WO2004105694A2 - Pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms for administration of hydrophobic drugs - Google Patents

Pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms for administration of hydrophobic drugs Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004105694A2
WO2004105694A2 PCT/US2004/016286 US2004016286W WO2004105694A2 WO 2004105694 A2 WO2004105694 A2 WO 2004105694A2 US 2004016286 W US2004016286 W US 2004016286W WO 2004105694 A2 WO2004105694 A2 WO 2004105694A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pharmaceutical composition
vitamin
active agent
substance
alpha tocopherol
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PCT/US2004/016286
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French (fr)
Other versions
WO2004105694A3 (en
Inventor
Feng-Jing Chen
Mahesh V. Patel
David T. Fikstad
Huiping Zhang
Chandrashekar Giliyar
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Lipocine, Inc.
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Publication date
Application filed by Lipocine, Inc. filed Critical Lipocine, Inc.
Priority to CA2526616A priority Critical patent/CA2526616C/en
Priority to EP04753162A priority patent/EP1624855A4/en
Priority to AU2004243013A priority patent/AU2004243013B2/en
Priority to NZ543571A priority patent/NZ543571A/en
Priority to JP2006533359A priority patent/JP4844972B2/en
Publication of WO2004105694A2 publication Critical patent/WO2004105694A2/en
Publication of WO2004105694A3 publication Critical patent/WO2004105694A3/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/22—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. ascorbic acid, tocopherol or pyrrolidones
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for suturing wounds; Holders or packages for needles or suture materials
    • A61B17/0483—Hand-held instruments for holding sutures
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    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/04—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for suturing wounds; Holders or packages for needles or suture materials
    • A61B17/0485—Devices or means, e.g. loops, for capturing the suture thread and threading it through an opening of a suturing instrument or needle eyelet
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/12—Ketones
    • A61K31/122—Ketones having the oxygen directly attached to a ring, e.g. quinones, vitamin K1, anthralin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/352—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. methantheline 
    • A61K31/353—3,4-Dihydrobenzopyrans, e.g. chroman, catechin
    • A61K31/355—Tocopherols, e.g. vitamin E
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    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/473—Quinolines; Isoquinolines ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic ring systems, e.g. acridines, phenanthridines
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    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
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    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/565—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol
    • A61K31/566—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol having an oxo group in position 17, e.g. estrone
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    • A61K31/565—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol
    • A61K31/568—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol substituted in positions 10 and 13 by a chain having at least one carbon atom, e.g. androstanes, e.g. testosterone
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    • A61K31/565—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol
    • A61K31/568—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol substituted in positions 10 and 13 by a chain having at least one carbon atom, e.g. androstanes, e.g. testosterone
    • A61K31/5685—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol substituted in positions 10 and 13 by a chain having at least one carbon atom, e.g. androstanes, e.g. testosterone having an oxo group in position 17, e.g. androsterone
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    • A61K31/57—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone
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    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/58—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids containing heterocyclic rings, e.g. danazol, stanozolol, pancuronium or digitogenin
    • A61K31/585—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids containing heterocyclic rings, e.g. danazol, stanozolol, pancuronium or digitogenin containing lactone rings, e.g. oxandrolone, bufalin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
    • A61K47/12—Carboxylic acids; Salts or anhydrides thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K9/107—Emulsions ; Emulsion preconcentrates; Micelles
    • A61K9/1075—Microemulsions or submicron emulsions; Preconcentrates or solids thereof; Micelles, e.g. made of phospholipids or block copolymers
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    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/4841—Filling excipients; Inactive ingredients
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    • A61P5/30—Oestrogens
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
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    • A61B2017/0474—Knot pushers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
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    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the delivery of hydrophobic drugs, such as steroids and benzoquinones. More specifically, the invention relates to novel pharmaceutical compositions in which a therapeutically effective amount of a hydrophobic active agent is combined with a vitamin E substance and a surfactant to form a uniform dispersion wherein the active agent is solubilized in the aqueous environment in a readily absorbable form.
  • compositions for oral delivery of progesterone comprising micronized particles of crystalline progesterone in triglyceride vehicles.
  • Such suspensions are difficult to manufacture, may be physically unstable, and may still suffer from poor dissolution and low and/or highly variable absorption.
  • compositions utilizing solid dispersions such as the approach in FR 2, 647,366 which discloses a solid dispersion of the metastable progesterone JJ polymorph in a hydrophilic excipient, are difficult to manufacture consistently and may suffer from physical stability problems.
  • micellar formulations can solubilize a variety of hydrophobic therapeutic agents, the loading capacity of conventional micelle formulations is limited by the solubility of the therapeutic agent in the micelle surfactant. For many therapeutic agents, such solubility is too low to offer formulations that can deliver therapeutically effective doses.
  • Another approach is to solubilize the active substance in a triglyceride solvent, such as a digestible vegetable oil.
  • a triglyceride solvent such as a digestible vegetable oil.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,900,734 to Maxson et al. discloses a composition in which progesterone is dissolved in a highly unsaturated edible oil.
  • triglycerides are water insoluble themselves and do not normally disperse in aqueous environments such as the gastrointestinal tract. Typically, they must by emulsified by high shear or high temperature homogenization and stabilized with emulsifiers.
  • a triglyceride-containing formulation suitable for delivering hydrophobic agents through an aqueous environment is an oil-in-water emulsion.
  • the colloidal oil particles are relatively large and will often spontaneously agglomerate, eventually leading to complete phase separation. The large size slows the rate of transport of the colloidal particle and hence the rate of absorption of the therapeutic agent.
  • triglyceride compositions are subject to a number of significant limitations and disadvantages, such as physical instability and lack of homogeneity, and are likely to suffer from poor and variable absorption.
  • a further disadvantage of triglyceride-containing compositions is the dependence of the therapeutic agent absorption on the rate and extent of lipolysis (e.g. see WO 9524893 and WO 9740823).
  • solubilizers of particular utility for hydrophobic active agents are described in U.S. Patent Application No. 09/716,029 to Chen et al.
  • the vitamin E substances disclosed therein include fatty acid esters of glycerol, such as mono-, di-, and triglycerides and acetylated mono- and diglycerides, and mixtures thereof, fatty acid esters of propylene glycol, such as mono- and di-fatty acid esters of glycerol and mixtures thereof, trialkyl citrate, glyceryl acetate and lower alcohol fatty acid esters.
  • WO 01/49262; U.S. Patent No. 6,458,373; and U.S. Patent No. 6,193,985 disclose the use of solubilizers that require high levels of hydrophilic surfactants, high shear, or high temperature homogenization to disperse the solubilizers sufficiently to form even a coarse dispersion in an adequate medium. Formation of a fine dispersion, which would make an effective carrier for oral delivery of the active agent, is often difficult or impossible to achieve.
  • compositions for the delivery of therapeutic levels of active agents that overcome the solubility, physical stability, and absorption limitations of conventional approaches using micronization, emulsification, or solubilization.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a vitamin E substance and a surfactant, wherein upon dilution of the composition, the active agent increases the extent of dispersion of the vitamin E substance by at least 20% relative to the dispersion of the composition without the active agent.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a vitamin E substance and a surfactant, wherein after a 100X dilution of the composition in an aqueous medium, at least 30% of the active agent or the vitamin E substance is dispersed in an aqueous phase.
  • the present invention also encompasses methods of improving the bioavailability of active agents, and steroids in particular, in patients through the administration of the claimed pharmaceutical compositions in suitable dosage forms.
  • the present invention overcomes the problems associated with the conventional approaches for preparing formulations containing hydrophobic active agents by providing unique pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a solubilizer and, optionally, a dispersing aid, that are more readily dispersed upon mixing with an aqueous medium than those which would be obtained without the particular combination of solubilizer and active agent.
  • the present inventors have found that with a composition of an active agent, such as a steroid or benzoquinone; a solubilizer, such as a vitamin E substance; and a dispersion aid, such as a surfactant, a synergistic combination results wherein upon dilution in aqueous media at an appropriate dilution factor the dispersion of both the active agent and the solubilizer is improved and thus the active agent is solubilized in the aqueous environment in a readily absorbable form.
  • a synergistic combination of an appropriate active agent and solubilizer is observed, such that the presence of the active agent improves the dispersion of the solubilizer (i.e.
  • the term "dispersion” is used to refer to the extent to which the composition, in particular the active agent and the solubilizer, are uniformly distributed in the aqueous phase after dilution in an aqueous medium, such as water, simulated gastric fluid, or simulated intestinal fluid, i general, it is expected that aqueous dispersion of the active agent is critical for oral absorption.
  • the extent of dispersion of the composition can be indirectly measured by diluting the composition in an aqueous medium at a selected dilution factor, preferably 10X to 1000X, most preferably 100X; gently mixing the dilution for a physiologically realistic duration, sampling from the aqueous phase; and assaying for either active agent or the solubilizer.
  • the extent of dispersion is then defined as the fraction of the total drug or solubilizer which is distributed in the aqueous phase and thus readily available for absorption.
  • the undispersed fraction is the fraction of the total drug or solubilizer would then typically be present in separate oil or solid layers and non-uniformly distributed large globules, or large aggregates of particulates which would be then unavailable for absorption.
  • the characteristics of the dispersion can be further assessed by separating out larger particles or globules by filtration or centrifugation, then assaying for either the active agent or the solubilizer (e.g. vitamin E) or both in the filtrate or supernatant.
  • the active agent or the solubilizer e.g. vitamin E
  • the composition forms a "fine dispersion" in which the composition is dispersed such that at least 30% of the active agent or vitamin E substance solubilizer is in particles which will pass through a filter with 0.45 ⁇ nominal pore size.
  • aqueous dispersion of the active agent is critical for absorption and that the more finely dispersed the active agent is, the more effectively it will be absorbed.
  • Other techniques for characterizing the effectiveness of the dispersion may also be used, such as filtration of the aqueous dispersion with varying nominal pore size and demonstrating an increase in the fraction of active agent or solubilizer in the filtrate of any given size, or centrifugation to demonstrate an increase in the fraction of active agent or solubilizer in aqueous layer.
  • a similar comparison may be made based on measuring the volume-weighted particle size distribution by photon correlation spectroscopy (dynamic laser light scattering) and showing an increase in the fraction of particles with particle diameter below a certain threshold, a decrease in the fraction of particles with diameter above a certain threshold, or a reduction in the volume-weighted mean particle size.
  • an increase in the effectiveness of the dispersion may be shown by a reduction in the absorbance of light by an aqueous dilution at visual wavelengths (e.g. 400 nm).
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a vitamin E substance and a surfactant, wherein upon dilution of the composition, the active agent increases the extent of dispersion of the vitamin E substance by at least 20% relative to the dispersion of the composition without the active agent.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a vitamin E substance and a surfactant, wherein after a 100X dilution of the composition in an aqueous medium, at least 30% of the active agent or the vitamin E substance is dispersed in an aqueous phase.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a solubilizer and, optionally, a dispersing aid, wherein the amount of active agent improves the dispersion of the solubilizer over that which would be achieved with the same solubilizer without the active agent upon contact with an aqueous medium.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a solubilizer and a dispersing aid, wherein the solubilizer is present in an amount such that more of the active agent is dispersed in aqueous medium than that which would be achieved with the same active agent and dispersing aid without the solubilizer.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a solubilizer and a dispersing aid, wherein the active agent is present in an amount such that at least 30% of the active agent and/or the solubilizer present in the composition is dispersed upon dilution with an aqueous medium.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a solubilizer and a dispersing aid, wherein the active agent and the solubilizer are present in amounts such that the composition forms a more effective aqueous dispersion than that which would be achieved without the active agent.
  • the improvement of the dispersion of either the active agent or the solubilizer or the improvement in the effectiveness of the dispersion is on the order of at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least
  • the dispersion of the active agent or the solubilizer is at least 30%, with a dispersion of at least 50% preferred, a fine dispersion of at least 30%) more preferred, and a fine dispersion of at least 50% most preferred.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a solubilizer, and optionally, a dispersing aid, wherein the active agent is present in an amount of from about 0.1 to 30 %> w/w of the composition; the solubilizer in the composition is present in an amount of from about 1 to 99 % w/w of the composition; and the dispersing aid is present in an amount from about 1 to 99%> of the composition
  • the concentrations of each of the active agent, solubilizer, and surfactant of the claimed pharmaceutical composition will have the following ranges: active agent from 0.01% to 30% w/w; solubilizer (vitamin E substance) from 1-95% w/w; and surfactant from 5-85% w/w.
  • concentrations of some exemplary steroids are provided as follows: progesterone - 1-300 mg/dosage form (0.1 %> to 30%> w/w); testosterone - 10 mg to 300 mg/dosage form ( at least 1% w/w); and DHEA - 50 to 300 mg/dosage form (at least 5%> w/w).
  • Tables 1-2, 2-2, 3-2, 4-2, 5-2, 6-3, 7-2, 8-3 and 9-2 from Examples 1-9 show that the synergy between the active agents and the vitamin E substances results in a pharmaceutical composition with a very high percent of dispersion of the active agent and/or the vitamin E substance solubilizer.
  • Table 1-2 shows that as the concentration of active agent is increased from 0% to 15%, the dispersion of both the active agent and the vitamin E substance increase.
  • Table 8-3 also shows that the careful selection of a solvent or cosolubilizer may further increase the dispersion of the composition.
  • Examples 10-25 set forth exemplary compounds that fall within the scope of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
  • the active agent of the present invention is characterized by the fact that it is solubilized in aqueous dispersion by the solubilizer and has a synergistic role in improving the dispersibihty of the solubilizer (and consequently of the active agent itself) upon dilution in aqueous media.
  • the active agent can be said to "improve" the dispersibihty of the solubilizer if it is present at levels such that at the selected dilution factor it increases the extent of dispersion of the solubilizer by at least about 20% relative to the same composition without the active agent.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a solubilizer and, optionally, a dispersing aid, wherein upon dilution of the composition, the active agent is present in an amount to increase dispersion of the solubilizer by at least 20% more than that which would be achieved with the same composition without the active agent.
