WO2004019419A2 - Thermophotovoltaic device - Google Patents
Thermophotovoltaic device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004019419A2 WO2004019419A2 PCT/CA2003/001295 CA0301295W WO2004019419A2 WO 2004019419 A2 WO2004019419 A2 WO 2004019419A2 CA 0301295 W CA0301295 W CA 0301295W WO 2004019419 A2 WO2004019419 A2 WO 2004019419A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- thermophotovoltaic
- filter
- cells
- energy
- energy source
- Prior art date
Links
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 36
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003771 C cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910005542 GaSb Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052689 Holmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011153 ceramic matrix composite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000295 emission spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N erbium Chemical compound [Er] UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005350 fused silica glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- KJZYNXUDTRRSPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N holmium atom Chemical compound [Ho] KJZYNXUDTRRSPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001459 lithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001404 rare earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003134 recirculating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002310 reflectometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005382 thermal cycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 description 1
- NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ytterbium Chemical compound [Yb] NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S10/00—PV power plants; Combinations of PV energy systems with other systems for the generation of electric power
- H02S10/30—Thermophotovoltaic systems
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
Definitions
- thermophotovoltaic device relates to a thermophotovoltaic device.
- thermophotovoltaic devices are examples of thermophotovoltaic devices.
- thermophotovoltaic devices A problem experienced with thermophotovoltaic devices is that only a fraction of the energy generated can be used by the photovoltaic cells. Long wavelength energy can not be used by the photovoltaic cells and can increase cell temperature.
- thermophotovoltaic device which is less susceptible to the detrimental effects of long wavelength energy.
- thermophotovoltaic device which includes an energy source compatible with thermophotovoltaic cells and thermophotovoltaic cells.
- a filter adapted to filter out long wavelength energy, is positioned between the energy source and the thermophotovoltaic cells.
- the filter has dual walls with a low conductivity space between the walls which is adapted to break the convection heat transfer path from the energy source to the thermophotovoltaic cells.
- thermophotovoltaic cells filter out long wevelength energy, which the thermophotovoltaic cells are incapable of utilizing.
- the low conductivity space preferably created by a vacuum, prevents heat transfer to the thermophotovoltaic cells. This makes the thermophotovoltaic cells may efficient, as will hereinafter be further described.
- the thermophotovoltaic calls can be made even more efficient, if a dielectric filter, adapted to filter mid-wavelength energy, is positioned between the energy source and the thermophotovoltaic cells.
- FIGURE 1 is a simplified block diagram of a thermophotovoltaic system.
- FIGURE 2 is a side elevation view of components for a thermophotovoltaic device constructed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
- FIGURE 3 is a side elevation view, in section, of a thermophotovoltaic device constructed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
- thermophotovoltaic device The preferred embodiment, a thermophotovoltaic device will now be described with reference to FIGURES 1 through 3.
- thermophotovoltaic device generally identified by reference numeral 10, includes an energy source 12 which is compatible with thermophotovoltaic cells and tliermophoto voltaic cells 14.
- a filter 16 adapted to filter out long wavelength energy positioned between energy source 12 and thermophotovoltaic cells 14.
- Thermophotovoltaic cells 14 out put electric power, as indicated by labelled block 18 and waste heat, as indicated by labelled block 20.
- FIGURE 2 the components of energy source 12 are shown.
- This includes an insulated burner emitter assembly housing 22, in which is positioned thermophotovoltaic cells 14.
- Filter 16 is tubular and overlies SiC emitter 28.
- filter 16 is made of concentric quartz glass tubing and has dual walls 30 and 32 with a low conductivity space 34 positioned between walls 30 and 32.
- Low conductivity can be created in space 34 by various means, preferably, by placing the space under vacuum.
- Low conductivity space 34 is adapted to break the convection heat transfer path from energy source 12 to thermophotovoltaic cells 14.
- Dielectric filter 36 is adapted to filter mid-wavelength energy positioned between energy source 12 and thermophotovoltaic cells 14.
- TPV systems consist of a heat source above about 1300 K, Coupled with a broadband or selective emitter, thermophotovoltaic converter cells with or without a filter/reflector, and a cooling and heat recuperation system. Some attractions of this technology are.
- High power densities -1 -2 W/cm are reported in prototype systems. Mature systems expected to be on the order of 5 W/cm .
- Quiet Operation - TPN conversion uses no moving parts (except cooling or combustion air fans in some designs) and can be expected to be essentially silent. This feature makes it attractive for military applications and recreational use.
- TPN systems must include a heat recovery system as a part of cell cooling and to preheat fuel and air before combustion. TPN devices are an excellent candidate for combined heat and power applications.
- Versatility - TPN systems may be fuelled by almost any combustible material, although the burner must be designed for that particular fuel in order to maintain high efficiency.
- Typical TPN units can include some or all of the following subsystems:
- Energy source 12- a burner for efficient combustion of the fuel, be it liquid or gaseous, hydrocarbon, or even biomass.
- the burner design for TPN is not trivial due to relatively low firing rates, high operating temperatures, small size, uniform temperature distribution and high efficiency requirements.
- the burner may also have means of recirculating exhaust gases in order to preheat fuel and combustion air to increase combustion efficiency.
- Emitter an IR radiation source (heated by the combustion) operating in the temperature range of 1300 K to 1800 K. Temperatures below this can lead to low power densities and low electrical output, while operation above the maximum is not practical due to cost of high temperature materials and problems with cell cooling.
- the emitter material must have mechanical strength at the operating temperature, high emissivity and tolerance for thermal cycling. There are generally two types of radiators used:
- Broadband emitters basically a black body, behaving according to Planck radiation law, where radiation extends across a wide wavelength range. Only a fraction of energy (dependent on temperature) is radiated below 2.5 ⁇ m (equivalent to energy bandgap of 0.5 eN) and can be used effectively by photovoltaic cell. The remaining long wave energy (photons) is not used by the cells and can increase cell temperature. Ideally this energy is recycled back to the radiation or used to preheat the inlet fuel and air.
- the most commonly used broadband emitter material is silicon carbide (SIC). SIC is an excellent infrared emitter material with high emissivity, good thermal conductivity and relatively (food thermal shock resistance. At a temperature of 1800 K silicon carbide has a radiation emission peak between 1.4 and 1.6 ⁇ m.
- Selective emitters - certain rare earth oxides radiate in a fairly narrow band of wavelengths.
- the major disadvantages of these emitters are low power density due to very narrow emission bandwidths and low average peak emittance.
- a solution to these problems would be to increase emitter temperature, but this leads to shorter material life and lower fuel to radiant power conversion efficiency.
- Nariations of selective emitter design include: matched emitters consisting of ceramic matrix composites with a refractory oxide
- alumina, magnesia oxide or spinel doped with a d-series transition element. Relatively broad IR emission spectrum in the range 1.0 to 1.7 ⁇ m has been reported. This is easier to match with usable bandwidth of GaSb TPN cells.
- Another type of selective emitter uses a microstructured tungsten surface with low emittance in the region above 2 ⁇ m. Tungsten is very stable at high temperatures in a vacuum, but oxidizes in air so it is necessary to operate this type of emitter in vacuum or inert gas atmospheres. multiband emitters built as a combination of two rare oxides, such as Er 0 3 /Ho 2 0 3 and Er 2 0 3 /Yb 2 ,0 3 resulting in multiple peak spectrum radiation.
- One of the manufacturing methods for these emitters is a thermal plasma spray of a thin film onto various substrates (SIC or suitable ceramic oxide with reflective metal backing, or reflective metal layer deposited on front of oxide substrate).
- IR filter - for optimum system efficiency, the incident radiation should match the recombination spectrum of the photocell material. Excess energy should be reflected back to the emitter and preferably reabsorbed.
- single or multiple filters are placed between the emitter and the TPN cells. They may be integrated with the TPN cell assembly.
- the mesh filters use Au as a base metal deposited on a dielectric substrate and as such have good IR reflectivity (>95%) at wavelengths longer than 2 ⁇ m.
- Multilayer dielectric filters are based on interference effects, using multiple layers of dielectric films with varying refraction coefficients and different thicknesses. Dielectric films have minimal losses and it is possible to manufacture a filter with specific performance by increasing, the number of layers.
- TPN cells are narrow bandgap (0.5 to 0.7 eN) HI-N semiconductor diodes that convert photons radiated from a thermal radiation source (at temperatures below 2000K) into electricity. Photons with energy greater than the semiconductor bandgap excite electrons from the valence band to the conduction band. The created electron-hole pairs are then collected by metal electrodes and can be utilized to power external loads.
- the invention described here is an improved filter system to recycle a large fraction of the longer wavelength energy to the emitter while reducing the convective heat transfer from the emitter to the TPV cells.
- the concept is to combine dielectric filters (as described above) that are positioned directly on or in front of the TPN cell arrays with a dual quartz glass tube filter with the space between the quartz tubes evacuated to break the convection path.
