismo la invención describe un procedimiento de encofrado modular para su utilización preferiblemente en el método de construcción anterior, aunque también es posible su uso en otros procedimientos de construcción conocidos, bien se dirijan a edificios o no.The invention also describes a modular formwork process for use preferably in the previous construction method, although its use in other known construction procedures is also possible, whether they are directed to buildings or not.
El objeto de la invención es conseguir que pilares, muros de cerramiento exterior, muros de distribución interior, forjados, instalaciones eléctricas y sanitarias se construyan a la vez, consiguiéndose obtener un edificio perfectamente terminado con los acabados incluidos, a falta únicamente de pequeños detalles o retoques, dotando al sistema de las ventajas de los sistemas de construcción tradicional y sistemas de construcción estructural, obteniéndose una reducción importante del tiempo de construcción.The object of the invention is to ensure that pillars, exterior enclosure walls, interior distribution walls, floors, electrical and sanitary installations are constructed at the same time, obtaining a perfectly finished building with the finishes included, in the absence of only small details or touch-ups, providing the system with the advantages of traditional construction systems and structural construction systems, resulting in a significant reduction in construction time.
ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVENCIÓNBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Como es sabido, el sistema constructivo tradicional o no estructural consiste, tras la elaboración de la correspondiente cimentación, en la construcción de una estructura a base de pilares y forjados, tras la que, una vez acabada, se procede a la elaboración, medíante ladrillos u otros materiales apropiados, de paredes exteriores y tabiques, sobre los que posteriormente se efectuarán rozas para implantación de las instalaciones, y finalmente se procederá a un enlucido mediante la aplicación de una capa de yeso o similar. Frente a esta construcción tradicional son conocidos también sistemas de construcción estructurales, en los que se emplea hormigón estructural para la obtención de paredes y forjados. En estos sistemas de construcción estructural, mediante la utilización de encofrados adecuados, se obtienen paredes y forjados de hormigón armado, en ausencia de pilares, que posteriormente deben ser revestidos tanto a nivel de suelos y techos como a nivel de paredes.As is known, the traditional or non-structural construction system consists, after the preparation of the corresponding foundation, in the construction of a structure based on pillars and slabs, after which, once finished, the construction is carried out, using bricks or other appropriate materials, of exterior walls and partitions, on which later rubs will be made for installation of the facilities, and finally a plaster will be made by applying a plaster layer or similar. In the face of this traditional construction, structural construction systems are also known, in which structural concrete is used to obtain walls and slabs. In these structural construction systems, through the use of suitable formwork, reinforced concrete walls and slabs are obtained, in the absence of pillars, which must subsequently be covered both at the level of floors and ceilings and at the level of walls.
Un ejemplo de un sistema de construcción estructural es descrito en la solicitud de patente española número ES-2142222-A Dicha solicitud describe un sistema que consiste en disponer sobre una solera de cimentación un molde formado a base de paneles de encofrado a partir del cual se va a obtener toda la estructura de la edificación, incluyendo muros, tabiques internos, forjado o techo y contemplando incluso los huecos para ventanas o puertas. El mallazo metálico introducido entre los paneles de encofrado y que va a constituir la armadura de los muros va completado con conductos de electricidad y fontanería. Una vez dispuesto los paneles se verterá hormigón en su interior como material fraguante para obtener así una estructura monolítica "in situ".An example of a structural construction system is described in the Spanish patent application number ES-2142222-A Said application describes a system that consists of arranging on a foundation screed a mold formed from formwork panels from which You will get the entire structure of the building, including walls, internal partitions, forged or roof and even contemplating the gaps for windows or doors. The metal mesh introduced between the formwork panels and which will constitute the reinforcement of the walls is completed with electricity and plumbing pipes. Once the panels have been laid, concrete will be poured inside as a sharps to obtain a monolithic structure "in situ".
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓNDESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
El objeto principal de la invención se refiere a un sistema de construcción mixto, es decir que combina, como anteriormente se ha dicho, la construcción tradicional o no estructural con la construcción estructural, siguiendo un procedimiento de construcción determinado.The main object of the invention relates to a mixed construction system, that is to say that it combines, as previously mentioned, traditional or non-structural construction with structural construction, following a certain construction procedure.
Para ello, de forma más concreta y a partir de la losa de cimentación, en primer lugar se elaboran sobre ésta los pilares correspondientes a la primera planta, pilares que serán metálicos o armados a base, preferiblemente, de hormigón estructural y ferralla, y tras la elaboración de dichos pilares se procede al encofrado de las paredes exteriores y tabiques interiores, quedando incluidos en el seno del encofrado los citados pilares y vertiendo posteriormente al encofrado hormigón, preferiblemente aligerado no estructural, para las paredes y tabiques. De acuerdo con otra de las características de la invención se ha previsto que a nivel de las paredes o muros de cerramiento exterior y adosado a la cara interior del encofrado, se disponga un panel compuesto en el que participan una placa de aislamiento térmico más un tablero, preferiblemente de cartón yeso, de manera que este último resultará visto al desencofrar, ofreciendo un perfecto acabado.To do this, in a more concrete way and from the foundation slab, first of all the columns corresponding to the first floor are elaborated on it, pillars that will be metallic or reinforced based, preferably, of structural concrete and ferralla, and after the These pillars are prepared by means of the formwork of the exterior walls and interior partitions, the aforementioned pillars being included within the formwork and subsequently pouring into the concrete formwork, preferably non-structural lightened, for the walls and partitions. According to another of the characteristics of the invention, it has been provided that at the level of the walls or walls of the outer enclosure and attached to the inner face of the formwork, a composite panel is arranged in which a thermal insulation plate plus a board are involved , preferably of plasterboard, so that the latter will be seen when decoupling, offering a perfect finish.
Se ha previsto también que las placas de aislamiento térmico incorporen en una de sus caras, la de contacto con el hormigón, una pluralidad de acanaladuras, preferentemente de sección en cola de milano, para garantizar una buena adherencia con el tablero de hormigón. Asimismo, dichas placas disponen de medios de unión por machihembrado en sus laterales, siendo por tanto, su lados opuesto distintos, uno con un saliente (macho) y otro con un entrante (hembra) para la unión de sucesivas placas.It is also provided that the thermal insulation plates incorporate on one of their faces, the contact with the concrete, a plurality of grooves, preferably of a dovetail section, to ensure good adhesion with the concrete board. Likewise, said plates have tongue and groove joining means on their sides, their opposite sides being therefore different, one with a projection (male) and the other with a recess (female) for the union of successive plates.
Otro objeto de la presente invención se refiere a un procedimiento de encofrado modular, siendo una de sus características la utilización de las placas de aislamiento térmico descritas anteriormente como placas de encofrado interiores, no siendo necesario la utilización de placas de encofrado convencionales para proceder al hormigonado de los muros. Asimismo, se describen las etapas de este procedimiento de encofrado modular integradas en el método de construcción de edificios objeto de la presente invención, aunque también puede ser empleado dicho procedimiento de encofrado modular en otros métodos de construcción y de manera independiente al procedimiento de construcción descrito en la presente invención.Another object of the present invention relates to a modular formwork process, one of its characteristics being the use of the thermal insulation plates described above as internal formwork plates, the use of conventional formwork plates not being necessary to proceed to concreting of the walls. Likewise, the steps of this modular formwork process integrated in the building construction method object of the present invention are described, although said modular formwork method can also be employed in other construction methods and independently of the described construction procedure in the present invention.
