WO2004087067A2

WO2004087067A2 - Treatment of aspergillus infections with thymosin alpha 1

Info

Publication number: WO2004087067A2
Application number: PCT/US2004/009550
Authority: WO
Inventors: Guido Rasi; Enrico Garaci; Francesco Bistoni; Luigina Romani; Paolo Di Francesco
Original assignee: Sciclone Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Priority date: 2003-03-28
Filing date: 2004-03-29
Publication date: 2004-10-14
Also published as: UA80870C2; US20070129292A1; EA008037B1; EP1613340A2; MXPA05010391A; BRPI0408892A; US8207294B2; JP4629033B2; NZ542900A; KR101089145B1; CA2520400C; PL1613340T3; EP1613340A4; EA200501414A1; JP2006521406A; ATE467422T1; EP1613340B1; NO329997B1; NO20054912D0; AU2004226403A1

Abstract

A method for treating a human infected with Aspergillus by using thymosin alpha 1 as an immuno-stimulator in activating dendritic cells. The method is particularly useful in preventing an infection by Aspergillus in an immuno-compromised host being treated with a bone marrow transplantation.

Description

TREATMENT OF ASPERGILLUS INFECTIONS WITH THYMOSIN ALPHA 1

Cross-Reference to Related Applications

[Θ l] This application claims the benefit of provisional application 60/457,911, filed March 28, 2003.

Field of the Invention

[002] The present invention relates to the treatment of fungal infections. In particular the present invention relates to the treatment and prevention of Aspergillus infections such as Invasive Aspergillosis associated with bone marrow transplantations .

Background of the Invention

[003] Invasive aspergillosis (IA), characterized by hyphal invasion, destruction of pulmonary tissue and dissemination to other organs, is the leading cause of both nosocomial pneumonia and death in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) with an estimated infection rate of 5 to 10% and an associated mortality rate of 90 to 100%. The most important risk factor for IA has historically been neutropenia, such that reconstitution with myeloid progenitors offered protection against IA in a murine model of allogeneic BMT. However, recent studies on the epidemiology of IA in BMT recipients indicated a reduced neutropenia- related infection and an increase "late-onset" infection, in concomitance with the occurrence of graft versus host disease.

[004] There is a need in the art for methods of treating Asperigillus infection.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [005] In accordance with the present invention, a method for treating or preventing an Aspergillus infection in a mammal comprises administering to the mammal a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antifungal effective amount of thymosin alpha 1 (TAl).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [006] Clinical and experimental evidence suggest a role of a Thl cell reactivity in the control of IA. Dendritic cells (DCs) instruct Thl priming to the fungus in vivo and in vitro. Evidence indicates that the ability of pulmonary DCs to instruct the appropriate T cell responses to fungal antigens may be affected by local immuno -regulatory events, including signaling through Toll-like receptors (TLRs). DCs may be promising targets for intervention for immunotherapy and vaccine development, and shifts the focus of pharmaceutical intervention towards an "adjuvant". An adjuvant which is capable of both stimulating the appropriate type of response best tailored to combating the infection and being effective in conditions of immunosuppression is advantageous. [007] Thymosin alpha 1 (TAl) is a naturally occurring thymic peptide. In the form of a synthetic 28-amino acid peptide, TAl is in clinical trials worldwide for the treatment of some viral infections, either as monotherapy or in combination with interferon alpha. The treatment of some immunodeficiencies, malignancies and HIV/ AIDS are additional indications for TAl. The mechanism of action of a synthetic polypeptide of TAl is not completely understood but is thought to be related to its immuno-modulating activities, centered primarily on the augmentation of T-cell function. Because of its immunomodulatory function on cells on the innate immune system, including the ability to activate mitogenactivated protein kinases (MAPKs) and gene expression on macrophages, we have considered TAl as an adjuvant capable of activating DCs for Thl priming to Aspergillus. The present invention provides a treatment of Aspergillus infections wherein TAl may activate DCs for antifungal Thl priming by signaling through TLRs.

[008] The present invention provides a method for treating a mammal infected with Aspergillus comprising administering an antifungal effective amount of TAl to such a mammal. In a preferred embodiment TAl is effective against Invasive Aspergillosis (IA). The effective dose of TAl is sufficient to activate dendritic cells to produce Thl cell promoting cytokines. A preferred dose for treating the fungal infection is in the range between 200 and 400 micrograms/kg body weight per day. In a preferred embodiment the mammal is an immuno-compromised host, particularly a human. The method is particularly useful in treating immuno- comprised patients, specifically those patients who are bone marrow transplantation recipients.

[009] The present invention also provides a method for preventing an Aspergillus infection in a mammal comprising administering to such mammal an antifungal effective amount of TAl. The invention is particularly useful in preventing IA in an immuno-compromised host. In a preferred embodiment the method prevents such infection in immuno-compromised patients, specifically those patients being bone marrow transplantation recipients. The effective dose of TAl is sufficient to activate dendritic cells to produce Thl cell promoting cytokines. A preferred dose for preventing the fungal infection is in the range between 200 and 400 micrograms/kg body weight per day.

[OOIO] Without being bound to any particular theory, it is believed that the present invention is based on the discovery of a novel immuno-regulatory activity of TAl for the treatment of or protection against an Aspergillus infection. TAl appears to promote the production of the Thl -promoting cytokines IL-12 p70, IL- 10, and IFN-alpha, in various types of DCs through a MyD88-dependent pathway.

[0011] In TLR-transfected cells, TAl appears to directly activate TLR9 but not TLR2 signaling, the last being potentiated in response to relevant ligands. Therefore, TAl appears to activate TLR signaling either directly or indirectly. The data suggest that TAl may use the TLR2 -dependent pathway on myeloid dendritic cells (MDCs) for IL-12 p70 production and the TLR9-dependent pathway on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) for IFN-alpha and IL-10 production. [0012] As IL-10 production by DCs may be a component of memory protective antifungal immunity, balancing the IL-12/IL-10 production on DCs and/or different DC subsets may be a reason for the very essence of adjuvanticity of TAl in Aspergillosis. [0013] In a BMT mouse model, TAl treatment after Aspergillus infection led to an increase in CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cells, as well as an increase in total neutrophils. The frequency of Thl cells (producing IFN-gamma) were increased, while the Th2 cells (producing IL-4) were decreased after treatment with TAl.

[0014] Importantly, treatment of BMT mice infected with Aspergillus with TAl led to a dose-responsive reduction in fungal growth in the lungs, and at the higher doses was able to affect a complete cure of the infection. TAl was also able to increase the therapeutic efficacy of amphotericin B.

[0015] The effects of TAl on DCs are consistent with its anti-apoptotic activity. Since DCs are central in the balancing act between immunopathology, immunity and autoimmunity, and PDCs signaling through TLR9 are present in the thymus, the ability to modulate DC functioning indicates that TAl is an endogenous regulator of the innate and adaptive immune systems acting through TLR utilization. This provides a rationale for the therapeutic prescription of TAl in some viral infections, where PDCs producing IFN-alpha are considered to play a central role. For the production of IFN-alpha in these PDCs, TLR9 is essentially required. Moreover, PDCs appear also to participate in immune responses after hematopoietic cell transplantation, which may explain, among others, the beneficial effect of TAl in the immuno-reconstitution in BMT mammals.

[0016] TLRs appear to activate the innate immune system not only to assist the adaptive immune system but also for direct antimicrobial effector activity. Since

TAl appears to activate DCs for Thl priming to Aspergillus, and also effector neutrophils to an antifungal state, this further indicates the beneficial effect in the treatment of fungal infections by TAl.

[0017] Aspergillus has a unique nature, in that it is a saprophytic fungus colonizing immunocompromised hosts. The present invention provides deliberate targeting of cells and pathways of cell-mediated immunity and increases resistance to Aspergillus, wherein TAl is the adjuvant programming the appropriate Thl reactivity to the fungus through utilization of the TLR pathway.

[0018] The invention is further illustrated by the following example, which is not to be construed as limiting.

Example 1

Animals

[0019] Female, 8- to 10-weeks old, BALB/c and C57BL6 mice were from Charles River. NOD/SCID were from The Jackson. Breeding pairs of homozygous TLR2-, TLR9- and MyD88-deficient mice, raised on C57BL6 background, and of homozygous IFN-gamma- and IL-4-deficient mice, raised on BALB/c background, were bred under specific-pathogen free conditions.

Microorganism infections and treatments

[0020] For infection with A. fumigatus, mice were intranasally injected for 3 consecutive days with a suspension of 2 x 10⁷ conidia/20 microliter saline. For the quantification of fungal growth in the lungs, the chitin assay was used. The chitin content was expressed as micrograms of glucosamine per organ. The glucosamine content of lungs from uninfected mice was used as a negative control ranging between 0.80 and 2.25 microgram glucosamine/ organ. For histological analysis, lungs were excised and immediately fixed in formalin. Sections (3 to 4 micron) of paraffin-embedded tissues were stained with the periodic acid-Schiff procedure. Thymosin alpha 1 (TAl) and the scrambled polypeptide are as purified sterile lyophilized acetylated polypeptides with endotoxin levels less than 0.03 pg/ml, by a standard limulus lysate assay. The sequences were as follows: Ac-Ser-Asp-Ala-Ala-Val-Asp-Thr-Ser-Ser-Glu-IIe-Thr- Thr-Lys-Asp-Leu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Lys-Glu-Val-Glu-Glu-Ala-Glu-Asn-O (Thymosin alpha 1) and Ac-Ala- Lys-Ser-Asp-Val-Lys-Ala-Glu-Thr-Ser-Ser-Glu-Ile-Asp-Thr- Thr-Glu-Leu-Asp-Glu-Lys-Val-Glu-Val-Lys-Ala-Asn-Glu-OH (sThymosin alpha 1). Their lyophilized powders were reconstituted in sterile water.

[0021] The treatments were as follows; in BMT-mice, TAl, at different doses administered intraperitoneally, sthymosin alpha 1, 400 microgram/kg administered intraperitoneally or human recombinant G-CSF 250 microgram/kg administered intravenously, were given daily beginning the day of the BM infusion, in concomitance with the infection and continuing for an additional 3 days. Amphotericin B was given daily for 3 days in concomitance with the infection, at a dose of 4000 microgram/kg, administered intraperitoneally. This dose would cure IA in cyclophosphamide-treated rαice. Cyclophosphamide, 150 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally, was given a day before the infection. In cyclophosphamide-treated mice, 400 microgram/kg TAl was given intraperitoneally for 5 consecutive days beginning the day of the infection.

[0022] Neutrophil depletion was obtained by treatment with 1 mg of Gr-1- neutralizing RB6-8C5 antibody intravenously, a day before and after the infection. The treatment dramatically reduced the number of lung neutrophils but not that of DCs (between 5 to 6 x 10⁵ CDl lc÷, MHC Class II⁺, F480"cells before and after treatment). Control mice received an equivalent amount of purified rat IgG2b. FACS analysis of lung cells a day after treatment with cyclophosphamide revealed a profound and long-lasting (for up to 5 days) leukopenia. The percentages of F480⁺ cells (about 20%) and that of CD 11 c⁺, MHC Class II⁺, F480"DCs (<3%) were unaffected by treatment.

TLR ligands [0023] Zymosan was from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from

Staphylococcus aureus, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella Minnesota Re 595. The CpG oligonucleotides 1826 and 2006 were proven immuno stimulatory sequences .

Generation of BMT mice [0024] C57BL6 mice were exposed to a lethal dose of 9 Gy and infused with T cell-depleted donor cells from BALB/c mice. More than 95% of the mice survived showing stable, donor type hematopoietic chimerism, as revealed by donor type MHC class I antigen expression on cells from spleens.

Dendritic cell isolation and culture

125] Blood GDI lc⁺ myeloid DCs (MDCs) were generated from CD 14⁺ mononuclear cells by magnetic cell sorting and cultured for 5 days in Iscove's modified medium, containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 50 micromolar 2- mercaptoethanol, sodium pyruvate (1 mM), 2 mM L-glutamine, HEPES (10 mM), and 50 micrograms/ml gentamycin in the presence of 50 ng/ml rHuman GM- CSF and 200 U/ml rHuman IL-4. Immature MDCs were cultured for 24 hours with 1000 ng/ml trimeric human CD40 ligand-leucine-zipper fusion protein to obtain mature DCs. CD123⁺ plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs) were isolated using the BDCA-4 isolation kit. Purity of CD123÷ cells was > 96%.

[0026] For mature PDCs, immature DCs were cultured with the trimeric human CD40 ligand as above and 10 ng/ml IL-3. FACS analysis revealed that PDCs were CD123^bris^ht, CD4⁺, CD45RA⁺ and CDl lc- as opposed to MDCs characterized as being CDla⁺, CDl lc÷, CDl lb÷, CD4⁺, CD14^low and CD8-. The expression of HLA Class II, CD80 and CD86 was high in both immature and mature DCs.

Murine lung CDl lc⁺ DCs (between 5 to 7% positive for CDδalpha and between 30 to 35% positive for Gr-1) were isolated by magnetic cell sorting.

[0027] For phagocytosis, DCs were pre-exposed to 100 ng/ml TAl for 60 minutes and subsequently incubated at 37°C with Aspergillus conidia for an additional 60 minutes. The percentage of internalization was calculated and photographs were taken. In assessing functional maturation and cytokine determination, purified DCs were resuspended in Iscove's medium (with no serum but with polymixin B, to avoid non-specific activation by serum components and endotoxin) and pulsed with 100ng/ml TAl for 24 hours either alone or together with TLR ligands or unopsonized Aspergillus conidia. Phenotypic analysis

[0028] Cell surface phenotype was assessed by reacting samples with FITC- or PE-conjugated rat anti-mouse antibodies. Unrelated hisotype matched antibodies were used as control.

Antifungal effector activity

)29] In determining phagocytosis, bronchoalveolar macrophages and peripheral neutrophils were pre-exposed to 100 ng/ml TAl for 60 minutes and incubated at 37°C with unopsonized Aspergillus conidia for 60 minutes. In addition, the conidiocidal activity was assessed by determining the number of colony forming units and the percentage of colony forming units inhibition (mean ±SE), referred to as conidiocidal activity.

Assay with HEK293 transfected cells. [0030] The human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293, wild type or stably transfected with human TLR2, TLR9 and TLR4/CD1427 were cultured in low glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% FCS, HEPES (lOnM), L-glutamine (2 microgram/ml), and gentamycin (50 microgram/ml). Transfectants were additionally supplemented with puromycin (100 microgram/ml). For stimulation experiments, cells were cultured at a density of 3 to 5 x 10⁵ cells/wells in 12-well tissue culture plates overnight. Cells were washed and stimulated with 100 ng/ml TAl either alone or together with TLR ligands for 5 h before the assessment of IL-8 production in the supernatants.

Cytokine and spot enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISPOT) assay

[0031] The levels of TNF-alpha, IL-10, IL-12 p70, IFN- alpha and IL-8 in culture supernatants were determined by Kit ELISAs. The detection limits (pg/ml) of the assays were <3 (human) and <32 (murine) for TNF- alpha, < 12 (murine) and <5 (human) for IL-10, < 16 (murine) and < 3 (human) for IL-12 p70 and <25 (human) IL-8. For human IFN- alpha <3 ng/ml. For enumeration of cytokine-producing cells, an ELISPOT assay was used on purified CD4⁺ T cells and DCs from lungs.

Proliferation assay by flow cytometric analysis

[0032] Proliferation of lung CD4⁺ T lymphocytes stimulated with 10 microgram/ml Con A or heat inactivated conidia in the presence of lung DCs, was assessed by labeling with CFSE 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester.

Reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR

[0033] Total RNA was extracted from immature DCs pre-treated with 100 ng/ml TAl for 60 minutes followed by the exposure to unosponized Aspergillus conidia for 60 minutes, as suggested by initial experiments. Synthesis and PCR of cDNA were performed with forward and reverse PCR primers and the cycles used for murine and human TLRs and HPRT. The synthesized PCR products were separated by electrophoresis on 2% agarose gel and visualized by ethidium bromide staining.

Analysis of p38 and NF-KB activation [0034] P38 and NF-kB were activated on lung DCs by exposure for 20 minutes at 37°C to Aspergillus conidia and/ or 100 ng/ml TAl. Blots of cell lysates were incubated with rabbit polyclonal Abs recognizing either the unphosphorylated form of p38 MAPK, or the double-phosphorylated (Thr-180/Tyr-182) ρ38 MAPK, or Abs specific for the Rel A, 65 kDa DNA binding subunit of human NF-kB followed by horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti- rabbit IgG, as per manufacturer' s instructions. Blots were developed with an Enhanced Chemiluminescence detection kit. Bands were visualized after exposure of the blots to a Kodak RX film. To ensure similar protein loading in each lane, the phospho blots were stripped and the membranes were reprobed with Abs against p38 and NF-kB.

Thymosin alpha 1 (TAl) activates Dendritic Cells (DCs) [0035] Previously it has been shown that murine DCs phagocytose Aspergillus in vitro and at the site of infection. TAl, but not the scrambled peptide activates lung DCs for phagocytosis of unopsonized conidia (more than hyphae), costimulatory antigen expression and cytokine production. In contrast, Aspergillus conidia alone does not represent a sufficient stimulus to induce the activation of DCs, but the combined exposure to TAl remarkably increased the expression of MHC Class II antigens, CD86 and CD40 molecules and the frequency of IL-12 p70-producing DCs. Interestingly, IL-12 p70-producing DCs are also increased by thymosin alone. TAl also activates human MDC and PDC subsets. Both immature and mature DC subsets phagocytose conidia. TAl increased the phagocytic activity of immature DCs, affects the DC morphology (more cytoplasmic projections can be detected in immature MDCs) and up- regulate the HLA Class II antigens and costimulatory molecule expression in response to conidia. TAl significantly increase the release of IL-12 p70 in resonse to conidia and to zymosan by immature MDCs and that of IL-10 in response to canidia by immature PDCs. IFN-alpha can be produced by PDCs in response to the TLR9 ligand CpG, which production is significantly potentiated by TAl. In contrast, the scrambled peptide failed to up-regulate Class II antigens and costimulatory molecule expression and to induce cytokine production by DCs in response to conidia. [0036] Together, these data point to a novel, previously undefined, immuno- regulatory role for TAl in the activation and functioning of DCs.

TAl activates the MvD88-dependent pathway through TLR signaling

[0037] TLR signaling occurred in response to Aspergillus conidia, which mediates functional responses to the fungus. TAl strongly activates the expression of TLR2, TLR5, and TLR9 on murine DCs TLR2 and TLR9 are still activated upon the combined exposure to conidia and TAl, whereas the expression of TLR5, whose expression is inhibited. Again, the scrambled peptide failed to activate TLR2 and TLR9 expression either alone or in response to conidia.

138] The ability of TAl to activate TLR-dependent signaling is supported by studies in HEK293 cells transfected with TLR2, TLR9 and TLR4/CD14 by determining the IL-8 production in response to TAl alone or together with the relevant TLR ligands. In such HEK293 cells TAl significantly increased the production of IL-8 by TLR9- transfected cells either alone or in response to the TLR9 ligand CpG. However, TAl did not stimulate the production of IL-8 by TLR2 -transfected cells alone but slightly increased the production of IL-8 in these cells in response to zymosan. Furthermore, TAl did not induce IL-8 in TLR4/CD14-transfected cells either alone or in response to the TLR4 ligand LPS. TAl also affects the ability of murine DCs to produce IL-12 p70 and IL-10 in response to these microbial TLR ligands. TAl did not affect cytokine production in response to Poly(I:C) or LPS (TLR4), TAl significantly increased the production of IL-12 p70 and decreases that of IL-10 after stimulation with zymosan and LTA (TLR2) and CpG (TLR9). Therefore, TAl appears to be able to signal directly through TLR9 and to potentiate TLR2 signaling by the relevant ligand.

[0039] Both NF- and p38 MAPK activation are early events in triggering TLR- induced gene expression, and TAl has been previously shown to activate MAPK- transduction pathways. In support of its involvement in the TLR-induced pathways, TAl induced the nuclear translocation of NF-kB as well as p38 phosphorylation (which were not stimulated by either conidia alone, the scrambled peptide, or the scrambled peptide plus conidia). Furthermore, inhibitors of NF-kB nuclear translocation (SN50) or ρ38 MAPK (SB202190 ablate the effect of TAl on DCs.

[0040] The myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is one of the adaptor protein essential for the activation of NF-kB and MAPK and the production of IL- 12 ρ70 upon signaling by TLRs. The effect of TAl and conidia on IL-12 p70 production, and the effect of TAl 1 on IL-10 production are dramatically ablated in MyD88-deficient mice. Therefore, the MyD88-dependent pathway appears to play an essential role in the mechanism of action of TAl in vitro. To determine whether the MyD88-dependent pathway plays an essential role in TAl action in vivo as well. Local fungal growth was assessed after infection of wild type.

TLR2-, TRL9- or MyD88-deficient mice with Aspergillus. Fungal growth in TLR2- and TLR9-deficient mice was comparable to that of wild type mice and it is similarly impaired upon thymosin treatment. Fungal growth is comparable MyD88-deficient mice as well, but in these mice it was not impaired upon treatment with TAl. Thus, despite a degree of redundancy in the TLR usage, the MyD88-dependent signaling pathway appears to be essential for in the activity of TAl both in vitro and in vivo.

TAl protects BMT-mice from IA

[0041] Treatment with TAl, but not with the scrambled peptide, appeared to be able to cure BMT mice with IA, as revealed by increased survival that parallels reduced fungal growth in the lungs. The effect on protection is dose-dependent full protection (>60 d survival) being achieved in mice treated with 200 and 400 microgram/kg TAl and is superior to that of amphotericin B. Moreover, TAl increases the therapeutic efficacy of amphotericin B, as indicated by the increased survival and decreased fungal burden of mice treated with both agents. Furthermore, TAl also decreases lung pathology. Lung sections from infected mice show the presence of numerous Aspergillus hyphae infiltrating the lung parenchyma, with severe signs of bronchial wall damage and necrosis and scarce inflammatory cell recruitment. In contrast, these features are not observed in TAl treated mice, whose lungs are characterized by healing infiltrates of inflammatory cells with no evidence of fungal growth and bronchial wall destruction. Thus, TAl may have therapeutic efficacy in IA and may be beneficial in combination with antifungals known to have a reduced activity in BMT settings.

TAl accelerates mveloid and Thl cell recovery in mice with IA [0042] The absolute number of circulating lymphocytes and ne itrophils significantly increases after TAl treatment. More importantly, as blood neutrophil levels do not predict susceptibility to aspergillosis. In cytofluorimetric analysis however the numbers of lung CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cells and neutrophils were significantly increased upon treatment of BMT mice with TAl. These lung CD4⁺ T lymphocytes are functionally active as indicated by antigenspecific proliferation and IFN-gamma production. The frequency of Thl cells (producing IFN-gamma) producing cells is higher, and Th2 cells (producing IL-4) is lower in mice treated with TAl. Further, the with respect to antifungal activity of effector phagocytes, the conidiocidal activity of both macrophages and neutrophils is higher in TAl treated mice. Therefore, TAl appears to not only promote DC maturation but also to activate local effector cells for prompt phagocytosis and killing of the fungus.

[0043] Recovery from neutropenia alone, for example by treatment with a dose of G-CSF known to accelerate neutrophil recovery in mice, is not sufficient to mediate a degree of antifungal resistance comparable to that obtained with TAl. Similarly, despite a significant neutrophil recovery, the therapeutic efficacy of TAl in mice devoid of T cells or IFN-gamma-producing Thl cells is not as great. Furthermore, improved therapeutic efficacy of TAl is achieved in the presence of increased Thl cells, such as that occurring in IL-4-deficient mice. Therefore, although neutrophils play an essential role in medicating antifungal resistance in the absence of an adaptive Thl -dependent immunity, the achievement of a state of full protection to the fungus, as appears to be obtained by treatment with TAl, may rely on the coordinated action between innate effector phagocytes and protective Thl cells.

Claims

I . A method for treating or preventing an Aspergillus infection in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal a pharmaceutical composition comprising antifungal effective amount of thymosin alpha 1 (TAl).

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said TAl is administered at a dose sufficient to activate dendritic cells to produce Thl cell promoting cytokines.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said TAl is administered at a dose of 200 to 400 micrograms/kg body weight/day.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein said mammal is an immuno-compromised host.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein said mammal is a human.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein said human is a bone marrow transplantation recipient.

7. The method according to claim 5, wherein said TAl is administered to activate dendritic cells to produce Thl cell promoting cytokines.

8. The method according to claim 5, wherein said TAl is administered at a dose of 200 to 400 micrograms/kg body weight/day.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises administering to said person at least one additional antifungal agent.

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the additional antifungal agent is Amphotericin B.

I I. The method according to claim 10, wherein said Amphotericin B is administered at a dose of 4000 micrograms/kg body weight/ day. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein said Aspergillus infection is Invasive

Aspergillosis.