  • the active agent is present such that after a 100X dilution of the composition the active agent is at least 30% dispersed in the aqueous phase, with an active agent dispersion of at least 50% being preferred. More preferably, the active agent is present such that as least 30% of the drug is in fine dispersion. Most preferably the active agent is present such that at least 50% of the drug is in a fine dispersion.
  • Steroids are compounds based on the cyclopenta[ ⁇ ]phenanthrene structure.
  • Examples of steroids which have been shown to be suitable for the current invention include those with the androstane structure.
  • Examples of such androstane steroids include cetadiol, clostebol, danazol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (also, prasterone or dehydroisoandrosterone), DHEA sulfate, dianabol, dutasteride, exemestane, finasteride, nerobol, oxymetholone, stanolone, stanozolol, testosterone, 17-alpha-methyltestosterone, and methyltestosterone enanthate.
  • DHEA dehydroepiandrosterone
  • steroids which have been shown to be suitable, are those based on the cholane or cholesterol structure.
  • steroids are brassicasterol, campesterol, chenodeoxycholic acid, clionasterol, desmosterol, lanosterol, poriferasterol, ⁇ - sitosterol, stigmasterol, and ursodeoxycholic acid.
  • Another suitable class of steroids for use in the present invention are those steroids based on the estrane structure.
  • estranes include desogestrel, equilin,
  • estradiol ethinyl estradiol, estriol, estrone, levonorgestrel, lynestrenol, mestranol, mibolerone, mifegyne, mifepristone, nandrolone, norethindrone (or norethistrone), norethindrone acetate (or norethisterone acetate), nortestosterone.
  • steroid class based on the pregnane structure.
  • pregnanes include alfaxalone, beclomethasone, budesonide, clobetasol, clobetasone, corticosterone, desoxycorticosterone, cortisol, cortisone, dihydrocortisone, cyproterone, desonide, dexamethasone, eplerenone, epoxypregnenolone, flumethasone, megestrol, melengestrol, prednisolone, prednisone, pregnanediol, pregnanolone, pregnenolone, allopregnanolone, epiallopregnanolone, progesterone, medroxyprogesterone, spironolactone, and tibolone.
  • steroids suitable for the present invention are not limited to those disclosed herein and include any secondary steroids, such as for example, vitamin D.
  • Steroid esters such as the acetate, benzoate, cypionate, decanoate, enanthate, hemisuccinate, hexahydrobenzoate, 4-methylvalerate, propionate, stearate, valerate, and undecanoate esters would also be suitable for the present invention.
  • Suitable benzoquinones include ubiquinones, such as coenzyme
  • Examples of other active agents which may be suitable for this invention include, without limitation: abecarnil, acamprostate, acavir, acebutolol, aceclofenac, acemetacin, acetaminophen, acetaminosalol, acetanilide, acetohexamide, acetophenazine maleate, acetophenazine, acetoxolone, acetoxypregnenolone, acetretin, acrisorcin, acrivastine, acyclovir, adinazolam, adiphenine hydrochloride, adrafinil, adrenolone, agatroban, ahnitrine, akatinol, alatrofloxacin, albendazole, albuterol, aldioxa, alendronate, alfentanil, alibendol, alitretinoin, all
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a solubilizer and a dispersing aid.
  • the solubilizer is present in an amount such that more of the active agent is dispersed in aqueous medium than that which would be achieved with the same active agent and dispersing aid without the solubilizer.
  • the active agent and the solubilizer act synergistically to improve the dispersibihty of the solubilizer itself and the active agent upon dilution in an aqueous media, thus greatly increasing the amount of active agent which can be dispersed in a readily absorbably form.
  • the solubilizer is present such that after a
  • the active agent and/or the solubilizer is at least 30% dispersed in the aqueous phase, with a dispersion of at least 50%> being preferred. It is more preferred that the solubilizer, like the active agent is at least 30% finely dispersed in the aqueous phase, with a fine dispersion of at least 50% being most preferred.
  • the preferred solubilizer of the present invention is a "vitamin E substance,” which includes substances with the tocol structure [2-methyl-2-(4,8,12 ⁇ trimethyltridecyl)chroman-6-ol] or the tocotrienol structure [2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-
  • vitamin E substances include the mono-, di-, trimethyl- tocol derivatives, commonly known as tocopherols, such as ⁇ -tocopherol [5,7,8-trimethyl-], ⁇ -tocopherol [5,8-dimethyl-], ⁇ -tocopherol
  • tocotrienols such as ⁇ -tocotrienol (or ⁇ i-tocopherol) [5,7,8-trimethyl-], ⁇ -tocotrienol (or ⁇ - tocopherol) [5,8-dimethyl-], ⁇ -tocotrienol [7,8-dimethyl], and ⁇ -tocotrienol [8-methyl-].
  • vitamin E substances for use in the present invention include tocopherols, tocotrienols and tocopherol derivatives with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, bile acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, polyethylene glycol succinate and salicylic acid.
  • Particularly preferred vitamin E substances include alpha-tocopherol, alpha- tocopherol acetate, alpha-tocopherol acid succinate, alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate and mixtures thereof.
  • Preferred solubilizers that are not vitamin E substances for use in the present invention include fatty acid esters of glycerol, acetylated mono- and diglycerides, fatty acid esters of propylene glycol, trialkyl citrate, glycerol acetate, and lower alcohol fatty acid esters.
  • the surfactant in the present invention may be any compound containing polar or charged hydrophilic moieties as well as non-polar hydrophobic (lipophilic) moieties; i.e. a surfactant compound must be amphiphilic.
  • the hydrophilic surfactant can be any hydrophilic surfactant suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions. Such surfactants can be anionic, cationic, zwitterionic or non-ionic. Mixtures of hydrophilic surfactants are also within the scope of the invention.
  • the hydrophobic surfactant can be any hydrophobic surfactant suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions.
  • hydrophobic surfactants are also within the scope of the invention.
  • suitable hydrophilic surfactants will have an HLB value greater than about 10 and suitable hydrophobic surfactants will have an HLB value less than about 10.
  • the choice of specific hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfactants should be made keeping in mind the particular hydrophobic therapeutic agent to be used in the composition, and the range of polarity appropriate for the chosen therapeutic agent. With these general principles in mind, a very broad range of surfactants is suitable for use in the present invention.
  • surfactants examples include polyethoxylated fatty acids such as PEG-8 laurate, PEG-8 oleate, PEG-8 stearate, PEG-9 oleate, PEG- 10 laurate,
  • PEG-32 dilaurate and PEG-32 dioleate PEG-fatty acid mono- and di-ester mixtures; polyethylene glycol glycerol fatty acid esters such as PEG-20 glyceryl laurate, PEG-30 glyceryl laurate, PEG-40 glyceryl laurate, PEG-20 glyceryl oleate, and PEG-30 glyceryl oleate; alcohol - oil transesterification products such as PEG-35 castor oil (Lncrocas-35), PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil (Cremophor® RH40), polyoxyl 35 castor oil (Cremophor EL), PEG-25 trioleate
  • PEG-40 palm kernel oil (Crovol PK70), PEG-50 castor oil (Emalex C-50), PEG-50 hydrogenated castor oil (Emalex HC-50), PEG-8 caprylic/capric glycerides (Labrasol®), and
  • PEG-6 caprylic/capric glycerides Softigen® 767
  • transesterification products of oils and alcohols polyglycerized fatty acids such as polyglyceryl oleate (Plurol® Oleique), polyglyceryl-
  • polyglyceryl-10 trioleate examples include polyglyceryl-10 laurate (Nikkol Decaglyn 1-L), polyglyceryl-10 oleate (Nikkol Decaglyn
  • polyglyceryl-10 mono, dioleate Caprol® PEG 860
  • propylene glycol fatty acid esters such as propylene glycol monolaurate (Lauroglycol FCC), propylene glycol ricinoleate
  • propymuls propylene glycol monooleate (Myverol® P-06), propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate (Captex® 200), and propylene glycol dioctanoate (Captex 800); mixtures of propylene glycol esters and glycerol esters such as a mixture of oleic acid esters of propylene glycol and glycerol (Arlacel 186); mono- and diglycerides such as glyceryl monooleate (Peceol), glyceryl ricinoleate, glyceryl laurate, glyceryl dilaurate (Capmul® GDL), glyceryl dioleate
  • Capmul GDO glyceryl mono/dioleate
  • Capmul GMO-K glyceryl caprylate/caprate
  • MCM caprylic acid mono/diglycerides
  • Myvacet® 9-45 mono- and diacetylated monoglycerides
  • sterol and sterol derivatives such as PEG-24 cholesterol ether
  • Solulan® C-24 polyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acid esters such as PEG-20 sorbitan monolaurate (Tween® 20), PEG-20 sorbitan monopalmitate (Tween 40), PEG-20 sorbitan monostearate (Tween 60), and PEG-20 sorbitan monooleate (polysorbate 80 or Tween 80); polyethylene glycol alkyl ethers such as PEG-3 oleyl ether (Volpo 3) and PEG-4 lauryl ether
  • sorbitan fatty acid esters such as sorbitan monolaurate
  • lower alcohol fatty acid esters such as hydrophobic surfactants include ethyl oleate (Crodamol EO), isopropyl myristate (Crodamol IPM), and isopropyl palmitate (Crodamol JPP); ionic surfactants such as sodium oleate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sarcosinate, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, sodium cholate, sodium taurocholate, lauroyl carnitine, palmitoyl carnitine, and myristoyl carnitine; unionized ionizable surfactants such as free fatty acid, particularly C 6 -C 22 fatty acids, and bile acids.
  • PEG-400 succinate PEG 3350, tocopherol polyethyleneglycol (200-8000 MW) succinate, tocopherol polyethylene glycol 400 succinate, tocopherol polyethyleneglycol 1000 succinate
  • solubilizer may be used.
  • ethanol may be used in conjunction with Cremophor to improve the solubility of active agent.
  • Preferred surfactants for use with particular active agents are illustrated in the Examples.
  • compositions of the present invention may also include one or more additional components, i.e., additives.
  • additives include, but are not limited to, solvents, absorbents, acids, adjuvants, anticaking agent, glidants, antitacking agents, antifoamers, anticoagulants, antimicrobials, antioxidants, antiphlogistics, astringents, antiseptics, bases, binders, chelating agents, sequestrants, coagulants, coating agents, colorants, dyes, pigments, compatiblizers, complexing agents, softeners, crystal growth regulators, denaturants, dessicants, drying agents, dehydrating agents, diluents, dispersants, emollients, emulsifiers, encapsulants, enzymes, fillers, extenders, flavor masking agents, flavorants, fragrances, gelling agents, hardeners, stiffening agents, hum
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be prepared by mixing the active agent, the solubilizer, the surfactant, and optional additives according to methods well known in the art.
  • the active agent, the solubilizer, and the surfactant may be prepared in separate dosage forms or separated within one dosage form to form a dispersion in situ upon administration and dissolution in the aqueous environment of the gastrointestinal tract.
  • the claimed pharmaceutical compositions can be further processed according to conventional methods known to those skilled in the art, such as lyophilization, encapsulation, compression, melting, extrusion, balling, drying, chilling, molding, spraying, spray congealing, coating, comminution, mixing, homogenization, sonication, cryopelletization, spheronization and granulation to produce the desired dosage form.
  • Excess solvent added to facilitate incorporation of the active agent and/or mixing of the formulation components, can be removed before administration of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • compositions in liquid, semi- solid or paste form can be filled into hard gelatin or soft gelatin capsules using appropriate filling machines.
  • the composition can also be extruded, merumerized, sprayed, granulated or coated onto a substrate to become a powder, granule or bead that can be further encapsulated or tableted with or without the addition of appropriate solidifying or binding agents.
  • This approach also allows for the creation of a "fused mixture,” a "solid solution” or a "eutectic mixture.”
  • the dosage forms of the present invention are not limited with respect to size, shape or general configuration, and may comprise, for example, a capsule, a tablet or a caplet, or a plurality of granules, beads, powders, or pellets that may or may not be encapsulated, hi addition, the dosage form may be a drink or beverage solution or a spray solution that is administered orally.
  • the drink or beverage solution may be formed by adding a therapeutically effective amount of the composition in, for example, a powder or liquid form, to a suitable beverage, e.g., water or juice.
  • compositions and dosage forms of the current invention may be immediate release, releasing the active agent and/or excipients in an uncontrolled fashion, or may be controlled release. Included in the term "controlled release” are dosage forms or compositions which release the drug and/or excipients with various release profiles such as extended or sustained release, delayed release, pulsitile release, or combinations of the above such as multistage release achieved by a combination of delayed release compositions with variable delay times.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms have utility in the treatment of patients that may benefit from the therapeutic administration of hydrophobic drugs.
  • Such therapies include, for example, steroid therapy or hormone therapy.
  • Patients suffering from any condition, disease or disorder that can be effectively treated with any of the active agents disclosed herein can benefit from the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms described herein.
  • An advantage of the claimed pharmaceutical composition is improvement in the oral absorption and bioavailability of the active agent thereby ensuring that the patient will in fact benefit from the prescribed therapy.
  • the improved bioavailability of the active agent is a result of the improved dispersion of the active agent in the claimed pharmaceutical composition.
  • solubility of drug substances in the compositions was determined using conventional techniques. For example, solubility was in some cases determined gravimetrically by incrementally adding drug until the composition could no longer solubilize additional added drug. Solubility could also be determined by equilibration of the composition with excess drug during gentle mixing at a controlled temperature (25 ⁇ 0.5°C), centrifugation of the resulting mixture (15 min at 15,000*g; Beckmann Microfuge Lite), and assay of the clear supernatant.
  • the dispersibihty of the composition was determined by diluting the composition in an aqueous medium such as water, simulated gastric fluid, or simulated intestinal fluid, at a selected dilution factor, preferably 10X to 1000X, most preferably 100X.
  • the dilution was then gently mixed, for example with a rotator at 10 rpm, at an appropriate controlled temperature (typically 37°C).