De acuerdo con otra de las características de la invención se ha previsto que los paneles de encofrado para paredes y tabiques interiores puedan ser rematados por su extremidad superior en un acodamiento ortogonal para enlazar directamente con los paneles de encofrado constitutivos del encofrado horizontal para el forjado.According to another of the features of the invention, it is provided that the formwork panels for interior walls and partitions can be topped by their upper end in an orthogonal bending to link directly with the formwork panels constituting the horizontal formwork for the slab.
Sobre estos paneles de encofrado horizontal para los forjados, se ha previsto también la disposición de tableros hidrófugos de yeso, sobre los que posteriormente se pegarán las bovedillas de poliestireno o similares y luego se verterá el hormigón estructural del forjado, de manera que dichos tableros de yeso construirán la cara vista del techo, lista para pintar.On these horizontal formwork panels for the slabs, the provision of water-repellent gypsum boards is also provided, on which the polystyrene vaults or the like will subsequently be glued and then the structural concrete of the slab will be poured, so that said slabs plaster will build the face ceiling view, ready to paint.
Las ventajas que se derivan de este sistema constructivo son múltiples, pudiendo sintetizarse en los siguientes aspectos:The advantages derived from this construction system are multiple, and can be synthesized in the following aspects:
El tiempo de realización de la obra es del orden de tres veces menor que con los sistemas tradicionales, ya que la colocación de los encofrados resulta muy rápida, debido a la perfección del ensamblaje y a su bajo peso, pudiendo cada placa ser manipulada por una sola persona, sin requerir equipos adicionales o montacargas. La disminución de la mano de obra es la partida de ahorro más importante del sistema, ya que debido a la sencillez y perfección del ensamblaje, no son necesarios operarios especializados para su colocación, además de verse notablemente simplificado el proceso, mediante la eliminación de múltiples operaciones clásicas: levantamiento de pared de ladrillo cerámico, enfoscado de mortero en la cara interior, aplicación del aislante térmico y acústico, aplicación de una nueva pared de ladrillo cerámico, realización de rozas o regatas para la instalación de tuberías de fontanería y electricidad, terminación de yeso interior, etc. - La limpieza del sistema y la casi total ausencia de escombros, palets, embalajes, etc., aportan frente a los sistemas tradicionales, además de un ahorro muy considerable de costos, un beneficio importantísimo para el medio ambiente. - Se optimiza el uso de los materiales, suprimiendo el almacenamiento en obra del 80% de los que se utilizan en los sistemas tradicionales y se disminuye de forma muy considerable la cantidad de desperdicio de tales materiales. - Permite la modificación de la distribución de los tabiques interiores una vez concluida la edificación y según las preferencias de los propietarios, ya que al no tratarse de muros de carga estos permiten su desplazamiento, siempre y cuando se respeten los pilares de carga. Asimismo también es posible practicar huecos en las paredes exteriores. - Utilización, preferiblemente, de hormigón aligerado que posee mejores cualidades térmicas y acústicas que el hormigón estructural, reduciendo asimismo el peso del reparto del mismo respecto al hormigón estructural. La perfección en el acabado superficial facilita posteriores operaciones de aplicados y similares, al trabajar sobre una superficie maestreada. Se suprimen en gran parte los costes de herramientas y maquinaria. La calidad de la construcción mejora al no depender de la mano de obra.The time of realization of the work is of the order of three times less than with traditional systems, since the placement of the formwork is very fast, due to the perfection of the assembly and its low weight, each plate being able to be manipulated by a single person, without requiring additional equipment or forklifts. The decrease in labor is the most important saving item in the system, since due to the simplicity and perfection of the assembly, specialized operators are not necessary for its placement, in addition to being significantly simplified the process, by eliminating multiple Classic operations: ceramic brick wall lifting, mortar plastering on the inner face, application of thermal and acoustic insulation, application of a new ceramic brick wall, realization of friction or regattas for the installation of plumbing and electrical pipes, termination of interior plaster, etc. - The cleaning of the system and the almost total absence of debris, pallets, packaging, etc., contribute to traditional systems, in addition to a very considerable cost savings, a very important benefit for the environment. - The use of the materials is optimized, suppressing 80% of the storage on site used in traditional systems and the amount of waste of such materials is greatly reduced. - It allows the modification of the distribution of the interior partitions once the building is finished and according to the preferences of the owners, since they are not load-bearing walls, they allow their displacement, as long as the load pillars are respected. It is also possible to practice holes in the exterior walls. - Use, preferably, of lightened concrete that has better thermal and acoustic qualities than structural concrete, reducing also the weight of the distribution of the same with respect to the structural concrete. The perfection in the surface finish facilitates subsequent operations of applied and similar, when working on a mastered surface. Tools and machinery costs are largely suppressed. Construction quality improves by not relying on labor.
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LOS DIBUJOSDESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Para complementar la descripción que se está realizando y con objeto de ayudar a una mejor comprensión de las características del invento, de acuerdo con un ejemplo preferente de realización práctica del mismo, se acompaña como parte integrante de dicha descripción, un juego de dibujos en donde con carácter ilustrativo y no limitativo, se ha representado lo siguiente:To complement the description that is being made and in order to help a better understanding of the characteristics of the invention, according to a preferred example of practical implementation thereof, a set of drawings is attached as an integral part of said description. In an illustrative and non-limiting manner, the following has been represented:
La figura 1.- Muestra una vista parcial y en perspectiva de un edificio realizado según el sistema de construcción que constituye el objeto de la presente invención, el cual aparece múltiplemente seccionado para mostrar con mayor claridad su estructura interior.Figure 1 shows a partial and perspective view of a building made according to the construction system that constitutes the object of the present invention, which appears multiple sectioned to show more clearly its interior structure.
La figura 2.- Muestra un detalle ampliado de un punto de confluencia entre una pared y un forjado, también de acuerdo con el sistema de construcción que se preconiza.Figure 2.- Shows an enlarged detail of a point of confluence between a wall and a slab, also in accordance with the construction system that is recommended.
La figura 3.- Muestra un detalle de la zona de unión entre el pilar de la primera planta y el pilar de la segunda planta.Figure 3.- Shows a detail of the area of union between the pillar of the first floor and the pillar of the second floor.
La figura 4.- Muestra un detalle de una caja de registro.Figure 4.- Shows a detail of a register box.
La figura 5.- Muestra un detalle de una caja de registro sujeta a una placa de forjado.Figure 5.- Shows a detail of a registration box attached to a floor slab.
La figura 6. - Muestra una vista en perspectiva del encofrado de un muro exterior según el procedimiento de encofrado modular objeto de la presente invención. REALIZACIÓN PREFERENTE DE LA INVENCIÓNFigure 6. - Shows a perspective view of the formwork of an exterior wall according to the modular formwork process object of the present invention. PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
A la vista de las figuras reseñadas puede observarse como el sistema de construcción que la invención propone parte de una cimentación a base de una losa de hormigón 1 , preferiblemente aligerada, con una armadura 2 y con vigas armadas de atar y zunchos en todos los bordes de la losa como en los puntos previstos para la ubicación de los pilares 3. Dichos pilares 3 pueden ser o bien metálicos o bien de hormigón armado. La losa 1 puede estar aligerada mediante cubetas de plástico especiales o bien bovedillas cerámicas o de hormigón, pero incorporando en cualquier caso, debidamente embebidos en la misma, los desagües sanitarios 4 y cualquier otra conducción de servicio que sea necesaria.In view of the aforementioned figures, it can be seen how the construction system that the invention proposes part of a foundation based on a concrete slab 1, preferably lightened, with a reinforcement 2 and with reinforced tie and beams at all edges of the slab as in the points provided for the location of the pillars 3. Said pillars 3 can be either metallic or reinforced concrete. The slab 1 can be lightened by special plastic buckets or ceramic or concrete vaults, but incorporating in any case, duly embedded in it, the sanitary drains 4 and any other necessary service conduction.
