WO2004026260A2

WO2004026260A2 - Prophylactic and therapeutic hiv aptamers

Info

Publication number: WO2004026260A2
Application number: PCT/US2003/029798
Authority: WO
Inventors: Charles Wilson; David Epstein; John L. Diener
Original assignee: Archemix Corp.
Priority date: 2002-09-17
Filing date: 2003-09-17
Publication date: 2004-04-01
Also published as: US9303262B2; EP1549763B1; AU2003270844A1; WO2004026260A3; CA2498325A1; JP2006506055A; EP1549763A4; EP1549763A2; US20040137010A1

Abstract

Materials and methods of use thereof are presented for the prophylactic treatment of HIV. Therapeutic compositions including regulated aptamer therapeutic compositions with specificity to components of HIV disease are presented with methods of administering these therapeutic compositions as vaccines against HIV infection.

Description

PROPHYLACTIC AND THERAPEUTIC HTN APTAMERS

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The invention relates generally to the field of nucleic acids and more particularly to compositions and methods for treating or preventing HIV with aptamers or aptamer compositions that specifically bind to gpl20.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Aptamers are nucleic acid molecules having specific binding affinity to molecules through interactions other than classic Watson-Crick base pairing. [0003] Aptamers, like peptides generated by phage display or monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), are capable of specifically binding to selected targets and, through binding, block their targets' ability to function. Created by an in vitro selection process from pools of random sequence oligonucleotides (Fig. 1), aptamers have been generated for over 100 proteins including growth factors, transcription factors, enzymes, immunoglobulins, and receptors. A typical aptamer is 10-15 kDa in size (30-45 nucleotides), binds its target with sub-nanomolar affinity, and discriminates against closely related targets (e.g., will typically not bind other proteins from the same gene family). A series of structural studies have shown that aptamers are capable of using the same types of binding interactions (hydrogen bonding, electrostatic complementarity, hydrophobic contacts, steric exclusion, etc.) that drive affinity and specificity in antibody-antigen complexes. [0004] Aptamers have a number of desirable characteristics for use as therapeutics including high specificity and affinity, biological efficacy, and excellent pharmacokinetic properties. In addition, they offer specific competitive advantages over antibodies and other protein biologies, for example:

[0005] 1) Speed and control. Aptamers are produced by an entirely in vitro process, allowing for the rapid generation of initial therapeutic leads. In vitro selection allows the specificity and affinity of the aptamer to be tightly controlled and allows the generation of leads against both toxic and non-immunogenic targets.

[0006] 2) Toxicity and Immunogenicity. Aptamers as a class have demonstrated little or no toxicity or immunogenicity. In chronic dosing of rats or woodchucks with high levels of aptamer (10 mg/kg daily for 90 days), no toxicity is observed by any clinical, cellular, or biochemical measure. Whereas the efficacy of many monoclonal antibodies can be severely limited by immune response to antibodies themselves, it is extremely difficult to elicit antibodies to aptamers (most likely because aptamers cannot be presented by T-cells via the MHC and the immune response is generally trained not to recognize nucleic acid fragments).

[0007] 3^") Administration. Whereas all currently approved antibody therapeutics are administered by intravenous infusion (typically over 2-4 hours), aptamers can be administered by subcutaneous injection. This difference is primarily due to the comparatively low solubility and thus large volumes are necessary for most therapeutic MAbs. With good solubility (>150 mg/ml) and comparatively low molecular weight (aptamer: 10-50 KD; antibody: 150 KD), a weekly dose of aptamer may be delivered by injection in a volume of less than 0.5 ml. Aptamer bioavailability via subcutaneous administration is >80% in monkey studies (Tucker, 1999). In addition, the small size of aptamers allows them to penetrate into areas of conformational constrictions that do not allow for antibodies or antibody fragments to penetrate, presenting yet another advantage of aptamer-based therapeutics or prophylaxis.

[0008] 4) Scalability and cost. Therapeutic aptamers are chemically synthesized and consequently can be readily scaled as needed to meet production demand. Whereas difficulties in scaling production are currently limiting the availability of some biologies and the capital cost of a large-scale protein production plant is enormous, a single large- scale synthesizer can produce upwards of 100 kg oligonucleotide per year and requires a relatively modest initial investment. The current cost of goods for aptamer synthesis at the kilogram scale is estimated at $500/g, comparable to that for highly optimized antibodies. Continuing improvements in process development are expected to lower the cost of goods to < $100/g in five years. [0009] 5) Stability. Therapeutic aptamers are chemically robust. They are intrinsically adapted to regain activity following exposure to heat, denaturants, etc. and can be stored for extended periods (>1 yr) at room temperature as lyophilized powders. In contrast, antibodies must be stored refrigerated.

[0010] The human immunodeficiency virus (HIN), the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), remains an extremely serious threat to public health worldwide. Globally, over 40 million people are infected with HIN, with roughly 14,000 new infections arising each day (UΝAIDS Report, 2002). Clearly, the best long-term solution for controlling the AIDS epidemic is development of a safe and effective HIN vaccine. The gρl20 subunit is the primary viral antigen against which humoral immune responses are mounted (Profy, 1990; reviewed in Poignard et al., 2001). The mature envelope glycoprotein exists as a trimer that arises through processing of a larger precursor (gpl60) to gpl20 and gp41 components which non-covalently associate on the virion surface (Kowalski, et al., 1987; Lu et al., 1995; Burton, 1997). Each gpl20 monomer consists of five constant regions (C1-C5) interspersed with five variable regions (N1-N5) (Starcich et al., 1986). Variable regions tend to be oriented on the outer surface of the protein where they help to shield core regions from immune surveillance. Gpl20 is also heavily glycosylated (Leonard, 1990). The surface variability and glycosylation of gpl20 reduce its immunogenicity. Though progress is being made in development of vaccines that stimulate cell-mediated immune responses, induction of an effective neutralizing antibody response by an HIN vaccine candidate in a clinical setting remains an urgent and unmet medical need.

[0011] Current opinion among researchers on the most efficacious route to HIN vaccine development centers on the need to induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses that include broadly neutralizing antibodies, and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) and T-helper responses. The CTL cells are CD8 + and the T-helper cells are CD4+. However, vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody responses in clinical trials to date have been weak and ineffective against primary viruses.

[0012] Much recent effort has been invested in development of gpl20 subunit vaccines (reviewed in Graham, 2002). However, antibodies generated against monomeric gpl20 are generally not neutralizing, or at best, are capable only of neutralizing laboratory- adapted strains of HIN (Belshe et al., 1994; Kahn, et al., 1994) and not the more medically-relevant, primary HIN type 1 (HIN-1) isolates (Cohen, 1994). However, passive antibody studies in nonhuman primate models have shown that neutralizing antibodies do in fact protect against infection (Prince et al, 1991 ; Putkonen, P. et al., 1991; Emini et al., 1992). Indeed, antibody is the sole immune component that can neutralize virus prior to entry, unlike CTLs which are effective only after establishment of cellular infection. Induction of an effective neutralizing antibody response by a gpl 20- derived immunogen remains an elusive goal.

[0013] Variability of the envelope glycoprotein plays a key role in the exceptional ability of HIN to avoid immune attack. Viral mutations accumulate readily as infection progresses, generating a diverse population of variants, even within a single infected individual, and providing opportunities for escape from CTL control (Gaschen et al., 2002). This diversity presents significant challenges to vaccine design. Together, surface variability and extensive glycosylation contribute to the relatively poor immunogenicity of monomeric gpl20 immunogens (Leonard, 1990; Langlois et ah, 1998; Kwong et al., 2002; Wei et al., 2003). Interestingly, recent results have shown that infected individuals can and often do generate neutralizing antibody responses. Unfortunately these responses appear to lag behind the rapid evolution of the env gene and are thus unable to resist and clear the high level viremia associated with a productive infection (Wei et al., 2003 and Richman et al., 2003). These results do suggest however that individuals vaccinated with appropriate immunogens may be able to generate an immune response capable of protecting against the relatively low viral loads associated with initial exposure to HIV. [0014] A variety of strategies have been developed in pursuit of effective immune responses to HIV, with testing of immunogens in a number of clinical trials (reviewed in Emini, 2002; Graham, 2002). Live-attenuated HIN vaccines have shown potential to induce protection in nonhuman primates (Νixon et al., 1999). However, safety concerns have largely directed current efforts away from use of live-attenuated and whole-killed viral vaccines. Subunit vaccines, like those used in the recent Naxgen trial, based on HIN surface proteins (primarily gpl 20 or gpl 60) though safe and generally well-tolerated, have not succeeded in eliciting neutralizing antibody responses across populations (Wantanabe, 2003). Neutralizing antibody responses against laboratory-adapted HIN strains produced by most subunit vaccines are several-fold lower than those seen during HIN-1 infection (Graham et al., 2002). Type-specific neutralization can sometimes be achieved, usually corresponding to the origin of the vaccine antigen. However, neutralization of primary R5 HIN isolates has not been observed (Mascola et al., 1996). Alternative vaccine concepts being evaluated in clinical trials include vectored and DΝA vaccines that rely on antigen production within cells and surface display on MHC class I molecules. Emerging evidence suggests that durable CD8+ CTL activity can be induced using these approaches (Graham et al., 2002). However, as noted above, CTL-based mechanisms succeed only in eradicating cells that have already become infected. While potentially able to control viral load and attenuate disease, cell-mediated mechanisms alone are unlikely to prevent HIN infection.

[0015] Potent and enduring neutralizing antibodies are a critical component of any vaccine-induced immunity. Recently efforts have been made to design better gpl 20 based immunogens based upon the stabilization of conformations of gpl 20 known to expose neutralizing epitopes that are normally exposed only transiently during infection. The HIN entry process is complex, involving a sequence of protein-protein contacts choreographed by gpl 20. HIN binding interactions with CD4 receptor and with CCR5/CXCR4 co-receptors (Figure 2) each appear to be accompanied by significant structural rearrangement in gpl20 (Doranz et al., 1997). Initial binding of CD4 induces a conformational change in gpl20 through shifting of variable loops Nl and N2 (Figure 3), thereby exposing conserved gpl 20 core residues that comprise the chemokine co-receptor binding site (Wu et al, 1996; Trkola et al, 1996). CD4-inducible (CD4i) antibodies recognizing this unmasked core region (17b, 48d) are reported to have neutralizing activity (Thali et al, 1993; Sullivan et al, 1998). Subsequent binding of gpl 20 to either CCR5 or CXCR4 stimulates a second conformational shift in gpl 20 that enables exposure of the fusion domain of gp41 responsible for fusion of viral and cellular membranes. In one study relying on the conformational changes associated with the HIN entry process, strong neutralizing antibody responses were generated in rhesus macaques using a covalently crosslinked gpl20/CD4 complex as an immunogen (Fouts et al, 2002). Unfortunately a significant portion of this effect is likely mediated by anti-CD4 antibody responses. Another recent advance has been in the area of CD4 mimics. Using a scyllatoxin scaffold Martin et al. have engineered a small mini-protein that can functionally mimic that action of CD4 on gpl 20 (Martin et al, 2003). They propose one use of this mini-protein to be as an immunogen that in conjunction with gpl 20 will expose the highly conserved CD4- inducible (CD4i) epitope which is normally occluded in the absence of CD4 receptor. [0016] Several lines of biochemical and structural evidence support CD4 binding-induced structural changes in gpl 20, including: increased protease sensitivity of gpl 20 variable region loops (Sattentau et al, 1991), as well as CD4-stimulated accessibility of the chemokine receptor binding site (Sattentau et al, 1993; Wu, et al, 1996) and of epitopes for antibodies that compete for co-receptor binding (Thali et al, 1993; Zhang et al, 1999). Recent thermodynamic analysis of gpl20/CD4/MAb interactions revealed unusually high changes in entropy upon CD4 binding offering further support for the hypothesis that gpl 20 undergoes a major conformational change upon receptor binding (Kwong et al, 2002). Structural analysis of the ternary complex of CD4 and gpl 20 with CD4i neutralizing antibody 17b confirmed that stabilizing interactions with CD4 play a significant role in exposure or formation of the CCR5 binding region (Kwong et al, 1998).

[0017] Receptor and co-receptor binding sites are attractive targets for use in vaccine design or for therapeutic intervention as they show conservation among different HIN subtypes and must be exposed on the gpl 20 surface, at least transiently, in order for the virus to gain entry into cells. The CCR5 binding region, in particular, is one of the most ₍ highly conserved surfaces on the gpl20 core (Rizzuto et al, 1998). Antibody responses to highly conserved epitopes, integral to the fundamental mechanism of HIN entry, are expected to show neutralizing activity even against diverse HIN subtypes. Thus, there is a need for a preventative, prophylactic agent that can bind specifically to gpl 20 and induce a conformational change that reveals suitable immunogenic epitopes and results in a humoral immune response to prevent or treat infection of cells by HIN.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0018] Figure 1 shows the in vitro aptamer selection (SELEX™) process from pools of random sequence oligonucleotides.

[0019] Figure 2 shows a schematic of HIV infection of cells upon CD4-induced binding of gpl 20 to CCR5 membrane protein.

[0020] Figure 3 shows a schematic of HIV binding interactions with CD4 receptor and with CCR5/CXCR4 co-receptors, each of which appear to be accompanied by significant structural rearrangement in gpl 20.

[0021] Figure 4 shows a schematic of the steps typically required to generate an aptamer.

[0022] Figure 5 shows gpl 20 BaL specific binding was detectible when compared with control in a nitrocellulose binding assay.

[0023] Figure 6 shows results from a nitrocellulose filter binding assay showing binding affinity of aptamers to gpl 20 BaL. [0024] Figure 7 shows results from a plate binding assay experiment using 5'- ³²P labeled activity selected pool (or naϊve pool as a negative control) under standard selection conditions. The plot shows the counts remaining in neutravidin coated plates as a function of the presence of CCR5 peptide, gpl 20 BaL, both or neither component.

[0025] Figure 8 shows a schematic of an agonist (e.g., a gpl20 specific aptamer) inducing conformational changes in a target (e.g., gpl 20) to facilitate a specific interaction (e.g., binding) with a target partner (e.g., CCR5 or CXCR4) or a target partner analog (e.g., an antibody that recognizes the CCR5 or CXCR4 binding site on gpl20).

[0026] Figure 9 shows a schematic of an agonist SELEX™ strategy. In this strategy, a target partner (or "TP") or a target partner analog (or "TPA") with agonist-independent affinity for the target is used to screen a diverse molecule library for species which can specifically interact with the TP (or TPA)-target complex. Agonist species may be specifically enriched by (1) selecting against binding to the TP/A, (2) selecting for molecules specifically retained on an immobilized TP/A-target complex, and (3) specifically released from the TP/A-target complex by known high affinity agonists.

[0027] Figure 10 shows a schematic of a second agonist SELEX™ strategy. In this strategy, a target partner or target partner analog is used to screen a diverse molecule library for species which can specifically facilitate formation of the TP (or TPA)-target complex under experimental conditions (e.g., temperature, denaturant, salt concentration, target concentration, or TP/A concentration) such that agonist binding is a prerequisite for target-TP/A complex formation. Agonist species may be specifically enriched by (1) selecting against binding to TP/A and (2) selecting for molecules specifically retained only when the target is added to the immobilized TP (or TPA).

[0028] Figure 11 shows a schematic of routes to gpl20 agonists, gpl20:gpl20 or variant (e.g. ΔC1ΔC5, loop truncations, etc.); CKRA: chemokine receptor or functional analog (e.g. neutralizing antibody 17b, detergent solubilized CCR5, CXCR4, CD4 soluble fragment of CD4 or functional analog (e.g. neutralizing antibody bl2)); (-):negative selection step; (+):positive selection step;():indicated component is optional for selection.

[0029] Figure 12 shows a schematic of selection pool diversification. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0030] A novel aspect of the current invention is the use of SELEX to isolate nucleic acids that promote specific desired conformational changes in a target of interest ("agonist SELEX"). In a preferred embodiment, the target of interest is gpl 20 and the desired conformational change is that which elicits an effective neutralizing antibody response by, e.g., inducing gpl20 to assume and "lock" into intermediate structures present during infection. The target of interest may also be a cell surface receptor and the desired conformational change one that triggers an intracellular signaling pathway or a subunit of a viral surface molecule and the desired conformational change one that fixes the subunit in its natural structure as part of the virus.

[0031] In one embodiment, the present invention provides aptamers which bind to gpl 20 to cause a conformational shift in gpl20 that exposes conserved epitopes on gpl20 to co- receptors on cell membranes.

[0032] In one embodiment, the present invention provides aptamers which bind to gpl20 to cause a conformational shift in gpl 20 that exposes epitopes on gpl 20 to CCR5 receptors.

[0033] In one embodiment, the present invention provides aptamers which bind to gpl 20 to cause a conformational shift in gpl 20 that exposes epitopes on gpl 20 to CXCR4 receptors.

[0034] In one embodiment, the present invention provides aptamers which bind to gpl 20 to cause a conformational shift in gpl 20 that exposes epitopes on gpl 20 to CCR5 and CXCR4 receptors, said CCR5 and CXCR4 binding epitopes normally blocked in the absence of binding by CD4.

[0035] In one embodiment, the present invention provides aptamers that simulate the effect of CD4 binding to gρl20.

[0036] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a gpl 20 aptamer - gpl 20 conjugate that is "locked" in a conformation that presents epitopes that are able to elicit a neutralizing humoral immune response in an animal or in vitro.

[0037] In one embodiment, the present invention provides materials and methods of inducing a humoral immune response to gpl 20 by administering to subjects a gpl 20 aptamer-gpl20 conjugate that is "locked" in a conformation that presents epitopes that are able to elicit a humoral immune response in an animal or in vitro.

[0038] In one embodiment, the present invention provides materials and methods of immunizing subjects against HIV infection by administering an effective amount of an aptamer which binds to gpl 20 to cause a conformational shift in gpl 20 that exposes epitopes on gpl 20 to CCR5 receptors.

[0039] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of producing neutralizing antibodies specific to gpl20 by administering to a subject an aptamer-gpl20 conjugate that is "locked" in a conformation that presents epitopes that are able to elicit a humoral immune response in an animal or in vitro.

[0040] The present invention also provides aptamer regulators that can be used, e.g., to alter biological activity of a therapeutic target in response to changes in the concentration of another regulator molecule. More specifically, the present invention provides aptamers wherein binding of the aptamer to an effector ligand regulates, i.e., activates or suppresses, binding of the effector ligand to a third molecule by, e.g., altering the conformation of the aptamer-bound (effector) ligand.

[0041] In one embodiment, the present invention provides therapeutic aptamers whose binding activity is controlled by a first ligand which suppresses the binding activity of the therapeutic aptamer.

[0042] In one embodiment, the present invention provides therapeutic aptamers whose binding activity is controlled by a first ligand which enhances the binding activity of the therapeutic aptamer.

[0043] In one embodiment, the present invention provides therapeutic aptamers that bind to the CCR5 receptor (thus altering gpl 20 binding).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions

[0044] As defined herein, aptamers are nucleic acid molecules having specific binding affinity to molecules through interactions other than classic Watson-Crick base pairing. The SELEX™ Method

[0045] A suitable method for generating an aptamer to gpl 20 is with the process entitled "Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment " ("SELEX™") generally depicted in Figure 1. The SELEX™ process is a method for the in vitro evolution of nucleic acid molecules with highly specific binding to target molecules and is described in, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/536,428, filed Jun. 11, 1990, now abandoned, U.S. Pat. No. 5,475,096 entitled "Nucleic Acid Ligands", and U.S. Pat. No. 5,270,163 (see also WO 91/19813) entitled "Nucleic Acid Ligands". Each SELEX-identified nucleic acid ligand is a specific ligand of a given target compound or molecule. The SELEX™ process is based on the unique insight that nucleic acids have sufficient capacity for forming a variety of two- and three-dimensional structures and sufficient chemical versatility available within their monomers to act as ligands (form specific binding pairs) with virtually any chemical compound, whether monomeric or polymeric. Molecules of any size or composition can serve as targets.

[0046] SELEX™ relies as a starting point upon a large library of single stranded oligonucleotide templates comprising randomized sequences derived from chemical synthesis on a standard DNA synthesizer. In some examples, a population of 100% random oligonucleotides is screened. In others, each oligonucleotide in the population comprises a random sequence and at least one fixed sequence at its 5' and/or 3' end which comprises a sequence shared by all the molecules of the oligonucleotide population. Fixed sequences include sequences such as hybridization sites for PCR primers, promoter sequences for RNA polymerases (e.g., T3, T4, T7, SP6, and the like), restriction sites, or homopolymeric sequences, such as poly A or poly T tracts, catalytic cores (described further below), sites for selective binding to affinity columns, and other sequences to facilitate cloning and/or sequencing of an oligonucleotide of interest. [0047] The random sequence portion of the oligonucleotide can be of any length and can comprise ribonucleotides and/or deoxyribonucleotides and can include modified or non- natural nucleotides or nucleotide analogs. See, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,958,691; 5,660,985; 5,958,691; 5,698,687; 5,817,635; and 5,672,695, PCT publication WO 92/07065. Random oligonucleotides can be synthesized from phosphodiester-linked nucleotides using solid phase oligonucleotide synthesis techniques well known in the art (Froehler et al, Nucl. Acid Res. 14:5399-5467 (1986); Froehler et al, Tet. Lett. 27:5575- 5578 (1986)). Oligonucleotides can also be synthesized using solution phase methods such as triester synthesis methods (Sood et al., Nucl. Acid Res. 4:2557 (1977); Hirose et al., Tet. Lett., 28:2449 (1978)). Typical syntheses carried out on automated DNA synthesis equipment yield 10¹⁵-10 molecules. Sufficiently large regions of random sequence in the sequence design increases the likelihood that each synthesized molecule is likely to represent a unique sequence.

[0048] To synthesize randomized sequences, mixtures of all four nucleotides are added at each nucleotide addition step during the synthesis process, allowing for random incorporation of nucleotides. In one embodiment, random oligonucleotides comprise entirely random sequences; however, in other embodiments, random oligonucleotides can comprise stretches of nonrandom or partially random sequences. Partially random sequences can be created by adding the four nucleotides in different molar ratios at each addition step.

[0049] Template molecules typically contain fixed 5' and 3' terminal sequences which flank an internal region of 30 - 50 random nucleotides. A standard (1 μmole) scale synthesis will yield 10¹⁵ - 10¹⁶ individual template molecules, sufficient for most SELEX experiments. The RNA library is generated from this starting library by in vitro transcription using recombinant T7 RNA polymerase. This library is then mixed with the target under conditions favorable for binding and subjected to step-wise iterations of binding, partitioning and amplification, using the same general selection scheme, to achieve virtually any desired criterion of binding affinity and selectivity. Starting from a mixture of nucleic acids, preferably comprising a segment of randomized sequence, the SELEX™ method includes steps of contacting the mixture with the target under conditions favorable for binding, partitioning unbound nucleic acids from those nucleic acids which have bound specifically to target molecules, dissociating the nucleic acid- target complexes, amplifying the nucleic acids dissociated from the nucleic acid-target complexes to yield a ligand-enriched mixture of nucleic acids, then reiterating the steps of binding, partitioning, dissociating and amplifying through as many cycles as desired to yield highly specific high affinity nucleic acid ligands to the target molecule.

[0050] Within a nucleic acid mixture containing a large number of possible sequences and structures, there is a wide range of binding affinities for a given target. A nucleic acid mixture comprising, for example a 20 nucleotide randomized segment can have 4²⁰ candidate possibilities. Those which have the higher affinity constants for the target are most likely to bind to the target. After partitioning, dissociation and amplification, a second nucleic acid mixture is generated, enriched for the higher binding affinity candidates. Additional rounds of selection progressively favor the best ligands until the resulting nucleic acid mixture is predominantly composed of only one or a few sequences. These can then be cloned, sequenced and individually tested for binding affinity as pure ligands.

[0051] Cycles of selection and amplification are repeated until a desired goal is achieved. In the most general case, selection amplification is continued until no significant improvement in binding strength is achieved on repetition of the cycle. The method may be used to sample as many as about 10¹ different nucleic acid species. The nucleic acids of the test mixture preferably include a randomized sequence portion as well as conserved sequences necessary for efficient amplification. Nucleic acid sequence variants can be produced in a number of ways including synthesis of randomized nucleic acid sequences and size selection from randomly cleaved cellular nucleic acids. The variable sequence portion may contain fully or partially random sequence; it may also contain subportions of conserved sequence incoφorated with randomized sequence. Sequence variation in test nucleic acids can be introduced or increased by mutagenesis before or during the selection/amplification iterations.

[0052] In one embodiment of SELEX™, the selection process is so efficient at isolating those nucleic acid ligands that bind most strongly to the selected target, that only one cycle of selection and amplification is required. Such an efficient selection may occur, for example, in a chromatographic-type process wherein the ability of nucleic acids to associate with targets bound on a column operates in such a manner that the column is sufficiently able to allow separation and isolation of the highest affinity nucleic acid ligands.

[0053] In many cases, it is not necessarily desirable to perform the iterative steps of SELEX™ until a single nucleic acid ligand is identified. The target-specific nucleic acid ligand solution may include a family of nucleic acid structures or motifs that have a number of conserved sequences and a number of sequences which can be substituted or added without significantly affecting the affinity of the nucleic acid ligands to the target. By terminating the SELEX™ process prior to completion, it is possible to determine the sequence of a number of members of the nucleic acid ligand solution family. [0054] A variety of nucleic acid primary, secondary and tertiary structures are known to exist. The structures or motifs that have been shown most commonly to be involved in non-Watson-Crick type interactions are refened to as hairpin loops, symmetric and asymmetric bulges, pseudoknots and myriad combinations of the same. Almost all known cases of such motifs suggest that they can be formed in a nucleic acid sequence of no more than 30 nucleotides. For this reason, it is often preferred that SELEX procedures with contiguous randomized segments be initiated with nucleic acid sequences containing a randomized segment of between about 20-50 nucleotides.

[0055] The core SELEX™ method has been modified to achieve a number of specific objectives. For example, U.S. Patent No. 5,707,796 describes the use of SELEX™ in conjunction with gel electrophoresis to select nucleic acid molecules with specific structural characteristics, such as bent DNA. U.S. Patent No. 5,763,177 describes SELEX™ based methods for selecting nucleic acid ligands containing photoreactive groups capable of binding and/or photocrosslinking to and/or photoinactivating a target molecule. U.S. Patent No. 5,567,588 and U.S. Application No. 08/792,075, filed January 31, 1997, entitled "Flow Cell SELEX", describe SELEX™ based methods which achieve highly efficient partitioning between oligonucleotides having high and low affinity for a target molecule. U.S. Patent No. 5,496,938 describes methods for obtaining improved nucleic acid ligands after the SELEX™ process has been performed. U.S. Patent No. 5,705,337 describes methods for covalently linking a ligand to its target. [0056] SELEX™ can also be used to obtain nucleic acid ligands that bind to more than one site on the target molecule, and to obtain nucleic acid ligands that include non-nucleic acid species that bind to specific sites on the target. SELEX™ provides means for isolating and identifying nucleic acid ligands which bind to any envisionable target, including large and small biomolecules including proteins (including both nucleic acid- binding proteins and proteins not known to bind nucleic acids as part of their biological function) cofactors and other small molecules. For example, see U.S. Patent No. 5,580,737 which discloses nucleic acid sequences identified through SELEX™ which are capable of binding with high affinity to caffeine and the closely related analog, theophylline.

[0057] Counter- SELEX™ is a method for improving the specificity of nucleic acid ligands to a target molecule by eliminating nucleic acid ligand sequences with cross- reactivity to one or more non-target molecules. Counter- SELEX™ is comprised of the steps of a) preparing a candidate mixture of nucleic acids; b) contacting the candidate mixture with the target, wherein nucleic acids having an increased affinity to the target relative to the candidate mixture may be partitioned from the remainder of the candidate mixture; c) partitioning the increased affinity nucleic acids from the remainder of the candidate mixture; d) contacting the increased affinity nucleic acids with one or more non- target molecules such that nucleic acid ligands with specific affinity for the non-target molecule(s) are removed; and e) amplifying the nucleic acids with specific affinity to the target molecule to yield a mixture of nucleic acids enriched for nucleic acid sequences with a relatively higher affinity and specificity for binding to the target molecule. [0058] One potential problem encountered in the use of nucleic acids as therapeutics and vaccines is that oligonucleotides in their phosphodiester form may be quickly degraded in body fluids by intracellular and extracellular enzymes such as endonucleases and exonucleases before the desired effect is manifest. The SELEX method thus encompasses the identification of high-affinity nucleic acid ligands containing modified nucleotides conferring improved characteristics on the ligand, such as improved in vivo stability or improved delivery characteristics. Examples of such modifications include chemical substitutions at the ribose and/or phosphate and/or base positions. SELEX-identified nucleic acid ligands containing modified nucleotides are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,660,985, which describes oligonucleotides containing nucleotide derivatives chemically modified at the 5' and 2' positions of pyrimidines. U.S. Patent No. 5,756,703 describes oligonucleotides containing various 2'-modified pyrimidines. U.S. Patent No. 5,580,737 describes highly specific nucleic acid ligands containing one or more nucleotides modified with 2'-amino (2'-NH₂), 2'-fluoro (2'-F), and/or 2'-O-methyl (2'-OMe) substituents. [0059] Modifications of the nucleic acid ligands contemplated in this invention include, but are not limited to, those which provide other chemical groups that incorporate additional charge, polarizability, hydrophobicity, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, and fluxionality to the nucleic acid ligand bases or to the nucleic acid ligand as a whole. Such modifications include, but are not limited to, 2'-position sugar modifications, 5-position pyrimidine modifications, 8-position purine modifications, modifications at exocyclic amines, substitution of 4-thiouridine, substitution of 5-bromo or 5-iodo-uracil; backbone modifications, phosphorothioate or alkyl phosphate modifications, methylations, unusual base-pairing combinations such as the isobases isocytidine and isoguanidine and the like. Modifications can also include 3' and 5' modifications such as capping. In preferred embodiments of the instant invention, the nucleic acid ligands are RNA molecules that are 2'-fluoro (2'-F) modified on the sugar moiety of pyrimidine residues.

[0060] The modifications can be pre- or post-SELEX process modifications. Pre-SELEX process modifications yield nucleic acid ligands with both specificity for their SELEX target and improved in vivo stability. Post-SELEX process modifications made to 2'-OH nucleic acid ligands can result in improved in vivo stability without adversely affecting the binding capacity of the nucleic acid ligand.

[0061] Other modifications are known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Such modifications may be made post-SELEX process (modification of previously identified unmodified ligands) or by incoφoration into the SELEX process. [0062] The SELEX method encompasses combining selected oligonucleotides with other selected oligonucleotides and non-oligonucleotide functional units as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,637,459 and U.S. Patent No. 5,683,867. The SELEX method further encompasses combining selected nucleic acid ligands with lipophilic or non-immunogenic high molecular weight compounds in a diagnostic or therapeutic complex, as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,011,020. VEGF nucleic acid ligands that are associated with a lipophilic compound, such as diacyl glycerol or dialkyl glycerol, in a diagnostic or therapeutic complex are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,859,228.

[0063] VEGF nucleic acid ligands that are associated with a lipophilic compound, such as a glycerol lipid, or a non-immunogenic high molecular weight compound, such as polyalkylene glycol are further described in U.S. Patent No. 6,051,698. VEGF nucleic acid ligands that are associated with a non-immunogenic, high molecular weight compound or a lipophilic compound are further described in PCT Publication No. WO 98/18480. These patents and applications allow the combination of a broad array of shapes and other properties, and the efficient amplification and replication properties, of oligonucleotides with the desirable properties of other molecules.

[0064] The identification of nucleic acid ligands to small, flexible peptides via the SELEX method has also been explored. Small peptides have flexible structures and usually exist in solution in an equilibrium of multiple conformers, and thus it was initially thought that binding affinities may be limited by the conformational entropy lost upon binding a flexible peptide. However, the feasibility of identifying nucleic acid ligands to small peptides in solution was demonstrated in U.S. Patent No. 5,648,214. In this patent, high affinity RNA nucleic acid ligands to substance P, an 11 amino acid peptide, were identified.

[0065] To generate oligonucleotide populations which are resistant to nucleases and hydrolysis, modified oligonucleotides can be used and can include one or more substitute internucleotide linkages, altered sugars, altered bases, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, oligonucleotides are provided in which the P(O)0 group is replaced by P(O)S ("thioate"), P(S)S ("dithioate"), P(O)NR₂ ("amidate"), P(O)R, P(O)OR', CO or CH₂ ("formacetal") or 3 '-amine (-NH-CH₂-CH₂-), wherein each R or R' is independently H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. Linkage groups can be attached to adjacent nucleotide through an -O-, -N-, or -S- linkage. Not all linkages in the oligonucleotide are required to be identical.

[0066] In further embodiments, the oligonucleotides comprise modified sugar groups, for example, one or more of the hydroxyl groups is replaced with halogen, aliphatic groups, or functionalized as ethers or amines. In one embodiment, the 2'-position of the furanose residue is substituted by any of an O-methyl, O-alkyl, O-allyl, S-alkyl, S-allyl, or halo group. Methods of synthesis of 2'-modified sugars are described in Sproat, et al, Nucl. Acid Res. 19:733-738 (1991); Gotten, et al, Nucl. Acid Res. 19:2629-2635 (1991); and Hobbs, et al, Biochemistry 12:5138-5145 (1973). The use of 2-fluoro-ribonucleotide oligomer molecules can increase the sensitivity of a nucleic acid sensor molecule for a target molecule by ten- to- one hundred-fold over those generated using unsubstituted ribo- or deoxyribooligonucleotides (Pagratis, et al, Nat. Biotechnol. 15:68-73 (1997)), providing additional binding interactions with a target molecule and increasing the stability of the secondary structure(s) of the nucleic acid sensor molecule (Kraus, et al, Journal of Immunology 160:5209-5212 (1998); Pieken, et al, Science 253:314-317 (1991); Lin, et al, Nucl. Acids Res. 22:5529-5234 (1994); Jellinek, et al. Biochemistry 34:11363-11372 (1995); Pagratis, et al, Nat. Biotechnol 15:68-73 (1997)). [0067] Nucleic acid aptamer molecules are generally selected in a 5 to 20 cycle procedure. In one embodiment, heterogeneity is introduced only in the initial selection stages and does not occur throughout the replicating process.

Methods For Generating gp!20 Aptamers

[0068] The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying description below. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the prefened methods and materials are now described. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description. In the specification, the singular forms also include the plural unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All patents and publications cited in this specification are incoφorated herein by reference.

[0069] Without wishing to be bound by theory, the cunent invention describes novel methods for producing aptamers with the ability to induce conformational changes in their targets ("agonist SELEX") and specifically their application, preferably as an adjuvant to be used in conjunction with gρl20, as a prophylactic vaccine. Steps central to the agonist SELEX method are illustrated in Figs. 8-10. Specific methods used to generate the HIV vaccine adjuvants are illustrated in Fig. 11.

[0070] Aptamers with potential utility as HIV vaccine adjuvants can be isolated on the basis of their ability to drive conformational changes in gpl 20 similar to those induced by the natural gpl 20 receptors/co-receptors (namely CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4). Previously isolated and characterized neutralizing antibodies are known to map to the CD4 and chemokine receptor binding sites. These antibodies can be used both as proxy receptors to partially drive appropriate conformational changes for aptamer selection (Fig. 9) and as probes for detecting appropriate conformational changes induced by aptamers (Fig. 10). As shown schematically in Fig. 8, binding of an agonist to a target promotes conformational changes in the target which change the nature of the target's interaction (e.g., binding) with a target partner. Typically, the interaction between the target and the target partner promoted by the agonist initiates a signaling pathway within a cell. In a common example, the target is a membrane receptor, the agonist is a peptide or protein ligand or as disclosed herein, an aptamer, and the target partner is an intracellular signaling molecule. In the case of HIV infection, CD4 can be described as an agonist, acting upon the target gpl 20 to promote its interaction with the target partner CCR5 or CXCR4. An aptamer adjuvant for use as an HIV vaccine would function as an agonist to cause a conformational change in the target (gpl 20) to expose conserved epitopes and thereby drive association between the target (gpl 20) and a B-cell receptor. [0071] As used herein, "agonist'.' means any molecule (preferably, an aptamer) that upon binding to the target induces an appropriate conformational change in the target. As used herein, "target partner" (or "TP") means a molecule that specifically interacts (e.g., binds) to the target. As used herein, "target partner analog" (or "TPA") means a molecule (such as an antibody) that interacts with a target in a manner similar to that of the target partner (e.g., binding at the same or an overlapping site on the target). As used herein, "target partner/analog (or "TP/A") means either or both a target partner or target partner analog. In the process of "agonist SELEX", aptamers are isolated on the basis of their ability to (1) specifically interact with a target which has been driven into an agonist-bound conformation through association with a target partner or an analog thereof, and/or (2) specifically drive association of a target with a target partner or an analog thereof. For in vitro selection of gpl 20 agonists, the target partner receptor (conesponding to a membrane-associated form of a neutralizing antibody expressed on the surface of a B-cell) can be functionally substituted by target partner analogs such as CCR5, CD4, 17b, or bl2 (or fragments thereof) - species that are all known to bind to epitopes that drive the binding of neutralizing antibodies. As described below, some agonist SELEX strategies rely upon an agonist competitor. An agonist competitor is a molecule that interacts with the target at the same site as the agonist and which can be used to competitively elute target-bound agonists.

[0072] Aptamers with desired agonist properties can be generated by the broad strategies outlined in Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 and by a number of specific routes, as illustrated in Fig. 11. Initially, all routes start with selection from a random sequence pool for gpl20-specific aptamers or ligands (Step I). The gpl20-specific aptamer(s) are then used as the starting point for the generation of a biased pool of molecules, predisposed to gpl 20 binding (Step 2). A variety of negative and positive selection pressures can be used to specifically enrich aptamers which trigger conformational changes similar to those generated by receptor/co-receptor-binding (Steps 3-6). Steps 3-6 will individually enrich aptamers within the pool generated in Step 2 for molecules with agonist properties. Subsequent high-throughput screening of individual clones within the enriched pools can be used to identify optimal aptamers for use as adjuvants (Step 7). Alternatively, pools enriched by one step can be used as the starting point for subsequent enrichment via another step (Step 8). In addition, Step 1 and/or Step 2 may be dispensed with altogether such that the ability to bind to gpl 20 and the ability to cause the appropriate conformational shift in gpl 20 are selected for simultaneously. By combining multiple selection strategies, aptamers with agonist activity may be most efficiently enriched and ultimately isolated. Detailed methods by which each of the steps in Figure 4 can be carried out are described in the following sections.

[0073] Step 1: gpl20-specific aptamer selection. In the initial step, aptamers are selected from random sequence pools for specific binding to target (e.g., gpl20). In the prefened embodiment, aptamers are derived from the SELEX methodologies previously described. For example, the gpl 20 specific aptamers can be derived as described below:

(A) A candidate mixture of nucleic acids of differing sequence is prepared. The candidate mixture generally includes regions of fixed sequences (i.e., each of the members of the candidate mixture contains the same sequences in the same location) and regions of randomized sequences. The fixed sequence regions are selected either: (i) to assist in the amplification steps described below, (ii) to mimic a sequence known to bind to the target, or (iii) to enhance the concentration of a given structural anangement of the nucleic acids in the candidate mixture. The randomized sequences can be totally randomized (i.e., the probability of finding a base at any position being one in four) or only partially randomized (e.g., the probability of finding a base at any location can be selected at any level between 0 and 100 percent).

(B) The candidate mixture is contacted with the selected target under conditions favorable for binding between the target and members of the candidate mixture. Under these circumstances, the interaction between the target and the nucleic acids of the candidate mixture can be considered as forming nucleic acid-target pairs between the target and those nucleic acids having the strongest affinity for the target.

(C) The nucleic acids with the highest affinity for the target are partitioned from those nucleic acids with lesser affinity to the target. Because only an extremely small number of sequences (and possibly only one molecule of nucleic acid) conesponding to the highest affinity nucleic acids exist in the candidate mixture, it is generally desirable to set the partitioning criteria so that a significant amount of the nucleic acids in the candidate mixture (approximately 5-50%) are retained during partitioning.

(D) Those nucleic acids selected during partitioning as having the relatively higher affinity for the target are then amplified to create a new candidate mixture that is enriched in nucleic acids having a relatively higher affinity for the target. This new candidate mixture is contacted with the selected target under conditions favorable for binding between the target and members of the new candidate mixture to form additional nucleic acid-target pairs.

(E) Steps (C) and (D), partitioning and amplification, respectively, are then repeated until the desired number and types of sequences are obtained.

[0074] By repeating the partitioning and amplifying steps above, the newly formed candidate mixture contains fewer and fewer unique sequences, and the average degree of affinity of the nucleic acids to the target will generally increase. Taken to its extreme, the SELEX process yields a candidate mixture containing one or a small number of unique nucleic acids representing those nucleic acids from the original candidate mixture having the highest affinity to the target molecule. [0075] The aptamers of the invention can also be prepared through the basic SELEX methodology modified in any manner described herein. The SELEX process can be performed using purified gpl 20, or discrete domains or fragments (collectively, "fragments") thereof. Alternatively, full-length gpl 20, or gpl 20 fragments, can be produced in a suitable expression system. Alternatively, the SELEX process can be performed using as a target a synthetic peptide that includes sequences found in gpl20. Determination of the precise number of amino acids needed for the optimal nucleic acid ligand is routine experimentation for skilled artisans. The gpl 20 fragments can be used in the SELEX process for both negative selections and as the target in lieu of full length gpl20 in positive selections. Fragments useful in negative selections are described below. Fragments most likely to be useful in positive selections would be those including the VI and V2 regions and or lacking the CI and/or C5 regions. The identification of other fragments useful in positive selections can be determined by routine experimentation for skilled artisans. Briefly, one would immunize mice or rhesus macaques with various gpl20 constructs and screen sera for ability to neutralize HIV infection in vitro. gpl20 constructs identified which generate the strongest neutralizing response would be chosen. Alternatively, once a gpl20-aptamer conjugate has been identified as a useful HIV vaccine, both or either of the aptamer or gpl20 could be minimized by deleting portions (e.g., the CI and/or C5 regions of gpl20 or the termini or other nonessential regions of the aptamer), mixing the minimized gpl 20 and/or aptamer to form conjugates, testing the new conjugate for activity and comparing it to the activity of the full length gpl20-aptamer construct.

[0076] In a prefened embodiment, the SELEX process is carried out using fragments of gpl 20 that are bound to magnetic beads through hydrophobic interactions. A candidate mixture of single stranded RNA molecules is then contacted with the magnetic beads in the wells of a microtiter plate. After incubation for a predetermined time at a selected temperature, the beads are held to the sides of the wells of the plate by a magnetic field, and the wells of the plate are washed to remove unbound candidate nucleic acid ligands. The nucleic acid ligands that bind to gpl 20 are then released into solution in the wells, then reverse transcribed by reverse transcriptase and amplified using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The amplified candidate mixture is then used to begin the next round of the SELEX process.

[0077] In a prefened embodiment, 5-10 cycles of the SELEX process are carried out to isolate a pool of molecules with high affinity and specificity for the target (gpl20). [0078] Step 2: Generation of a diverse gpl 20 aptamer-based pool. To increase the likelihood of isolating not only high affinity ligands but also ligands that induce the appropriate conformational changes in the target, the pool of gpl 20 aptamers in Step 1 is "diversified" - i.e., sequence variation is introduced into the selected clones to increase functional diversification. This can be achieved by a combination of several methods including the following:

(A) Individual clones present in the original selection are isolated and characterized. Characterization can include (i) assay for binding affinity, (ii) sequencing, (iii) truncation to define a minimal contiguous domain responsible for binding, (iv) generation of an artificial phylogeny of functional molecules (e.g., via random mutagenesis of the aptamer clone, re-selection of the mutagenized pool for binding species (employing the same SELEX process used with the original random pool), sequencing of the re-selected clones, and analysis of the sequenced clones for conserved sequences and structures required for binding). Information obtained by these experiments can be used to direct the chemical synthesis of a new pool of sequences related to the original aptamer clone (some examples are shown in Fig. 12).

(B) One or more of the aptamers isolated in the original selection (Step 1) can be used as templates for PCR amplification under mutagenic conditions. Repeated rounds of polymerase-mediated replication lead to incoφoration of mutations throughout the aptamer sequence(s).

(C) Random sequence tags can be added to the 5'- and/or 3 '-ends of an aptamer or pool of aptamers by either PCR with a random sequence primer or ligation of a random sequence tag (Fig. 12).

[0079] Multiple pool designs can be used in parallel with identical selection protocols to increase the diversity of functional species. In fact, under identical selection conditions, random pools built into a structured ribozyme framework have yielded aptamers in cases where traditional unstructured pools have not. These results suggest that providing some initial stem structure in pools might shift the pools in the nucleic acid thermodynamic/stractural landscape into a region more broadly accessible to bind complex or difficult epitopes.

[0080] Steps 3-6: Selection schemes to isolate gpl 20 agonists. As diagrammed in Fig. 11 , the pool of gpl 20 aptamer-based sequences obtained in Step 2 is subjected to variations on the SELEX process in steps 3-6 to enrich species with or likely to have agonist activity. The output from each Step may be assayed for agonist activity or, alternatively, be provided as input for another step of selection. For example, Steps 3-4 are designed to isolate gpl 20 aptamer agonists with CD4-like activity (t.e., prone to induce the conformational changes in gpl 20 similar to those induced by binding of CD4). Similarly, Steps 5-6 are designed to isolate gpl 20 aptamer agonists with chemokine receptor-like activity (t.e., prone to induce conformational changes in gpl 20 similar to those induced by binding of CCR5/CXCR4). As such, Steps 3 and 4 can be combined successively to yield one class of agonists while Steps 5 and 6 can be combined successively to yield another. [0081] Step 3: Selection for aptamers that compete for the CD4 binding site of gpl 20. Selection for CD4-like agonists by this method follows the general strategy outlined in Fig. 9. The pool of sequences generated in Step 2 is subjected to repeated rounds of selection as follows:

(1) The pool of gpl 20 aptamer based sequences is contacted with the immobilized target partner/analog and allowed to bind under conditions that favor specific binding. In the most prefened embodiment, the target partner/analog is the neutralizing antibody 17b, bound to immobilized protein A. Non-binding species are collected and passed forward for subsequent steps.

(2) Target (gpl 20) or a fragment thereof is immobilized by attachment to a solid support using the immobilized TP/A which, under the experimental conditions is capable of binding the target with high affinity. In the most prefened embodiment, the target is recombinantly expressed gpl20/ΔClΔC5. The pool of selected sequences is contacted with the immobilized target (gpl 20) and allowed to bind under conditions that favor specific binding and the species with low affinity for target are removed by stringent washing and discarded.

(3) Excess agonist competitor (e.g., CD4) is combined with the retained pool fraction. CD4 has high affinity for gpl 20 and will competitively displace aptamers that bind to gpl20 via sites that overlap with the CD4 binding site. Species specifically eluted by the known agonist are enzymatically amplified as described earlier.

[0082] The above process is repeated until a significant fraction of the input pool is captured and specifically eluted. In the prefened embodiment, this process is repeated 5- 10 times.

[0083] As an alternative to the above process, an immobilized complex between target (gpl 20), agonist competitor (e.g., CD4), and optionally the target partner/analog (e.g., lib) can be used first in a negative selection step (i.e., the random sequence pool is contacted with said complex and only non-binding species are collected and passed forward for subsequent steps). Molecules surviving negative selection are subsequently contacted with an immobilized complex containing the target (gpl 20) and optionally the target partner/analog (17b) but lacking the agonist competitor. Molecules with affinity for the complex are isolated by stringent washing, followed by denaturation. [0084] The methods described above will preferentially enrich species whose binding site overlaps with that for CD4. While agonists with CD4-like activity would be expected to bind in an overlapping site, several types of parasitic, non-agonist aptamers will additionally be enriched, including, for example, aptamers which only partially overlap with the CD4 binding site and which do not induce the appropriate conformational changes. Previous mutagenesis and crystallographic studies have defined key determinants which direct specific binding between CD4 and gpl 20 (e.g., Kwong, 1998). These include the V1-V2 extended loop (Thrl23-Thrl98), Gly366-Asp370, and Met426- Val430. Mutations in these regions are known to disrupt binding and there is evidence that the conformation of these regions is altered as a result of CD4 binding. Aptamer agonists might be expected to rely upon similar interactions to drive target activation and, conespondingly, aptamers that fail to use these interactions may be considered unlikely to drive the appropriate conformational changes. As such, modified targets lacking these sequences/regions and thus agonist binding can be used in negative selection to remove aptamers that bind to the modified targets from the pool.

[0085] In an embodiment of this negative selection strategy, gp 120 ΔC 1 /ΔC5/ΔV 1 -V2 (ΔThrl23-Thrl98 replaced with the tripeptide Gly-Ala-Gly) is immobilized and contacted with the pool of gpl20 aptamer-based sequences under conditions that favor specific binding. Following an incubation period during which specific aptamer-modified target complexes can form, non-bound species are collected and the bound species discarded. Collected species are subsequently passed into a positive selection step for wild-type target (gpl 20) binding followed by agonist competitive elution. The VI -V2 loop provides approximately half of the contact surface from gpl 20 in the gpl20-CD4 complex and it directly contacts the 17b neutralizing antibody. Aptamers capable of specific gpl 20 binding in the absence of V1-V2 are unlikely to interact in a way that would alter the conformation of the N1-N2 loop and thus fail to exhibit agonist activity. [0086] In the same vein, negative selection may be carried out using a gpl 20 ΔCl/ΔC5/Gly366-Asp370 ->Ala/ΔMet426-Nal430 mutant. These residues are required for the other half of the gpl20-CD4 interaction. Since, however, these residues do not directly define the binding site for the target partner, it is possible that active agonists will be removed from the selected pool during this step.

[0087] Step 4: Selection for aptamers that promote target binding to a target partner/analog. Agonists isolated by this method follow the general strategy outlined in

Fig. 10. Pre-binding of CD4 has been shown to increase the affinity of gpl 20 for antibody

17b by approximately 10-fold (Zhang, 2001) and for the chemokine receptor CCR5 by

100- to 1000-fold. By adjusting target, agonist, and target partner/analog concentrations and other experimental conditions, this property can be exploited to select target binders that increase the affinity of the target for the target partner/analog.

[0088] The target partner/analog (TP/A) is immobilized on a solid support. In the prefened embodiment, the TP/A a sulfotyrosine-rich peptide from CCR5 previously shown to bind specifically to gpl 20, immobilized via biotinylation to a streptavidin-coated plate (Cormier et al, 2000).. Target (gpl20) aptamer-based sequences are optionally contacted with the immobilized TP/A and allowed to bind under conditions that favor specific complex formation. Unbound oligonucleotides (also refened to as "species") are collected and the bound species are discarded.

[0089] The negatively selected sequences from (1) are combined with target and immobilized TP/A under conditions that disfavor efficient binding between target alone and TP/A. Species which are capable of specifically interacting with the target in a manner that increases target affinity for the TP/A will be preferentially retained on the solid support while those that do not will remain in solution. In the prefened embodiment, the concentration of target and TP/A are maintained sufficiently low such that less than

1% of either forms a complex in the absence of an agonist species that would increase their propensity for binding. After an equilibration period in which novel agonist species- target-TP/A complexes are allowed to form, unbound species are removed by stringent washing.

[0090] Optionally, to promote release of target-binding aptamers which form low affinity ternary complexes (aptamer-target-TP/A), excess free target can be provided to competitively displace weakly bound target.

[0091] Specifically retained aptamers can be removed from the immobilized TP/A by denaturation (e.g., by heating) or specifically eluted using, for example, soluble CD4 or

17b Fab (which does not bind protein A).

[0092] Step 5: Selection for aptamers that compete for gpl 20 chemokine receptor binding site. Paralleling efforts directed at the generation of CD4-like agonists, selection can be used to generate aptamers which bind near the chemokine receptor binding site to induce appropriate presentation of the CD4BS epitopes. Aptamers with this specificity can be generated using the methods described in Step 3 with replacement of the agonist competitor CD4 by soluble forms of CCR5 or CXCR4 and replacement of the target partner analog 17b with either soluble CD4 or with the neutralizing antibody bl2. As an example:

[0093] (1) The pool of gpl20 aptamer based sequences is contacted with the immobilized target partner/analog and allowed to bind under conditions that favor specific binding. Non-binding species are collected and passed forward for subsequent steps. [0094] (2) Target (gp 120) or a fragment thereof is immobilized by attachment to a solid support using the immobilized target partner/analog which, under the experimental conditions is capable of binding the target with high affinity. In the most prefened embodiment, the target is recombinantly expressed gpl20/ΔClΔC5 and the TP/A is monoclonal antibody bl2. The pool of selected sequences is contacted with the immobilized target (gpl20) and allowed to bind under conditions that favor specific binding. Species with low affinity for target are removed by stringent washing and discarded.

[0095] (3) Excess chemokine receptor binding site competitor (e.g., 17b or detergent solubilized CCR5) is combined with the retained pool fraction. CCR5 and 17b have high affinity for gpl 20 and will competitively displace aptamers that bind to gpl 20 via sites that overlap with the chemokine receptor binding site. Species specifically eluted by the known agonist are enzymatically amplified as described earlier. [0096] As with the selection for aptamers that interact via the CD4-binding site, selection for chemokine-receptor binding site aptamers will generate non-agonists which - interact with a portion of the receptor binding site but do not drive the appropriate conformational changes in the target. These aptamers may be preferentially removed from the selected pool by appropriate negative selection steps involving modified forms of the target in which binding site residues have been deleted or substituted. In the prefened embodiment, a modified form of gpl 20 lacking the extended VI -V2 variable loop (Thrl23-Thrl98 -> Gly-Ala-Gly) is provided during a negative selection step as described previously for CD4-like agonist selection.

[0097] Step 6: Selection for aptamers that promote gpl20 binding to CD4 or its functional analogs. Paralleling efforts directed at the generation of agonists which increase binding affinity of gpl 20 for chemokine receptors and their functional analogs, selection can be used to generate aptamers with chemokine receptor-like agonist activity by isolating molecules which promote high affinity binding to CD4 or its functional analogs. Aptamers with this specificity can be generated using the methods described in Step 4 (Fig. 10) with replacement of the agonist CD4 by soluble forms of CCR5 or CXCR4 and replacement of the target partner analog 17b with either soluble CD4 or with the neutralizing antibody bl2. As an example:

[0098] (1) The target partner/analog is immobilized on a solid support. In the prefened embodiment, the TP/A is bl2 and it is immobilized by non-covalent binding to pre- immobilized protein A using methods for protein A immobilization well-known in the art). Target (gpl 20) aptamer-based sequences are optionally contacted with the immobilized TP/A and allowed to bind under conditions that favor specific complex formation. Unbound species are collected and the bound species are discarded. [0099] (2) The negatively selected sequences from (1) are combined with target and immobilized TP/A under conditions that disfavor efficient binding between target alone and TP/A. Species which are capable of specifically interacting with the target in a manner that increases target affinity for the TP/A will be preferentially retained on the solid support while those that do not will remain in solution. In the prefened embodiment, the concentration of target and TP/A are maintained sufficiently low such that less than 1% of either forms a complex in the absence of an agonist species that would increase their propensity for binding. After an equilibration period in which novel agonist species- target-TP/A complexes are allowed to form, unbound species are removed by stringent washing.

[00100] Optionally, to promote release of target-binding aptamers which form low affinity ternary complexes (aptamer-target-TP/A), excess free target can be provided to competitively displace weakly bound target.

[00101] Specifically retained aptamers can be removed from the immobilized TP/A by denaturation (e.g., by heating) or specifically eluted using, for example, non-biotinylated CCR5-derived sulfopeptides with gpl 20 binding specificity.

[00102] Step 7: Post-SELEX engineering/optimization of gpl 20 agonists for use as vaccine adjuvants. Iterative application of the selection methods described in Steps 3-6 will yield pools enriched for aptamers with the ability to induce conformational changes in gpl 20 which will increase its ability to elicit an effective immune response as an antigen. To generate a useful aptamer-based vaccine adjuvant, the following additional steps are carried out to identify the best starting candidates within the aptamer pool and to improve their production characteristics for use as an adjuvant.

[00103] (1) Clone screening. Individual aptamers isolated in the course of in vitro selection are cloned and characterized for functional activity. In the initial screen, aptamers may be evaluated on the basis of their ability to promote target partner/analog binding to the target. For example, fluorescently labeled gpl 20 is combined with a defined amount of CD4-like agonist aptamer clone in an assay plate containing immobilized 17b. Following a binding incubation and stringent washing, retained gpl20 can be quantified using a fluorescent plate reader. Aptamers with the strongest agonist activity are expected to most effectively promote gpl 20 retention in the assay. By testing a range of aptamer concentrations, the highest affinity aptamer agonists may be identified. An advantage of this primary screen is its ability to rapidly evaluate a large number of candidates with minimal effort.

[00104] In a secondary screen, aptamers can be tested in moderate throughput for their ability to induce a neutralizing antibody response. Aptamers can be conjugated to recombinantly expressed gpl20 by one of several methods described below and formulated together with a conventional adjuvant, such as Ribi (R-700) or cell wall material (R-730) using methods well known in the art). Aptamer complexes are then injected into mice to provoke an immune response. Specifically, mice are injected with 0.05 ml of vaccine in four subcutaneous sites. Booster immunizations are done at 3-week intervals, and mice bled from the tail 10-28 days after immunizations. Ultimately, larger quantities of serum can be obtained by exsanguinations and serum antibodies against gpl 20 quantitated by gpl 20 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Moore et al, 1989). Neutralizing activity of sera is then tested in neutralization assays using human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMC) target cells (Barnett, S.W. et al, 2001). (2) Clone characterization. Having identified a handful of clones for activity, these clones may be further characterized to improve their production characteristics. Characterization would include the following: (a) Sequencing. Plasmid vectors carrying individual cloned aptamers can be sequenced using conventional, well-established, DNA sequencing methods, (b) Truncation. End-labeled aptamer is subjected to limited hydrolysis, separated on the basis of target (gpl 20) binding, and analyzed to determine whether hydrolysis fragments partition as bound or unbound species. Through this process, discrete 5'- and 3'-boundaries can be identified which define a minimal contiguous domain responsible for binding, (c) Phylogenetic analysis. An aptamer clone is subjected to random mutagenesis by either mutagenic PCR or doped re-synthesis of an oligonucleotide template for transcription. The mutagenized pool of sequences is subjected to re-selection using one or more steps described previously (Steps 3-6). Functional clones within the re-selected pool are for binding species (employing the same SELEX process used with the original random pool), sequencing of the re-selected clones, and analysis of the sequenced clones for conserved sequences and structures required for binding), (d) Synthesis. Minimal aptamers are synthesized using nucleic acid synthesis techniques which are known in the art.

[00105] (3) Optimization of the aptamers. Pharmacokinetic properties of aptamers can be optimized by approaches which increase resistance to endonuclease and exonuclease digestion while preserving high affinity gpl 20 binding. Use of 2'-fluoro-substituted aptamers in starting pools will confer a high degree of nuclease resistance which can be enhanced still further by introduction of 2'-0-methylpurine residues. 2'-O-methyl substitutions may not be tolerated at all purine sites, since the gpl20:aptamer complexes may contain contacts between key 2'-OH groups and gpl20. Tolerance for 2'-O-methyl substitutions at purine residues of anti-gpl20 aptamers will therefore be tested in 2'-O- methyl purine nucleotide interference assays (Greene et al, 1995). Cap structures at the 5'- and 3'- ends of an aptamers are also known to effectively block exonuclease activity (Floege, 1999; Tucker, 1999; Ruckman, 1998; Dougan, 2000). Candidate 2'- fluoropyrimidine and 2'-O-methylpurine-containing aptamers containing 3 '-3' thymidine and 3'-biotin cap modifications can be chemically synthesized and tested for gpl20 binding and associated binding-induced conformational changes in gpl 20. [00106] (4) Coupling to gpl 20. Activity of the aptamer as an effective vaccine adjuvant may require that the aptamer be covalently coupled to gpl 20. Linkage of aptamers via surface carbohydrate moieties of gpl 20 offers one means to engineer covalently linked aptamer/gpl20 complexes. Anti-gpl20 aptamers incoφorating a variable-length PEG spacer region will be modified by hydrazine treatment and reacted with periodate-oxidized gpl 20. The resulting covalent aptamer/gpl20 complexes will then be characterized with respect to CD4, CCR5 and antibody interaction, and the capacity to generate neutralizing antibodies. Alternatively, the aptamer and gpl 20 can be photo-crosslinked as previously described.

Administration, Dose and Treatment Regimes

[00107] The method for preventing HIV infection or reducing the levels of HIV in infected individuals involves exposing a human to an aptamer-gpl20 vaccine, actively inducing antibodies that react with gpl 20, and preventing/impairing the ability of HIV to infect cells in vivo. This method is appropriate for an uninfected subject or an HIV infected subject with a competent immune system. The method induces antibodies, which react with GP120 and neutralize the ability of virus to infect cells. In acutely exposed, previously uninfected individuals, the method will prevent virus multiplication upon exposure to HIV. For already infected individuals, the method will decrease the levels of circulating virus ("viral load"), ameliorating the effects of the disease. The present invention also encompasses treating HIV infection by the administration of gpl 20 aptamers unconjugated to gpl 20.

[00108] The terms "treating," "treatment," and the like are used herein to mean obtaining a desired pharmacologic or physiologic effect. The effect can be prophylactic in terms of completely or partially preventing a disorder or sign or symptom thereof, or can be therapeutic in terms of a partial or complete cure for a disorder and/or adverse effect attributable to the disorder. "Treating" as used herein covers any treatment and includes: (a) preventing a disorder from occurring in a subject that can be predisposed to a disorder, but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting the disorder, i.e., anesting its development; or (c) relieving or ameliorating the disorder. An "effective amount" or "therapeutically effective amount" is the amount sufficient to obtain the desired physiological effect. Appropriate dosing regimens for the vaccine is generally determined on the basis of controlled clinical trials across patient populations; the effective amount for the vaccine is selected by the physician in each case on the basis of factors normally considered by one skilled in the art to determine appropriate dosages, including the age, sex, and weight of the subject to be treated, the condition being treated, and the severity of the medical condition being treated.

Administration of aptamer-gpl20 Vaccine [00109] The aptamer-gpl20 vaccine may be formulated and administered through a variety of means, including systemic, localized or topical admimstration. Preferably, the aptamer-gpl20 vaccine is formulated and administered systemically. Techniques for formulation and administration may be found in "Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Twentieth Edition," Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. Suitable routes may include but are not limited to oral, rectal, transmucosal or intestinal administration; parenteral delivery, including intramuscular or subcutaneous injections; or intranasal injections. [00110] For systemic administration, injection is prefened, including intramuscular (prefened) and subcutaneous. For injection, the vaccines are formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hariks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer and may include adjuvants (e.g., alums, polymers, copolymers). In addition, the vaccines may be formulated in solid or lyophilized form, then redissolved or suspended immediately prior to use. [00111] Effective concentrations and frequencies of dosages of the vaccine may be determined through procedures well known to those in the art, which address such parameters as biological half-life, immunologic response, dosing interval, and toxicity. A prefened dosage concentration may range from about 0.1 μg/kg body weight to about 4 μgkg body weight, with about 0.5 μg kg body weight being most prefened. Depending on immunogenicity, administration of 2 - 3 doses at monthly intervals, followed by a booster injection at 6 months and subsequently at yearly intervals, may be sufficient to maintain the required circulating concentration of neutralizing antibody. Dose, dosing interval and number of doses will depend upon the patient population (varying by age, weight, underlying diseases, immunologic status etc.).

[00112] The vaccines may be administered to patients alone or in combination with other therapies. Such therapies include the sequential or concunent administration of small molecule anti HIV inhibitors or antagonists and/or other anti-HIV vaccines that work through different mechanisms (e.g., by generating T-cell-mediated immunity).

Pharmaceutical Compositions

[00113] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration will typically comprise the vaccine and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absoφtion delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. Suitable carriers are described in "Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Twentieth Edition," Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. Prefened examples of such earners or diluents include, but are not limited to, water, saline, Ringer's solutions, dextrose solution and phosphate buffered solutions. Adjuvants such as aluminum phosphate, liposomes and non- aqueous vehicles such as fixed oils may also be used. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incoφorated into the compositions.

[00114] A pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intramuscular and subcutaneous, administration. Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates, and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. The pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. Immunogenicity may be enhanced by the inclusion of adjuvants such as alum or other agents commonly known in the field. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vtαls made of glass or plastic. In all cases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringeability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and if formulated in multi-dose vtαls must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.

[00115] Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incoφorating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incoφorating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, methods of preparation are vacuum drying, lyophilization and freeze-drying that yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

[00116] It is especially advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of individuals. Methods for Generating Regulated Aptamers

[00117] A regulated aptamer is an aptamer wherein binding of the aptamer to a second ligand (e.g., the CCR5 receptor) is regulated (i.e., activated or suppressed) by binding of the aptamer to a first ligand or effector (e.g., gpl20). An aptamer with these properties can be generated using any of the following selection strategies.

Method (1): Selection from naive sequence pools

[00118] Selection for ligand-regulated aptamers is performed with nucleic acid pools containing 2'- fluoropyrimidmes for additional serum stability. For the first pool, a DNA template with the sequence:

5'- GCCTGTTGTGAGCCTCCTGTCGAA- 3' (SEQ ID NO:l), linked by 40 randomized nucleotides -(N₄o)- to 5' -

TTGAGCGTTTATTCTTGTCTCCCTATAGTGAGTCGTATTA -3' (SEQ IDNO:2), is synthesized using an ABI EXPEDITE™ DNA synthesizer, and purified by standard methods (N ₀ denotes a random sequence of 40 nucleotides built uniquely into each aptamer). Approximately 10¹⁵ DNA molecules with unique sequences from the template pool can be PCR amplified using the primers YW.42.30.A 5'-

TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-3' (SEQ IDNO:3) and YW.42.30B 5' -GCCTGTTGTGAGCCTCCTGTCGAA-3' (SEQ ID NO:4). [00119] A second pool, "a semi-structured" pool, uses a DNA template with the following sequence: 5'- GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGA- 3' (SEQ ID NO:5) -(N₄₀)- 5' - TCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT-3' (SEQ ID NO:6), is synthesized in the same manner. Approximately 10 DNA molecules with unique sequences from the template pool can be PCR amplified using the primers jd6093a 5'-

TAATACGACTCACTATAGGAGCCTTCCTCCGGA -3' (SEQ ID NO:7) and jd6093b 5'- AAGCTCGGGAAACCGGA-3' (SEQ ID NO:8). Amplified pool PCR product is precipitated with ethanol, re-suspended in water and desalted on a Nap-5 column (Pharmacia). Approximately 4 x 10¹⁵ DNA molecules from each of the pool PCR amplifications are transcribed in vitro using a mutant Y639F T7 RNA polymerase which accepts 2'-fluoropyrimidines (Sousa, 1999), 2'-fluoropyrimidine and 2'-OH purine NTPs, to yield ~3 x 10¹⁶ RNA molecules with conesponding sequences. Stabilized 2'-fluoro- pyrimidine pools made up of 10 -10¹ random sequences in a total volume of approximately 100 μl are contacted with either biotinylated target immobilized in neutravidin coated plates (Pierce) or adherent target-expressing cells immobilized in plates. A typical binding buffer used for the positive and negative selection steps contains 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgC12, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, and 0.1 mg/ml tRNA (4 mM). Following a 10 min. negative incubation step at room temperature, RNAs which bind to the target alone are removed in this negative selection step. The solution containing unbound RNA is then transfened to another identical well containing immobilized target and effector is added to the solution. The concentration of effector added can be adjusted to ultimately enrich molecules which respond to effector at the most appropriate concentration. Initially the effector is provided at saturating concentrations (typically millimolar for small molecule effectors such as glucose and high micromolar concentration for protein effectors) to ensure that molecules with any measure of effector dependence are isolated. In successive rounds of selection, the effector concentration can be reduced to preferentially isolate the most effector-dependent molecules. Following an equilibration period of 1 hour, wells are rinsed with excess binding buffer (typically washing four times with 120 μl of lx ASB on a robotic plate washer with 30 sec. shakes). 50 μl of RT mix (RT primer, 4 μM; 5x "Thermo buffer", lx; DTT, 100 mM; mixed dNTPs, 0.2 mM each; vanadate nucleotide inhibitor 200 μM; tRNA 10 μg/ml; 0.5 μl Invitrogen Thermoscript Reverse Transcriptase; brought to 50 μl with water) is added to the selection well and incubated at 65 °C for 30 min with tape over wells to reduce evaporation.

[00120] The RT reaction is diluted 10-fold into a 100 μl PCR reaction (containing 5'- primer, 1 μM; 3 '-primer, 1 μM; lOx Invitrogen supplied PCR buffer (no Mg), lx; dNTPs, 0.2 mM each; MgCl₂, 3 mM; 1 μl Invitrogen Taq; 10 μl incubated RT reaction and brought to 100 μl with water) and thermocycled with the following schedule: 94 °C, 1 min; 62 °C, 1 min; 72 °C 3 min. The PCR reactions are assayed at 10 cycles by agarose gel, and then each successive 5 cycles until defined amplification bands are visible via ethidium bromide staining. Completed PCR reactions are purified using a Centri-sep column and diluted 10-fold into a 50 μl transcription reaction (4x TK Transcription buffer, lx; MgCl₂, 25 mM; NTPs 5 mM each; NEB T7 RNA polymerase 2 μl; water to 50 μl). The transcription reaction is incubated overnight at 37 °C and the resulting transcription products are purified by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (10% gel). [00121] The entire selection process is repeated until the fraction of molecules surviving both positive and negative selection increases significantly above the original naive pool fraction, typically >10% of the input. Typically >10 cycles of selection are required for enrichment. Individual molecules within the enriched pool are isolated and characterized by subcloning the pooled template DNA using the TOPO TA cloning system (Invitrogen). Individual clones are sequenced and unique clones screened for effector dependent binding.

Method (2): Pre-selection for target binding followed by effector-dependent selection. [00122] Selection method (1) can be modified as follows if the probability that molecules with both target and effector binding properties exist in the starting pool is low. Instead of selecting initially for both target binding and effector dependence, in vitro selection can be used to isolate molecules with high affinity for the target. Following an optional diversification step (wherein the selected pool of target-binding sequences is partially randomized), effector-dependent selection can be applied. To isolate target specific aptamers, the previously described selection method is applied with the following modifications: (1) target is omitted from the negative selection step, and (2) effector is omitted from the positive selection step. 5-15 rounds of selection will typically yield a pool of target binding species containing 1-1000 unique sequences. Individual clones are screened for the ability to specifically bind to the target.

[00123] A diversified pool of sequences with increased likelihood of effector-dependent target binding activity can be generated by a number of means including the following:

1) mutagenic PCR amplification of the enriched target-binding pool of sequences.

2) doped resynthesis of individual clone sequence(s) isolated from the target- binding pool, selecting clones that have high affinity and specificity binding. In this case, mutations are introduced at random across the sequence with 10-30% probability at each position or within specified regions of the sequence.

3) resynthesis of a functionally important subdomain of individual clone sequence(s) isolated from the target-binding pool, flanked by random-sequence domains. Once individual aptamers are identified from the original pool, the minimal sequence element required for the biochemical activity can be identified through two parallel approaches: (1) truncation analysis by limited alkaline hydrolysis, and (2) doped reselection (methods are reviewed in Fitzwater & Polisky, 1996). In addition to helping to determine the minimal functional aptamer element, sequence variation introduced via doped reselection can provide mutants of the original clone with improved affinity or biochemical activity. The diversified pool is subjected to selection for effector-dependent target binding as described previously.

Method (3): Pre-selection for effector binding followed by effector-dependent target binding selection.

[00124] Selection method (1) can be modified as follows if the probability that molecules with both target and effector binding properties exist in the starting pool is low. Instead of selecting initially for both target binding and effector dependence, in vitro selection can be used to isolate molecules with high affinity for the effector. Following an optional diversification step (wherein the selected pool of effector-binding sequences is partially randomized), effector-dependent, target-binding selection can be applied as described previously. To isolate effector-specific aptamers, the first selection method is applied with the following modifications: (1) target is omitted from the negative selection step, and (2) target is omitted from the positive selection step and instead effector is immobilized to the capture solid support. In the case of small molecule effectors such as glucose, conventional affinity chromatography using 200 μl agarose bead columns with 1- 5 mM immobilized effector is the prefened immobilization format. 5-15 rounds of selection will typically yield a pool of effector binding species containing 1-1000 unique sequences. Individual clones are screened for the ability to specifically bind to the effector.

[00125] A sequence-diversified pool of effector-binding molecules can be generated by one of the following methods:

1) mutagenic PCR amplification of the enriched effector-binding pool of sequences,

2) doped resynthesis of individual clone sequence(s) isolated from the effector- binding pool, selecting clones that have high affinity and specificity binding. In this case, mutations are introduced at random across the sequence with 10-30% probability at each position or within specified regions of the sequence.

3) resynthesis of a fu ctionally important subdomain of individual clone sequence(s) isolated from the effector-binding pool, flanked by random-sequence domains. The functionally important subdomain of the effector-binding sequences can be defined by truncation of the original clones, following by assays for effector binding. [00126] The diversified pool is subjected to selection for effector-dependent target binding as described in selection method (1).

Method (4): Pre-selection for effector binding and target binding motifs, followed by effector-dependent target binding selection.

[00127] Selection method (1) can be modified as follows if the probability that molecules with both target and effector binding properties exist in the starting pool is low. Instead of selecting initially for both target binding and effector dependence, in vitro selection can be used to isolate two separate pools of molecules, one with high affinity for the effector and the other with high affinity for the target. Subdomains within the two pools can be engineered to create a chimeric pool of molecules in which each molecule contains one copy of an effector-binding motif and one copy of a target binding motif. This chimeric pool is then subjected to effector-dependent, target-binding selection as described previously.

[00128] To isolate target specific aptamers, selection method (1) is applied with the following modifications: (1) target is omitted from the negative selection step, and (2) effector is omitted from the positive selection step. To isolate effector-specific aptamers, the selection method (1) is applied with the following modifications: (1) target is omitted from the negative selection step, and (2) target is omitted from the positive selection step and instead effector is immobilized to the capture solid support. In the case of small molecule effectors such as glucose, conventional affinity chromatography using 200 μl agarose bead columns with 1-5 mM immobilized effector is the prefened immobilization format.

[00129] In the prefened embodiment, functional subdomains of high affinity clones from each of the target- and effector-specific pools are used to create the chimeric pool for effector-dependent selection. The functional subdomains can be identified as described previously (selection method (2)). The chimeric pool can be generated by linearly concatenating the functional motifs together with an intervening random sequence domain. Alternatively, the motifs can be combined at the secondary structure level by coupling via linking helices as described previously for effector-dependent ribozymes (Soukup, G., and Breaker, R. (1999) "Design of allosteric hammerhead ribozymes activated by ligand- induced structure stabilization." Structure Fold Des 7 (7): 783-91). [00130] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the invention, suitable methods and materials are described above. In the case of conflict, the present Specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

[00131] All publications and patent documents cited herein are incoφorated herein by reference as if each such publication or document was specifically and individually indicated to be incoφorated herein by reference. Citation of publications and patent documents is not intended as an admission that any is pertinent prior art, nor does it constitute any admission as to the contents or date of the same. The invention having now been described by way of written description, those of skill in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced in a variety of embodiments and that the foregoing description and examples below are for puφoses of illustration and not limitation of the claims that follow.

EXAMPLES

Example 1 Identifying Aptamers with Binding Specificity to gpl 20

[00132] Figure 4 shows the steps typically required to generate an aptamer for therapeutic puφoses. The process can be approximately considered in four phases: (i) and (ii) aptamer identification, (iii) aptamer minimization, and (iv) aptamer optimization for stability. [00133] Stabilized 2'-fluoro-pyrimidine pools made up of 10¹⁴-10¹⁵ random sequences were contacted with a biotinylated sulfotyrosine-CCR5 peptide (Cormier et al, 2000) immobilized in neutravidin coated 96-well plates (Pierce). Alternatively, adherent CCR5 expressing cells immobilized in 96-well plates can be used. RNAs which bind to the peptide or cells alone were removed in this negative selection step. The RNA solution was then transfened to another identical CCR5 peptide. Alternatively, a cell containing well can be used. At this point gpl 20 was added to the reactions and they were allowed to equilibrate. Wells were then rinsed with selection buffer and immobilized RNA amplified by reverse transcription, PCR and transcription for another round of activity-based selection. Aptamers selected in this manner both bind to gpl 20 and induce gpl 20 binding to CCR5, thus exposing the CCR5 or CD4i epitope. The aptamers generated by activity- based selection may bind to the CD4 binding site, but this is not absolutely required, as the aptamer may use an alternative mechanism to stabilize gpl 20 in the CCR5 binding conformation. Since an initial negative selection step was used, aptamers which bind to CCR5 and gpl 20 simultaneously in a non-allosteric manner should not have been selected. During the post-selection process, pools and clones were screened appropriately to insure that they do not have any CCR5 binding activity in the absence of gpl 20. A more detailed description of the selection process is provided below.

[00134] Pool preparation. Selection for gpl 20 aptamers was performed with two different nucleic acid pools containing 2'- fluoropyrimidmes for additional serum stability. For the first pool, a DNA template with the sequence: 5'-

GCCTGTTGTGAGCCTCCTGTCGAA- 3' (SEQ ID NO:l), linked by 40 randomized nucleotides -(N₄o)- to 5' -

TTGAGCGTTTATTCTTGTCTCCCTATAGTGAGTCGTATTA -3' (SEQ ID NO:2), was synthesized using an ABI EXPEDITE™ DNA synthesizer, and purified by standard methods (N₄₀ denotes a random sequence of 40 nucleotides built uniquely into each aptamer). Approximately 10¹⁵ DNA molecules with unique sequences from the template pool were PCR amplified the primers YW.42.30A, 5'-

TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-3' [SEQ ID No.3] and YW.42.30B, 5'-GCCTGTTGTGAGCCTCCTGTCGAA-3' [SEQ ID No.4]. For the second pool, a "semi-structured" pool, the DNA template sequence 5'- GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGA-3' (SEQ ID NO:5) -(N40)- 5' -TCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT-3' [SEQ ID No.6] was synthesized in the same manner. Approximately 10¹⁵ DNA molecules with unique sequences from the second template pool were PCR amplified using the primers jd6093a 5'- TAATACGACTCACTATAGGAGCCTTCCTCCGGA -3' [SEQ ID No.7] and jd6093b 5'- AAGCTCGGGAAACCGGA-3'[SEQ ID No. 8]. Amplified pool PCR product was precipitated with ethanol, re-suspended in water and desalted on a Nap-5 column (Pharmacia). Approximately 4 x 10¹⁵ DNA molecules from the pool PCR amplification were transcribed in vitro using a mutant Y639F T7 RNA polymerase which accepts 2 '-fluoropyrimidmes, 2'-fluoropyrimidine and 2'-OH purine NTPs, to yield ~3 x 10¹⁶ RNA molecules with conesponding sequences.

[00135] Initial selection experiments. HIN-1 gpl20 BaL was the target for use in selections. This strain of gpl 20 uses CCR5 as its co-receptor and thus is more likely to represent a clinically relevant strain of gpl 20 for prophylactic vaccine development than a lab-adapted, CXCR4 co-receptor using strain such as HXB2. Purified recombinant gpl 20 BaL expressed in CHO cells was obtained from Advanced Bioscience Laboratories (Gaithersburg, MD).

[00136] An initial experiment was done using the nitrocellulose filter partitioning method (Tuerk and Gold, 1990; Conrad et al, 1996) to enrich for aptamers that bind to gpl 20 BaL. Initially, 2 x 10¹⁴ unique sequences were equilibrated with 50 - 100 nM gpl20 BaL in selection buffer (20 mM K-Hepes pH 7.4, 120 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM CaCl₂, 5 mM KCl) at room temperature for 1 hour. Complexed and free RNA molecules were separated using 0.2 micron nitrocellulose filter disks (Tuerk and Gold, 1990; Conrad et al, 1996). RNA/gpl20 BaL complexes were expected to be retained on the nitrocellulose membrane, while unbound RNA would pass through. RNA was eluted from the nitrocellulose membrane by submerging the membrane in 7 M urea, 100 mM sodium acetate, 3 M EDTA and heating to 90 °C for 5 minutes. The elution process was repeated twice, followed by extraction of the eluate with phenol and ethanol precipitation of the eluted RNA. After annealing to the 3' primer YW.42.30B, the RNA was amplified by reverse transcription at 50 °C for 30 minutes (Thermoscript™ RT, Invitrogen) followed by PCR under standard conditions (Taq polymerase, Invitrogen) using the primers YW.42.30B and YW.42.30A, yielding the conesponding DNA templates for the second round of selection. Subsequent rounds of selection were conducted using a similar procedure, except that the pooled RNA was passed through a nitrocellulose filter prior to incubation with gpl 20 to remove molecules that bound to nitrocellulose. After 8 rounds of selection, gpl 20 BaL specific binding was detectible when compared with naϊve pool in a standard nitrocellulose filter binding assay (Figure 5) using 5'-³²P labeled RNA pool. While the extent of binding was low, the goal of this initial step was not to drive selection to generate the highest affinity aptamers, but merely to demonstrate that a naive pool could be enriched for gpl 20 BaL binding.

[00137] Activity-based selection for anti-gpl20 aptamers that promote gpl20 binding to CCR5. Once a naϊve pool for gpl 20 BaL binding was successfully enriched, an agonist (or activity) based selection strategy (agonist SELEX) was performed. Selection was initiated by equilibration of4 x l0¹⁴- 4 x l0¹⁵ naϊve RNA pool molecules with a biotinylated sulfotyrosine-CCR5 peptide of the sequence: NH₂- DYQVSSPI(SO₃)YDIN(SO₃)YYTSEGAGK-biotin-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:226) (Cormier et al, 2000) (synthesized and purified by SynPep (Dublin, CA)) immobilized in a Neutravidin coated 96 well plate (Pierce) in a 100 μl binding reaction in selection buffer, to remove RNA molecules capable of binding to the CCR5 peptide only. After equilibration with peptide alone, the RNA solution was transfened to a fresh well containing immobilized CCR5 peptide. To this second well, gpl 20 BaL was added to a final concentration of from 50 - 100 nM and the RNA/gpl20 solution was allowed to equilibrate with immobilized peptide for 1 hour at room temp. The solution was then removed from the well and discarded. The well was then washed 4-8 times with 200 μl of selection buffer and the washes were also discarded. Peptide bound gpl20/RNA complexes were simultaneously eluted and reverse transcribed directly from the well at 65 °C for 30 minutes (Thermoscript™ RT, Invitrogen) followed by PCR under standard conditions (Taq polymerase, Invitrogen) using the primers YW.42.30B and YW.42.30A, and transcription of amplified DNA for the subsequent round of selection. [00138] After 13 rounds of activity-based selection, the pool was tested for the ability to bind to gpl 20 BaL. Successfully selected RNA molecules must have the ability to bind to gpl20. As shown (Figure 6), the 5'-³²P labeled RNA pool that only went through activity- based selection now binds to gpl 20 BaL with moderate affinity, KD ~ 200 nM in a nitrocellulose filter binding assay, while the original unselected naϊve pool does not bind at all. As additional controls, ELISA assays have shown that gpl20 BaL alone did not bind to neutravidin coated plates in either the presence or absence of the CCR5-peptide, and that the activity selected pool did not bind to neutravidin or to CCR5- peptide/neutravidin complexes in the filter binding assay. These results suggest that components of the activity selected pool do in fact have the ability to mimic the action of CD4 on gpl20.

[00139] In order to further test the ability of the activity selected pool to mimic the action of CD4 on gpl20, a plate binding experiment was performed using 5'-³²P labeled activity selected pool (or naϊve pool as a negative control) under standard selection conditions (described above). This experiment measured the counts remaining in neutravidin coated plates as a function of the presence of CCR5 peptide, gpl20 BaL, both or neither component. These results (Figure 7) further suggest that the ability of labeled RNA to bind in a well is dependent on activity selection, CCR5 peptide and gpl 20 BaL, and thus that aptamers able to mimic the action of CD4 upon gpl 20 BaL have been enriched in the pool of molecules. In other tests using this same assay, inconsistent results were obtained likely because of the low sensitivity of the assay. To clarify the results, additional assays such as those described in Examples 4 to 7 are performed.

[00140] Clones from the activity-based selections were screened. Two dominant clones from the N40 pool activity-only based selections have gpl 20 BaL specific binding. They are:

>SEQ ID No: 9: PLATE#713.E09.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGGGTGACCGACAATTATGGGAGTCA

GCTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGGGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID No: 10: PLATE#713.D09.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGGTGACCGACAATAATGGGAGTCA

AACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

[00141] The sequences of SEQ ID No. 11 through SEQ ID No. 28 were generated from R8 of the anti-gpl20 BaL filter binding selection with N40 pool (no activity based selection yet).

>SEQ ID No. 11 : gpl208DA_82-D4

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAACTGTCGTATTATTTTTAGCGGTCTCAA

CTAATTGTGGCTTTTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQIDNO.12: gpl208DA_82-C5

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAACTGTCGTATTATTTTTAGCGGTCTCAA

CTAGNTGTGGCTTTTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ IDNO.13: gp1208DA_82-E2

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACCCTCAACCTTCGCGTTTTGTCAAAGTATTTTTG

AAGGAATTGTGACTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQIDNO.14: gpl208DA_82-A3

GGGAGACAAGAATNANCNCTCAACCTTCGCGTTTTGTCAAAGTATTTTTG

AAGGAATTGTGACTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ IDNO.15: gpl208DA_82-F4

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAACTGTCGTATTATTTTTAGCGGTCTCAA

CTAANNGTNGCTTTTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 16: gpl208DA_82-C4

GGGAGACAAGAATNAACGCTCAACCTTCGCGTTTTGTCAAAGTATTTTTG

AAGGAATTGTGACTTCNACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGN

>SEQ IDNO. 17: gpl208DA_82-Cl

GGGAGACAAGAATNNACCCTCAACTGTCGNATTATTTTCAGCGGNCTCAA

CTAATTGTGGCTTTTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGN

>SEQ ID NO. 18: gpl208DA_82-C3 GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAACCTTCGCGTTTTGTCAAAGTATTTTTG AAGGNANNNTGACTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 19: gpl208DA_82-B5

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAACTGTCGTATTATTTTTAGCGGTCTCAA

CTAANNNGTNACTTTTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 20: gpl208DA_82-Al

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAACCTTCGCGNTTNGTCAAAGTATTTNNG

ANGGAAAAGNGANTTNGACAGGAGGCTCNCAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 21 : gpl208DA_82-El

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAACGTACTGGTTATTCCTGGTTAGCGTAA

AGTAGTAAGTGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 22: gpl208DA_82-C2

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAAGTAAGATAGCAGGTTATAGAGGCAGAA

CANAATGTGAGTTTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 23: gpl208DA_82-G4

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAACTGAGTGAGGAAATGNGGGAGCATCTT

ACGGGGANAATTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 24: gpl208DA_82-H5

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAAGAGGTTAAAGTGAGACAGNCTAAT

TAGATGGGAANTAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 25: gpl208DA_82-A5

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATGGGAGGTGAGCGTAGATGGGGATATT

ATGCGTTGCGTGATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 26: gpl208DA_82-Dl

GGGAGACAAGAATNNACCCTCAACTTATCTGAGGAAATACGGATCTTATT

GCATTTAGCGACGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 27: gpl208DA_82-E3

GGGAGACAAGAATNANCGCTCAAGATTTGACACACAGTAAAAAATAGTAC

AGTAAGTGAGTGCCTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 28: gpl208DA_82-A4

GGGAGACAAGAATAANCGCTCAAAGTTTCNANTNACCTGNNNTTANTCNT

NCATGTGCNATCTTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

[00142] The sequences of SEQ ID No. 29 through SEQ ID No. 36 were generated from R8 of the anti-gpl20 BaL filter binding selection with SS pool (no activity based selection yet).

>SEQ ID NO. 29: gpl208DE_82-A8 GGANCCTTCCTCCGGAGGTNTTNATATTNCATTACAAGGGGNAAANNTCT TTTGGNTCCGGTTTCCCGANCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 30: gpl208DE_82-E8

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGACTTACAGCACAANTTAAATTTACGGGNAANCTCG

TCCCCGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 31: gpl208DE_82-A7

GGAGCCTTCCTCNGGCNCTTGTGTGTTAAAATTTTTATTGCGCTTTTTTG

TTTCTCGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTA

>SEQ ID NO. 32: gpl208DE_82-D7

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGATCGTGATCATTTTCTCCAATGATTATACGTTTAT

TTACTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 33: gpl208DE_82-F7

AGCCTTCCTCCGGAAATTATTANCGNTTCTATTAGACGGNNAANGCGTTT

TAGGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 34: gpl208DE_82-C8

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGACGGGATAAATAAAATACATAGTANGNNAACAGGG

TGTTGGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 35: gpl208DE_82-F8

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAATCGGCATANTNNACAGTCATANGGNANNTGTT

CTCCCATCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 36: gpl208DE_82-C7

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGACCACTATTTCGTATCGGCTTTATATATATCCGAT

TGCGCGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

[00143] The sequences of SEQ ID No. 37 through SEQ ID No. 67 were generated from R8 of the anti-gpl20 BaL filter binding selection with N40 pool and then through 10 rounds of the activity based selection with the CCR5 peptide included.

>SEQ ID NO. 37: PLATE#910.C10.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATCCTGTAGAGTTTTT-ATTCGGTTGAT

GGGCACTGTTTTTT-ATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 38: PLATE#910.B11.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATCCTGTAGAGTTTTT-ATTCGGTTGAT

GGGCACTGTTTTTT-ATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 39: PLATE#910.C12.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATCCTGTAGAGTTCTT-ATTCGGTTGAT

GGGCACTGTTTTTT-ATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 40: PLATE#910.H12.M13F GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATCCTGTAGAGTTTTT-ATTCGGTTGAT GGGCACTGTTTTTT-ATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 41: PLATE#910.H11.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATCCTGTAGAGTTTTT-ATTCGGTTGAT

GGGCACTGTTTTTTTATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 42: PLATE#910.F12.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAAGCCTGTGGAGTTTTT-ATTCGGTTGAT

GGGCACTGTTTTTT-ATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 43: PLATE#910.F11.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAAGCCTGTAGAGTTTTT-ATTCGGTTGAT

GGGCACTGTTTTTT-ATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO.44: PLATE#910.A10.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATCCTGTAGAGCTTTT-ATTCGGTTGAT

GAGCACTGTTTTTT-ATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 45: PLATE#910.D10.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATCCTGTAGAGCTTTT-ATTCGGTTGAT

GAGCACTGTTTTTT-ATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 46: PLATE#910.G09.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAAGCCTGTAGAGCTTTT-ATTCGGTTGAT

GGGCACTGTTTTTT-ATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 47: PLATE#910.D09.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATCCTGTAGAGTTTTTTATTCGGTTGAT

GGGCACTGTTTTTT-ATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 48: PLATE#910.F10.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATCCTGTAGAGTTTTTTATTCGGTTGAT

GGGCACTGTTTTTT-ATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 49: PLATE#910.C11.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAAGCCTGTAGAGTTTTT-ATTCGGTTGAT

GGGCGCTGTTTTTT-ATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 50: PLATE#910.D11.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGGTGACCGAC— AATAATGGGAG TCAAACTGTTG-TGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 51: PLATE#910.E11.M13F

>SEQ ID NO. 52: PLATE#910.E12.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAANAGGGTGACCGAC— AATAATGGGAG TCAAACTGTTG-TGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC- >SEQ ID NO. 53: PLATE#910.B12.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGGGTGACCGAC— AATTATGGGAG TCAGCTTGTTG-AGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 54: PLATE#910.B10.M13F

>SEQ ID NO. 55: PLATE#910.G10.M13F

>SEQ ID NO. 56: PLATE#910A11.M13F

>SEQ ID NO. 57: PLATE#910.G11.M13F

>SEQ ID NO. 58: PLATE#910.C09.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGGTGACCGAC— AATNATGGGAG TCANNCNGTTGATGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 59: PLATE#910.E10.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATGTTGAAGTGTTT— AGTAAGTGAAG CCGCTGTTTTAGTTTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 60: PLATE#910.E09.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGGTGACCGAC— AAGATGGGAGT CCAATTGTTG--TGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 61: PLATE#910.D12.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAAACA-GTGTAGCTCGTCGATTG-CTAGG

GTGTCCGACAGAAC-ATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACA-CAGGCA

>SEQ ID NO. 62: PLATE#910.G12.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAAGT--GAGTCTTCCATCGATTTTCTTGG

GTGTCCGACAGAGC-ATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 63: PLATE#910.H09.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAAAGAGCCGTGATCG— TTATCGAATGG GTGTCCGACGATTCGTTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 64: PLATE#910.A09.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAACATAATGTGAA GCTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 65: PLATE#910.B09.M13F GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAACATAATGTGAA GCTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQIDNO.66: PLATE#910.A12.M13F GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAACATAATGTGAA- GCTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ IDNO.67: PLATE#910.F09.M13F GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAACATAATGTGAA- GCTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

[00144] The sequences of SEQ ID No. 68 through SEQ ID No. 115 were generated from R10 of activity selection only with the N40 pool (no pre-enrichment for BaL binders).

>SEQ ID NO. 68: PLATE#710.C05.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-TGGGGTGACCGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCAG-CTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 69: PLATE#710.C06.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-TTGGGTGACCGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCAG-CTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 70: PLATE#710.E04.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-TTGGGTGACCGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCAG-CTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 71: PLATE#710.E05.M13F

-AGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-TTGGGTGACCGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCAG-CTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 72: PLATE#710.F05.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-TTGGGTGACCGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCAG-CTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 73: PLATE#710.A06.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-TTGGGTGACCGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCAG-CTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 74: PLATE#710.B01.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-TTGGGTGACCGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCAG-CTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 75: PLATE#710.H05.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-TTGGGTGACCGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCAG-CTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 76: PLATE#710.H01.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-TTGGGTGACCGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCAG-CTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC- >SEQ ID NO. 77: PLATE#710.B04.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-TTGGGTGACCGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCAG-CTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 78: PLATE#710.B05.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-TTGGGTGACCGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCAG-CTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 79: PLATE#710.F03.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-TTGGGTGACCGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCAG-CTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 80: PLATE#710.H06.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-TTGGGTGACCGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCAG-CTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 81: PLATE#710.F06.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-TTGGGTGACCGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCAG-CTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ IDNO. 82: PLATE#710.G01.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-TTGGGTGACCGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCAG-CTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 83 : PLATE#710.F04.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGG-TGACCGACA-ATAATGGGAG

TCAG-ACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 84: PLATE#710.H03.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGG-TGACCGACA-ATAATGGGAG

TCAG-ACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 85: PLATE#710.G06.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGG-TGACCGACA-ATAATGGGAG

TCAG-ACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 86: PLATE#710.D05.M1 3F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGG-TGACCGACA-ATAATGGGAG

TCAG-ACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 87: PLATE#710.A03.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAAATTGGGTGACCGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCAG-CTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 88: PLATE#710.B03.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGGGTGACCGACA-ATAATGGGAG

TCAA-ACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 89: PLATE#710.A05.M13F -GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGG-TGACCGACA-ATAATGGGAG TCAA-ACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ IDNO.90: PLATE#710.E01.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGG-TGACCGACA-ATAATGGGAG

TCAA-ACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ IDNO.91: PLATE#710.D01.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGG-TGACCGACA-ATAATGGGAG

TCAA-ACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQIDNO.92: PLATE#710.C02.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATGGGG-TGACCGACA-ATAATGGGAG

TCAA-ACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ IDNO.93: PLATE#710.B06.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATGGGG-TGACCGACA-ATAATGGGAG

TCAA-ACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 94: PLATE#710.D02.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATGGGG-TGACCGACA-ATAATGGGAG

TCAA-ACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID N0.95: PLATE#710JF01.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-TTGGGTGACTGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCAG-CTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 96: PLATE#710.E06.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGG-TGACCGACA-ATAATGGGAG

TCAA-GCTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 97: PLATE#710.B02.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGG-TGACCGACA-ATAATGGGAG

TCAA-GCTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 98: PLATE#710.G02.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-TTGGGTGACCGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCAG-CTCGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 99: PLATE#710.H04.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGA ATAAACGCTCAANAGGG-TGACCGACA-ATAATGGGAG

TCAA-ACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 100: PLATE#710.H02.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-TTGGGTGACCGACA-TTTATGGGAG

TCAG-CTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 101 : PLATE#710.D03.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-TTGGGTGACCGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCAG-CTTGT-GAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC- >SEQ IDNO. 102: PLATE#710.E03.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-TTGGGTGGCCGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCAG-CTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 103: PLATE#710.F02.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATGGGG-TGACCGACA-ATAATGGGAG

TCAA-ACTGTTGTGNGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ IDNO. 104: PLATE#710.E02.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAA-TTGGGTGACCGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCAAACTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ IDNO. 105: PLATE#710.G05.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATGGGG-TGACCGACA-ATAATGGGAG

TCCA-ATTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 106: PLATE#710.G04.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATGGGG-TGACCGACA-ATAATGGGAG

TCCA-ATTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ IDNO. 107: PLATE#710.A04.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATGGGG-TGACCGACA-ATAATGGGAG

TCCA-ATTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 108: PLATE#710.C01.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGG-TGACCGATA-ATAATGGGAG

TCAA-ACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 109: PLATE#710.D06.M13F

AGGGAGACAAGA-TAAACGCTCAATAGGG-TGACCGACA-ATAGTGGGAG

TCAA-ACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 110: PLATE#710.A02.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAACGGGG-TGACCGACA-ATAATGGGAG

TCCA-ATTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ IDNO. I l l: PLATE#710.C03.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATGGGG-TGACCGACA-ATTATGGGAG

TCTA-AATGTTGTGATTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 112: PLATE#710.A01.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGGG-TGACCGACA-TTTATGGGAG

TCCA-ATCGTTGTGAATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ IDNO. 113: PLATE#710.C04.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATCCTGTAGAGTTTTT-ATTCGGTTGA

TGGGCACTGTTTTTTATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 114: PLATE#710.D04.M13F -GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATCCTGTAGAGTTTTT-ATTCGGTTGA TGGGCACTGTTTTTTATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC-

>SEQ ID NO. 115: PLATE#710.G03.M13F

-GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATCCTGTAGAGTTTTTTATTCGGTTGA

TGGGCACTGTTTTTTATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACA-CAGGCA

[00145] The sequences of SEQ ID No. 116 through SEQ ID No. 161 were generated from R13 of activity selection only with the N40 pool (no pre-enrichment for BaL binders).

>SEQIDNO.116: PLATE#713.E09.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGGGTGACCGACAATTATGGGAGTCA

GCTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGGGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ IDNO.117: PLATE#713.H07.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGGGTGACCGACAATTATGGGAGTCA

GCTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQID O.118: PLATE#713.A09.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGGGTGACCGACAATTATGGGAGTCA

GCTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQIDNO.119: PLATE#713.A10.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGGGTGACCGACAATTATGGGAGTCA

GCTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQIDNO.120: PLATE#713.H10.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGGGTGACCGACAATTATGGGAGTCA

GCTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQIDNO.121: PLATE#713.B10.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGGGTGACCGACAATTATGGGAGTCA

GCTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQIDNO.122: PLATE#713.D12.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGGGTGACCGACAATTATGGGAGTCA

GCTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ IDNO.123: PLATE#713.B12.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGGGTGACCGACAATTATGGGAGTCA

GCTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ IDNO.124: PLATE#713.B09.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAACGCTCAATTGGGTGACCGACAATTATGGGAGTCA

GCTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQIDNO.125: PLATE#713.G12.M13F GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGGGTGACCGACAATTATGGGAGTCA GCTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ IDNO.126: PLATE#713.F12.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGGGTGACCGACAATTATGGGAGTCA

GCTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ IDNO.127: PLATE#713.G09.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGGGTGACCGACAATTATGGGAGTCA

GCTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ IDNO.128: PLATE#713.E08.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGGGTGACCGACAATTATGGGAGTCA

GCTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQIDNO.129: PLATE#713.D10.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGGGTGACCGACAATTATGGGAGTCA

GCTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQIDNO.130: PLATE#713.G10.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGGGTGACCGACAATTATGGGAGTCA

GCTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ IDNO.131: PLATE#713.F10.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGGGTGACCGACAATTATGGGAGTCA

GNTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQIDNO.132: PLATE#713.F08.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGGGTGGCCGACAATTATGGGAGTCA

GCTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ IDNO.133: PLATE#713.C10.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGGTGACCGACAATAATGGGAGTCA

GACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQIDNO.134: PLATE#713.B07.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGGGTGACCGACCATTATGGGAGTCA

GCTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQIDNO.135: PLATE#713.C11.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGGTGACCGACAATAATGGGAGTCA

GACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQIDNO.136: PLATE#713.G11.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGGTGACCGACAATAATGGGAGTCA

GACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQIDNO.137: PLATE#713.F11.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAAATGGGTGACCGACAATTATGGGAGTCA

GCTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC >SEQIDNO.138: PLATE#713A08.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATCGGGTGACCGACAGTTATGGGAGTCA

GCTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ IDNO.139: PLATE#713.D11.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATCGGGTGACCGACAGTTATGGGAGTCA

GCTTGTTGAGAGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQIDNO.140: PLATE#713.D09.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGGTGACCGACAATAATGGGAGTCA

AACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQIDNO.141: PLATE#713.H08.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGGTGACCGACAATAATGGGAGTCA

AACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ IDNO.142: PLATE#713A12.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGGTGACCGACAATAATGGGAGTCA

AGCTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQIDNO.143: PLATE#713.H11.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGGTGACCGACAATAATGGGAGTCA

AGCTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 144: PLATE#713.E10.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGGTGACCGACAATAATGGGAGTCA

AGCTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ IDNO.145: PLATE#713.B08.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGGTGACCGACAATAATGGGAGTCA

AGCTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ IDNO.146: PLATE#713.H12.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGGTGACCGACAATAATGGGAGTCA

AGCTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 147: PLATE#713.E12.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGNGTGACCGACAATAATGGGAGTCA

GACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 148: PLATE#713.C12.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATGGGGTGACCGACAATAATGGGAGTCC

AATTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 149: PLATE#713.E07.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATGGGGTGACCGACAATAATGGGAGTCC

AATTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 150: PLATE#713.C08.M13F GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGGTGACCGACAATAGTGGGAGTCA AACTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 151: PLATE#713.H09.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATTGGGTGACCGACNATAATGGGAGTCC

NATTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 152: PLATE#713.A07.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATGGGGTGACCGACAATTATGGGAGTCT

AAATGTTGTGATTTCGACAGGGGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ IDNO. 153: PLATE#713.E11.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATAGGGTGACCGACAACAATGGGAGTTA

AGCTGTTGTGTGTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 154: PLATE#713.G08.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATGGGGTGACCGACAATTATGGGAGTCT

AAACGTTGTGATTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 155: PLATE#713.A11.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATGGGGTGACCGACAATTATGGGAGTCT

AAATGTTGTGATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 156: PLATE#713D07.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAAACCTGTCGTTGATATGTTTAGTTCTT

AGTTGTGTGTGGCTTTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ IDNO. 157: PLATE#713.C09.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATCCTGTAGAGTTTTTATTCGGTTGAT

GGGCACTGTTTTTTATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 158: PLATE#713.F09.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATCCTGTAGAGTTTTTATTCGGTTGAT

GGGCACTGTTTTTTATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 159: PLATE#713 JD08.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATCCTGTAGAGTTTTTATTCGGTTGAT

GGGCACTGTTTTTTATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 160: PLATE#713.C07.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAATCCTGTAGAGTCTTTTATTCGGTTGAT

GGGCACTGTTTTTTATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

>SEQ ID NO. 161: PLATE#713.B11.M13F

GGGAGACAAGAATAAACGCTCAACCTGTCATGGGACGTTTAACTACT

GCTGGGGTACCTGTAATTCGACAGGAGGCTCACAACAGGC

[00146] The sequences of SEQ ID NO. 162 through SEQ ID No. 225 were generated from either R10 or R13 of activity selection only with the SS pool (no pre-enrichment for BaL binders) (plate 810 sequences went through 10 rounds and plate 813 sequences went through 13 rounds).

>SEQ ID NO. 162: PLATE#813.D08.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAGTCAAGAGTAA--CACAGGGAATGCGTACTCTT CTT— ATTTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 163: PLATE#813.D05.M13F

>SEQ IDNO. 164: PLATE#813.C06.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAGTCAAGAGTAA-CACAGGGAATGCGTACTCTT CTT— ATTTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 165: PLATE#813.C07.M13F

>SEQ ID NO. 166: PLATE#813.D07.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAGTCAAGAGTAA-CACAGGGAATGCGTACTCTT CTT— ATTTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 167: PLATE#810.C02.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAGTCAAGAGTAA-CACAGGGAATGCGTACTCTT CTT— ATTTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 168: PLATE#813.A05.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAGTCAAGAGTAA-CACAGGGAATGCGTACTCTT CTT— ATTTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 169: PLATE#813.A06.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAGTCAAGAGTAA-CACAGGGAATGCGTACTCTT CTT— ATTTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 170: PLATE#813.B05.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAGTCAAGAGTAA-CACAGGGAATGCGTACTCTT CTT— ATTTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 171: PLATE#810.G01.M13F

>SEQ ID NO. 172: PLATE#813.G06.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAGTCAAGAGTAA-CACAGGGAATGCGTACTCTT CTT— ATTTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 173: PLATE#813.G07.M13F GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAGTCAAGAGTAA--CACAGGGAATGCGTACTCTT CTT— ATTTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 174: PLATE#813.H06.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAGTCAAGAGTAA-CACAGGGAATGCGTACTCTT CTT— ATTTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 175: PLATE#810.H03.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAGTCAAGAGTAG-CACAGGGAATGCGTACTCTT CTT— ATTTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 176: PLATE#810.A02.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAGTCAAGAGTAG--CACAGGGAATGCGTACTCTT CTT— ATTTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 177: PLATE#810.E01.M13F

>SEQ ID NO. 178: PLATE#813.F08.M13F

>SEQ ID NO. 179: PLATE#810.C04.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAGTCAAGAGTAG-CACAGGGAATGCGTACTCTT CTT— ATTTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ IDNO. 180: PLATE#810.A03.M13F

>SEQ ID NO. 181: PLATE#810D04.M13F

>SEQ ID NO. 182: PLATE#810.D03.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAGTCAAGAGTAG-CACAGGGAATGCGTACTCTT CTT— ATTTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 183: PLATE#810.G04.M13F

>SEQ ID NO. 184: PLATE#810.E04.M13F

>SEQ ID NO. 185: PLATE#813.B08.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAGCCAAGAGTAA-CACAGGGAATGCGTACTCTT CTT— ATTTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT >SEQ ID NO. 186: PLATE#810.G03.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAGGTCAAGAGTAG--CACAGGGAATGCGTACTCTT CTT— ATTTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 187: PLATE#813.H05.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAGTCAAGAGTAA-CACAGGGAACGCGTACTCTT CTT— ATTTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 188: PLATE#813.D06.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAGTCAAGAGTAA-CACAGGGAACGCGTACTCTT CTT— ATTTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 189: PLATE#810.C01.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAGTCAAGAGTAG--CACAGGGAATGCGCTCTCTT CTT— ATTTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 190: PLATE#813.H07.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGATTCCGGACCTG— TTTACGCAATATGA-ATTAT TTGCGTCGCCTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 191: PLATE#810.B01.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGATTCCGGACCTG— TTTACGCAATATGA-ATTAT TTGCGTCGCCTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 192: PLATE#810.D02.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGATTCCGGACCTG— TTTACGCAATATGA-ATTAT TTGCGTCGCCTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 193: PLATE#810.B02.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGATTCCGGACCTG— TTTACGCAATATGA-ATTAT TTGCGTCGCCTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 194: PLATE#813.E08.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGATTCCGGACCTG— TTTACGCAATATGA-ATTAT TTGCGTCGCCTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 195: PLATE#813.G08.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGATTCCGGACCTG— TTTACGCAATATGA-ATTAT TTGCGTCGCCTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 196: PLATE#810.E02.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGATTCCGGACCTG— TTTACGCAATATGA-ATTAT TTGCGTCGCCTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 197: PLATE#813.F05.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGATTCCGGACCTG— TTTACGCAATATGA-ATTAT TTGCGTCGCCTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 198: PLATE#813.B06.M13F GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGATTCCGGACCTG— TTTACGCAATATGA-ATTAT TTGCGTCGCCTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ IDNO. 199: PLATE#810.H01.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGATTCCGGACCTG— TTTACGCAATATGA-ATTAT TTGCGTCGCCTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 200: PLATE#813.E05.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGACTCCGGACCTG— TTTACGCAATATGA-ATTAT TTGCGTCGCCTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 201: PLATE#810.B04.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGATTCCGGACCTG— TTTACGCGATATGA-ATTAT TTGCGTCGCCTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 202: PLATE#810.F02.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGATTCCGGACCTG— TTTACGCGATATGA-ATTAT TTGCGTCGCCTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO.203: PLATE#813.C05.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAGTAGTCTACGAA-TGATTGGAAAC-GCATTCGT

ACT-TTTGTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 204: PLATE#813.G05.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAGTAGTCTACGAC-TGATTGGAAAC-GCATTCGT

ACT-TATGTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 205: PLATE#813.E06.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAGTAGTCTACGAC--TGATTGGAAAC-GCATTCGT

ACT-TTTGTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO.206: PLATE#810.A04.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAGTAGTCTACGAC-TGATTGGAAAC-GCATTCGT

ACT-TTTGTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ IDNO. 207: PLATE#810.F03.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAGTAGTCTACGAC--TGATTGGAAAC-GCATTCGT

ACT-TTTGTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 208: PLATE#813A08.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAGTAGTCTACGAC--TGATTGGAAAC-GCATTCGT

ACT-TTTGTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 209: PLATE#813.A07.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAGTAGTCTACGAC--TGATTGGAAAC-GCATTCGT

ACT-TTTGTGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 210: PLATE#810.G02.M13F

NGAGCCTTCCTCCGGATTCCGGACCTG— TTTACNCAATATGA-ATTAT TTNCGTCNCCTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT >SEQ ID NO. 211: PLATE#810A01.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAGTAAA-TACGGA-TACGCGCAAATTGAAATCGT

AGTGTGCATATCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO.212: PLATE#810.E03.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGATACAATACTTG— GG-GCACAACAAGTTATTAT CTTTCCGGGGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 213: PLATE#810.D01.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGATGCGA-AAGTA— TGATGGTCTTTACTTTTGAA CATCCTGTGGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTA

>SEQ IDNO.214: PLATE#810.B03.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAACCGTTATCAAAAAAAACACGATCTGCTCTATC

GCT-TGTTCGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 215: PLATE#810.F01.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAA-CCCATGTT— GGCAATTACATTTCACAGTA CTTGTTGGCGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 216: PLATE#813.E07.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAACGGCAAGTG— TATATGTCCGGTCTTTT-AG TACACT-TGGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 217: PLATE#810.C03.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGATCAGCCACAGT— TAAAAATAGCTTGTT-TGTG CTTATCTGGGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 218: PLATE#813.H08.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAATA-CGGTTTGCTAAAAGC-ATCTTCCATCCA

TTG-AGTTGGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 219: PLATE#813.B07.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAATA-CGGTTTGCTAAAAGC-ATCTTCCATCCA

TTG-AGATGGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 220: PLATE#810.H04.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGATT-GCCGTCTAGCAAATAGTTTTTCCGAAACTAG

TCCGGAG-TGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 221: PLATE#813.C08.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAACGCTTATGCAATTAAGCAT-CCGACTCATTTG

TCT-TTTGGGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO.222: PLATE#813.F06.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAATC-CGGTAAAGATCACCA-ATGTTTCTAGTG

TGT-TCGTGGTCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO.223 : PLATE#810.F04.M13F GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAACTTGACACGA-CTGC-AATTTGTGTTACGCAG TCTGTTGG— TCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 224: PLATE#810.H02.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAA-TCGACATAGTCCGCTAATTTTTGCTCGTTAG TCAGCTG— TCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

>SEQ ID NO. 225: PLATE#813.F07.M13F

GGAGCCTTCCTCCGGAAA-CCCGCATCATAGGCGATTGGATAGCA — A TCCACCTACATCCGGTTTCCCGAGCTT

EXAMPLE 2 Aptamer Minimization

[00147] SELEX typically yields RNA molecules 70 to 90 nucleotides long. Minimizing aptamer length facilitates chemical synthesis of aptamer candidates and can increase the affinity of the aptamer-ligand complex by eliminating alternative, non-binding structures. Once individual aptamers are identified from the original pool, the minimal sequence element required for high affinity binding can be identified through two parallel approaches: (1) truncation analysis by limited alkaline hydrolysis, and (2) doped reselection (methods are reviewed in Fitzwater & Polisky, 1996).

EXAMPLE 3 Aptamer Optimization for Nuclease Resistance

[00148] Nucleic acids are degraded in serum by a combination of endonucleases and 5'- 3' and 3'- 5' exonucleases. Appropriate chemical modifications, as otherwise disclosed herein, block each activity (Pieken et al, 1991; Cummins et al, 1995; Jellinek et al, 1995; Dougan et al, 2000). Briefly, incoφoration of 2'-fluoropyrimidines during selection in transcription reactions, and post selection addition of 2'-O-methyl purines protect aptamers from endonuclease degradation, while modification of termini with a 3'- 3' thymidine cap can provide significant resistance to exonucleases.

EXAMPLE 4 Clonal Analysis and Aptamer Activity Assays

[00149] When selection has reached the point where further rounds do not increase the fraction of pooled RNA bound to gpl 20, or to other complexes detailed above, the pooled template DNA are cloned using the TOPO TA cloning system (Invitrogen). Individual clones are sequenced. Unique clones are screened for the desired properties using the techniques outlined below. [00150] Selected aptamer clones are evaluated on the basis of their ability to bind to gpl 20. Simple binding is required for aptamers to be CD4 mimics and thus can be used to rapidly triage the library of selected aptamer clones. Individual clones which demonstrate gpl 20 binding are carried forward for further screening on the basis of the ability to mimic the biological action of CD4 on gpl 20. Sensitive three-component optical biosensor binding assays are configured to detect CD4 or aptamer inducible changes in binding affinities of gpl 20 for biotinylated CCR5 peptide (Cormier et al, 2000), on a Biacore 3000 surface plasmon detection system. In addition, gpl 20 dependent binding of ³²P- labeled aptamer clones on CCR5 expressing cells are screened in filter binding experiments functionally analogous to those used to quantitate the effects of sCD4 upon gpl 20 binding to co-receptors (Doranz et al, 1999) as well as for the ability of binding to be specifically blocked by the CCR5 specific monoclonal antibody 3A9 (Wu et al, 1997) and the gpl 20 CD4i epitope specific antibody 17b (Kwong et al, 1998). Cells expressing CCR5 can be obtained, e.g., from Merck Research Laboratories (West Point, PA), soluble CD4 has been purchased from US Biologies (Swampscott, MA) and antibodies 3A9 and 17b are freely available from the NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program.

EXAMPLE 5 Covalent Coupling of Aptamers to gp!20

[00151] Activity of the aptamers in an effective vaccine are enhanced when the aptamers are covalently coupled to gpl 20. Anti-gpl20 aptamers are synthesized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacers at their 5 '-termini to yield aptamers with from -20-200 A (Angstrom) spacers ending in a primary amine moiety. The length and "water-like" properties of the spacer allow the aptamer to bind to gpl 20 in a manner identical to that observed in an uncoupled 2-piece system. A series of single cysteine mutations in the N and C termini and non-neutralizing face of gpl 20 are generated by standard mutagenesis techniques. Amine terminated aptamers are then covalently attached to free thiols on gpl 20 using a hetero-bifunctional crosslinker available from Pierce (Sulfo-LC-SPDP, sulfosuccinimidyl 6-[3'-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionamido] hexanoate). Aptamer/gpl20 conjugates are then screened for the ability to bind to CCR5 peptide or to CCR5 expressing cells as described above. By testing multiple gpl 20 BaL mutants and aptamer spacer lengths the optimal configuration for biochemical activity is identified. EXAMPLE 6 Generation of antibodies against aptamer/gp!20 immunogens

[00152] Aptamers demonstrating activity in in vitro functional assays are covalently coupled to gpl 20 and complexes assayed for the ability to induce neutralizing antibody responses. Immunogens are formulated with the saponin based QS21 adjuvant at final concentrations of 50-100 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml respectively (Evans et al, 2001 and McGaughey et al, 2003). At least six sets of immunization experiments can be performed in parallel. Guinea pigs are immunized with either: i.) optimized aptamer/gpl20 conjugate, ii.) a scrambled sequence (nonfunctional) aptamer/gpl20 conjugate, iii.) aptamer/gpl20 complex without covalent conjugation, iv.) scrambled sequence aptamer/gpl20 complex without covalent conjugation, v.) gpl 20 only, or vi.) adjuvant only. Thus, the effects of the aptamer(s), the conjugation, and nucleic acid in comparison with gpl20 alone as immunogens are evaluated. Various aptamer complexes are injected into guinea pigs to provoke an immune response. For each experiment, three animals receive 0.05 ml (50 - 100 μg) of vaccine in subcutaneous injection. Two booster immunizations take place at 3-week intervals, and animals are bled 10-28 days after immunizations. Serum antibodies against gpl20 is quantified initially by gpl20 ELISA (Moore et al, 1989).

EXAMPLE 7 Cell-based HTV neutralization assays

[00153] Neutralization assays are performed using U87.CD4.CCR5 cells (available from the NIH AIDS Research Reagent Database) (Bjornal et al, 1997 and Richman et al, 2003) transiently transfected with HIV-1 LTR driven β-galactosidase, and the non- fluorescent fluorogenic substrate, 5-chloromethylfluoroscein di-β-D-galactopyranoside (CMFDG) (Molecular Probes) in a single cycle HIV-1 infection assay. HIV infection results in expression of Tat which transactivates expression of the β -galactosidase gene which can be detected via production of fluorescein. Each dilution is tested in triplicate. Pre-immune sera is also tested as a control for nonspecific neutralization. An HIV-1 BaL strain is available for single cycle infectivity assays from Advanced Bioscience Laboratories (Gaithersburg, MD). Viruses (50-100 50% tissue culture infective dose) in 50 μl of RPMI complete medium containing 20 U of interleukin-2 (Hoffman-LaRoche) is pre-incubated with an equal volume of serially diluted heat-inactivated sera (35 min at 56 °C) for 10 minutes at room temperature. This mixture is then incubated in 96-well flat bottom plates with transfected U87.CD4.CCR5 cells for 48 hours at 37 °C to allow for a single cycle of infection and production of β-glactosidase. Production of β-glactosidase can then be measured by addition of the fluorogenic substrate CMFDG and quantification of fluorescein fluorescence in a Packard Fusion fluorescence plate reader. Each dilution is tested in triplicate. Pre-immune sera is also tested as a control for nonspecific neutralization.

EXAMPLE 8 In vitro Assays for Evaluating Aptamer Stability

[00154] Serum stabilities of aptamers are assayed in vitro as described (Green et al, 1995). Briefly, 5'-³²P end-labeled aptamers are incubated at 2 nM in human serum at 37° C. Reactions are terminated at specific time points by addition of 87% formamide and analyzed for percent degradation by denaturing PAGE.

EXAMPLE 9 Coupled Selection

[00155] In one embodiment, the selection for gpl 20 specific binding aptamers can be facilitated by linking the RNA pool to a capture (oligonucleotide) probe attached at the end of a spacer (e.g., a PEG spacer). The probe-spacer is attached to either a monoclonal antibody with a known locus specificity on gpl20, or directly to gpl20. In this manner, a low affinity aptamer that is capable of inducing a conformational shift in gpl 20 can be more easily identified. In one embodiment, the probe-spacer is linked to a gpl20-specific binding monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof through linking chemistries to the glycosyl residues on the antibody or fragment through linkers and linking methods known in the art. In one embodiment, the probe-spacer is linked directly to gpl 20 by linking to glycosyl residues on gpl 20 using the same linkers and linking chemistries also known in the art.

[00156] By pre-coupling pools to gpl20, the initial requirements for high affinity binders are removed and aptamers that can mimic CD4 but have low intrinsic gpl 20 affinity can be enriched. Using monoclonal antibodies of known epitopes to attach the RNA pool to gpl 20 also provides an indication of where to engineer in a cysteine mutation for final covalent coupling of aptamer and gpl 20 in subsequent vaccine trials. Monoclonal antibodies or Fab fragments thereof that are chosen are non-neutralizing and do not interfere with either receptor or co-receptor binding. This method is compatible with activity based selection methods.

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[00158] The invention having now been described by way of written description and examples, those of skill in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced in a variety of embodiments and that the foregoing description and examples are for puφoses of illustration and not limitation of the following claims.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1) A composition comprising gpl 20 and a nucleic acid aptamer that binds to gpl 20 and induces gpl 20 to undergo a conformational shift whereby an epitope to a membrane bound receptor is exposed that is capable of eliciting a humoral immune response.

2) The composition of Claim 1 wherein the epitope to the membrane bound receptor is an epitope to CCR5.

3) The composition of Claim 1 wherein the epitope to the membrane bound receptor is an epitope to CXCR4.

4) The composition of Claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the nucleic acid aptamer is selected from

SEQ ID No. 9 through SEQ ID No. 225.

5) A method of vaccinating a subject against HIV infection comprising administering to a subject a composition comprising gpl 20 and a nucleic acid aptamer that binds to and induces gpl 20 to undergo a conformational shift whereby an epitope to a membrane bound receptor is exposed that is capable of eliciting a humoral immune response.

6) The method of Claim 5 wherein the epitope to the membrane bound receptor is an epitope to CCR5.

7) The method of Claim 5 wherein the epitope to the membrane bound receptor is an epitope to CXCR4.

8) The method of claim 5, 6 or 7 wherein said nucleic acid aptamer is selected from SEQ

ID No. 9 through SEQ ID No. 225.

9) A method of producing neutralizing antibodies specific to gpl 20 comprising administering a composition comprising gpl 20 and a nucleic acid aptamer that binds to gpl 20 and induces gpl 20 to undergo a conformational change whereby an epitopes to a membrane bound receptor is exposed that is capable of eliciting a humoral immune response. 10) The method of Claim 9 wherein the epitope to the membrane bound receptor is an epitope to CCR5.

11) The method of Claim 9 wherein the epitope to the membrane bound receptor is an epitope to CXCR4.

12) The method of claim 9, 10 or 11 wherein said nucleic acid aptamer is selected from SEQ ID No. 9 through SEQ ID No. 225.

13) The method of Claim 9 wherein neutralizing antibodies are produced.

14) A method of treating HIV infection comprising the step of administering a composition comprising gpl20 and a nucleic acid aptamer that binds to gpl20 and induces gpl 20 to undergo a conformational change whereby an epitope to a membrane bound receptor is exposed that is capable of eliciting a humoral immune response.

15) The method of Claim 14 wherein the epitope to the membrane bound receptor is an epitope to CCR5.

16) The method of Claim 14 wherein the epitope to the membrane bound receptor is an epitope to CXCR4.

17) The method of claim 14, 15 or 16 wherein said nucleic acid aptamer is selected from SEQ ID No. 9 through SEQ ID No. 225.

18) An aptamer that binds to gpl20 selected from SEQ ID No. 9 through SEQ ID No.

225.

19) A composition comprising an aptamer that binds to gpl 20 selected from SEQ ID No. 9 through SEQ ID No.225.

20) An aptamer that binds to gpl 20 complexed to gpl 20, wherein said aptamer is selected from SEQ ID No. 9 through SEQ ID No. 225. 21) A method of treating HIV infection in a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an aptamer that binds gpl 20 selected from SEQ ID No. 9 through SEQ ID No. 225.

22) A method of treating HIV infection in a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an aptamer that binds to gpl 20 complexed to gpl 20, wherein said aptamer is selected from SEQ ID No. 9 through SEQ ID No. 225.

23) A method of preventing HIN infection in a subject comprising administering a prophylactically effective amount of an aptamer that binds to gpl 20 complexed to gpl20, wherein said aptamer is selected from SEQ ID No. 9 through SEQ ID No 225.

24) A method of producing neutralizing antibodies with specificity to HIN gpl 20 comprising administering an aptamer that binds to gpl20 complexed to gpl20, wherein said aptamer is selected from SEQ ID No. 9 through SEQ ID No. 225.

25) A method of eliciting a humoral immune response in a subject resulting in neutralizing antibodies specific gpl20 comprising administering an aptamer that binds to gpl20 complexed to gpl 20, wherein said aptamer is selected from SEQ ID No. 9 through SEQ ID No. 225.

26) A method for identifying an aptamer that binds to gpl 20 and induces gpl 20 to undergo a conformational change whereby an epitope to a membrane bound receptor is exposed that is capable of eliciting a humoral immune response comprising the steps of:

(a) synthesizing aptamers with spacers from about 20 to about 200 Angstrom spacers ending in a primary amine moiety;

(b) generating single free thiols on cysteine mutations in the N termini, C termini and/or the non-neutralizing face of gpl 20;

(c) covalently attaching said aptamers with a crosslinker to said free thiols on gpl 20; and

(d) screening aptamers for binding to a gpl20 epitope. 7) A method for identifying an aptamer that binds to gpl 20 and induces gpl 20 to undergo a conformational change whereby an epitope to a membrane bound receptor is exposed that is capable of eliciting a humoral immune response comprising the steps of:

(b) generating single free thiols on cysteine mutations in an antibody or antibody fragment that binds to gpl 20;

(c) covalently attaching said aptamers with a crosslinker to said free thiols on the antibody or antibody fragment; and

(d) screening aptamers for binding to a gpl 20 epitope.

28) The method of Claim 26 or 27 wherein said spacer is polyethylene glycol.

29) The method of Claim 26 or 27 wherein said crosslinker is a hetero-bifunctional crosslinker

30) The method of Claim 29 wherein said hetero-bifunctional crosslinker is Sulfo-LC- SPDP (sulfosuccinimidyl 6-[3'-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionamido] hexanoate).

31) The method of Claim 30 wherein said gpl 20 epitope is selected from CCR5 and CXCR4.

32) The method of Claim 26 or 27 wherein said screening is performed with gpl 20 BaL mutants and said screening is performed with CCR5 peptides or full CCR5 receptor.

33) An aptamer comprising a first binding domain which recognizes a first ligand coupled to a second binding domain which recognizes a second ligand wherein binding of the second ligand by the second binding domain is regulated by binding of the first ligand by the first binding domain.

34) The aptamer of Claim 33, wherein the first ligand binding domain specifically interacts with an allosteric effector molecule and the second ligand binding domain specifically interacts with a target of the allosteric effector molecule. 35) The aptamer of Claim 34, wherein the allosteric effector molecule is gpl20 and the target is the CCR5 receptor.

36) The aptamer of Claim 33, wherein binding of the second ligand by the second binding domain is activated by binding of the first ligand by the first binding domain.

37) The aptamer of Claim 34, wherein binding of the second ligand by the second binding domain is activated by binding of the first ligand by the first binding domain.

38) The aptamer of Claim 33, wherein binding of the second ligand by the second binding domain is suppressed by binding of the first ligand by the first binding domain.

39) The aptamer of Claim 34, wherein binding of the second ligand by the second binding domain is suppressed by binding of the first ligand by the first binding domain.

40) A method of selecting regulated aptamers comprising the steps of isolating first and second aptamers which bind first and second ligands, respectively, using SELEX, engineering a diverse sequence pool of molecules that contain the binding domains of the first and second aptamers, and selecting for regulated aptamers from that pool wherein binding of the second ligand by the second binding domain is regulated by binding of the first ligand by the first binding domain.

41) A method of treating HIN in a subject comprising the steps of administering a therapeutically effective amount of an CCR5 receptor aptamer, wherein said CCR5 receptor aptamer binds to a gpl20 effector and is activated by the gρl20 effector to bind to said CCR5 receptor, and preventing gpl20 binding to cells.