  • a selected duration typically 1 hour, but any physiologically realistic duration could be appropriate
  • the aqueous phase was sampled, taking care not to include undispersed oil globules, or non-uniformly dispersed particulates.
  • the aqueous phase was filtered through Nylon or Tuffryn ® membrane filters with the appropriate nominal pore size (Whatman or Gelman). In all cases, the initial 1-3 ml of filtrate were discarded, and the absence of significant filter absorption was confirmed by filtration of standard solutions of known active agent or vitamin E substance concentration in the appropriate matrix, collection of the filtrate, and assay of the filtrate to confirm that there was no change in drug concentration. Other techniques to characterize the extent of dispersion could also be used, such as centrifugation to separate larger particles from the uniform aqueous dispersion.
  • Assay for vitamin E substance content in most cases was by UN spectrophotometry with quantification at a wavelength of 291 nm for tocopherol and 285 nm for tocopherol acetate tocopherol succinate, and tocopherol polyethyleneglycol succinate. Samples were diluted 100X in methanol, then scanned in a quartz cuvette using an Agilent 8453 UV/Vis
  • Spectrophotometer Calibration was by linear regression of absorbance at the indicated wavelengths with standards of the relevant Vitamin E substance of known concentration.
  • assay for Vitamin E substances was by reversed phase HPLC using a Symmetry C18 3.6 X 150 mm column, 5 ⁇ , with a mobile phase of Methanol 98/2%v/v and detection at 285 nm.
  • Assay of the active agents was by reversed-phase HPLC with the column indicated above, a mobile phase of acetonitrile/water 63/57%v/v, and detection at 204 nm.
  • Particle size of aqueous dispersions was determined using a ⁇ icomp 380 ZLS laser-scattering particle sizer (Particle Sizing Systems), with a He- ⁇ e laser at 632.8 nm, fixed
  • This example shows the solubilization and dispersion behavior of a composition including a pregnane steroid, progesterone, a vitamin E substance (dl-alpha-tocopherol, Spectrum Chemicals) and a surfactant (polyoxyl 35 castor oil USP/ ⁇ F, Cremophor EL, BASF).
  • a pregnane steroid a pregnane steroid
  • progesterone a vitamin E substance
  • a vitamin E substance dl-alpha-tocopherol, Spectrum Chemicals
  • a surfactant polyoxyl 35 castor oil USP/ ⁇ F, Cremophor EL, BASF
  • compositions were dispersed in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (USP).
  • the improved dispersibihty is also shown by the increase in the fraction of the solubilizer dispersed as a fine dispersion, increasing from 14% without drug to
  • EXAMPLE 2 shows the solubilization and dispersion of a pregnane steroid, progesterone, in compositions consisting of vitamin E substances (dl-alpha-tocopherol, Spectrum Chemicals; or d-alpha-tocopherol, Archer Daniels Midland Company), a surfactant (polyoxyl 35 castor oil USP/NF, Cremophor EL, BASF), and a low-molecular weight alcohol (dehydrated alcohol, USP/NF, Quantum).
  • vitamin E substances dl-alpha-tocopherol, Spectrum Chemicals; or d-alpha-tocopherol, Archer Daniels Midland Company
  • a surfactant polyoxyl 35 castor oil USP/NF, Cremophor EL, BASF
  • a low-molecular weight alcohol dehydrated alcohol, USP/NF, Quantum
  • compositions were dispersed in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (USP).
  • compositions shown in the tables below were prepared by combining the components and mixing gently at room temperature. The corresponding placeboes (without drug) are described in Example 2, compositions 2-1 and 2-3.
  • compositions were dispersed in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (USP
  • E/surfactant compositions for additional model steroids an androstane steroid, finasteride; and a cholane steroid, ursodiol.
  • the compositions shown in the tables below were prepared by combining the components and mixing gently at room temperature.
  • compositions were dispersed in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (USP
  • EXAMPLE 5 shows the solubilization and dispersion of progesterone in compositions containing two different tocopherol esters (d-alpha-tocopherol acetate and d-alpha- tocopherol succinate, Archer Daniels Midland Company).
  • the compositions shown in the tables below were prepared by combining the components and mixing gently at room temperature.
  • compositions were dispersed in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (USP
  • EXAMPLE 6 shows the effect of solubilization and dispersion of progesterone in compositions with varying surfactants and surfactant levels.
  • the vitamin E substances are d- alpha tocopherol or d-alpha tocopherol acetate (both from Archer Daniels Midland) with the following surfactants: polyoxyl 35 castor oil (Cremophor EL, BASF); caprylocaproyl macrogolglycerides (Labrasol, Gattefosse); polysorbate 80 (Tween 80, ICI), medium chain monoglycerides (Capmul MCM, Abitec), and tocopherol polyethyleneglycol 1000 succinate (Vitamin E-TPGS, Eastman).
  • the compositions shown in the tables below were prepared by combining the components and mixing gently at room temperature.
  • compositions were dispersed in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (USP
  • compositions were dispersed in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (USP).
  • EXAMPLE 8 shows the effect of solubilization and dispersion of progesterone in a compositions consisting of a vitamin E substance (d-alpha-tocopherol), a surfactant (polyoxyl 35 castor oil USP/NF) and various hydrophilic and hydrophobic solvents (ethanol, triethyl citrate; glycerol triacetate (triacetin)).
  • a vitamin E substance d-alpha-tocopherol
  • a surfactant polyoxyl 35 castor oil USP/NF
  • various hydrophilic and hydrophobic solvents ethanol, triethyl citrate; glycerol triacetate (triacetin)
  • compositions were dispersed in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (USP).
  • EXAMPLE 9 shows the solubilization and dispersion of a water insoluble benzoquinone, Coenzyme Q 10, in a composition consisting of a vitamin E substance (dl-alpha- tocopherol, BASF), and surfactant (Cremophor EL, BASF). Results are shown in Table 9-1. The corresponding composition without drug is in Example 1, Composition 1-1.
  • compositions were dispersed in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (USP

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Abstract

Pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms for administration of hydrophobic drugs, particularly steroids, are provided. The pharmaceutical compositions include a therapeutically effective amount of a hydrophobic drug, preferably a steroid; a solubilizer, preferably a vitamin E substance; and a surfactant. The synergistic effect between the hydrophobic drug and the vitamin E substance results in a pharmaceutical formulation with improved dispersion of both the active agent and the solubilizer. As a result of the improved dispersion, the pharmaceutical composition has improved bioavailability upon administration. Methods of improving the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs administered to a patient are also provided.

Description

PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS AND DOSAGE FORMS FOR ADMINISTRATION OF HYDROPHOBIC DRUGS
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No.
09/716,029, filed November 17, 2000, and a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 09/877,541, filed June 8, 2001, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 09/345,615, filed June 30, 1999, and a continuation-in-part of U.S. Application No. 09/751,968, filed December 29, 2000, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Application No. 09/375,636, filed August 17, 1999, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present invention relates generally to the delivery of hydrophobic drugs, such as steroids and benzoquinones. More specifically, the invention relates to novel pharmaceutical compositions in which a therapeutically effective amount of a hydrophobic active agent is combined with a vitamin E substance and a surfactant to form a uniform dispersion wherein the active agent is solubilized in the aqueous environment in a readily absorbable form.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Numerous therapeutic agents are poorly soluble in aqueous medium and present difficult problems in formulating for effective administration to patients. Steroids in particular have very low water solubility and are useful therapeutic agents for a wide variety of medical conditions. Conventional formulations that incorporate these therapeutic agents suffer from several disadvantages such as incomplete or slow dissolution and/or highly variable dissolution profiles. Furthermore, following oral administration, these conventional formulations exhibit low and/or variable absorption. A well-designed formulation must, at minimum, be capable of presenting a therapeutically effective amount of the active substance to the desired absorption site, in an absorbable form.
[0004] A number of approaches are known for formulating therapeutic agents that are poorly soluble in water, for both oral and parenteral delivery.
[0005] One approach to improving the bioavailability of such active substances is to micronize the particles and to suspend them in a pharmaceutically acceptable matrix. For example, U.S. Patent Nos. 4,196,188; 4,963,540; and 5,140,021 disclose compositions for oral delivery of progesterone comprising micronized particles of crystalline progesterone in triglyceride vehicles. Such suspensions are difficult to manufacture, may be physically unstable, and may still suffer from poor dissolution and low and/or highly variable absorption. Similarly, compositions utilizing solid dispersions, such as the approach in FR 2, 647,346, which discloses a solid dispersion of the metastable progesterone JJ polymorph in a hydrophilic excipient, are difficult to manufacture consistently and may suffer from physical stability problems.
Additionally this approach may still suffer from poor dissolution and low and/or highly variable absorption.
[0006] Another well-known approach uses surfactant micelles to solubilize and transport the therapeutic agent. Micelles, and pharmaceutical compositions containing micelles, have been extensively studies and are described in detail in the literature; see, e.g., Remington's
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed. (1985). Although micellar formulations can solubilize a variety of hydrophobic therapeutic agents, the loading capacity of conventional micelle formulations is limited by the solubility of the therapeutic agent in the micelle surfactant. For many therapeutic agents, such solubility is too low to offer formulations that can deliver therapeutically effective doses.
[0007] Another approach is to solubilize the active substance in a triglyceride solvent, such as a digestible vegetable oil. For example, U.S. Patent No. 4,900,734 to Maxson et al. discloses a composition in which progesterone is dissolved in a highly unsaturated edible oil.
These triglycerides are water insoluble themselves and do not normally disperse in aqueous environments such as the gastrointestinal tract. Typically, they must by emulsified by high shear or high temperature homogenization and stabilized with emulsifiers. Li simplest form, a triglyceride-containing formulation suitable for delivering hydrophobic agents through an aqueous environment is an oil-in-water emulsion. The colloidal oil particles are relatively large and will often spontaneously agglomerate, eventually leading to complete phase separation. The large size slows the rate of transport of the colloidal particle and hence the rate of absorption of the therapeutic agent. Thus these triglyceride compositions are subject to a number of significant limitations and disadvantages, such as physical instability and lack of homogeneity, and are likely to suffer from poor and variable absorption. A further disadvantage of triglyceride-containing compositions is the dependence of the therapeutic agent absorption on the rate and extent of lipolysis (e.g. see WO 9524893 and WO 9740823).
[0008] Other solubilizers of particular utility for hydrophobic active agents are described in U.S. Patent Application No. 09/716,029 to Chen et al. The vitamin E substances disclosed therein include fatty acid esters of glycerol, such as mono-, di-, and triglycerides and acetylated mono- and diglycerides, and mixtures thereof, fatty acid esters of propylene glycol, such as mono- and di-fatty acid esters of glycerol and mixtures thereof, trialkyl citrate, glyceryl acetate and lower alcohol fatty acid esters.
[0009] WO 01/49262; U.S. Patent No. 6,458,373; and U.S. Patent No. 6,193,985 disclose the use of solubilizers that require high levels of hydrophilic surfactants, high shear, or high temperature homogenization to disperse the solubilizers sufficiently to form even a coarse dispersion in an adequate medium. Formation of a fine dispersion, which would make an effective carrier for oral delivery of the active agent, is often difficult or impossible to achieve.
As with the triglyceride emulsions, these can be difficult to manufacture and/or unstable on storage, and may lead to poor and variable absorption.
[0010] Thus, there is a need for pharmaceutical compositions for the delivery of therapeutic levels of active agents that overcome the solubility, physical stability, and absorption limitations of conventional approaches using micronization, emulsification, or solubilization.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0011] In the present invention, we have found an unexpected synergism between an active agent and a solubilizer. We have found that for certain therapeutic actives, the active agent has a critical role in improving the dispersion of the solubilizer upon dilution in an aqueous media, allowing for dispersion of much higher levels of both solubilizer and active agent in the aqueous environment, hi particular, such synergism can be exemplified by compositions comprising an active agent, a vitamin E substance as the solubilizer, and a surfactant as a dispersing aid, wherein the presence of the active agent improves the dispersion of the solubilizer and thus further increases the amount of active agent which can be dispersed in a readily absorbable form. This unexpected synergism between the active agent, a vitamin E substance, and a surfactant allows for very high drug loading as well as excellent dispersion, keeping the drug substantially solubilized upon dilution in an aqueous environment such as the gastrointestinal tract in a finely dispersed phase that is optimal for absorption. [0012] Accordingly, it is a primary object of the invention to address the above- mentioned need in the art by providing a pharmaceutical composition and dosage form for orally administering therapeutic agents.
[0013] In a first embodiment of the present invention, a pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a vitamin E substance and a surfactant, wherein upon dilution of the composition, the active agent increases the extent of dispersion of the vitamin E substance by at least 20% relative to the dispersion of the composition without the active agent. [0014] In a second embodiment of the present invention, a pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a vitamin E substance and a surfactant, wherein after a 100X dilution of the composition in an aqueous medium, at least 30% of the active agent or the vitamin E substance is dispersed in an aqueous phase.
[0015] The present invention also encompasses methods of improving the bioavailability of active agents, and steroids in particular, in patients through the administration of the claimed pharmaceutical compositions in suitable dosage forms.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0016] I. PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS
[0017] The present invention overcomes the problems associated with the conventional approaches for preparing formulations containing hydrophobic active agents by providing unique pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a solubilizer and, optionally, a dispersing aid, that are more readily dispersed upon mixing with an aqueous medium than those which would be obtained without the particular combination of solubilizer and active agent.
[0018] Surprisingly, the present inventors have found that with a composition of an active agent, such as a steroid or benzoquinone; a solubilizer, such as a vitamin E substance; and a dispersion aid, such as a surfactant, a synergistic combination results wherein upon dilution in aqueous media at an appropriate dilution factor the dispersion of both the active agent and the solubilizer is improved and thus the active agent is solubilized in the aqueous environment in a readily absorbable form. A synergistic combination of an appropriate active agent and solubilizer is observed, such that the presence of the active agent improves the dispersion of the solubilizer (i.e. increases the amount of solubilizer which may be dispersed) and thus further increases the amount of active agent which can be dispersed in a readily absorbable form. [0019] Within the context of the present invention, the term "dispersion" is used to refer to the extent to which the composition, in particular the active agent and the solubilizer, are uniformly distributed in the aqueous phase after dilution in an aqueous medium, such as water, simulated gastric fluid, or simulated intestinal fluid, i general, it is expected that aqueous dispersion of the active agent is critical for oral absorption. The extent of dispersion of the composition can be indirectly measured by diluting the composition in an aqueous medium at a selected dilution factor, preferably 10X to 1000X, most preferably 100X; gently mixing the dilution for a physiologically realistic duration, sampling from the aqueous phase; and assaying for either active agent or the solubilizer. The extent of dispersion is then defined as the fraction of the total drug or solubilizer which is distributed in the aqueous phase and thus readily available for absorption. The undispersed fraction is the fraction of the total drug or solubilizer would then typically be present in separate oil or solid layers and non-uniformly distributed large globules, or large aggregates of particulates which would be then unavailable for absorption. The characteristics of the dispersion can be further assessed by separating out larger particles or globules by filtration or centrifugation, then assaying for either the active agent or the solubilizer (e.g. vitamin E) or both in the filtrate or supernatant.
[0020] In a preferred embodiment, the composition forms a "fine dispersion" in which the composition is dispersed such that at least 30% of the active agent or vitamin E substance solubilizer is in particles which will pass through a filter with 0.45 μ nominal pore size.
[0021] As a general rule, it is expected that aqueous dispersion of the active agent is critical for absorption and that the more finely dispersed the active agent is, the more effectively it will be absorbed. Other techniques for characterizing the effectiveness of the dispersion may also be used, such as filtration of the aqueous dispersion with varying nominal pore size and demonstrating an increase in the fraction of active agent or solubilizer in the filtrate of any given size, or centrifugation to demonstrate an increase in the fraction of active agent or solubilizer in aqueous layer. A similar comparison may be made based on measuring the volume-weighted particle size distribution by photon correlation spectroscopy (dynamic laser light scattering) and showing an increase in the fraction of particles with particle diameter below a certain threshold, a decrease in the fraction of particles with diameter above a certain threshold, or a reduction in the volume-weighted mean particle size. Alternatively, an increase in the effectiveness of the dispersion may be shown by a reduction in the absorbance of light by an aqueous dilution at visual wavelengths (e.g. 400 nm).
[0022] In a preferred first embodiment of the present invention, a pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a vitamin E substance and a surfactant, wherein upon dilution of the composition, the active agent increases the extent of dispersion of the vitamin E substance by at least 20% relative to the dispersion of the composition without the active agent.
[0023] In a preferred second embodiment of the present invention, a pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a vitamin E substance and a surfactant, wherein after a 100X dilution of the composition in an aqueous medium, at least 30% of the active agent or the vitamin E substance is dispersed in an aqueous phase.
[0024] In another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a solubilizer and, optionally, a dispersing aid, wherein the amount of active agent improves the dispersion of the solubilizer over that which would be achieved with the same solubilizer without the active agent upon contact with an aqueous medium.
[0025] In yet another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a solubilizer and a dispersing aid, wherein the solubilizer is present in an amount such that more of the active agent is dispersed in aqueous medium than that which would be achieved with the same active agent and dispersing aid without the solubilizer.
[0026] still another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a solubilizer and a dispersing aid, wherein the active agent is present in an amount such that at least 30% of the active agent and/or the solubilizer present in the composition is dispersed upon dilution with an aqueous medium.
[0027] In a further embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a solubilizer and a dispersing aid, wherein the active agent and the solubilizer are present in amounts such that the composition forms a more effective aqueous dispersion than that which would be achieved without the active agent.
[0028] hi the embodiments set forth above, where applicable, the improvement of the dispersion of either the active agent or the solubilizer or the improvement in the effectiveness of the dispersion is on the order of at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least
50%), and the dispersion of the active agent or the solubilizer is at least 30%, with a dispersion of at least 50% preferred, a fine dispersion of at least 30%) more preferred, and a fine dispersion of at least 50% most preferred.
[0029] In another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a solubilizer, and optionally, a dispersing aid, wherein the active agent is present in an amount of from about 0.1 to 30 %> w/w of the composition; the solubilizer in the composition is present in an amount of from about 1 to 99 % w/w of the composition; and the dispersing aid is present in an amount from about 1 to 99%> of the composition
[0030] Preferably, the concentrations of each of the active agent, solubilizer, and surfactant of the claimed pharmaceutical composition will have the following ranges: active agent from 0.01% to 30% w/w; solubilizer (vitamin E substance) from 1-95% w/w; and surfactant from 5-85% w/w. The concentrations of some exemplary steroids are provided as follows: progesterone - 1-300 mg/dosage form (0.1 %> to 30%> w/w); testosterone - 10 mg to 300 mg/dosage form ( at least 1% w/w); and DHEA - 50 to 300 mg/dosage form (at least 5%> w/w). [0031] Tables 1-2, 2-2, 3-2, 4-2, 5-2, 6-3, 7-2, 8-3 and 9-2 from Examples 1-9 show that the synergy between the active agents and the vitamin E substances results in a pharmaceutical composition with a very high percent of dispersion of the active agent and/or the vitamin E substance solubilizer. Table 1-2 shows that as the concentration of active agent is increased from 0% to 15%, the dispersion of both the active agent and the vitamin E substance increase.
Table 8-3 also shows that the careful selection of a solvent or cosolubilizer may further increase the dispersion of the composition.
[0032] Examples 10-25 set forth exemplary compounds that fall within the scope of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
[0033] A. ACTIVE AGENTS
[0034] The active agent of the present invention is characterized by the fact that it is solubilized in aqueous dispersion by the solubilizer and has a synergistic role in improving the dispersibihty of the solubilizer (and consequently of the active agent itself) upon dilution in aqueous media. The active agent can be said to "improve" the dispersibihty of the solubilizer if it is present at levels such that at the selected dilution factor it increases the extent of dispersion of the solubilizer by at least about 20% relative to the same composition without the active agent. In one embodiment of the present invention, a pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a solubilizer and, optionally, a dispersing aid, wherein upon dilution of the composition, the active agent is present in an amount to increase dispersion of the solubilizer by at least 20% more than that which would be achieved with the same composition without the active agent.
[0035] Preferably, the active agent is present such that after a 100X dilution of the composition the active agent is at least 30% dispersed in the aqueous phase, with an active agent dispersion of at least 50% being preferred. More preferably, the active agent is present such that as least 30% of the drug is in fine dispersion. Most preferably the active agent is present such that at least 50% of the drug is in a fine dispersion.
[0036] While this approach may be broadly applicable to many classes of active agents, particularly hydrophobic actives, we have found that drugs in the class of steroids and benzoquinones are particularly effective in this regard.
[0037] The following lists set forth exemplary active agents for use in the present invention; those of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that suitable active agents may be used in the present invention either alone or in combination.
[0038] Steroids are compounds based on the cyclopenta[α]phenanthrene structure.
Examples of steroids which have been shown to be suitable for the current invention include those with the androstane structure. Examples of such androstane steroids include cetadiol, clostebol, danazol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (also, prasterone or dehydroisoandrosterone), DHEA sulfate, dianabol, dutasteride, exemestane, finasteride, nerobol, oxymetholone, stanolone, stanozolol, testosterone, 17-alpha-methyltestosterone, and methyltestosterone enanthate.
[0039] Another group steroids, which have been shown to be suitable, are those based on the cholane or cholesterol structure. Examples of such steroids are brassicasterol, campesterol, chenodeoxycholic acid, clionasterol, desmosterol, lanosterol, poriferasterol, β- sitosterol, stigmasterol, and ursodeoxycholic acid.
[0040] Another suitable class of steroids for use in the present invention are those steroids based on the estrane structure. Examples of such estranes include desogestrel, equilin,
17-alpha-dihydroequilin, 17-beta-dihydroequilin, 17-alpha-estradiol, 17-beta-estradiol
(estradiol), ethinyl estradiol, estriol, estrone, levonorgestrel, lynestrenol, mestranol, mibolerone, mifegyne, mifepristone, nandrolone, norethindrone (or norethistrone), norethindrone acetate (or norethisterone acetate), nortestosterone.
[0041] Also suitable is the steroid class based on the pregnane structure. Examples of such pregnanes include alfaxalone, beclomethasone, budesonide, clobetasol, clobetasone, corticosterone, desoxycorticosterone, cortisol, cortisone, dihydrocortisone, cyproterone, desonide, dexamethasone, eplerenone, epoxypregnenolone, flumethasone, megestrol, melengestrol, prednisolone, prednisone, pregnanediol, pregnanolone, pregnenolone, allopregnanolone, epiallopregnanolone, progesterone, medroxyprogesterone, spironolactone, and tibolone.
[0042] It is to be understood that steroids suitable for the present invention are not limited to those disclosed herein and include any secondary steroids, such as for example, vitamin D.
[0043] Steroid esters, such as the acetate, benzoate, cypionate, decanoate, enanthate, hemisuccinate, hexahydrobenzoate, 4-methylvalerate, propionate, stearate, valerate, and undecanoate esters would also be suitable for the present invention.
[0044] Examples of suitable benzoquinones include ubiquinones, such as coenzyme
Q10, embelin, idebenone [2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-(10-hydroxydecyl)-l,4-benzoquinone], pyrroloquinoline quinone, and seratrodast [7-(3,5,6-trimethyl-l,4-benzoquinon-2-yl)-7- phenylheptanoic acid].
[0045] Examples of other active agents which may be suitable for this invention include, without limitation: abecarnil, acamprostate, acavir, acebutolol, aceclofenac, acemetacin, acetaminophen, acetaminosalol, acetanilide, acetohexamide, acetophenazine maleate, acetophenazine, acetoxolone, acetoxypregnenolone, acetretin, acrisorcin, acrivastine, acyclovir, adinazolam, adiphenine hydrochloride, adrafinil, adrenolone, agatroban, ahnitrine, akatinol, alatrofloxacin, albendazole, albuterol, aldioxa, alendronate, alfentanil, alibendol, alitretinoin, allopurinol, allylamines, allylestrenol, alminoprofen, almotriptan, alosetron, aloxiprin, alprazolam, alprenolol, amantadine, ambucetamide, amidephrine, amidinomycin, amiloride, aminoarylcarboxylic acid derivatives, aminoglutethimide, aminoglycosides, aminopentamide, aminopromazine, aminorex, amiodarone, amiphenazole, amiprilose, amisulpride, amitriptyline, amlexanox, amlodipine, amodiaquine, amosulalol, amotriphene, amoxapine, amoxicillin, amphecloral, amphetamine, amphomycin, amphotericin, ampicillin, ampiroxicam, amprenavir, amrinone, amsacrine, amyl nitrate, amylobarbitone, anagestone acetate, anastrozole, andinocillin, androstenediol, androstenediol-17-acetate, androstenediol- 17-benzoate, androstenediol-3-acetate, androstenediol-3 -acetate- 17-benzoate, androstenedione, androsterone acetate, androsterone benzoate, androsterone propionate, androsterone, angiotensin, anidulafungin, aniracetam, apazone, apicycline, apoatropine, apomorphine, apraclonidine, aprepitant, aprotinin, arbaprostil, ardeparin, aripiprazole, arnikacin, arotinolol, arstiinol, arylacetic acid derivatives, arylalkylamines, arylbutyric acid derivatives, arylcarboxylic acids, arylpiperazines, arylpropionic acid derivatives, aspirin, astemizole, atenolol, atomoxetine, atorvastatin, atovaquone, atropine, auranofin, azapropazone, azathioprine, azelastine, azetazolamide, azithromycin, baclofen, bambuterol, bamethan, barbitone, barnidipine, basalazide, beclamide, beclobrate, befimolol, bemegride, benazepril, bencyclane, bendazac, bendazol, bendroflumethiazide, benethamine penicillin, benexate hydrochloride, benfurodil hemisuccinate, benidipine, benorylate, bentazepam, benzhexol, benziodarone, benznidazole, benzoctamine, benzodiazepine derivatives, benzodiazepine, benzonatate, benzphetamine, benzylmorphine, beperiden, bephenium hydroxynaphthoate, bepridil, betahistine, betamethasone, betaxolol, bevantolol, bevonium methyl sulfate, bexarotene, bezadoxifine, bezafibrate, bialamicol, biapenem, bicalutamide, bietamiverine, bifonazole, binedaline, binifibrate, biricodar, bisacodyl, bisantrene, bisoprolol, bitolterol, bopindolol, boswellic acid, bradykinin, bretylium, bromazepam, bromocriptine, bromperidol, brotizolam, brovincamine, buciclate, bucloxic acid, bucumolol, budralazine, bufeniode, bufetolol, buflomedil, bufuralol, bumetanide, bunitrolol, bupranolol, buprenorphine, buproprion, buspirone, busulfan, butalamine, butarphenol, butaverine, butenafine, butenafme, butidrine hydrochloride, butobarbitone, butoconazole nitrate, butoconazole, butofilol, butorphenol, butropium bromide, cabergoline, calcifediol, calcipotriene, calcitriol, caldiribine, cambendazole, camioxirole, camostat, camposterol, camptothecin, candesartan, candoxatril, capecitabine, caprate, capsaicin, captopril, carazolol, carbacephems, carbamates, carbamezepine, carbapenems, carbarsone, carbatrol, carbenoxolone, carbimazole, carbromal, carbuterol, carisoprodol, carotenes, caroverine, carteolol, carvedilol, cefaclor, cefazolin, cefbuperazone, cefepime, cefoselis, ceftibuten, celcoxib, celecoxib, celiprolol, cephaeline, cephalosporin C, cephalosporins, cephamycins, cerivastatin, certoparin, cetamolol, cetiedil, cetirizine, cetraxate, chloracizine, chlorambucil, chlorbetamide, chlordantoin, chlordiazepoxide, chlormadinone acetate, chlormethiazole, chloroquine, chlorothiazide, chlorpheniramine, chlorphenoxamide, chlorphentermine, chlorproguanil, chlorpromazine, chlorpropamide, chlorprothixene, chlortetracycline, chlorthalidone, cholecalciferol, chromonar, ciclesonide, ciclonicate, cidofivir, ciglitazone, cilansetron, cilostazol, cimetidine, cimetropium bromide, cinepazet maleate, cinnamedrine, cinnarizine, cinolazepam, cinoxacin, ciprofibrate, ciprofloxacin, cisapride, cisplatin, citalopram, citicoline, clarithromycin, clebopride, clemastine, clenbuterol, clidanac, clinofibrate, clioquinol, clobazam, clobenfurol, clobenzorex, clofazimine, clofibrate, clofibric acid, cloforex, clomipramine, clonazepam, clonidine, clonitrate, clopidogrel, clopirac indomethacin, cloranolol, cloricromen, clorprenaline, clortermine, clotiazepam, clotrimazole, cloxacillin, clozapine, cmepazide, codeine methyl bromide, codeine phosphate, codeine sulfate, codeine, colloidal bismuth subcitrate, cromafiban, cromolyn, cropropamide, crotethamide, curcumin, cyclandelate, cyclarbamate, cyclazocine, cyclexedrine, cyclizine, cyclobenzaprine, cyclodrine, cyclonium iodide, cyclopentamine, cyclosporin, cypionate, cyproheptadine, cyproterone acetate, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dalfopristine, dantrolene sodium, dapiprazole, darodipine, decanoate, decitabine, decoquinate, dehydroemetine, delavirdine, delaviridine, demeclocycline, denopamine, deramciclone, descitalopram, desipramine, desloratadine, 3-ketodesogestrel, desomorphine, desoxymethasone, detomidine, dexamphetamine, dexanabinol, dexchlorpheniramine, dexfenfluramine, dexmethylphenidate, dexrazoxane, dextroamphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine, dextropropoxyphene, DHEA, diacetate, diamorphine, diazemine, diazepam, diaziquinone, diazoxide, dibromopropamidine, dichlorophen, diclofenac, dicoumarol, didanosine, dideoxyadenosine, diethylpropion, difemerine, difenamizole, diflunisal, digitoxin, digoxin, dihidroergotamine, dihydrocodeine, dihydrocodeinone enol acetate, dihydroergotamine mesylate, dihydroergotamine, dihydrogesterone, dihydromorphine, dihydropyridine derivatives, dihydrostreptomycin, dihydrotachysterol, dihydroxyaluminum acetylsalicylate, diiodohydroxyquinoline, diisopromine, dilazep, dilevalol, dilitazem, diloxanide furoate, diloxanide, diltiazem, dimefline, dimenhydrinate, dimethisterone, dimetofrine, dimorpholamine, dinitolmide, dioxaphetyl butyrate, dioxethedrine, diphemethoxidine, diphenhydramine, diphenoxylate, diphetarsone, dipivefrin, diponium bromide, dipyridamole, dirithromycin, disopyramide, divalproex sodium, dofetilide, domperidone, donezepil, dopexamine, dopradil, dosmalfate, doxapram, doxazosin, doxefazepam, doxepin, doxycycline, drofenine, dromostanolone propionate, dromostanolone, dronabinol, droperidol, droprenilamine, d-threo-methylphenidate, duloxetine, ebrotidine, eburnamonine, ecabet, ecenofloxacin, econazole nitrate, edavarone, edoxudine, efavirenz, effivarenz, efloxate, eledoisin, eletriptan, elgodipine, ellipticine, emepronium bromide, emetine, enalapril, enanthate, encainide, enlopitat, enoximone, enprostil, entacapone, epanolol, ephedrine, epinastine, epinephrine, epirubicin, epleronone, eposartan, ergocalciferol, ergoloid mesylates, ergotamine, ertapenum, erythromycin, erytlirityl tetranitrate, esaprazole, escitalopram, esmolol, esomeprazole, esonarimod, estazolam, estradiol benzoate, estramustine, estriol succinate, estrone acetate, estrone sulfate, etafedrine, etafenone, ethacrynic acid, ethamivan, ethinamate, ethinylestradiol 3 -acetate, ethinylestradiol 3 -benzoate, ethinylestradiol, ethionamide, ethisterone (17α-ethinyltestosterone), ethopropazine, ethotoin, ethoxyphenamine, ethylestrenol, ethylmorphine, ethylnorepinephrine, ethynodiol diacetate, etodolac, etofibrate, etoposide, etoricoxib, etretinate, everolimus, exalamide, examestane, examorelin, ezemitibe, falecalcitriol, famciclovir, famotidine, fantofarone, farapenum, farglitazar, fasudil, felbamate, felodipine, fenalamide, fenbufen, fenbutrazate, fendiline, fenfluramine, fenoldopam, fenoprofen, fenoterol, fenoverine, fenoxazoline, fenoxedil, fenpiprane, fenproporex, fenspiride, fentanyl, fexofenadine, flavoxate, flecainide, flopropione, floredil, floxuridine, fluconazole, flucytosine, fludarabine, fludiazepam, fludrocortisone, flufenamic acid, flunanisone, flunarizine, flunisolide, flunitrazepam, fluocortolone, fluoxetine, flupenthixol decanoate, fluphenazine decanoate, fluphenazine enanthate, fluphenazine, fluproquazone, flurazepam, flurbiprofen, flurogestone acetate, fluticasone propionate, fluvastatin, fluvoxamine, fominoben, formoterol, foscarnet, foscarnet, fosinopril, fosphenytoin, frovatirptan, fudosteine, fumagillin, furazolidone, furazolidone, furfurylmethyl amphetamine, furosemide, gabapentin, gabexate, gaboxadol, galanthamine, gallopamil, gammaparin, ganciclovir, ganglefene, gefarnate, gemcitabine, gemfibrozil, gepirone, gestadene, ghrelin, glatiramer, glaucarubin, glibenclamide, gliclazide, glimepiride, glipizide, gluconic acid, glutamicacid, glyburide, glyceryl trinitrate, glymepiride, granisetron, grepafloxacin, griseofulvin, guaiazulene, guanabenz, guanfacine, halofantrine, haloperidol decanoate, haloperidol, haloxazolam, hepronicate, heptanoate, hexobendine, hexoprenaline, hydramitrazine, hydrazides, hydrochlorothiazide, hydrocodone, hydrocortisone, hydromorphone, hydroxyamphetamine, hydroxymethylprogesterone acetate, hydroxymethylprogesterone, hydroxyprogesterone acetate, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, hydroxyprogesterone, hymecromone, hyoscyamine, ibopamine, ibudilast, ibufenac, ibuprofen, ibutilide, idoxuridine, ifenprodil, igmesine, iloprost, imatinib, imidapril, imidazoles, imipenem, imipramine, imolamine, incadronic acid pergolide, indanazoline, indenolol, indinavir, indomethacin, indoramin, inosinepranobex, inositol niacinate, iodoquinol, ipidracine, iproniazid, irbesartan, irinotecan, irsogladine, isobutyrate, isocaprate esters, isoetharine, isometheptene, isoproterenol, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate, isosorbide dinitrate, isoxsuprine, isradipine, itasetron, itraconazole, itramintosylate, ivermectin, kallidin, kallikrein, kanamycin, ketamine, ketoconazole, ketoprofen, ketorolac, ketotifen, labetalol, lafutidine, lamifiban, lamivudine, lamotrigine, lanatoside c5 lansoprazole, lasofoxifene, leflunomide, leminoprazole, lercanadipine, lesopitron, letrozole, leucovorin, levalbuterol, levallorphan, levetiracetam, levetriacetam, levobunolol, levodopa, levofloxacin, levophacetoperane, levorphanol, lidocaine, lidoflazine, lifibrol, limaprost, linezolid, lintitript, liranaftate, lisinopril, lisuride, lobeline, lobucavir, lodoxamide, lomefloxacin, lomerizine, lomustine, loperamide, lopinavir, loprazolam, loracarbef, loratadine, lorazepam, lorefloxacin, lormetazepam, losartan, lovasatain, lovastatin, loxapine succinate, loxapine, 1-threo- methylphenidate, lumiracoxib, lysine acetylsalicylate, lysozyme, lysuride, mabuterol, mafenide, magnesium acetylsalicylate, malgramostin, mannitol hexanitrate, maprotiline, mazindol, mebendazole, meclizine, meclofenamic acid, mecloxaminepentapiperide, medazepam, medibazine, medigoxin, medrogestone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, mefenamic acid, mefenorex, mefloquin, mefloquine, megestrol acetate, melengestrol acetate, melphalan, mematine, mepenzolate bromide, meperidine, mephenoxalone, mephentermine, mepindolol, mepixanox, meprobamate, meptazinol, mercaptopurine, merropenum, mesalamine, mesalazine, mesoridazine besylate, mesoridazine, metaclazepam, metamfepramone, metampicillin, metaproterenol, metaraminol, methacycline, methadone hydrochloride, methadone, methamphetamine, methaqualone, metharnphetamine, methoin, methotrexate, methoxamine, methsuximide, methylhexaneamine, methylphenidate d-threo-methylphenidate, methylphenidate, methylphenobarbitone, methylprednisolone, methysergide, metiazinic acid, metizoline, metoclopramide, metolazone, metoprolol, metoxalone, metripranolol, metronidazole, mexiletine, mexilitene, metaxalone, mianserin, mibefradil, miconazole, midazolam, midodrine, miglitol, milnacipran, milrinone, minoxidil, mirtazapine, misoprostol, mitomycin, mitotane, mitoxantrone, mizolastine, modafmil, mofebutazone, mofetil, molindone hydrochloride, molindone, molsidomine, monatepil, montelukast, monteplase, moprolol, moricizine, morphine hydrochloride, morphine sulfate, morphine, morpholine salicylate, mosapramine, moxifloxacin, moxisylvyte, moxonidine, mycophenolate, nabumetone, nadolol, nadoxolol, nadroparin, nafamostat, nafronyl, naftopidil, nalbuphine, nalidixic acid, nalmefene, nalorphine, naloxone, naltrexone, nandrolone benzoate, nandrolone cyclohexanecarboxylate, nandrolone cyclohexane-propionate, nandrolone decanoate, nandrolone furylpropionate, nandrolone phenpropionate, naphazoline, naproxen, naratriptan, natamycin, nateglinide, nebivalol, nedocromil, nefazodone, nefopam, nelfinavir, nemonapride, neomycin undecylenate, neomycin, neotrofin, nesiritide, n-ethylamphetamine, nevibulol, nevirapine, nexopamil, nicametate, nicardipine, nicergoline, nicofibrate, nicofuranose, nicomorphine, nicorandil, nicotinyl alcohol, nicoumalone, nifedipine, nifenalol, nikethamide, nilutamide, nilvadipine, nimodipine, nimorazole, nipradilol, nisoldipine, nitisonone, nitrazepam, nitrofurantoin, mtrofurazone, nitroglycerin, nizatidine, norastemizole, norepinephrine, norethynodrel, norfenefrine, norfloxacin, norgestimate, norgestrel, norgestrienone, normethadone, normethisterone, normorphine, norpseudoephedrine, nortriptyline, novantrone, nylidrin, nystatin, octamylamine, octodrine, octopamine, ofloxacin, olanzapine, olanzapine, olapatadine, olmesartan, olopatidine, olsalazine, omapatrilat, omeprazole, ondasetron, opium, oprevelkin, orlistat, ornidazole, ornoprostil, oseltamivir, oxaliplatin, oxamniquine, oxandrolone, oxantel embonate, oxaprozin, oxatomide pemirolast, oxatomide, oxazepam, oxcarbazepine, oxfendazole, oxiconazole, oxiracetam, oxolinicacid, oxprenolol, oxycodone, oxyfedrine, oxymetazoline, oxymorphone, oxyphenbutazone, oxyphencyclimine, oxyprenolol, ozagrel, paclitaxel, palonosetron, pantoprazole, papaverine, paracalcitol, paramethadione, parecoxib, pariprazole, paromomycin, paroxetine, parsalmide, pazinaclone, pemoline, penbutolol, penciclovir, penicillin G benzathine, penicillin G procaine, penicillin V, penicillins, pentaerythritol tetranitrate, pentaerythritol tetranitrate, pentapiperide, pentazocine, pentifylline, pentigetide, pentobarbitone, pentorex, pentoxifylline, pentrinitrol, perbuterol, perenzepine, pergolide, perhexiline, perindopril erbumine, perospirone, perphenazine pimozide, perphenazine, phanquinone, phenacemide, phenacetin, phenazopyridine, phencarbamide, phendimetrazine, phenelzine, phenindione, phenmetrazine, phenobarbitone, phenoperidine, phenothiazines, phenoxybenzamine, phensuximide, phentermine, phentolamine, phenyl salicylate, phenylacetate, phenylbutazone, phenylephrinehydrochloride, phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, phenylpropanolaminehydrochloride, phenylpropyl-methylamine, phenytoin, phloroglucinol, pholedrine, physostigmine salicylate, physostigmine, phytonadiol, phytosterols, piapenum, picilorex, piclamilast, picrotoxin, picumast, pifarnine, pilsicainide, pimagedine, pimeclone, pimecrolimus, pimefylline, pimozide, pinaverium bromide, pindolol, pioglitazone, piperacillin, piperazine estrone sulfate, piperazine derivatives, piperilate, piracetam, pirbuterol, pirenzepine, piribedil, pirifibrate, piroxicam, pitavastatin, pizotyline, plaunotol, polaprezinc, polybenzarsol, polyestrol phosphate, practolol, pralnacasan, pramipexole, pranlukast, pravastatin, prazepam, praziquantel, prazosin, pregabalin, prenalterol, prenylamine, pridinol, prifinium bromide, primidone, primipramine, probenecid, probucol, procainamide, procarbazine, procaterol, prochlorperazine, proguanil, pronethalol, propafenone, propamidine, propatyl nitrate, propentoffyline, propionate, propiram, propoxyphene, propranolol, propylhexedrine, propylthiouracil, protokylol, protriptyline, proxazole, pseudoephedrine, purines, pyrantel embonate, pyrazoles, pyrazolones, pyridofylline, pyrimethamine, pyrimidines, pyrrolidones, quazepam, quetiapine, quetuapine, quinagolide, quinapril, quinestrol, quinfamide, quinidine, quinine sulfate, quinolones, quinupritin, rabalzotan, rabeprazole sodium, rabeprazole, racefimine, ramatroban, ramipril, ranitidine, ranolazine, ransoprazole, rasagiline, rebamipide, refiudan, repaglinide, repinotan, repirinast, reproterol, reserpine, retinoids, ribavirin, rifabutine, rifampicin, rifapentine, rilmenidine, riluzole, rimantadine, rimiterol, rioprostil, risperidone, ritanovir, ritapentine, ritipenem, ritodrine, ritonavir, rivastigmine, rizatriptan, rociverine, rofecoxib, rohypnol, rolipram, romoxipride, ronifibrate, ropinirole, ropivacaine, rosaprostol, rosiglitazone, rosuvastatin, rotinolol, rotraxate, roxatidine acetate, roxindole, rubitecan, salacetamide, salicin, salicylamide, salicylic acid derivatives, salmeterol, saquinavir, saquinavir, scopolamine, secnidazole, selegiline, semotiadil, sertindole, sertraline, sibutramine, sildenafil, simfibrate, simvastatin, siramesine, sirolimus, sitaxsentan, sofalcone, somotiadil, sorivudine, sotalol, soterenol, sparfloxacin, spasmolytol, spectinomycin, spiramycin, spizofurone, stavudine, streptomycin, succinylsulfathiazole, sucralfate, sufentanil, sulconazole nitrate, sulfacetamide, sulfadiazine, sulfaloxicacid, sulfarside, sulfmalol, sulindac, suloctidil, sulphabenzamide, sulphacetamide, sulphadiazine, sulphadoxine, sulphafurazole, sulphamerazine, sulphamethoxazole, sulphapyridine, sulphasalazine, sulphinpyrazone, sulphide, sulthiame, sultopride, sultroponium, sumanirole, sumatriptan, sunepitron, superoxide dismutase, suplatast, suramin sodium, synephrine, tacrine, tacrolimus, tacrolimus, tadalafil, talinolol, talipexole, tamoxifen, tamsulosin, targretin, tazanolast, tazarotene, tazobactum, tecastimezole, teclozan, tedisamil, tegaserod, telenzepine, telmisartan, temazepam, teniposide, teprenone, terazosin, terbenafϊne, terbinafine, terbutaline sulfate, terbutaline, terconazole, terfenadine, terodiline, terofenamate, tertatolol, testolactone, 4-dihydrotestosterone, tetracyclics, tetracycline, tetrahydrocannabinol, tetrahydrozoline, thalidomide, theofibrate, thiabendazole, thiazinecarboxamides, thiocarbamates, thiocarbamizine, thiocarbarsone, thioridazine, thiothixene, tiagabine, tiamenidine, tianeptine, tiaprofenic acid, tiaramide, ticlopidine, tigloidine, tilisolol, timolol, tinidazole, tinofedrine, tinzaparin, tioconazole, tipranavir, tirapazamine, tirofiban, tiropramide, titanicene, tizanadine, tizanidine, tizinadine, tocainide, tolazamide, tolazoline, tolbutamide, tolcapone, tolciclate, tolfenamic acid, toliprolol, tolteridine, tolterodine, tonaberstat, topiramate, topotecan, torasemide, toremifene citrate, toremifene, tosufloxacin, tramadol, tramazoline, trandolapril, tranilast, tranylcypromine, trapidil, traxanox, trazodone, tretoquinol, triacetin, triamcinolone, triampterine, triamterine, triazolam, triazoles, tricromyl, tricyclics, trifluoperazine hydrochloride, trifluoperazine, triflupromazine, trifluridine, trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride, trihexyphenidyl, trimazosin, trimebutine, trimetazidine, trimethoprim, trimgestone, trimipramine, trimoprostil, trithiozine, troglitazone, trolnitrate phosphate, tromethamine, tropicamide, trovafloxacin, troxipide, tuaminoheptane, tulobuterol, tymazoline, tyramine, undecanoate, undecanoic acid, urinastatin, valacyclovir, valdecoxib, valerate, valganciclovir, valproic acid, valsartan, vancomycin, vardenafϊl, venlafaxine, venorelbine, verapamil, verapimil, vidarabine, vigabatrin, vincamine, vinpocetine, viomycin, viquidil, visnadine, vitamin a derivatives, vitamin a, vitamin b2, vitamin d, vitamin e, vitamin k, voglibose, voriconazole, xaliproden, xamoterol, xanthinol niacinate, xenytropium bromide, xibenolol, ximelagatran, xylometazoline, yohimbine, zacopride, zafϊrlukast, zafirlukat, zalcitabine, zaleplon, zanamivir, zatebradine, ziconotide, zidovudine, zileuton, zimeldine, zinc propionate, ziprasidone, zolimidine, zolmitriptan, zolpidem, zonisamide, zopiclone.
[0046] B. SOLUBILIZERS
[0047] i one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active agent, a solubilizer and a dispersing aid. The solubilizer is present in an amount such that more of the active agent is dispersed in aqueous medium than that which would be achieved with the same active agent and dispersing aid without the solubilizer. As mentioned above, the active agent and the solubilizer act synergistically to improve the dispersibihty of the solubilizer itself and the active agent upon dilution in an aqueous media, thus greatly increasing the amount of active agent which can be dispersed in a readily absorbably form. Preferably, the solubilizer is present such that after a
100X dilution of the composition the active agent and/or the solubilizer is at least 30% dispersed in the aqueous phase, with a dispersion of at least 50%> being preferred. It is more preferred that the solubilizer, like the active agent is at least 30% finely dispersed in the aqueous phase, with a fine dispersion of at least 50% being most preferred.
[0048] The preferred solubilizer of the present invention is a "vitamin E substance," which includes substances with the tocol structure [2-methyl-2-(4,8,12~ trimethyltridecyl)chroman-6-ol] or the tocotrienol structure [2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-
3,7,1 l-trienyl)chroman-6-ol], in particular the all trans- (E,E) tocotrienols. Particularly preferred vitamin E substances include the mono-, di-, trimethyl- tocol derivatives, commonly known as tocopherols, such as α-tocopherol [5,7,8-trimethyl-], β-tocopherol [5,8-dimethyl-], γ-tocopherol
[7,8-dirnethyl], ζ2-tocopherol [5,7-dimethyl-], δ-tocopherol [8-methyl-], η-tocopherol [7-methyl-
]; and the corresponding mono-, di-, and trimethyltoctrienol derivatives, commonly known as tocotrienols, such as α-tocotrienol (or ζi-tocopherol) [5,7,8-trimethyl-], β-tocotrienol (or ε- tocopherol) [5,8-dimethyl-], γ-tocotrienol [7,8-dimethyl], and δ-tocotrienol [8-methyl-].
Included are their mixed racemic dl- forms, the pure d- and 1- enantiomers and the corresponding derivatives, e.g., esters, produced with organic acids; and mixtures thereof. Preferred vitamin E substances for use in the present invention include tocopherols, tocotrienols and tocopherol derivatives with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, bile acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, polyethylene glycol succinate and salicylic acid. Particularly preferred vitamin E substances include alpha-tocopherol, alpha- tocopherol acetate, alpha-tocopherol acid succinate, alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate and mixtures thereof.
[0049] Other solubilizers that may be used in the present invention are disclosed in U.S.
Patent Application Nos. 09/716,029 and 09/877,541, both to Chen et al. Preferred solubilizers that are not vitamin E substances for use in the present invention include fatty acid esters of glycerol, acetylated mono- and diglycerides, fatty acid esters of propylene glycol, trialkyl citrate, glycerol acetate, and lower alcohol fatty acid esters.
[0050] C. SURFACTANTS
[0051] The surfactant in the present invention may be any compound containing polar or charged hydrophilic moieties as well as non-polar hydrophobic (lipophilic) moieties; i.e. a surfactant compound must be amphiphilic. Within the context of the present invention, the hydrophilic surfactant can be any hydrophilic surfactant suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions. Such surfactants can be anionic, cationic, zwitterionic or non-ionic. Mixtures of hydrophilic surfactants are also within the scope of the invention. Similarly, the hydrophobic surfactant can be any hydrophobic surfactant suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions.
Mixtures of hydrophobic surfactants are also within the scope of the invention. Generally, suitable hydrophilic surfactants will have an HLB value greater than about 10 and suitable hydrophobic surfactants will have an HLB value less than about 10. The choice of specific hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfactants should be made keeping in mind the particular hydrophobic therapeutic agent to be used in the composition, and the range of polarity appropriate for the chosen therapeutic agent. With these general principles in mind, a very broad range of surfactants is suitable for use in the present invention.
[0052] Examples of surfactants suitable for use in the present invention are disclosed in
U.S. Patent No. 6,294,192 to Patel et al. and U.S. Patent Application No. 09/877,541 to Chen et al. Examples of surfactants that may be used in the present invention include polyethoxylated fatty acids such as PEG-8 laurate, PEG-8 oleate, PEG-8 stearate, PEG-9 oleate, PEG- 10 laurate,
PEG-10 oleate, PEG-12 laurate, PEG-12 oleate, PEG-15 oleate, PEG-20 laurate and PEG-20 oleate; PEG-fatty acid diesters such as PEG-20 dilaurate, PEG-20 dioleate, PEG-20 distearate,
PEG-32 dilaurate and PEG-32 dioleate; PEG-fatty acid mono- and di-ester mixtures; polyethylene glycol glycerol fatty acid esters such as PEG-20 glyceryl laurate, PEG-30 glyceryl laurate, PEG-40 glyceryl laurate, PEG-20 glyceryl oleate, and PEG-30 glyceryl oleate; alcohol - oil transesterification products such as PEG-35 castor oil (Lncrocas-35), PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil (Cremophor® RH40), polyoxyl 35 castor oil (Cremophor EL), PEG-25 trioleate
(TAGAT® TO), PEG-60 corn glycerides (Crovol M70), PEG-60 almond oil (Crovol A70),
PEG-40 palm kernel oil (Crovol PK70), PEG-50 castor oil (Emalex C-50), PEG-50 hydrogenated castor oil (Emalex HC-50), PEG-8 caprylic/capric glycerides (Labrasol®), and
PEG-6 caprylic/capric glycerides (Softigen® 767); transesterification products of oils and alcohols; polyglycerized fatty acids such as polyglyceryl oleate (Plurol® Oleique), polyglyceryl-
2 dioleate (Nikkol DGDO), and polyglyceryl-10 trioleate. Preferred hydrophilic surfactants include polyglyceryl-10 laurate (Nikkol Decaglyn 1-L), polyglyceryl-10 oleate (Nikkol Decaglyn
1-0), and polyglyceryl-10 mono, dioleate (Caprol® PEG 860); propylene glycol fatty acid esters such as propylene glycol monolaurate (Lauroglycol FCC), propylene glycol ricinoleate
(Propymuls), propylene glycol monooleate (Myverol® P-06), propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate (Captex® 200), and propylene glycol dioctanoate (Captex 800); mixtures of propylene glycol esters and glycerol esters such as a mixture of oleic acid esters of propylene glycol and glycerol (Arlacel 186); mono- and diglycerides such as glyceryl monooleate (Peceol), glyceryl ricinoleate, glyceryl laurate, glyceryl dilaurate (Capmul® GDL), glyceryl dioleate
(Capmul GDO), glyceryl mono/dioleate (Capmul GMO-K), glyceryl caprylate/caprate (Capmul
MCM), caprylic acid mono/diglycerides (hnwitor® 988), and mono- and diacetylated monoglycerides (Myvacet® 9-45); sterol and sterol derivatives such as PEG-24 cholesterol ether
(Solulan® C-24); polyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acid esters such as PEG-20 sorbitan monolaurate (Tween® 20), PEG-20 sorbitan monopalmitate (Tween 40), PEG-20 sorbitan monostearate (Tween 60), and PEG-20 sorbitan monooleate (polysorbate 80 or Tween 80); polyethylene glycol alkyl ethers such as PEG-3 oleyl ether (Volpo 3) and PEG-4 lauryl ether
(Brij 30); sugar esters such as sucrose monopalmitate and sucrose monolaurate; polyethylene glycol alkyl phenols; polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymers such as
Synperonic® PE series (ICI); Pluronic® series (BASF), Emkalyx, Lutrol (BASF), Supronic,
Monolan, Pluracare®, and Plurodac; sorbitan fatty acid esters such as sorbitan monolaurate
(Arlacel® 20), sorbitan monopalmitate (Span-40), sorbitan monooleate (Sρan-80), sorbitan monostearate, and sorbitan tristearate; lower alcohol fatty acid esters such as hydrophobic surfactants include ethyl oleate (Crodamol EO), isopropyl myristate (Crodamol IPM), and isopropyl palmitate (Crodamol JPP); ionic surfactants such as sodium oleate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sarcosinate, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, sodium cholate, sodium taurocholate, lauroyl carnitine, palmitoyl carnitine, and myristoyl carnitine; unionized ionizable surfactants such as free fatty acid, particularly C6-C22 fatty acids, and bile acids. [0053] Other surfactants for use in the present invention include, without limitation,
PEG-400 succinate, PEG 3350, tocopherol polyethyleneglycol (200-8000 MW) succinate, tocopherol polyethylene glycol 400 succinate, tocopherol polyethyleneglycol 1000 succinate
(Vitamin E-TPGS, Eastman Chemical Co.), glycerol monolinoleate (Maisine®), propylene glycol monocaprylate (Capryol® 90); caprylocaproyl macrogol-8 glycerides (Labrosol®), glycerol dibehenate (Compritol® 888), glycerol distearate (Precirol®), lauroyl macrogol-32 glycerides (Gelucire® 44/14), and stearoyl macrogol-32 glycerides (Gelucire 50/13).
[0054] It is to be understood that within the context of the present invention, more than one solubilizer may be used. For example, ethanol may be used in conjunction with Cremophor to improve the solubility of active agent. Preferred surfactants for use with particular active agents are illustrated in the Examples.
[0055] D. OTHER ADDITIVES
[0056] Although not always necessary, the compositions of the present invention may also include one or more additional components, i.e., additives. Classes of additives that may be present in the compositions, include, but are not limited to, solvents, absorbents, acids, adjuvants, anticaking agent, glidants, antitacking agents, antifoamers, anticoagulants, antimicrobials, antioxidants, antiphlogistics, astringents, antiseptics, bases, binders, chelating agents, sequestrants, coagulants, coating agents, colorants, dyes, pigments, compatiblizers, complexing agents, softeners, crystal growth regulators, denaturants, dessicants, drying agents, dehydrating agents, diluents, dispersants, emollients, emulsifiers, encapsulants, enzymes, fillers, extenders, flavor masking agents, flavorants, fragrances, gelling agents, hardeners, stiffening agents, humectants, lubricants, moisturizers, bufferants, pH control agents, plasticizers, soothing agents, demulcents, retarding agents, spreading agents, stabilizers, suspending agents, sweeteners, disintegrants, thickening agents, consistency regulators, surfactants, opacifiers, polymers, preservatives, antigellants, rheology control agents, UV absorbers, tonicifiers and viscomodulators. One or more additives from any particular class, as well as one or more different classes of additives, may be present in the compositions. Specific examples of additives are well known in the art.
[0057] E. DOSAGE FORMS
[0058] The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be prepared by mixing the active agent, the solubilizer, the surfactant, and optional additives according to methods well known in the art. Alternatively, the active agent, the solubilizer, and the surfactant may be prepared in separate dosage forms or separated within one dosage form to form a dispersion in situ upon administration and dissolution in the aqueous environment of the gastrointestinal tract. [0059] The claimed pharmaceutical compositions can be further processed according to conventional methods known to those skilled in the art, such as lyophilization, encapsulation, compression, melting, extrusion, balling, drying, chilling, molding, spraying, spray congealing, coating, comminution, mixing, homogenization, sonication, cryopelletization, spheronization and granulation to produce the desired dosage form. Excess solvent, added to facilitate incorporation of the active agent and/or mixing of the formulation components, can be removed before administration of the pharmaceutical dosage form.
[0060] The pharmaceutical compositions can be further formulated into desirable dosage forms utilizing skills well known in the art. For example, compositions in liquid, semi- solid or paste form can be filled into hard gelatin or soft gelatin capsules using appropriate filling machines. Alternatively, the composition can also be extruded, merumerized, sprayed, granulated or coated onto a substrate to become a powder, granule or bead that can be further encapsulated or tableted with or without the addition of appropriate solidifying or binding agents. This approach also allows for the creation of a "fused mixture," a "solid solution" or a "eutectic mixture."
[0061] The dosage forms of the present invention are not limited with respect to size, shape or general configuration, and may comprise, for example, a capsule, a tablet or a caplet, or a plurality of granules, beads, powders, or pellets that may or may not be encapsulated, hi addition, the dosage form may be a drink or beverage solution or a spray solution that is administered orally. Thus, for example, the drink or beverage solution may be formed by adding a therapeutically effective amount of the composition in, for example, a powder or liquid form, to a suitable beverage, e.g., water or juice.
[0062] The compositions and dosage forms of the current invention may be immediate release, releasing the active agent and/or excipients in an uncontrolled fashion, or may be controlled release. Included in the term "controlled release" are dosage forms or compositions which release the drug and/or excipients with various release profiles such as extended or sustained release, delayed release, pulsitile release, or combinations of the above such as multistage release achieved by a combination of delayed release compositions with variable delay times.
[0063] Preparation of various types of pharmaceutical formulations are described, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Nineteenth Edition. (1995) cited supra and Ansel et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Deliveiy Systems, 6th Ed. (Media, PA: Williams & Wilkins, 1995). [0064] II. UTILITY AND ADMINISTRATION
[0065] The pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms have utility in the treatment of patients that may benefit from the therapeutic administration of hydrophobic drugs. Such therapies include, for example, steroid therapy or hormone therapy. Patients suffering from any condition, disease or disorder that can be effectively treated with any of the active agents disclosed herein can benefit from the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms described herein. An advantage of the claimed pharmaceutical composition is improvement in the oral absorption and bioavailability of the active agent thereby ensuring that the patient will in fact benefit from the prescribed therapy. The improved bioavailability of the active agent is a result of the improved dispersion of the active agent in the claimed pharmaceutical composition.
[0066] It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the preferred specific embodiments, the description set forth above as well as the examples that follow are intended only to illustrate the invention and not limit the scope of the invention. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications within the scope of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains.
[0067] All patents, patent applications, and publications mentioned herein, both supra and infra, are herein incorporated by reference.
EXPERIMENTAL [0068] The solubility of drug substances in the compositions was determined using conventional techniques. For example, solubility was in some cases determined gravimetrically by incrementally adding drug until the composition could no longer solubilize additional added drug. Solubility could also be determined by equilibration of the composition with excess drug during gentle mixing at a controlled temperature (25±0.5°C), centrifugation of the resulting mixture (15 min at 15,000*g; Beckmann Microfuge Lite), and assay of the clear supernatant. [0069] The dispersibihty of the composition was determined by diluting the composition in an aqueous medium such as water, simulated gastric fluid, or simulated intestinal fluid, at a selected dilution factor, preferably 10X to 1000X, most preferably 100X. The dilution was then gently mixed, for example with a rotator at 10 rpm, at an appropriate controlled temperature (typically 37°C). After a selected duration (typically 1 hour, but any physiologically realistic duration could be appropriate), the aqueous phase was sampled, taking care not to include undispersed oil globules, or non-uniformly dispersed particulates. hi some cases, the aqueous phase was filtered through Nylon or Tuffryn® membrane filters with the appropriate nominal pore size (Whatman or Gelman). In all cases, the initial 1-3 ml of filtrate were discarded, and the absence of significant filter absorption was confirmed by filtration of standard solutions of known active agent or vitamin E substance concentration in the appropriate matrix, collection of the filtrate, and assay of the filtrate to confirm that there was no change in drug concentration. Other techniques to characterize the extent of dispersion could also be used, such as centrifugation to separate larger particles from the uniform aqueous dispersion.
[0070] The aqueous phase sample or filtrate was then diluted in an appropriate solvent
(typically acetonitrile or methanol; HPLC grade), and assayed for active agent or solubilizer content.
[0071] Assay for vitamin E substance content in most cases was by UN spectrophotometry with quantification at a wavelength of 291 nm for tocopherol and 285 nm for tocopherol acetate tocopherol succinate, and tocopherol polyethyleneglycol succinate. Samples were diluted 100X in methanol, then scanned in a quartz cuvette using an Agilent 8453 UV/Vis
Spectrophotometer. Calibration was by linear regression of absorbance at the indicated wavelengths with standards of the relevant Vitamin E substance of known concentration.
Standards of the drugs or other excipients present in the composition at the expected concentrations were also scanned to confirm selectivity.
[0072] hi cases where the active agent or other excipient caused significant interference at the 285-291 nm wavelengths, assay for Vitamin E substances was by reversed phase HPLC using a Symmetry C18 3.6 X 150 mm column, 5 μ, with a mobile phase of Methanol 98/2%v/v and detection at 285 nm.
[0073] Assay of the active agents was by reversed-phase HPLC with the column indicated above, a mobile phase of acetonitrile/water 63/57%v/v, and detection at 204 nm.
[0074] Particle size of aqueous dispersions was determined using a Νicomp 380 ZLS laser-scattering particle sizer (Particle Sizing Systems), with a He-Νe laser at 632.8 nm, fixed
90° angle, interrupter at 13.5°, and maximum count rate 5 MHz.
[0075] The following Examples demonstrate the solubility characteristics of various embodiments of the claimed pharmaceutical formulation.
EXAMPLE 1
[0076] This example shows the solubilization and dispersion behavior of a composition including a pregnane steroid, progesterone, a vitamin E substance (dl-alpha-tocopherol, Spectrum Chemicals) and a surfactant (polyoxyl 35 castor oil USP/ΝF, Cremophor EL, BASF). The compositions shown in the tables below were prepared by combining the components and mixing gently at room temperature. Table 1-1
Figure imgf000023_0001
[0077] Compositions were dispersed in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (USP
23) at 100X dilution (37±0.5°C) and mixed gently for 1 hour. At 1 hour, the dispersions were filtered through 0.2 μ nominal pore size Nylon filters, then the filtrate was diluted 100X in methanol and assayed for progesterone by HPLC and for tocopherol content by UV/Vis spectrophotometry. Results are shown in Table 1-2 below
Table 1-2
Figure imgf000023_0002
[0078] The results in Table 1-2 show that increasing the drug loading from 0 to 15% unexpectedly improves the dispersibihty of the formulation. Without the drug, the composition does not disperse readily with most of the solubilizer present in separate oily globules. With the addition of the active agent, the dispersibihty of the formulation is improved such that the fraction of drug dispersed significantly increases with increasing drug loading. The fraction of drug present as a very fine (<0.2 μ) dispersion increases from -37% at 25 mg/g drug loading to
-62%) at 15% drug loading. The improved dispersibihty is also shown by the increase in the fraction of the solubilizer dispersed as a fine dispersion, increasing from 14% without drug to
63%> with 150 mg/g drug.
EXAMPLE 2 [0079] This example shows the solubilization and dispersion of a pregnane steroid, progesterone, in compositions consisting of vitamin E substances (dl-alpha-tocopherol, Spectrum Chemicals; or d-alpha-tocopherol, Archer Daniels Midland Company), a surfactant (polyoxyl 35 castor oil USP/NF, Cremophor EL, BASF), and a low-molecular weight alcohol (dehydrated alcohol, USP/NF, Quantum). The compositions shown in the tables below were prepared by combining the components and mixing gently at room temperature.
Table 2-1
Figure imgf000024_0001
[0080] Compositions were dispersed in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (USP
23) at 100X dilution (37±0.5°C) and mixed gently for 1 hour. At 1 hour, the dispersions were filtered through 0.2 μ nominal pore size Nylon filters, then the filtrate was diluted 100X in methanol and assayed for tocopherol content by UV/Vis spectrophotometry and progesterone content by HPLC. The particle size distribution of the dispersions was independently determined by laser scattering with a Nicomp particle size analyzer for confirmation. Results are shown in Table 2-2 below Table 2-2
Figure imgf000025_0001
* Particle size cannot be accurately determined for non-uniform samples with very large particles.
[0081] The results in Table 2-2 show that not only is the drug readily soluble in the vitamin E based composition, but the presence of the drug dramatically improves the dispersibihty of the composition upon aqueous dilution. Without the drug, the composition does not form a fine dispersion and only -10% of the vitamin E is incorporated in particles <0.2 μ. With progesterone, the compositions form a very fine uniform dispersion, with -80% of the total vitamin E in particles <0.2 μ. The assay for progesterone in the filtered dispersions shows that the drug is preferentially concentrated in these very small particles with nominal diameter <0.2
EXAMPLE 3 [0082] This example shows the solubilization and dispersion of an androstane steroid
((DHEA, Sigma Chemicals), in compositions consisting of vitamin E substances (dl-alpha- tocopherol, Spectrum Chemicals; or d-alpha-tocopherol, Archer Daniels Midland Company), a surfactant (polyoxyl 35 castor oil USP/NF, Cremophor EL, BASF), and a low-molecular weight alcohol (dehydrated alcohol, USP/NF, Quantum). The compositions shown in the tables below were prepared by combining the components and mixing gently at room temperature. The corresponding placeboes (without drug) are described in Example 2, compositions 2-1 and 2-3.
Table 3-1
Figure imgf000026_0001
[0083] Compositions were dispersed in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (USP
23) at 100X dilution (37±0.5°C) and mixed gently for 1 hour. At 1 hour, the dispersions were filtered through 0.2 μ nominal pore size Nylon filters, then the filtrate was diluted 100X in methanol and assayed for tocopherol content by UV/Vis spectrophotometry. Results are shown in Table 3-2 below
Table 3-2
Figure imgf000026_0002
[0084] The results in Table 3-2 show that, as with the pregnane steroid in example 2, the addition of the androstane steroid, dehydroepiandrosteroneDHEA, dramatically improves the formation of a fine dispersion of the composition resulting in compositions with very high drug loading, which are then readily dispersed in aqueous media.
EXAMPLE 4
[0085] This example shows the solubilization and dispersion using Vitamin
E/surfactant compositions for additional model steroids: an androstane steroid, finasteride; and a cholane steroid, ursodiol. The compositions shown in the tables below were prepared by combining the components and mixing gently at room temperature.
Table 4-1
Figure imgf000027_0001
[0086] Compositions were dispersed in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (USP
23) at 100X (37±0.5°C) and mixed gently for 1 hour. At 1 hour, the dispersions were filtered through 0.2 μ nominal pore size Nylon filters and the filtrate diluted 100X in methanol and assayed for tocopherol content by UV/Vis spectrophotometry. Results are shown in Table 4-2 below
Table 4-2
Figure imgf000027_0002
[0087] The results in Table 4-2 show that, as with the other steroids tested, the incorporation of the steroid active agent has a critical role in achieving good dispersion of the composition upon aqueous dilution.
EXAMPLE 5 [0088] This example shows the solubilization and dispersion of progesterone in compositions containing two different tocopherol esters (d-alpha-tocopherol acetate and d-alpha- tocopherol succinate, Archer Daniels Midland Company). The compositions shown in the tables below were prepared by combining the components and mixing gently at room temperature.
Table 5-1
Figure imgf000028_0001
[0089] Compositions were dispersed in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (USP
23) at 100X dilution (37±0.5°C) and mixed gently for 1 hour. At 1 hour, the dispersions were filtered through 0.2 μ nominal pore size Nylon filters, then the filtrate was diluted 100X in methanol and assayed for tocopherol succinate content by UV/Vis spectrophotometry. Results are shown in Table 5-2 below
Table 5-2
Figure imgf000028_0002
succinate homogeneous dispersion, Large globules in cloudy solution
5-4 d-alpha tocopherol 84 mg/g Fine uniform 99% succinate dispersion
[0090] The results in Table 5-2 show that both tocopherol esters have excellent solubihzing capacity for the steroid and allow for very high drug loading. The results also show that the steroid is critical to achieving adequate dispersion of the composition. Without the steroid, the composition is visibly non-uniform with the bulk of the composition in large particles or globules (only 30%> <0.45 μ). With the steroid drug, the composition is readily dispersed with more 70% of the particles in a fine dispersion which passes through the 0.45 μ filter.
EXAMPLE 6 [0091] This example shows the effect of solubilization and dispersion of progesterone in compositions with varying surfactants and surfactant levels. The vitamin E substances are d- alpha tocopherol or d-alpha tocopherol acetate (both from Archer Daniels Midland) with the following surfactants: polyoxyl 35 castor oil (Cremophor EL, BASF); caprylocaproyl macrogolglycerides (Labrasol, Gattefosse); polysorbate 80 (Tween 80, ICI), medium chain monoglycerides (Capmul MCM, Abitec), and tocopherol polyethyleneglycol 1000 succinate (Vitamin E-TPGS, Eastman). The compositions shown in the tables below were prepared by combining the components and mixing gently at room temperature.
Table 6-1
Figure imgf000029_0001
Figure imgf000030_0001
Table 6-2
Figure imgf000030_0002
[0092] Compositions were dispersed in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (USP
23) at 100X dilution (37±0.5°C) and mixed gently for 1 hour. At 1 hour, the bulk aqueous phase was sampled, talcing care not to disturb the oily phase. The sample was then diluted 100X in methanol and assayed for tocopherol and drug content by UV/Vis spectrophotometry or HPLC.
Results are shown in Table 6-3 below
Table 6-3
Figure imgf000031_0001
a. Filtered with 0.45 μ filter before assay.
[0093] The results in table 6-3 show that for all surfactants and surfactant levels, not only is the drug well solubilized in the vitamin E substance composition, but it also plays a critical role in dispersing the composition upon aqueous dilution. EXAMPLE 7 [0094] This example evaluates the dispersion behavior of an active agent, fenofibrate, in a composition of a tocopherol ester (d-alpha-tocopherol acetate, Archer Daniels Midland), and the surfactants, polysorbate 80 (Tween 80, ICI) and medium chain monoglycerides (Capmul MCM, Abitec). The compositions shown in the tables below were prepared by combining the components and mixing gently at room temperature.
Table 7-1
Figure imgf000032_0001
[0095] Compositions were dispersed in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (USP
23) at 100X dilution (37±0.5°C) and mixed gently for 1 hour. At 1 hour, the dispersions were filtered through 0.2 μ nominal pore size Nylon filters, then the filtrate was diluted 100X in methanol and assayed for tocopherol acetate content by HPLC. Results are shown in Table 7-2 below
Table 7-2
Figure imgf000032_0002
[0096] The results in Table 7-2 show that fenofibrate shows no synergism with the vitamin E substance solubilizer upon aqueous dilution and is not dispersed adequately in the aqueous medium for effective absorption.
EXAMPLE 8 [0097] This example shows the effect of solubilization and dispersion of progesterone in a compositions consisting of a vitamin E substance (d-alpha-tocopherol), a surfactant (polyoxyl 35 castor oil USP/NF) and various hydrophilic and hydrophobic solvents (ethanol, triethyl citrate; glycerol triacetate (triacetin)). The compositions shown in the tables below were prepared by combining the components and mixing gently at room temperature.
Table 8-1
Figure imgf000033_0001
Table 8-2
Figure imgf000034_0001
[0098] Compositions were dispersed in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (USP
23) at 100X dilution (37±0.5°C) and mixed gently for 1 hour. At 1 hour, the dispersions were filtered through 0.2 μ nominal pore size Nylon filters, the filtrate was then diluted 100X in methanol and assayed for tocopherol content by UV/Vis spectrophotometry. Results are shown in Table 8-3 below.
Table 8-2
Figure imgf000034_0002
Figure imgf000035_0001
[0099] This example shows that for each of the solvents tested, the presence of the steroid drug significantly improves the dispersibihty of the composition in aqueous medium.
EXAMPLE 9 [0100] This example shows the solubilization and dispersion of a water insoluble benzoquinone, Coenzyme Q 10, in a composition consisting of a vitamin E substance (dl-alpha- tocopherol, BASF), and surfactant (Cremophor EL, BASF). Results are shown in Table 9-1. The corresponding composition without drug is in Example 1, Composition 1-1.
Table 9-1
Figure imgf000035_0002
[0101] Compositions were dispersed in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (USP
23) at 100X dilution (37±0.5°C) and mixed gently for 1 hour. At 1 hour, the aqueous phase was filtered through an 0.45 μ filter. The filtrate was then diluted 100X in methanol and assayed for tocopherol content by HPLC. Results are shown in Table 9-2 below. Table 9-2
Figure imgf000036_0001
[0102] The results in Table 9-2 show that the benzoquinone, coenzyme Q10, synergistically improves the dispersion of the solubilizer. Without the active agent, the composition does not disperse in the aqueous environment (<14%> of the solubilizer present as a fine dispersion <0.45 μ). With the active agent, the composition readily disperses to form a fine dispersion with 100% <0.45 μ.
EXAMPLES 10-25
Exemplary Compositions
EXAMPLE 10
Component Amount (mg) dl-alpha tocopherol 520
Cremophor EL 430
DHEA 50
EXAMPLE 11
Component Amount (mg) dl-alpha tocopherol 55
Cremophor RH40 45
Dutasteride 0.5 EXAMPLE 12
Component Amount (mg) dl-alpha tocopherol 200
Polysorbate 80 15
Maisine (Glycerol
30 monolinoleate)
Eplerenone 40
EXAMPLE 13
Component Amount (mg) dl-alpha tocopherol 300
Capryol 90 (Propylene
100 glycol monocaprylate)
Cremophor EL 60
Spironolactone 200
EXAMPLE 14
Component Amount (mg) dl-alpha tocopherol 313
Cremophor EL 256
Dehydrated Alcohol 70
Progesterone 60
EXAMPLE 15
Component Amount (mg) d-alpha tocopherol succinate 60
E-TPGS 540
PEG 8000 60
Progesterone 100 EXAMPLE 16
Component Amount (mg) d-alpha tocopherol succinate 60
E-TPGS 540
PEG 8000 60
Testosterone 100
EXAMPLE 17
Component Amount (mg) dl-alpha tocopherol 300
CremophorRH40 300
Coenzyme Q10 100
EXAMPLE 18
Component Amount (mg) dl-alpha tocopherol 300
Cremophor RH40 300
Idebenone 90
EXAMPLE 19
Component Amount (mg) d-alpha tocopherol 270
Alpha-tocotrienol 2
Gamma-tocotrienol 23
Cremophor RH40 300
Idebenone 90
EXAMPLE 20
Component Amount (mg) dl-alpha tocopherol 80 Cremophor RH40 400 Crovol M-40 350 Coenzyme Q10 100 EXAMPLE 21
Component Amount (mg)
Tocoperyl polyethylene
200 glycol 400 succinate
Tocopherol polyethylene
100 glycol 1000 succinate
PEG 3350 5
Bicalutamide 50
EXAMPLE 22
Component Amount (mg) d-alpha tocopherol succinate 250
Cremophor RH40 50
Capmul MCM 50
Simvastatin 10
EXAMPLE 23
Component Amount (mg) d-alpha tocopherol succinate 200 Cremophor RH40 200 Glycerol Dibehenate
100 (Compritol 888) Glycerol Distearate
80 (Precirol) Metaxalone 300
EXAMPLE 24
Component Amount (mg) d-alpha tocopherol succinate 100
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, 100
USP (Methocel K4M)
Microcrystalline cellulose, USP 200
(AvicelPH lOl)
Polyoxyl 40 Hydrogenated Castor 120
Oil, USP (Cremophor RH 40)
Polyvinyl pyrrolidone, USP 45
(Kollidon 90F)
Talc, USP 8.75
Colloidal Silicon dioxide, USP 1.25
(Cab-o-Sil treated)
Dehydroepiandrosterone 100
EXAMPLE 25
Drug-Containing Granules:
Component Amount (mg)
Spironolactone 100.0
Butylated Hydroxy Anisole USP- 0.05
NF (BHA)
Microcrystalline Cellulose USP- 100.0
NF
Crospovidone USP-NF 27.5
Polyvinyl pyrrolidone USP-NF 40.0
Talc USP-NF 4.0
Colloidal Silicon dioxide USP-NF 2.0
Magnesium Stearate USP-NF 2.0
Solubilizer/Surfactant Granules:
Component Amount (mg)
Cremophor RH40 300
Tocopherol Polyethyleneglycol 50
400 succinate d-alpha tocopherol succinate 50
Sodium Starch Glycolate USP-NF 22
Colloidal Silicon dioxide USP-NF 122

Claims

What is claimed is:
1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: a. an active agent; b. a vitamin E substance; and c. a surfactant, wherein upon dilution of the composition, the active agent increases the extent of dispersion of the vitamin E substance by at least 20% relative to the dispersion of the composition without the active agent.
2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the active agent is a hydrophobic drug.
3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the hydrophobic drug is a steroid.
4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the hydrophobic drug is a benzoquinone.
5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the vitamin E substance is selected from the group consisting of alpha tocopherol, alpha tocopherol acetate, alpha tocopherol succinate, and alpha tocopherol polyethyleneglycol succinate.
6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein the vitamin E substance is selected from the group consisting of d-alpha tocopherol, dl-alpha tocopherol, d-alpha tocopherol acetate, dl-alpha tocopherol acetate, d-alpha tocopherol succinate, and dl-alpha tocopherol succinate.
7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of polyoxyl 35 castor oil, PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil, caprylocaproyl macrogol-8 glycerides, polysorbate 80, lauroyl macrogol-32 glycerides, stearoyl macrogol-32 glycerides, and tocopherol polyethyleneglycol 1000 succinate.
8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: a. a steroid; b. a vitamin E substance; and c. a surfactant, wherein after a 100X dilution of the composition in an aqueous medium, at least 30% of the hydrophobic drug or the vitamin E substance is dispersed in the aqueous phase.
9. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 8, wherein at least 50%) of the active agent or the vitamin E substance is dispersed in the aqueous phase.
10. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 8, wherein at least 30% of the active agent or the vitamin E substance is finely dispersed in the aqueous phase.
11. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 10, wherein at least 50% of the active agent or the vitamin E substance is finely dispersed in the aqueous phase.
12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein the steroid is present in an amount ranging from 0.01%> to 30% w/w of the composition, the vitamin E substance is present in an amount ranging from about 1% to 95% w/w of the composition, and the surfactant is present in an amount ranging from about 5 to 85% w/w of the composition.
13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein the steroid is progesterone.
14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein the steroid is testosterone.
15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein the steroid is dehydroepiantrosterone.
16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein the vitamin E substance is selected from the group consisting of alpha tocopherol, alpha tocopherol acetate, alpha tocopherol succinate, and alpha tocopherol polyethyleneglycol succinate.
17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 16, wherein the vitamin E substance is selected from the group consisting of d-alpha tocopherol, dl-alpha tocopherol, d-alpha tocopherol acetate, dl-alpha tocopherol acetate, d-alpha tocopherol succinate, and dl-alpha tocopherol succinate.
18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of polyoxyl 35 castor oil, PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil, caprylocaproyl macrogol-8 glycerides, polysorbate 80, lauroyl macrogol-32 glycerides, stearoyl macrogol-32 glycerides, and tocopherol polyethyleneglycol 1000 succinate.
19. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein the steroid is progesterone, the vitamin E substance is alpha tocopherol, and the surfactant is polyoxyl 35 castor oil.
20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 19, wherein the progesterone is present in an amount ranging from about 0.1% to 30% w/w.
21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the progesterone is present in an amount ranging from about 0.01% to 0.3% w/w.
22. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein the steroid is dehydroepiantrosterone, the vitamin E substance is alpha tocopherol, and the surfactant is polyoxyl 35 castor oil.
23. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 22, wherein the dehydroepiantrosterone is present in an amount of at least 5% w/w.
24. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein the steroid is testosterone, the vitamin E substance is alpha tocopherol succinate, and the surfactant is tocopherol polyethyleneglycol 1000 succinate.
25. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 24, wherein the testosterone is present in an amount of at least 1% w/w.
26. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein the steroid is progesterone, the vitamin E substance is alpha tocopherol succinate, and the surfactant is tocopherol polyethyleneglycol 1000 succinate.
27. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, wherein the progesterone is present in an amount ranging from about 1% to 30%.
28. A method of improving the bioavailability of a hydrophobic drug administered to a patient comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 2 in a suitable dosage form.
29. A method of improving the bioavailability of a steroid administered to a patient comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 8 in a suitable dosage form.
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US20150064243A1 (en) 2015-03-05
US20030236236A1 (en) 2003-12-25
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US20100137271A1 (en) 2010-06-03
JP2007508296A (en) 2007-04-05
CA2526616C (en) 2012-05-15
EP1624855A4 (en) 2010-05-19
EP2246049A2 (en) 2010-11-03
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EP2246049A3 (en) 2011-05-25
CA2526616A1 (en) 2004-12-09
US20100136105A1 (en) 2010-06-03
US20200282061A1 (en) 2020-09-10
AU2004243013A1 (en) 2004-12-09
EP1624855A2 (en) 2006-02-15
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US20160015649A1 (en) 2016-01-21
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US20160184435A1 (en) 2016-06-30
US20180125979A1 (en) 2018-05-10

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