En la vertical de los pilares 3 se han dejado empotradas, en las zonas macizas, placas metálicas sobre las que se dispone la armadura 5 de los pilares 3, efectuándose la fijación entre ellas mediante soldadura o atornillamiento. En el extremo superior los pilares llevan anclada una cruceta metálica 20 que queda empotrada en el forjado superior y sobre la que posteriormente se situarán las placas metálicas que servirán para anclar sobre ellas el siguiente tramo de pilares 3, pudiendo ambos elementos ir soldados o atornillados.In the vertical of the pillars 3, metal plates on which the armor 5 of the pillars 3 are arranged embedded in the solid areas, fixing them between them by welding or screwing. At the upper end the pillars are anchored with a metal crosshead 20 that is embedded in the upper slab and on which the metal plates that will serve to anchor the next section of pillars 3 on them will be placed, both elements being welded or screwed.
Tras la elaboración de los pilares metálicos o con hormigón estructural 3, se procede a disponer las mallas electrosoldadas 6 que van a quedar embebidas en el seno de cada pared exterior o tabique de compartimentación interior, y a dichas mallas 6 se fijan convenientemente los conductos 4 para las instalaciones del edificio, que se unifican en las correspondientes cajas de registro 22 y mecanismos.After the elaboration of the metal pillars or with structural concrete 3, the electro-welded meshes 6 that will be embedded within each exterior wall or interior partition wall are arranged, and to said meshes 6 the ducts 4 are conveniently fixed for the building facilities, which are unified in the corresponding register boxes 22 and mechanisms.
Las cajas de registro 22 se colocan y se sujetan a las placas de encofrado 7 en una posición que se determina durante la etapa de diseño de la construcción. Se puede sujetar cualquier tipo de caja de registro 22, ya sea para agua, luz o telefonía, a la altura deseada, en tabiques de cerramiento, de interior o cualquier otro lugar donde sea necesario la colocación de cajas de registro. El sistema de sujeción de las cajas 22 a las placas 7 se realiza mediante abrazaderas 23 con funcionamiento de cremallera. Preferiblemente estas abrazaderas 23 son de PVC, aunque también pueden ser de otro material. Las abrazaderas 23 se componen de dos elementos planos y alargados 23a unidos por uno de sus extremos mediante un remache 23b, y en el extremo libre de dichos elementos se sitúa una arandela que se encargará de la unión entre ambos. En la cara de contacto de ambos elementos estos disponen de salientes paralelos que encajarán entre sí una vez introducidos ambos extremos en la arandela.The registration boxes 22 are placed and fastened to the formwork plates 7 in a position determined during the construction design stage. Any type of registration box 22, whether for water, electricity or telephony, can be fastened to the desired height, in enclosure walls, indoor or any other place where the placement of registration boxes is necessary. The fastening system of the boxes 22 to the plates 7 is carried out by means of clamps 23 with zipper operation. Preferably these clamps 23 are made of PVC, although they can also be of another material. The clamps 23 are composed of two flat and elongated elements 23a joined by one of their ends by means of a rivet 23b, and at the free end of said elements is a washer that will be in charge of the union between them. On the contact face of both elements they have parallel projections that will fit together once both ends are inserted into the washer.
La caja de registro 22 es cilindrica y hueca sin una de sus bases. Para realizar la unión de la caja 22 con la placa de encofrado 7 se apoya la base abierta de la caja 22 sobre la cara interior de la placa de encofrado 7. La caja 22 dispondrá de al menos un orificio en su base cerrada y la placa de encofrado también dispondrá de un orificio 24. A continuación se pasan los dos extremos libres 23a por el orificio de la caja hasta que el remache 23b haga tope y después se pasan dichos extremos 23a por el orifico 24 de la placa. Para asegurar la posición se introducen los dos extremos libres por la arandela que se encarga de encajar los salientes paralelos de cada extremo hasta hacer tope con la cara exterior de la placa de encofrado. En función del tamaño de la caja 22 y de su finalidad, puede ser necesario emplear dos abrazaderas 23 para lo que será necesario efectuar dos orificios en la caja y dos en la placa de encofrado.The registration box 22 is cylindrical and hollow without one of its bases. To make the connection of the box 22 with the formwork plate 7, the open base of the box 22 is supported on the inner face of the formwork plate 7. The box 22 will have at least one hole in its closed base and the plate The formwork will also have a hole 24. The two free ends 23a are then passed through the hole in the box until the rivet 23b stops and then said ends 23a are passed through the hole 24 of the plate. To secure the position, the two free ends are introduced through the washer that is responsible for fitting the parallel projections of each end until they meet the outer face of the formwork plate. Depending on the size of the box 22 and its purpose, it may be necessary to use two clamps 23 for which it will be necessary to make two holes in the box and two in the formwork plate.
Una vez situada la caja 22 en la placa de encofrado 7 se coloca esta última en su posición previamente al vertido del hormigón. Las cajas disponen de agujeros para la introducción de los distintos conductos 4 de telefonía, electricidad o agua, en la misma, realizándose esto también previamente al vertido del hormigón.Once the box 22 is placed on the formwork plate 7, the latter is placed in position prior to pouring the concrete. The boxes have holes for the introduction of the different telephony, electricity or water conduits 4, in the same, this also being done prior to the pouring of the concrete.
De esta manera la caja de registro 22 queda totalmente sujeta contra el encofrado 7 gracias a la abrazadera 23 para el posterior vertido del hormigón. Una vez realizado el vertido y previamente al desencofrado o retirada de las placas de encofrado 7, se cortan dichas abrazaderas 23 de manera que cuando dichas placas 7 se hayan retirado, la caja de registro 22 quede perfectamente enrasada en la pared final.In this way, the registration box 22 is fully secured against the formwork 7 thanks to the clamp 23 for the subsequent pouring of the concrete. Once the pouring has been carried out and before the formwork or removal of the formwork plates 7, said clamps 23 are cut so that when said plates 7 have been removed, the registration box 22 is perfectly flush in the final wall.
Como continuación del procedimiento de construcción, a ambos lados de cada malla electrosoldada 6 y con el distanciamíento adecuado en función del espesor previsto para cada pared o tabique, se establecen las mencionadas placas de encofrado 7 que van a permitir el posterior vertido del hormigón preferiblemente aligerado, pero con la especial particularidad, como anteriormente se ha dicho, de que a la cara interna del encofrado 7 correspondiente a cada muro exterior, se puede adaptar un tablero constituido por placas 8 con distintos acabados, como por ejemplo de cartón yeso, preferiblemente tipo "Pladur®", e inmediatamente por dentro de dicho tablero un panel 9 de poliestireno expandido u otro material similar, con adecuadas características de aislamiento térmico y acústico.As a continuation of the construction procedure, on both sides of each welded mesh 6 and with the appropriate distance depending on the expected thickness For each wall or partition, the mentioned formwork plates 7 are established, which will allow the subsequent pouring of the preferably lightened concrete, but with the special feature, as previously mentioned, that the internal face of the formwork 7 corresponding to each outer wall, a board consisting of plates 8 with different finishes can be adapted, such as plasterboard, preferably "Pladur®" type, and immediately inside said board a panel 9 of expanded polystyrene or other similar material, with suitable characteristics of thermal and acoustic insulation.
