WO2004017149A2 - Two-stage hybrid gas pressure regulator - Google Patents

Two-stage hybrid gas pressure regulator Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004017149A2
WO2004017149A2 PCT/US2003/023968 US0323968W WO2004017149A2 WO 2004017149 A2 WO2004017149 A2 WO 2004017149A2 US 0323968 W US0323968 W US 0323968W WO 2004017149 A2 WO2004017149 A2 WO 2004017149A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
stage
pressure regulator
gas pressure
fuel cell
electronic
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2003/023968
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2004017149A3 (en
Inventor
Ronald J. Kelley
Steven D. Pratt
Sivakumar Muthuswamy
Robert Pennisi
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Motorola Solutions Inc
Original Assignee
Motorola Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Motorola Inc filed Critical Motorola Inc
Priority to AU2003265332A priority Critical patent/AU2003265332A1/en
Publication of WO2004017149A2 publication Critical patent/WO2004017149A2/en
Publication of WO2004017149A3 publication Critical patent/WO2004017149A3/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
    • H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D16/00—Control of fluid pressure
    • G05D16/20—Control of fluid pressure characterised by the use of electric means
    • G05D16/2006—Control of fluid pressure characterised by the use of electric means with direct action of electric energy on controlling means
    • G05D16/2013—Control of fluid pressure characterised by the use of electric means with direct action of electric energy on controlling means using throttling means as controlling means
    • G05D16/2026—Control of fluid pressure characterised by the use of electric means with direct action of electric energy on controlling means using throttling means as controlling means with a plurality of throttling means
    • G05D16/2033—Control of fluid pressure characterised by the use of electric means with direct action of electric energy on controlling means using throttling means as controlling means with a plurality of throttling means the plurality of throttling means being arranged in series
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
    • H01M8/04746—Pressure; Flow
    • H01M8/04753—Pressure; Flow of fuel cell reactants
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
    • H01M2250/30—Fuel cells in portable systems, e.g. mobile phone, laptop
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02B90/10—Applications of fuel cells in buildings
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/7722—Line condition change responsive valves
    • Y10T137/7781—With separate connected fluid reactor surface
    • Y10T137/7793—With opening bias [e.g., pressure regulator]
    • Y10T137/7795—Multi-stage