- the dielectric filters provide recycling of mid- wavelength energy (up to about 3.5 micron wavelength) while the quartz glass recycles the longer wavelengths and the addition of the vacuum layer breaks the convection heat transfer path from the emitter to the cell arrays. This arrangement should provide a simple and inexpensive method of improving TPN system efficiency by reducing energy losses.
- FIG. 3 shows a cut-away view of the assembled system.
- Use WS radiant tube burner with double wall GE 214 low OH fused silica thermos to reduce long wavelength LR by one third via l/(n+l) heat shield formula (with n 2 and assuming near planar geometry).
- dielectric filters from JXC for mid wavelength band spectral control.
- potential electrical output could be 600 W. This corresponds to a 6 kW(thermal) burner which is in the operating range of the WS C80/800 burner.
- the benefit of the evacuated quartz tube is that it will reduce convective heat transfer from the emitter to the cell arrays as demonstrated in the calculations below.
- the quartz tube will transfer heat from the second quartz glass at -541 C to the TPN cells. This could reduce the heat loss through the cells by about
Landscapes
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Thermotherapy And Cooling Therapy Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2003260219A AU2003260219A1 (en) | 2002-08-23 | 2003-08-22 | Thermophotovoltaic device |
US10/525,423 US20060107995A1 (en) | 2002-08-23 | 2003-08-22 | Thermophotovoltaic device |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA2,399,673 | 2002-08-23 | ||
CA 2399673 CA2399673A1 (en) | 2002-08-23 | 2002-08-23 | Thermophotovoltaic device |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2004019419A2 true WO2004019419A2 (en) | 2004-03-04 |
WO2004019419A3 WO2004019419A3 (en) | 2005-01-13 |
WO2004019419B1 WO2004019419B1 (en) | 2005-03-24 |
Family
ID=31892660
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/CA2003/001295 WO2004019419A2 (en) | 2002-08-23 | 2003-08-22 | Thermophotovoltaic device |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20060107995A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2003260219A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2399673A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004019419A2 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20080245407A1 (en) * | 2006-07-26 | 2008-10-09 | Jackson Gerald P | Power source |
WO2010057479A3 (en) * | 2008-11-21 | 2011-07-21 | Matrix Gmbh | Device for generating electricity |
EP3790058A1 (en) | 2019-09-03 | 2021-03-10 | Silbat Energy Storage Solutions, S.L. | Thermo-photovoltaic cell and method of manufacturing same |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7557293B2 (en) * | 2003-12-03 | 2009-07-07 | National University Of Singapore | Thermophotovoltaic power supply |
US7863517B1 (en) * | 2005-08-30 | 2011-01-04 | Xtreme Energetics, Inc. | Electric power generator based on photon-phonon interactions in a photonic crystal |
US20130074906A1 (en) * | 2011-09-20 | 2013-03-28 | Brad Siskavich | Apparatus for converting thermal energy to electrical energy |
CN103457515B (en) * | 2013-09-18 | 2015-10-28 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Based on the thermal photovoltaic system of residual heat of tail gas of automobile |
WO2015084810A2 (en) | 2013-12-05 | 2015-06-11 | The Board Of Regents Of The University Of Oklahoma | Thermophotovoltaic materials, methods of deposition, and devices |
FR3031771B1 (en) * | 2015-01-20 | 2017-03-03 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | COMBUSTION SYSTEM HAVING ENHANCED TEMPERATURE |
EP3106748A1 (en) * | 2015-06-19 | 2016-12-21 | Triangle Resource Holding (Switzerland) AG | Energy conversion and transparent transfer media |
WO2017078163A1 (en) * | 2015-11-05 | 2017-05-11 | 新日鐵住金株式会社 | Thermal-photo conversion member |
JP2019103362A (en) * | 2017-12-07 | 2019-06-24 | 日本製鉄株式会社 | Thermophotovoltaic power generator |
US20210257959A1 (en) * | 2020-02-18 | 2021-08-19 | Modern Electron, Inc. | Combined heating and power modules and devices |
CN112994588B (en) * | 2021-02-04 | 2022-07-01 | 弗兰英峰生活环保科技(深圳)有限公司 | Nano metal combined solar panel power generation system and method |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US4707560A (en) * | 1986-12-19 | 1987-11-17 | Tpv Energy Systems, Inc. | Thermophotovoltaic technology |
US5092767A (en) * | 1990-10-18 | 1992-03-03 | Dehlsen James G P | Reversing linear flow TPV process and apparatus |
US5512109A (en) * | 1992-06-30 | 1996-04-30 | Jx Crystals, Inc. | Generator with thermophotovoltaic cells and hydrocarbon burner |
US5551992A (en) * | 1992-06-30 | 1996-09-03 | Jx Crystals Inc. | Thermophotovoltaic generator with low bandgap cells and hydrocarbon burner |
Family Cites Families (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
IT1119206B (en) * | 1979-10-05 | 1986-03-03 | Fiat Ricerche | THERMOPHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERTER |
US4906178A (en) * | 1983-07-25 | 1990-03-06 | Quantum Group, Inc. | Self-powered gas appliance |
US5080724A (en) * | 1990-03-30 | 1992-01-14 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Selective emitters |
US5403405A (en) * | 1992-06-30 | 1995-04-04 | Jx Crystals, Inc. | Spectral control for thermophotovoltaic generators |
US5518554A (en) * | 1994-01-27 | 1996-05-21 | Newman; Edwin | Cascade process heat conversion system |
US5625485A (en) * | 1995-08-02 | 1997-04-29 | Bolger; Stephen R. | Resonate notch filter array |
US6065418A (en) * | 1996-02-08 | 2000-05-23 | Quantum Group, Inc. | Sequence of selective emitters matched to a sequence of photovoltaic collectors |
US5700332A (en) * | 1996-07-11 | 1997-12-23 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Segregated tandem filter for enhanced conversion efficiency in a thermophotovoltaic energy conversion system |
US5753050A (en) * | 1996-08-29 | 1998-05-19 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Energy | Thermophotovoltaic energy conversion device |
US6218607B1 (en) * | 1997-05-15 | 2001-04-17 | Jx Crystals Inc. | Compact man-portable thermophotovoltaic battery charger |
US6284969B1 (en) * | 1997-05-15 | 2001-09-04 | Jx Crystals Inc. | Hydrocarbon fired thermophotovoltaic furnace |
US6538193B1 (en) * | 2000-04-21 | 2003-03-25 | Jx Crystals Inc. | Thermophotovoltaic generator in high temperature industrial process |
US6489553B1 (en) * | 2001-05-30 | 2002-12-03 | Jx Crystals Inc. | TPV cylindrical generator for home cogeneration |
-
2002
- 2002-08-23 CA CA 2399673 patent/CA2399673A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2003
- 2003-08-22 US US10/525,423 patent/US20060107995A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-08-22 WO PCT/CA2003/001295 patent/WO2004019419A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-08-22 AU AU2003260219A patent/AU2003260219A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4707560A (en) * | 1986-12-19 | 1987-11-17 | Tpv Energy Systems, Inc. | Thermophotovoltaic technology |
US5092767A (en) * | 1990-10-18 | 1992-03-03 | Dehlsen James G P | Reversing linear flow TPV process and apparatus |
US5512109A (en) * | 1992-06-30 | 1996-04-30 | Jx Crystals, Inc. | Generator with thermophotovoltaic cells and hydrocarbon burner |
US5551992A (en) * | 1992-06-30 | 1996-09-03 | Jx Crystals Inc. | Thermophotovoltaic generator with low bandgap cells and hydrocarbon burner |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20080245407A1 (en) * | 2006-07-26 | 2008-10-09 | Jackson Gerald P | Power source |
US20100037938A1 (en) * | 2006-07-26 | 2010-02-18 | Gerald Peter Jackson | Power source |
WO2010057479A3 (en) * | 2008-11-21 | 2011-07-21 | Matrix Gmbh | Device for generating electricity |
CN102334191A (en) * | 2008-11-21 | 2012-01-25 | 梅崔克斯有限责任公司 | Device for generating electricity |
EP3790058A1 (en) | 2019-09-03 | 2021-03-10 | Silbat Energy Storage Solutions, S.L. | Thermo-photovoltaic cell and method of manufacturing same |
WO2021043918A1 (en) | 2019-09-03 | 2021-03-11 | Silbat Energy Storage Solutions, S.L. | Thermo-photovoltaic cell and method of manufacturing same |
US11942562B2 (en) | 2019-09-03 | 2024-03-26 | Silbat Energy Storage Solutions, S.L. | Thermo-photovoltaic cell and method of manufacturing same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2399673A1 (en) | 2004-02-23 |
US20060107995A1 (en) | 2006-05-25 |
AU2003260219A1 (en) | 2004-03-11 |
WO2004019419A3 (en) | 2005-01-13 |
WO2004019419B1 (en) | 2005-03-24 |
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