La placa de encofrado interna 7 así como la placa con acabo de cartón yeso 8, puede ser reemplazada por una plancha única que incorpora una placa 34 que determina la superficie interna prácticamente acabada para dichos muros, pudiendo emplearse diferentes materiales para la cara vista interior de la pared como por ejemplo yeso, así como una placa de poliestireno 35, que realiza las funciones de aislamiento acústico y térmico.The internal formwork plate 7 as well as the plate with plasterboard finish 8, can be replaced by a single plate incorporating a plate 34 that determines the practically finished internal surface for said walls, being able to use different materials for the interior view face of the wall such as plaster, as well as a polystyrene plate 35, which performs the functions of acoustic and thermal insulation.
La cara de los paneles 9 o placas 35 de poliestireno expandido destinada a entrar en contacto con la masa de hormigón, preferiblemente aligerado 10, está provista de acanaladuras 11 de perfil en cola de milano, para asegurar un perfecto agarre del poliestireno 9 y el hormigón aligerado 10.The face of the panels 9 or plates 35 of expanded polystyrene destined to come into contact with the concrete mass, preferably lightened 10, is provided with grooves 11 in a dovetail profile, to ensure a perfect grip of the polystyrene 9 and the concrete lightened 10.
A su vez, entre el hormigón 10 y las placas de encofrado exterior, puede establecerse una lámina o plancha 12 que permite la retirada de las placas de encofrado con facilidad, sin necesidad de emplear material de desencofrado.In turn, between the concrete 10 and the external formwork plates, a sheet or plate 12 can be established which allows the removal of the formwork plates with ease, without the need to use formwork material.
Para independizar el hormigón estructural o el metal de los pilares, del hormigón preferiblemente aligerado de los muros, que posteriormente será vertido, ya que ambos poseen características constructivas diferentes y por tanto reaccionan de manera distinta ante las mismas presiones y temperaturas, se revisten los pilares de un material de espuma de polietileno de una densidad de 60 o algo mayor y de 1 cm. de espesor que hace de junta de dilatación entre el hormigón aligerado y el material del pilar. Las placas de encofrado 7 presentan la particularidad de estar dotadas a nivel de la extremidad superior de las paredes y tabiques de prolongaciones ortogonalmente acodadas 13 que permiten enlazar sin solución de continuidad con las placas de encofrado correspondientes a los forjados 14 .To make the structural concrete or the metal of the pillars independent, preferably the lightened concrete of the walls, which will later be poured, since both have different construction characteristics and therefore react differently to the same pressures and temperatures, the pillars are coated of a polyethylene foam material with a density of 60 or somewhat greater and 1 cm. thick that makes expansion joint between lightened concrete and the pillar material. The formwork plates 7 have the particularity of being provided at the level of the upper end of the walls and partitions of orthogonally angled extensions 13 which allow the formwork plates corresponding to the floors 14 to be connected without continuity solution.
Una vez dispuestas todas las placas de encofrado de las paredes exteriores y tabiques internos, se procede al vertido del hormigón, preferiblemente aligerado, que constituirá los muros exteriores y tabiques verticales, dejando vacío un espacio sin rellenar durante el hormigonado vertical, aproximadamente los últimos tres centímetros. El objetivo de esta medida es permitir introducir en dicho espacio un material elástico para proporcionar la estanqueidad necesaria a las posibles filtraciones de aire y agua. Asimismo se independiza mediante dicha junta los muros y tabiques de cerramiento de la distribución del forjado que se dispondrá sobre ellos.Once all the formwork plates of the exterior walls and internal partitions are arranged, the concrete is poured, preferably lightened, which will constitute the exterior walls and vertical partitions, leaving an unfilled space empty during vertical concreting, approximately the last three centimeters. The objective of this measure is to allow an elastic material to be introduced into said space to provide the necessary sealing to possible air and water filtrations. Likewise, the walls and enclosure walls of the distribution of the slab that will be disposed on them are independent through said joint.
Para la construcción del mencionado primer forjado, que constituirá el techo de la planta baja del edificio y el suelo de la primera planta (en el caso de que los pilares sean metálicos), se dispone el encofrado metálico horizontal a una distancia determinada, aproximadamente cinco centímetros por encima, de la cara inferior de la chapa de terminación de los pilares 3 que ya han quedado embebidos en el interior del hormigón aligerado que constituye los muros y tabiques de cerramiento.For the construction of said first floor, which will constitute the roof of the ground floor of the building and the floor of the first floor (in the case that the pillars are metal), the horizontal metal formwork is arranged at a certain distance, approximately five centimeters above the bottom face of the termination plate of the pillars 3 that have already been embedded inside the lightened concrete that constitutes the walls and closing walls.
Sobre las placas de encofrado correspondientes a los forjados se establecen tableros hidrof ugados de yeso 15, que finalmente van a constituir la cara vista de los forjados correspondiente a los techos, tableros sobre los que se establecen las clásicas bovedillas o casetones de poliestireno 16 para mejorar el asilamiento acústico y térmico y aligerar el peso del forjado. Dichos casetones de poliestireno 16 pueden ser sustituidos por casetones de hormigón, cerámicos o similares. Dichos casetones se disponen formando alineaciones que van a dar lugar a canalizaciones 17 en las que la introducción de armaduras metálicas y tras el vertido del hormigón, se van a configurar semi-viguetas unidireccionales o bidireccionales. Las conducciones eléctricas precableadas y las hidráulicas también son empotradas en su posición final. La última operación, una vez concluidas las anteriores, consiste en el vertido del hormigón estructural sobre el encofrado para la construcción del forjado descrito.On the formwork plates corresponding to the slabs, hydrophobic gypsum boards 15 are established, which will eventually constitute the exposed face of the slabs corresponding to the ceilings, boards on which the classic polystyrene vaults 16 are established to improve acoustic and thermal isolation and lighten the weight of the floor. Said polystyrene cases 16 can be replaced by concrete, ceramic or similar cases. Said cases are arranged forming alignments that will lead to pipes 17 in which the introduction of metal reinforcements and after the pouring of the concrete, semi-directional or two-way semi-joists will be configured. Pre-wired electrical and hydraulic lines are also embedded in their final position. The last operation, once the previous ones have been completed, consists in the pouring of the structural concrete onto the formwork for the construction of the slab described.
Si sobre este forjado se desea construir una segunda planta en la edificación, simultáneamente a la colocación del armado del forjado, es posible disponer sobre las placas de los pilares del primer tramo o planta baja y ya embebidos en el hormigón, los pilares metálicos del segundo tramo o primera planta. La unión entre la placa del final del primer tramo de pilares con la placa del inicio del segundo tramo de pilares puede realizarse mediante atomillamiento 21 o mediante soldadura.If on this floor you want to build a second floor in the building, simultaneously with the installation of the floor slab, it is possible to arrange on the concrete pillars of the first section or ground floor and already embedded in the concrete, the metal pillars of the second section or first floor. The connection between the plate at the end of the first section of pillars and the plate at the beginning of the second section of pillars can be carried out by atomization 21 or by welding.