Definitions

  • This invention relates in general to gas pressure controllers and equipment, and more specifically to a two-stage hybrid gas pressure regulator suitable for use therein.
  • fuel cells for portable applications can create some problems for conventional mechanical gas regulators.
  • One problem is that such fuel cells require a precise, low gas pressure that must be maintained over a wide range of supply pressures.
  • a second problem is that a fuel cell that is not under load can require near-zero gas flow, while the regulator still has to maintain the precise low pressure.
  • Mechanical regulators do not lend themselves to great precision, particularly at near-zero gas flow.
  • electronic regulators have been developed that can provide the precision and insensitivity to flow desirable for fuel cells. Electronic regulators, however, when used to reduce a typical high-pressure fuel source to the precise low pressure required for the fuel cell, require too much power for most portable electronic applications.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary two-stage hybrid gas pressure regulator in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary fuel cell system coupled to a gas supply and an electrical load, in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary alternative embodiment of the two- stage hybrid gas pressure regulator having a plurality of electronic secondary stages, in accordance with the present invention.
  • a and an are defined as one or more than one.
  • the term plurality is defined as two or more than two.
  • the term another, as used herein, is defined as at least a second or more.
  • the terms including and/or having, as used herein, are defined as comprising (i.e., open language).
  • the term coupled, as used herein, is defined as connected, although not necessarily directly, and not necessarily mechanically.
  • the term program, as used herein, is defined as a sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system.
  • a program, or computer program may include a subroutine, a function, a procedure, an object method, an object implementation, an executable application, an applet, a servlet, a source code, an object code, a shared library/dynamic load library and/or other sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system.
  • This disclosure discusses an apparatus for regulating a gas supply for a fuel cell and other similar appliances that advantageously provides the requisite pressure precision at all expected gas flow rates including near zero flow, while operating at a sufficiently low power level or energy consumption rate for portable electronic applications. Referring to FIG.
  • a block diagram depicts an exemplary two-stage hybrid gas pressure regulator 100 in accordance with the present invention, comprising a gas supply input 106 coupled to a mechanical primary stage 102 having a primary stage output 108.
  • the primary stage output 108 is coupled to an electronic secondary stage 104 having a secondary stage output 110.
  • the mechanical primary stage 102 preferably comprises a conventional spring valve, e.g., a check valve, such as the R800-Series regulator valve manufactured by Airtrol Components, Inc., 17400 West Liberty Lane, New Berlin, WI 53146.
  • the electronic secondary stage 104 preferably comprises a micromachined pressure regulator including a micromachined valve and a microcontroller.
  • a micromachined pressure regulator is the TiNi Microvalve manufactured by TiNi Alloy Company, 1619 Neptune Drive, San Leandro, CA 94577. It will be appreciated that, alternatively, other similar types of mechanical and electronic regulator valves can be utilized for the mechanical primary stage 102 and the electronic secondary stage 104. The combination of the mechanical primary stage 102 and the electronic secondary stage 104 produces advantageous results when applied to a fuel cell system, as described further herein below. First, a fuel cell for a portable application requires a precisely controlled gas pressure, e.g., between 0.5 and 1.0 pounds per square inch (between 0.34 and 0.69 Newtons per square cm) for proper operation.
  • a precisely controlled gas pressure e.g., between 0.5 and 1.0 pounds per square inch (between 0.34 and 0.69 Newtons per square cm) for proper operation.
  • the fuel cell requires that the pressure be maintained precisely even when there is near-zero gas flow through the regulator, such as can occur when the fuel cell is operated with no electrical load.
  • a two-stage mechanical regulator can provide sufficient precision for a fuel cell under nominal operating gas flow conditions. Under a near-zero gas flow, however, the two-stage mechanical regulator loses precision to a degree that is unacceptable for a fuel cell for portable applications.
  • An electronic regulator can maintain sufficient precision at near-zero gas flow.
  • the electronic regulator consumes too much power, e.g., one watt, when operating at the high inlet pressures typically provided by known fuel cell gas supply systems, such as hydride fuel systems.
  • An advantage of the combination of the mechanical primary stage 102 and the electronic secondary stage 104, in accordance with the present invention, is that the mechanical primary stage 102 provides a coarse regulation from the maximum supply pressure, e.g., 200 pounds per square inch (138 Newtons per square cm), to a reduced intermediate pressure level, e.g., 20 pounds per square inch (13.8 Newtons per square cm).
  • the reduced intermediate pressure level allows the electronic secondary stage 104 to operate at a much lower power level, e.g., 100 milliwatts, more suitable for portable electronic devices, while maintaining the required precision.
  • a second advantage of the combination is that the mechanical primary stage 102 does not have to be very precise, allowing the use of an inexpensive structure, such as a simple spring valve or check valve, for the mechanical primary stage 102.
  • a third advantage is that the electronic secondary stage 104 can be physically separated from the mechanical primary stage 102, thereby facilitating microminiaturization.
  • the mechanical primary stage 102 can be attached directly to a hydride storage canister, while the electronic secondary stage 104 can be attached directly to the fuel cell.
  • the two stages can then be connected by conventional tubing, e.g., copper tubing.
  • the electronic secondary stage 104 preferably comprises a micromachined valve attached to the plenum of the fuel cell.
  • FIG. 2 a block diagram 200 depicts an exemplary fuel cell system, in accordance with the present invention, coupled to a gas supply 206 and an electrical load 208.
  • the fuel cell system comprises the two-stage hybrid gas pressure regulator 100, coupled through the secondary stage output 110 to a conventional gas- powered fuel cell 202, such as one of the fuel cells or fuel cell systems described in U.S. Patent 6,268,077, issued July 31, 2001 to Kelley et al., and U.S. Patent 6,127,058 issued October 3, 2000 to Pratt et al, both assigned to the same assignee as here. It will be appreciated that, alternatively, other similar fuel cells can be utilized as well for the fuel cell 202. Referring to FIG. 3, a block diagram depicts an exemplary alternative embodiment 300 of the two-stage hybrid gas pressure regulator, in accordance with the present invention, comprising a plurality of electronic secondary stages 302, 304, 306.
  • the plurality of electronic secondary stages 302, 304, 306 advantageously allow direct, individual regulation of gas pressure to each of a corresponding plurality of fuel cells (not shown) in a stack or array of cells, while utilizing only a single mechanical primary stage 102.
  • This arrangement also advantageously lends itself to separation of the mechanical primary stage 102 from the plurality of electronic secondary stages 302-306, as may be necessary for optimum microminiaturization. While FIG. 3 depicts three electronic secondary stages 302-306, it will be appreciated that any number of electronic stages can be utilized in accordance with the present invention.
  • the present invention provides an apparatus for regulating a gas supply for a fuel cell and other similar appliances.
  • the apparatus provides the requisite precision at all expected gas flows, while operating at a sufficiently low power level for portable electronic applications.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)
  • Control Of Fluid Pressure (AREA)
  • Safety Valves (AREA)

Abstract

A gas pressure regulator (100) includes a mechanical primary stage (102), preferably including a spring valve, and an electronic secondary stage (104), preferably including a micromachined pressure regulator, the combination of the mechanical primary stage and the electronic secondary stage suitable for relatively precise low pressure near zero flow rates with reasonable energy consumption rates, such as encountered when supplying fuel to a low power fuel cell system.

Description

TWO-STAGE HYBRID GAS PRESSURE REGULATOR
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates in general to gas pressure controllers and equipment, and more specifically to a two-stage hybrid gas pressure regulator suitable for use therein.
DESCRIPTION OFTHERELATEDART Mechanical gas pressure regulators have been used for many years to reduce the pressure of a gas as the gas flows from a high-pressure fuel source to an end-use gas-consuming appliance. One gas-consuming appliance that is currently finding its way into portable electronic devices is the portable fuel cell. Fuel cells hold the promise of extending the operating time of portable electronic devices between charges, because of their high energy density — more than ten times that of conventional rechargeable batteries.
Unfortunately, fuel cells for portable applications can create some problems for conventional mechanical gas regulators. One problem is that such fuel cells require a precise, low gas pressure that must be maintained over a wide range of supply pressures. A second problem is that a fuel cell that is not under load can require near-zero gas flow, while the regulator still has to maintain the precise low pressure. Mechanical regulators do not lend themselves to great precision, particularly at near-zero gas flow. More recently, electronic regulators have been developed that can provide the precision and insensitivity to flow desirable for fuel cells. Electronic regulators, however, when used to reduce a typical high-pressure fuel source to the precise low pressure required for the fuel cell, require too much power for most portable electronic applications.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views and which together with the detailed description below are incorporated in and form part of the specification, serve to further illustrate various embodiments and to explain various principles and advantages all in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary two-stage hybrid gas pressure regulator in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary fuel cell system coupled to a gas supply and an electrical load, in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary alternative embodiment of the two- stage hybrid gas pressure regulator having a plurality of electronic secondary stages, in accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The instant disclosure is provided to further explain in an enabling fashion the best modes of making and using various embodiments in accordance with the present invention. The disclosure is further offered to enhance an understanding and appreciation for the inventive principles and advantages thereof, rather than to limit in any manner the invention. The invention is defined solely by the appended claims including any amendments made during the pendency of this application and all equivalents of those claims as issued.
The terms a and an, as used herein, are defined as one or more than one. The term plurality, as used herein, is defined as two or more than two. The term another, as used herein, is defined as at least a second or more. The terms including and/or having, as used herein, are defined as comprising (i.e., open language). The term coupled, as used herein, is defined as connected, although not necessarily directly, and not necessarily mechanically. The term program, as used herein, is defined as a sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system. A program, or computer program, may include a subroutine, a function, a procedure, an object method, an object implementation, an executable application, an applet, a servlet, a source code, an object code, a shared library/dynamic load library and/or other sequence of instructions designed for execution on a computer system. This disclosure discusses an apparatus for regulating a gas supply for a fuel cell and other similar appliances that advantageously provides the requisite pressure precision at all expected gas flow rates including near zero flow, while operating at a sufficiently low power level or energy consumption rate for portable electronic applications. Referring to FIG. 1, a block diagram depicts an exemplary two-stage hybrid gas pressure regulator 100 in accordance with the present invention, comprising a gas supply input 106 coupled to a mechanical primary stage 102 having a primary stage output 108. The primary stage output 108 is coupled to an electronic secondary stage 104 having a secondary stage output 110. The mechanical primary stage 102 preferably comprises a conventional spring valve, e.g., a check valve, such as the R800-Series regulator valve manufactured by Airtrol Components, Inc., 17400 West Liberty Lane, New Berlin, WI 53146. The electronic secondary stage 104 preferably comprises a micromachined pressure regulator including a micromachined valve and a microcontroller. An example of such a micromachined pressure regulator is the TiNi Microvalve manufactured by TiNi Alloy Company, 1619 Neptune Drive, San Leandro, CA 94577. It will be appreciated that, alternatively, other similar types of mechanical and electronic regulator valves can be utilized for the mechanical primary stage 102 and the electronic secondary stage 104. The combination of the mechanical primary stage 102 and the electronic secondary stage 104 produces advantageous results when applied to a fuel cell system, as described further herein below. First, a fuel cell for a portable application requires a precisely controlled gas pressure, e.g., between 0.5 and 1.0 pounds per square inch (between 0.34 and 0.69 Newtons per square cm) for proper operation. Second, the fuel cell requires that the pressure be maintained precisely even when there is near-zero gas flow through the regulator, such as can occur when the fuel cell is operated with no electrical load. A two-stage mechanical regulator can provide sufficient precision for a fuel cell under nominal operating gas flow conditions. Under a near-zero gas flow, however, the two-stage mechanical regulator loses precision to a degree that is unacceptable for a fuel cell for portable applications.
An electronic regulator, on the other hand, can maintain sufficient precision at near-zero gas flow. Unfortunately, the electronic regulator consumes too much power, e.g., one watt, when operating at the high inlet pressures typically provided by known fuel cell gas supply systems, such as hydride fuel systems.
An advantage of the combination of the mechanical primary stage 102 and the electronic secondary stage 104, in accordance with the present invention, is that the mechanical primary stage 102 provides a coarse regulation from the maximum supply pressure, e.g., 200 pounds per square inch (138 Newtons per square cm), to a reduced intermediate pressure level, e.g., 20 pounds per square inch (13.8 Newtons per square cm). The reduced intermediate pressure level allows the electronic secondary stage 104 to operate at a much lower power level, e.g., 100 milliwatts, more suitable for portable electronic devices, while maintaining the required precision. A second advantage of the combination is that the mechanical primary stage 102 does not have to be very precise, allowing the use of an inexpensive structure, such as a simple spring valve or check valve, for the mechanical primary stage 102. A third advantage is that the electronic secondary stage 104 can be physically separated from the mechanical primary stage 102, thereby facilitating microminiaturization. For example, the mechanical primary stage 102 can be attached directly to a hydride storage canister, while the electronic secondary stage 104 can be attached directly to the fuel cell. The two stages can then be connected by conventional tubing, e.g., copper tubing. In one embodiment, the electronic secondary stage 104 preferably comprises a micromachined valve attached to the plenum of the fuel cell. Referring to FIG. 2, a block diagram 200 depicts an exemplary fuel cell system, in accordance with the present invention, coupled to a gas supply 206 and an electrical load 208. The fuel cell system comprises the two-stage hybrid gas pressure regulator 100, coupled through the secondary stage output 110 to a conventional gas- powered fuel cell 202, such as one of the fuel cells or fuel cell systems described in U.S. Patent 6,268,077, issued July 31, 2001 to Kelley et al., and U.S. Patent 6,127,058 issued October 3, 2000 to Pratt et al, both assigned to the same assignee as here. It will be appreciated that, alternatively, other similar fuel cells can be utilized as well for the fuel cell 202. