WO2005015430A1 - A method of processing data for a system model - Google Patents
A method of processing data for a system model Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005015430A1 WO2005015430A1 PCT/AU2004/001013 AU2004001013W WO2005015430A1 WO 2005015430 A1 WO2005015430 A1 WO 2005015430A1 AU 2004001013 W AU2004001013 W AU 2004001013W WO 2005015430 A1 WO2005015430 A1 WO 2005015430A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q40/00—Finance; Insurance; Tax strategies; Processing of corporate or income taxes
- G06Q40/02—Banking, e.g. interest calculation or account maintenance
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F40/00—Handling natural language data
- G06F40/10—Text processing
- G06F40/166—Editing, e.g. inserting or deleting
- G06F40/177—Editing, e.g. inserting or deleting of tables; using ruled lines
- G06F40/18—Editing, e.g. inserting or deleting of tables; using ruled lines of spreadsheets
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the modeling of data using data processors such as computers .
- the present invention relates to spreadsheet modeling .
- the invention will be described with reference to spreadsheet modeling but should be understood as having wider applications such as other modeling applications .
- computer models were originally developed to make it relatively quick and easy to examine many different scenarios and to calculate more complex indicators such as net present values.
- computer modeling systems were developed in languages such as
- FORTRAN to facilitate the construction of computer models .
- Computer modeling systems had several attractive features including the ability to handle very complex calculations such as complex depreciation regimes and the maintenance of asset registers involving both depreciation and revaluation .
- batch operation allowed several complex scenarios and sensitivities to be built and stored then run quickly when required.
- computer modeling systems provided an ability to switch amongst alternatives or optional scenarios using available options .
- computer modeling systems suffered from significant problems including the high level of programming expertise required, especially if the logic of the model needed to be changed.
- they were invariably inflexible, because decisions needed to be made in advance regarding the order in which calculations were to be performed.
- spreadsheet systems were developed which had the advantage of requiring little programming expertise and provided more intuitive methods for inputting data, for specifying formulae and for displaying results .
- the spreadsheet system typically attempts to devise a schedule of calculations so that each cell value is calculated before the cell is itself required to be used in the calculation of cells which depend on it. If such a schedule can be created the spreadsheet system calculates the cells .
- Spreadsheet systems also have some drawbacks however. These include auditing problems associated with complex calculations where cell formula are cumbersome and difficult. In addition spreadsheet systems are typically poorly equipped for batch processing of complex and/or inter-related scenarios .
- modelers have tended to use two methods for creating complex spreadsheet models . These include comprehensive models involving the creation of a comprehensive spreadsheet containing all reasonably conceivable calculations that might be encountered in the particular field. This has the disadvantage of large storage and execution time overheads and the provision of features which are rarely if ever used. Alternatively a standard model may be modified to handle calculations specific to the problem at hand. This naturally has the associated disadvantage of requiring considerable time and effort from the user in rewriting. This technique is also prone to errors.
- the present invention relates to a method of processing data which can be incorporated into spreadsheet modeling systems .
- the method can be incorporated in a hybrid spreadsheet modeling system incorporating the best features of computer modeling systems and spreadsheet systems .
- a method for processing data for a system model including the steps of providing a model specification having a plurality of types of items including at least one first item type wherein associated data is obtained from data input into the system and at least one second item type wherein associated data is obtained from an operation performed on the data associated with at least one item stored in a first database, inputting data into the system, searching the input data for first item types, storing data associated with first item types in the first database, reading the or one of the second item types in a determining step including determining whether the first database includes the or each prerequisite item necessary to determine the one second item type by obtaining associated data from an operation performed on data associated with at least one item stored in the first data base, storing the one second item type in the first database if the or each prerequisite item is present, successively reading each other second item type and storing it in the first database if the or each prerequisite item is present in the first database and outputting an indication that the system model can be produced if items of the model specification are stored into the first
- each second item type is read successively. It is preferred that the method includes at least two items of the second type . It is preferred that items include parameters or variables such as Revenue or Outlay in a financial model . Associated data may include any type of data such as the name of items or quantities associated with the items . According to one embodiment an item may include a group of parameters and their associated names . It is preferred that the method incorporates an iterative process of reading second item types whenever a second item type is stored in the first database.
- the first database should be understood as including any memory storage area with or without divisions into separate areas or separate databases .
- the method includes storing first item types in modules within the first database.
- each module is configured to perform operations on data associated with first item types (items of the first type) having at least one similar characteristic which are stored in the same module .
- the method includes a sorting procedure as items and associated data are stored in the first database. It is preferred that the system produces an output indication if predetermined items are stored in the first database. It is preferred that the method includes nesting modules within other modules .
- the method includes the step of determining whether a second item type can be stored in the first database by associating the second item type with an item determinant which specifies the or each prerequisite item for evaluation of the second item type .
- the method includes a determinant step of searching the first database for the or each prerequisite item of the second item type.
- the determining step is preferably interpreted in a broad sense to mean any operation, evaluation or process of arriving at an outcome .
- the determinant and/or determining step may include a Boolean operation which produces a true or false result depending upon whether the or each prerequisite item is located in the first database.
- the first database may include one or more separate storage areas .
- Preferably the result is true if prerequisite items are located in the first database.
- the first item types may correspond to input items .
- the second item types preferably have corresponding item determinants .
- the second item types are non-input items.
- the method may include the step of adding a second item type to the first database if the associated item determinant evaluates to true.
- the method may include the step of providing a consolidated storage area for storing items and for evaluating item determinants .
- the method includes the step of evaluating the item determinant for each second item not stored in the first database.
- the method may include the step of storing in the first database each second item type for which the item determinant is true.
- the method preferably includes the step of storing second item types in a second database if their associated prerequisite items are not located in the first database .
- the method includes repeating the evaluating step for any second item type in the second database .
- the method includes repeating the storage step for each second item type stored in the second database .
- the evaluating and storing steps are repeated until the storage step results in no additional second item types being added to the first database .
- the method includes repeating the evaluating and storing steps until all evaluated item determinants are false .
- the second database comprises a consolidated instance array.
- the method may include the step of adding second items for which the item instances evaluate to false to the second database . It is preferred that any second item type added to the first database after the evaluating step is performed on the second database results in the removal of that second item from the second database . It is preferred that the evaluation step is repeated on second item types remaining in the second database if the second item type is transferred to the first database.
- the method may include the step of storing ormula for second item types in a ormula database .
- the method may include evaluating each first and/or second item type stored in the first database in accordance with the associated formula stored in the formula database .
- the method preferably relates to a spreadsheet model .
- the method may include allocating rows or columns for each item in the first database.
- the method may include the step of writing into the cells of the rows and columns the necessary formula from the formula database . It is preferred that the method includes the step of writing into the cells of the rows and columns any other information including formatting requirements of the cells .
- the method includes the step of identifying first item types required for each second item type.
- the method includes associating with each second item type all first item types and/or second item types required before the second item type can be evaluated .
- the method may include storing second item types and associated first item types and/or second item types .
- the method includes searching the first database for each second item type for an occurrence of each associated first item type and/or each second item type and storing the second item in the first database.
- a computer program for implementing the method for processing data for a system model in accordance with any one of the preferred features is implemented by providing a model specification which is hard coded into the computer program which implements the invention .
- the method may include incorporating a model speci ication with a plurality of preconfigured options which can be individually selected as the model specification .
- the model specification is input into the system as a separate step.
- the model specification is selected from a model specification database containing a plurality of optional model specifications .
- the model specification includes a plurality of operations associated with each second item type .
- the method includes selecting a model specification from the model specification database .
- the method includes the step of inputting a desired model specification.
- data associated with the second item type is derived from operations performed on data associated with prerequisite items for the second itern type .
- the method includes items of other types.
- data associated with an item of the second type can be determined directly from operations involving associated data rather than the items associated with that data.
- prerequisite items may include items of the first and/or second type .
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a model specification
- Figure 2 shows a schematic representation of model input data
- Figure 3 shows a flow diagram of a method of processing data in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention .
- a spreadsheet model is produced by combining model input data for a particular model with a model specification .
- the model builder uses the model specification to process the model input data to ultimately produce the spreadsheet model .
- the process involves three main tasks : identifying the items which must be created for a particular spreadsheet model ; allocating rows or columns for these items ; and writing into the cells of those rows and columns the necessary formula or other information and formatting the cells.
- the following description of the preferred embodiment incorporates the use of specially defined terms. These terms include: item, item instance and item determinant.
- a particular parameter is evaluated according to a given formula or relationship between given variables .
- the Cash Flow is calculated by subtracting the Expenses in each column of row 4 from the Revenue in the corresponding column of row 2.
- the Cash Flow item however is not input to the system but is calculated from the input items Revenue and Expenses.
- Cash Flow is evaluated based on two input items each having one instance . From the above an instance can be defined as one or more lines which contain values copied from model input data and/or spreadsheet reference to model input data values, spreadsheet formula, labels and formatting information .
- An instance as described above is a "concrete" entity in that it is defined in terms of actual lines on an actual spreadsheet.
- the term "item instance” is introduced to refer to instances in the abstract.
- An item instance may be actual instances on an actual spreadsheet or it may be a putative instance on a putative spreadsheet.
- an "Item” as a class of variables (each Item defined by an unambiguous identifier, such as "REV”) which might exist in a Model built from a Model Specification.
- An Item Instance can then be defined as an instance of the Item class.
- an Item Instance can be brought into existence as ollows: if the Model Input Data contains input data for the Item Instance; and/or if the Item Instance is generated "internally" by the preferred method of the Invention .
- This process is described below.
- each Item must be associated with "Determination Information" which can be used to determine which Item Instances should exist.
- the Determination Information must comprise at least one of (a) or (b) : a) either: (i) a designation that instances of the Item may be associated with Instance Data; or (ii) a Spreadsheet Modeling Language convention that allows instances of the Item to be associated with Instance Data.
- a Spreadsheet Modeling Language convention may allow for instances of an Item to be associated with Instance Data by default (i.e. instances of an Item may be associated with Instance Data unless expressly designated otherwise) . Items which may have instances associated with Instance Data are referred to as "Input Items”; and/or (b) a logical expression (an "Item Determinant") evaluated according to a set of rules such that it may be determined for which of all possible instances of the Item the expression is TRUE.
- an Item Instance should exist if: the Item is an Input Item and the Item Instance has Instance Data included as part of Model Input Data; or the Item has an Item Determinant and the Item Determinant evaluates to TRUE for the Item Instance.
- the rules for evaluating Item Determinants should not form part of the preferred method of the Invention but should be implementation dependent. The rules used in the computer program embodying the Invention are set out in the examples which follow.
- Example 1 Model Specification with Input Item and Item
- the Determination Information is as follows : Items REV, EXP, CASHFLOW, DRATE and NPV; the Determination Information is as follows : Items REV, EXP and DRATE are Input Items as designated by the Item Type "I” but they have no Item Determinant. Therefore Instances of these Items can exist if and only if Instance Data has been provided for them; Item CASHFLOW is a non-input Item as designated by the Item Type "N” but it has an Item Determinant " (REV
- the Item Determinant is evaluated according to the rule that it is TRUE if a corresponding Instance of either REV or EXP exists, and FALSE otherwise; and Item NPV is a non-input Item as designated by the Item Type "N" but it has an Item Determinant "(CASHFLOW && DRATEO)".
- the Item Determinant is evaluated according to the rule that it is TRUE if a corresponding Instance of CASHFLOW exists AND a corresponding Instance of DRATE exists . Otherwise it is FALSE. Note that according to this flow of logic, an Instance of NPV cannot exist unless there is a corresponding Instance of either REV or EXP. Yet, the Item Determinant for NPV contains no direct reference to either REV or EXP .
- the following is a sample of Model Input Data which could be used with this Model Specification .
- Example 2 Model Input Data
- the Item Instances are determined as follows: Instances of REV, EXP and DRATE exist if they have Instance Data (REV1, REV2 , EXP1 , EXP3 and DRATE2) ; Instances of CASHFLOW exist if there is either a corresponding Instance of REV (CASHFLOW1 and CASHFLOW2) or a corresponding Instance of EXP (CASHFLOW1 and CASHFLOW3) ; and Instances of NPV exist if there is a corresponding Instance of CASHFLOW and a corresponding Instance of DRATE (NPV2) .
- Instance Data REV1, REV2 , EXP1 , EXP3 and DRATE2
- Instances of CASHFLOW exist if there is either a corresponding Instance of REV (CASHFLOW1 and CASHFLOW2) or a corresponding Instance of EXP (CASHFLOW1 and CASHFLOW3)
- Instances of NPV exist
- a model speci ication 10 is established having item names 11, item determinants and cell content information 13.
- a report array 14 contains formatting information 15 for each type of report 16.
- data which is input to the system is input as model input data 17 and is formatted with instance data including the name, instance ID and optional data .
- a modeling system for implementing a particular spreadsheet model consists of model input data 20, an item instance database 21, a model specification 22 and a consolidated instance array 23. Processing of data occurs in accordance with the following four step procedure. Initially in step 1 as identified by item 24, the model input data 20 is scanned for instance data. In step 2 the database 21 is created to register all the item instances (identified by item name and instance identifier) for which there is instance data.
- step 3 once all the item instances identified in model input data have been registered in the item instance database 21, each item in the model specification 22 is read and the item determinant (if any) of each item is evaluated and the item instance database 21 has added to it all item instances for which the item determinant evaluates to true according to the rules of evaluation .
- This processing step is identified in block 25 of Figure 3.
- the results of evaluating item determinants may change due to the registration of additional item instances to the item instance database 21.
- step 4 it is necessary to repeat the evaluation step of step 3 to ascertain whether an item determinant would now evaluate to true for an item instance for which it previously evaluated to false .
- the consolidated array 23 is established to store instance identifiers of the instances to be tested against an item determinant.
- Instance identifiers may be drawn from an operation on the item instances registered in the database 21 (for example the logical union of all instances of the item instances registered in the database) or from the application of a convention which identifies instances .
- the item determinant may be evaluated for each instance in the consolidated array 23. If it evaluates to true the item name and instance identifier are registered in the database 21.
- step 3 which incorporates processing blocks 25 and 26 is repeated in step 4 until no more item instances are added to the item instance database. This is referenced in processing block item 27.
- step 3 results in no additional item instances being registered in the database 21 then no matter how many additional repetitions occur of step 3 this will not change any item determinant from false to true.
- Item Instances REV1 , REV2 , EXP1 , EXP3 and DRATE2 are registered in the Item Instance Database in Step 2 because they have Instance Data.
- Instances of Item CASHFLOW are determined in Steps 3 and 4. In the current embodiment this is as follows : all the Items referred to in the Item Determinant are identified.
- Example 1 the Items REV and EXP are identified; - a Consolidated Instance Array 23 is created containing the union of the Instance Identifiers of all the instances of the Items thus identified already registered in the Item Instance Database. In Example 1, this would contain the Instance Identifiers "1" (derived from either REV and EXP) , "2" (derived from REV) and "3" (derived from EXP) . According to the rules of evaluation it is impossible for the Item Determinant to evaluate to TRUE for any other instance; the members of the Consolidated Instance Array 23 are examined in order: the Item Determinant evaluates to TRUE for Instance Identifier "1" because the corresponding Item Instance of REV (i.e.
- REVl is already recorded in the Item Instance Database. It is not necessary to consider the existence of EXP1 ; the Item Determinant evaluates to TRUE for Instance Identifier "2" because the corresponding Item Instance of REV (i.e. REV2) is already recorded in the Item Instance Databas ; and the Item Determinant evaluates to TRUE for Instance Identifier "3" because the corresponding Item Instance of EXP (i.e. EXP3) is already recorded in the Item Instance Database .
- Instances of Item NPV are also determined in Steps 3 and 4. In the current embodiment this is as follows : all the Items referred to in the Item Determinant are identified. In Example 1, the Items CASHFLOW and DRATE are identified; a Consolidated Instance Array is created containing the union of the Instance Identifiers of all the instances of the Items thus identified already registered in the Item Instance Database. Assuming that NPV is processed before CASHFLOW in the first pass of step 3 , this would contain the Instance Identifiers "2" (derived from DRATE) .
- DRATEl is not registered in the Item Instance Database; the Item Determinant evaluates to TRUE for Instance Identifier "2" because the corresponding Item Instances of both CASHFLOW (i.e. CASHFLOW2) and DRATE (i.e. DRATE2) are already registered in the Item Instance Database; and - the Item Determinant evaluates to FALSE for Instance Identifier "3" because the corresponding Item Instance of DRATE (i.e. DRATE3) is not registered in the Item Instance Database; Only the Item Instance NPV2 is registered in the Item Instance Database; and the process is repeated again.
- Step 3 As there are no more Item Instances added to the Item Instance Database in this step, the process can finish. It is possible in principle that an Item Instance could be added in Step 3 or on one of the repetitions of Step 3 and that in a later repetition of Step 3 the Item Determinant will evaluate to FALSE for that Item Instance (perhaps because other Item Instances have been added) . A particularly problematic example of this is shown below. (The symbol "! stands for the logical operator "NOT".)
- Example 4 if an instance of Item C has been created from Instance Data then the corresponding instance of Item A should exist if and only if the corresponding instance of Item B does not exist. But the corresponding instance of Item B should exist if and only if the corresponding instance of Item A exists . This is a logical contradiction which cannot be eliminated.
- the method of the Invention handles this by adding Item Instances to the Item Instance Database but not deleting them. It is therefore possible that the final version of a Model might contain some redundant Item Instances. With good model specification this should not happen and, if necessary, redundant Instances can be "neutralised" using cell content information.
- the Spreadsheet Modeling Language might contain methods of specifying that different Item Instances appear on different sheets , or that a Non-de ining Occurrences of an Item Instance appear on different sheet from the Defining Occurrence ; and it is not essential for a row or column to occupy the entire width or length of a spreadsheet .
- the term "Spreadsheet Fragment” is used to describe a single rectangular portion of a spreadsheet which is of sufficient size to accommodate a particular Model . This allows several (possibly interacting) Models to be built on a single spreadsheet. This does not prevent a Spreadsheet Fragment from being an entire spreadsheet, but it need not be.
- a Model Specification is read sequentially. As each Item is encountered, a row or column is reserved for each Item Instance . Blank spaces or other formatting controls embedded in the Model Specification may be used to indicate empty lines , column headers , underlines , changes in number formats, or page breaks.
- the preferred embodiment has been described having regard to model specifications which are primarily externally sourced.
- model specifications which are hard coded into a computer program or computer.
- a comprehensive model specification can be provided prior to use of the method.
- Binary data generated by the compiler could be removed and could be printed out as a set of integers .
- This could be hard coded into C++ source code in a software implementation as a constant integer array.
- the software program could then be distributed with a comprehensive model specification already hard coded into it. In such a situation any user of the method would be able to select a desired model specification from a multitude of different options which are hard coded into it.
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2004263907A AU2004263907B2 (en) | 2003-08-06 | 2004-07-30 | A method of processing data for a system model |
US10/567,071 US7987203B2 (en) | 2003-08-06 | 2004-07-30 | Method of processing data for a system model |
EP04737631A EP1661038A4 (en) | 2003-08-06 | 2004-07-30 | A method of processing data for a system model |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2003904117 | 2003-08-06 | ||
AU2003904117A AU2003904117A0 (en) | 2003-08-06 | 2003-08-06 | A method of processing data for a system model |
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WO2005015430A1 true WO2005015430A1 (en) | 2005-02-17 |
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PCT/AU2004/001013 WO2005015430A1 (en) | 2003-08-06 | 2004-07-30 | A method of processing data for a system model |
Country Status (4)
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US (1) | US7987203B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1661038A4 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2003904117A0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2005015430A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US8667020B2 (en) * | 2011-04-01 | 2014-03-04 | Microsoft Corporation | Placement goal-based database instance dynamic consolidation |
US8667019B2 (en) * | 2011-04-01 | 2014-03-04 | Microsoft Corporation | Placement goal-based database instance consolidation |
US10175955B2 (en) * | 2016-01-13 | 2019-01-08 | Hamilton Sundstrand Space Systems International, Inc. | Spreadsheet tool manager for collaborative modeling |
US10567071B1 (en) * | 2018-09-07 | 2020-02-18 | The Boeing Company | Ground-based antenna for concurrent communications with multiple spacecraft |
CN110222050B (en) * | 2019-05-15 | 2021-09-07 | 中广核工程有限公司 | Method and system for calling related items of three-dimensional database instrument of nuclear power plant |
CN111121683A (en) * | 2019-12-05 | 2020-05-08 | 山西裕鼎精密科技有限公司 | Data processing apparatus, method and computer storage medium |
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US5446885A (en) * | 1992-05-15 | 1995-08-29 | International Business Machines Corporation | Event driven management information system with rule-based applications structure stored in a relational database |
US5446575A (en) * | 1991-06-28 | 1995-08-29 | Digital Equipment Corp. | System for constructing and loading a table data structure based on an associated configuration data |
US20020091908A1 (en) * | 2000-12-20 | 2002-07-11 | Hitoshi Ashida | Method and system for database management for data mining |
EP1286284A1 (en) * | 2001-08-15 | 2003-02-26 | F1F9 (UK) Ltd. | Spreadsheet data processing system |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US6141658A (en) * | 1997-09-10 | 2000-10-31 | Clear With Computers, Inc. | Computer system and method for managing sales information |
AU2001227857A1 (en) * | 2000-01-14 | 2001-07-24 | Saba Software, Inc. | Method and apparatus for a business applications management system platform |
-
2003
- 2003-08-06 AU AU2003904117A patent/AU2003904117A0/en not_active Abandoned
-
2004
- 2004-07-30 EP EP04737631A patent/EP1661038A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-07-30 WO PCT/AU2004/001013 patent/WO2005015430A1/en active Application Filing
- 2004-07-30 US US10/567,071 patent/US7987203B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
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US5446575A (en) * | 1991-06-28 | 1995-08-29 | Digital Equipment Corp. | System for constructing and loading a table data structure based on an associated configuration data |
US5446885A (en) * | 1992-05-15 | 1995-08-29 | International Business Machines Corporation | Event driven management information system with rule-based applications structure stored in a relational database |
US20020091908A1 (en) * | 2000-12-20 | 2002-07-11 | Hitoshi Ashida | Method and system for database management for data mining |
EP1286284A1 (en) * | 2001-08-15 | 2003-02-26 | F1F9 (UK) Ltd. | Spreadsheet data processing system |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
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See also references of EP1661038A4 * |
YODER: "CATERPILLAR: a frame work for building financial models", 1997, pages 1 - 53, XP008104110, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/yoder97caterpillar.html> * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1661038A4 (en) | 2010-05-05 |
AU2003904117A0 (en) | 2003-08-28 |
EP1661038A1 (en) | 2006-05-31 |
US7987203B2 (en) | 2011-07-26 |
US20060287977A1 (en) | 2006-12-21 |
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