Para la construcción de los cerramientos de dicha segunda planta y una vez dispuestos los pilares verticales, habrá que repetir los pasos constructivos descritos con anterioridad, es decir, la disposición de los encofrados verticales con la preinstalación en su interior y el posterior hormigonado de dichos encofrados verticales. La disposición de los muros y tabiques de dicha primera planta pueden variar respecto a los de la planta baja.For the construction of the enclosures of said second floor and once the vertical pillars are arranged, the construction steps described above must be repeated, that is, the arrangement of the vertical formwork with the pre-installation inside and the subsequent concreting of said formwork vertical The arrangement of the walls and partitions of said first floor may vary with respect to those on the ground floor.
Posteriormente se deberá repetir el procedimiento para la creación del forjado de dicha primera planta que constituirá el techo de la primera planta y el suelo de la segunda.Subsequently, the procedure for the creation of the slab of said first floor that will constitute the roof of the first floor and the floor of the second must be repeated.
El anterior procedimiento se repite tantas veces como plantas se desee construir.The above procedure is repeated as many times as plants you wish to build.
Como también es convencional, sobre la losa de hormigón 1 y con la colaboración de una capa 18 de cemento cola se establecerá el revestimiento 19 del suelo, por ejemplo a base de losetas cerámicas, a la vez que en los encofrados de paredes se establecerán aberturas, con sus correspondientes cercos, para la obtención de los necesarios huecos correspondientes a puertas y ventanas.As is also conventional, on the concrete slab 1 and with the collaboration of a layer 18 of glue cement the floor covering 19 will be established, for example based on ceramic tiles, while openings will be established in the wall formwork , with their corresponding fences, to obtain the necessary gaps corresponding to doors and windows.
Como alternativa al procedimiento de encofrado empleado anteriormente, es posible utilizar un procedimiento de encofrado modular objeto también de la presente invención, aplicable al método de construcción objeto de la presente invención o bien a otros procedimientos de construcción conocidos. La primera etapa opcional del procedimiento de encofrado modular consiste en la colocación de unas guías angulares ancladas en el suelo para la configuración del perímetro del edificio a construir. Posteriormente a dichas guías, y sirviéndonos de las mismas, se colocan paneles verticales interiores para el encofrado horizontal, unidos entre sí lateralmente y preferiblemente mediante machihembrado.As an alternative to the formwork procedure used above, it is possible to use a modular formwork process object also of the present invention, applicable to the construction method object of the present invention or to other known construction procedures. The first optional stage of the modular formwork procedure consists in the placement of angular guides anchored in the ground for the configuration of the perimeter of the building to be built. Subsequently to said guides, and using them, interior vertical panels are placed for the horizontal formwork, joined together laterally and preferably by tongue and groove.
Dichos paneles verticales interiores 34,35 pueden estar formados preferiblemente por una plancha formada por una placa de yeso laminado 34 y una placa de aislamiento térmico 35, preferiblemente poliestireno, siendo el grosor de dicha plancha el suficiente para resistir la presión del hormigón que se verterá posteriormente entre el panel de encofrado interior y el exterior. Dicha placa de yeso laminado que equivale a la cara vista de la construcción puede ser reemplazada por otro material con otro acabado superficial. Asimismo la plancha que forma cada panel vertical interior puede ser un panel de encofrado convencional.Said interior vertical panels 34,35 may preferably be formed by a plate formed by a laminated plasterboard 34 and a thermal insulation plate 35, preferably polystyrene, the thickness of said plate being sufficient to withstand the pressure of the concrete to be poured subsequently between the inner and outer formwork panel. Said laminated plasterboard that is equivalent to the construction face can be replaced by another material with another surface finish. Also the plate that forms each interior vertical panel can be a conventional formwork panel.
Una vez colocados y situados los paneles verticales interiores, se disponen los allneadores verticales 31 , preferiblemente cuatro en cada alineador vertical 31 adosados a la cara interior de los paneles verticales 34,35. Dichos alineadores verticales 31 consisten en cuerpos o guías rectas preferiblemente metálicas con dos superficies ortogonalmente dispuestas que presentan orificios a lo largo de sus dichas superficies, estando todos los orificios separados entre sí una distancia determinada y que puede ser variable. Dichos alineadores verticales 31 se disponen separados una cierta distancia entre sí a lo largo de los paneles verticales 34,35, siendo dicha distancia preferiblemente de 1 ,20 metros.Once the interior vertical panels are placed and located, the vertical feeders 31, preferably four are arranged in each vertical aligner 31 attached to the inner face of the vertical panels 34,35. Said vertical aligners 31 consist of preferably metallic straight bodies or guides with two orthogonally arranged surfaces having holes along their said surfaces, all the holes being separated from each other a certain distance and which can be variable. Said vertical aligners 31 are arranged a certain distance apart from each other along the vertical panels 34,35, said distance being preferably 1, 20 meters.
Para mantener la unión entre los paneles verticales 34,35 y los alineadores verticales 31 , se introducen tirantes 37 que atraviesan los alineadores verticales 31 y los paneles verticales 34,35, asegurando la unión entre ambos elementos. Para asegurar dicha unión se emplean medios de sujeción 39 combinados con elementos de topeTo maintain the connection between the vertical panels 34,35 and the vertical aligners 31, braces 37 are introduced that cross the vertical aligners 31 and the vertical panels 34,35, ensuring the union between both elements. To secure said connection, fastening means 39 combined with stop elements are used.
38. Los tirantes 37 consisten en cuerpos cilindricos o barras con rosca en su superficie cuya longitud será variable en función del grosor del muro a construir. Dichos elementos de sujeción 39 son atravesados por el tirante 37 y quedan sujetos a los alineadores verticales 31 , asegurando la posición del tirante mediante un elemento de tope 38 roscado al extremo libre del tirante 37 que sobresale del elemento de sujeción 39. Preferiblemente se disponen cuatro tirantes 37 por cada alineador vertical 31.38. The braces 37 consist of cylindrical bodies or threaded bars on their surface whose length will be variable depending on the thickness of the wall to be constructed. Said fasteners 39 are crossed by the strap 37 and are subject to the vertical aligners 31, ensuring the position of the tie rod by means of a stop element 38 threaded to the free end of the tie rod 37 protruding from the clamping element 39. Preferably four braces 37 are arranged for each vertical aligner 31.
Posteriormente se coloca y sujeta, mediante medios apropiados, por ejemplo alambres o clips, una malla metálica 6 en el lado exterior de los paneles verticales 31 y a lo largo de toda su superficie y longitud. Al igual que en el procedimiento de construcción descrito con anterioridad, la misión de dicha malla metálica es facilitar la distribución del hormigón durante su vertido entre los elementos de encofrado exteriores e interiores.Subsequently, a metal mesh 6 is placed and secured, by appropriate means, for example wires or clips, on the outer side of the vertical panels 31 and along its entire surface and length. As in the construction procedure described above, the mission of said metal mesh is to facilitate the distribution of concrete during its pouring between the exterior and interior formwork elements.
Para asegurar la estabilidad de los paneles verticales 34,35, se sitúan porta- alineadores 40 en los alineadores verticales 31 para el apoyo posterior de alineadores horizontales 32. Los alineadores horizontales 32 se sitúan encajados entre los porta- alineadores 40 y los alineadores verticales 31. Los porta-alineadores 40 consisten en elementos planos preferiblemente metálicos de pequeño espesor que disponen en uno de sus lados de orificios para su sujeción a los alineadores verticales 31 y en el lado opuesto al de sujeción presentan una forma parcialmente en U apta para sujetar los alineadores horizontales 32. Dichos alineadores horizontales 32 están constituidos por cuerpos o barras rectas con sección preferiblemente rectangular.To ensure the stability of the vertical panels 34,35, aligners 40 are placed in the vertical aligners 31 for the rear support of horizontal aligners 32. The horizontal aligners 32 are positioned embedded between the aligners 40 and the vertical aligners 31 The aligner holders 40 consist of flat metal elements preferably of small thickness which have holes on one of their sides for attachment to the vertical aligners 31 and on the opposite side of the clamp have a partially U-shaped shape capable of holding the horizontal aligners 32. Said horizontal aligners 32 consist of straight bodies or bars with preferably rectangular section.
Los porta-alineadores 40 se sitúan a lo largo de los alineadores verticales 31 separados entre sí una determinada distancia. Preferiblemente esta distancia será, el primer alineador horizontal 32 se situará a un sexto de la parte superior del alineador vertical 31 , el segundo alineador horizontal 32 se situará a la mitad del alineador vertical 31 y el tercer y último alineador horizontal 32 se situará a un sexto de la parte inferior del alineador vertical 31. Evidentemente estas distancias se pueden ver alteradas en función de las necesidades constructivas.The aligner holders 40 are located along the vertical aligners 31 separated from each other a certain distance. Preferably this distance will be, the first horizontal aligner 32 will be located one sixth from the top of the vertical aligner 31, the second horizontal aligner 32 will be located halfway to the vertical aligner 31 and the third and last horizontal aligner 32 will be located at a sixth of the bottom of the vertical aligner 31. Obviously these distances can be altered depending on the construction needs.
A continuación se fijan a la malla interior 6 las distintas instalaciones necesarias tales como fontanería y electricidad, incluyendo la colocación de las distintas cajas de distribución o cajetines que sean precisas para una correcta distribución de las distintas instalaciones.The different necessary installations such as plumbing and electricity are then fixed to the inner mesh 6, including the placement of the different distribution boxes or boxes that are necessary for a correct distribution of the Different facilities
Previamente a la colocación de los paneles de encofrado exterior 36, se introduce, preferiblemente roscado cada uno de los tirantes 37 en un elemento separador 33. Dicho elemento separador 33 determinará la anchura del muro a construir, y tal como se ha mencionado irá preferiblemente roscado al tirante 37, estando dicho separador 33 constituido por un elemento tubular, preferiblemente de acero y tal y como se ha indicado con rosca en su interior para ser roscado al tirante 37.Prior to the placement of the outer formwork panels 36, each of the braces 37 is preferably introduced, threaded into a separating element 33. Said separating element 33 will determine the width of the wall to be constructed, and as mentioned above it will preferably be threaded to the tie rod 37, said separator 33 being constituted by a tubular element, preferably made of steel and as indicated with a thread inside it to be threaded to the tie rod 37.
Una vez situados los separadores 33 en los tirantes 37 se colocarán los paneles de encofrado exterior 36, junto a los correspondientes alineadores verticales, porta- alineadores y alineadores horizontales. Los paneles de encofrado exterior 36 serán atravesados por los tirantes 37, así como los alineadores verticales exteriores. Para la sujeción de los tirantes 37 en el lado correspondiente a los paneles de encofrado exterior, se procederá de igual manera que para los paneles interiores 34,35.Once the spacers 33 are located on the braces 37, the outer formwork panels 36 will be placed, together with the corresponding vertical aligners, aligners and horizontal aligners. The outer formwork panels 36 will be traversed by the braces 37, as well as the outer vertical aligners. For the fastening of the braces 37 on the side corresponding to the external formwork panels, the same procedure will be followed as for the internal panels 34,35.
Para asegurar que la anchura del muro sea constante a lo largo de toda su longitud, será necesario apretar a rosca al máximo los tirantes 37 con la ayuda de los elementos de tope 38.To ensure that the width of the wall is constant along its entire length, it will be necessary to fully tighten the braces 37 with the aid of the stop elements 38.
De esta manera ya se dispone del encofrado para el cerramiento exterior listo para el vertido del hormigón.In this way, the formwork for the external enclosure ready for pouring concrete is already available.
Conviene destacar que los paneles tanto interiores 34,35 como exteriores 36, así como la malla metálica 6, disponen con anterioridad a su montaje de huecos previstos en la fachada a modo de ventanas, puertas, terrazas y balcones, según sea el diseño de la fachada. Asimismo los paneles de encofrado exteriores 36, pueden disponer en su cara vista, la cara exterior, de cualquier acabado, tal como madera, ladrillo o cualquier otro.It should be noted that both interior 34.35 and exterior 36 panels, as well as the metal mesh 6, have prior to their installation of holes provided in the facade as windows, doors, terraces and balconies, depending on the design of the facade. Likewise, the external formwork panels 36 can have on their face, the exterior face, of any finish, such as wood, brick or any other.
Previamente al vertido del hormigón se prepara el encofrado de los tabiques interiores del edificio o tabiques de distribución y para ello se repite el proceso anterior, pero situando los alineadores verticales 31 de los tabiques internos enfrentados con los allneadores verticales 31 del cerramiento exterior. Tras la construcción de los tabiques internos, se situarán sobre los extremos superiores de los alineadores verticales 31 del cerramiento exterior y de la tabiquería interna que están enfrentados entre sí, unas semiviguetas o elementos alargados metálicos, que servirán como apoyo de los paneles de sujeción para el posterior forjado. Dichos paneles pueden presentar en su cara inferior vista un acabado variado tal como yeso o madera, entre otros. En este punto ya se puede verter el hormigón entre los paneles de encofrado.Prior to the pouring of the concrete, the formwork of the interior partitions of the building or distribution partitions is prepared and for this the previous process is repeated, but placing the vertical aligners 31 of the internal partitions faced with the vertical feeders 31 of the outer enclosure. After the construction of the internal partitions, semi-beams or elongated metal elements will be placed on the upper ends of the vertical aligners 31 of the external enclosure and of the internal partition, which will serve as support for the fastening panels for the subsequent forged. Said panels may have a varied finish on their underside, such as plaster or wood, among others. At this point you can pour concrete between the formwork panels.
Para la construcción del forjado se realizan los apuntalamientos en los lugares precisos y se procede como en el procedimiento de construcción anteriormente descrito.For the construction of the slab, the shoring is made in the precise places and the procedure is as in the construction procedure described above.
Una vez seco el hormigón, todos los materiales empleados en la construcción del encofrado son reutilizables para la construcción de una segunda planta del edificio o para la construcción de otro edificio, a excepción de los separadores, que quedan embebidos en el hormigón. Once the concrete is dry, all the materials used in the construction of the formwork are reusable for the construction of a second floor of the building or for the construction of another building, with the exception of the separators, which are embedded in the concrete.

Claims

R F I V I N ΓH Γ. Δ Π I D N F S RFIVIN ΓH Γ. Δ Π IDNFS
1.- Procedimiento de construcción de edificios, del tipo de los que a partir de una losa de hormigón en funciones de cimentación, emergen de la misma muros, paredes y/o tabiques también obtenidos en hormigón, mediante encofrado, que reciben superiormente al correspondiente forjado, pudiendo progresar el edificio hasta cualquier altura, caracterizado porque el procedimiento de construcción para cada una de las plantas del edificio comprende las siguientes fases: Construcción de pilares del edificio, - Construcción mediante encofrado de los muros, paredes y/o tabiques de cerramiento en hormigón que embeben a los anteriores pilares, Construcción del forjado en hormigón mediante encofrado, y Desencofrado de las paredes, muros, tabiques de cerramiento y forjado.1.- Procedure for the construction of buildings, of the type that, from a concrete slab in foundation functions, emerge from the same walls, walls and / or partitions also obtained in concrete, by formwork, which receive superiorly to the corresponding Forged, the building being able to progress to any height, characterized in that the construction procedure for each of the floors of the building comprises the following phases: Construction of building pillars, - Construction by formwork of walls, walls and / or enclosure walls in concrete that embed the previous pillars, Construction of the concrete slab by formwork, and decoupling of the walls, walls, enclosure walls and slabs.
2.- Procedimiento, según reivindicación 1 , caracterizado porque en los muros, preferiblemente en aquellos de cerramiento exterior y en la cara interna de las placas de encofrado, se establecen placas de yeso, que tras el desencofrado determinan una superficie interna prácticamente acabada para dichos muros, e inmediatamente por dentro de dichas placas de yeso, y en contacto con el hormigón, paneles un material termoaislante, para aislamiento térmico y acústico del muro.2. Method, according to claim 1, characterized in that in the walls, preferably in those of outer enclosure and on the internal face of the formwork plates, plasterboard plates are established, which after the formwork determine an internal surface practically finished for said walls, and immediately inside said plasterboard, and in contact with concrete, panels a thermally insulating material, for thermal and acoustic insulation of the wall.
3.- Procedimiento, según reivindicaciones 1 y 2, caracterizado porque la placa de encofrado interior de los muros o tabiques es sustituida por una plancha que incorpora una placa de yeso, que determina la superficie interna prácticamente acabada para dichos muros, así como una placa de poliestireno, que realiza las funciones de aislamiento acústico y térmico.3. Method according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the internal formwork plate of the walls or partitions is replaced by a plate incorporating a plasterboard, which determines the practically finished internal surface for said walls, as well as a plate of polystyrene, which performs the functions of acoustic and thermal insulation.
4. Procedimiento, según reivindicación 3, caracterizado porque el grosor de las placas de yeso y poliestireno es el necesario para resistir la presión del hormigón una vez este ha sido vertido entre los elementos de encofrado.4. Method, according to claim 3, characterized in that the thickness of the plasterboard and polystyrene is necessary to resist the pressure of the concrete once it has been poured between the formwork elements.
5.- Procedimiento, según reivindicaciones 2 y 3, caracterizado porque los paneles de poliestireno expandido o similar incorporan en su cara de contacto con el hormigón acanaladuras para potenciar el agarre entre ambos elementos.5. Procedure according to claims 2 and 3, characterized in that the panels Expanded polystyrene or similar incorporated into its contact face with concrete grooves to enhance the grip between both elements.
6.- Procedimiento, según reivindicación 5, caracterizado porque dichas acanaladuras tienen perfil en cola de milano.6. Method according to claim 5, characterized in that said grooves have a dovetail profile.
7.- Procedimiento, según reivindicación 2, caracterizado porque los paneles de poliestireno expandido llevan pegados las placas de cartón yeso.7. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that the expanded polystyrene panels have plasterboard plates glued together.
8.- Procedimiento, según reivindicación 1 , caracterizado porque en el interior de los encofrados verticales se incluyen mallas metálicas de distribución del hormigón con las distintas instalaciones posicionadas sobre dichas mallas.8. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that inside the vertical formwork metal meshes of concrete distribution are included with the different installations positioned on said meshes.
9.- Procedimiento, según reivindicación 8, caracterizado porque dichas instalaciones son de electricidad, agua y telefonía.9. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that said installations are electricity, water and telephone.
10.- Procedimiento, según reivindicación 1 , caracterizado porque las placas de encofrado vertical incorporan, a nivel de la extremidad superior de muros, paredes y tabiques, acodamientos ortogonales que determinan un enlace sin solución de continuidad entre el encofrado vertical y el encofrado horizontales, este último para obtención de los encofrados correspondientes a los forjados.10. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the vertical formwork plates incorporate, at the level of the upper end of walls, walls and partitions, orthogonal couplings that determine a link without continuity solution between the horizontal formwork and the horizontal formwork, the latter to obtain the formwork corresponding to the slabs.
11.- Procedimiento, según reivindicación 1 , caracterizado porque sobre el encofrado horizontal correspondiente al forjado se establecen tableros hidrofugados de yeso, que a su vez constituyen el techo visto una vez construido el forjado y retiradas las placas de encofrado.11. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that on the horizontal formwork corresponding to the slab, hydrophobic gypsum boards are established, which in turn constitute the ceiling seen once the slab was constructed and the formwork plates removed.
12.- Procedimiento, según reivindicación 1 , caracterizado porque los pilares son de hormigón armado.12. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the pillars are made of reinforced concrete.
13.- Procedimiento, según reivindicación 1 , caracterizado porque los pilares son metálicos 13. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the pillars are metallic
14.- Procedimiento, según reivindicación 8, caracterizado porque las distintas instalaciones se unifican en cajas de registro que a su vez quedan sujetas a las placas de encofrado mediante al menos una abrazadera, previamente al montaje de las placas de encofrado.14. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that the different installations are unified in registration boxes which in turn are attached to the formwork plates by at least one clamp, prior to the assembly of the formwork plates.
15.- Procedimiento, según reivindicación 14, caracterizado porque las cajas de registro son cilindricas sin una de sus bases, apoyándose dicha base abierta sobre la cara interior de la placa de encofrado para la posterior introducción de la abrazadera a través de orificios practicados en la base cerrada de la caja de registro y la placa de encofrado.15. Method according to claim 14, characterized in that the registration boxes are cylindrical without one of its bases, said base being supported open on the inner face of the formwork plate for the subsequent introduction of the clamp through holes made in the closed base of the registration box and formwork plate.
16.- Procedimiento, según reivindicación 1 , caracterizado porque se establece entre el hormigón y las placas de encofrado exterior, una lámina o plancha 12 que permite la retirada de las placas de encofrado con facilidad, sin necesidad de emplear material de desencofrado.16. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that a sheet or plate 12 is established between the concrete and the external formwork plates that allows the removal of the formwork plates with ease, without the need to use formwork material.
17.- Procedimiento, según reivindicación 1 , caracterizado porque los muros, paredes o tabiques se realizan en hormigón aligerado.17. Procedure according to claim 1, characterized in that the walls, walls or partitions are made of lightened concrete.
18.- Procedimiento, según reivindicación 1 , caracterizado porque el forjado se realiza en hormigón estructural.18. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the slab is made of structural concrete.
19.- Procedimiento de encofrado modular, de aplicación a diferentes tipos de construcción, caracterizado porque la construcción del encofrado de los muros de cerramiento exteriores comprende las siguientes fases:19.- Modular formwork procedure, applicable to different types of construction, characterized in that the construction of the formwork of the external enclosure walls comprises the following phases:
Colocación de paneles verticales interiores para el encofrado vertical, unidos entre sí lateralmente, Colocación de alineadores verticales adosados a la cara interior de los paneles verticales y separados entre sí una determinada distancia, Introducción de tirantes que atraviesan los alíneadores verticales y los paneles verticales y la sujeción de los mismos a los alineadores verticales mediante medios de sujeción apropiados, Colocación y sujeción de una malla metálica en el lado exterior de los paneles verticales y a lo largo de toda la superficie y longitud de los mismos, Colocación y sujeción de porta-alineadores en los alineadores verticales separados a una determinada distancia entre sí, - Disposición de alineadores horizontales encajados entre los porta-alineadores horizontales y los alineadores verticales, Introducción de los tirantes en el interior de separadores, y Colocación de las paneles de encofrado exterior junto a los correspondientes alineadores verticales, porta-alineadores y alineadores horizontales, así como la sujeción de los mismos mediante los tirantes y medios de sujeción en el lado exterior de los paneles de encofrado exterior.Placement of interior vertical panels for vertical formwork, joined together laterally, Placement of vertical aligners attached to the inner face of the vertical panels and separated from each other a certain distance, Introduction of braces that cross the vertical aligners and the vertical panels and the securing them to vertical aligners by appropriate fastening means, Placing and securing a metal mesh on the outer side of the vertical panels and along their entire surface and length, Placing and securing aligner holders on vertical aligners separated at a certain distance from each other, - Arrangement of horizontal aligners fitted between the horizontal aligners and vertical aligners, Introduction of the struts inside the spacers, and Placement of the external formwork panels next to the corresponding vertical aligners, aligners and horizontal aligners, as well as the support thereof by means of the braces and fastening means on the outer side of the outer formwork panels.
20.- Procedimiento, según la reivindicación 19, caracterizado porque previamente a la colocación de los paneles verticales interiores, se sitúan unas guías angulares ancladas en el suelo para la configuración del perímetro a construir.20. Method according to claim 19, characterized in that prior to the placement of the interior vertical panels, angular guides are placed anchored in the ground for the configuration of the perimeter to be constructed.
21.- Procedimiento, según la reivindicación 19, caracterizado porque los paneles verticales interiores están formados por una plancha compuesta de una placa con una acabado particular y una placa de aislamiento térmico, cuyo grosor es el suficiente para resistir la presión del hormigón que se verterá posteriormente entre los paneles de encofrado.21. Method according to claim 19, characterized in that the interior vertical panels are formed by a plate composed of a plate with a particular finish and a thermal insulation plate, the thickness of which is sufficient to withstand the pressure of the concrete to be poured subsequently between the formwork panels.
22. Procedimiento, según la reivindicación 19, caracterizado porque los paneles de encofrado exteriores disponen de su cara vista con un acabado de madera, ladrillo o cualquier otro.22. Method according to claim 19, characterized in that the external formwork panels have their face seen with a wood, brick or any other finish.
23. Procedimiento, según la reivindicación 19, caracterizado porque los paneles de encofrado, interiores y exteriores, así como la malla, presentan huecos previstos en la fachada a modo de ventanas, puertas, terrazas y balcones.23. Method according to claim 19, characterized in that the formwork panels, interior and exterior, as well as the mesh, have holes provided in the facade by way of windows, doors, terraces and balconies.
24. Procedimiento, según la reivindicación 19, caracterizado porque previamente a la disposición de los paneles de encofrado exterior se sujetan a la malla metálica interior las instalaciones necesarias tales como fontanería y electricidad, incluyendo la colocación de las distintas cajas de distribución o cajetines.24. Method according to claim 19, characterized in that the necessary installations such as plumbing and electricity, including the installation of the external formwork panels, are attached to the inner metal mesh prior to the arrangement of the external formwork panels. placement of the different distribution boxes or boxes.
25. Procedimiento, según la reivindicación 19, caracterizado porque para construir los tabiques interiores del interior del edificio o tabiques de distribución, se repite el proceso para el encofrado del cerramiento exterior, situando los alineadores verticales de los tabiques internos enfrentados con los alineadores verticales del cerramiento exterior, para posteriormente unir los extremos superiores de dichos alineadores verticales enfrentados entre sí, mediante semiviguetas o elementos alargados metálicos, situando sobre dichas semiviguetas paneles de sujeción para el forjado.25. A method according to claim 19, characterized in that to construct the interior partitions of the interior of the building or distribution partitions, the process for the formwork of the external enclosure is repeated, placing the vertical aligners of the internal partitions facing the vertical aligners of the external enclosure, to later join the upper ends of said vertical aligners facing each other, by means of semi-beams or elongated metal elements, placing on said semi-beams fastening panels for the slab.
26. Procedimiento, según la reivindicación 25, caracterizado porque los paneles de sujeción del forjado presentan en su lado inferior un acabado de yeso, madera o cualquier otro.26. Method according to claim 25, characterized in that the clamping panels of the floor have a plaster, wood or any other finish on their lower side.
27. Procedimiento, según la reivindicación 19, caracterizado porque los paneles verticales interiores se unen mediante machi-hembrado.27. Method according to claim 19, characterized in that the interior vertical panels are joined by machi-female.
28. Alineador vertical, según la reivindicación 19, caracterizado porque está constituido por una guía recta con dos superficies ortogonalmente dispuestas, presentando ambas superficies orificios a lo largo de las mismas, estando todos los orificios separados entre sí.28. Vertical aligner, according to claim 19, characterized in that it is constituted by a straight guide with two orthogonally arranged surfaces, both surfaces having holes along them, all holes being separated from each other.
29. Tirante, según la reivindicación 19, caracterizado porque es un cuerpo alargado cilindrico con rosca en su superficie y de longitud variable.29. Strap, according to claim 19, characterized in that it is an elongated cylindrical body with thread in its surface and of variable length.
30. Porta-alineador, según la reivindicación 19, caracterizado porque es una pieza plana de pequeño espesor con orificios en uno de sus lados para la sujeción del mismo en los alineadores verticales y en el lado opuesto al de sujeción presenta una forma parcialmente en U para el alojamiento de los alineadores horizontales.30. Aligner holder, according to claim 19, characterized in that it is a flat piece of small thickness with holes in one of its sides for securing it in the vertical aligners and on the opposite side of the clamp has a partially U-shaped shape. for the accommodation of horizontal aligners.
31. Alineador horizontal, según la reivindicación 19, caracterizado porque es un cuerpo recto con sección preferiblemente rectangular y de longitud variable. 31. Horizontal aligner according to claim 19, characterized in that it is a straight body with preferably rectangular section and of variable length.
32. Separador, según la reivindicación 19, caracterizado porque es un cuerpo tubular.32. Separator according to claim 19, characterized in that it is a tubular body.
33. Separador, según la reivindicación 32, caracterizado porque presenta una rosca en su interior. 33. Separator according to claim 32, characterized in that it has a thread inside.
PCT/ES2004/000382 2003-08-20 2004-08-20 Building construction method and modular shuttering method WO2005019550A1 (en)

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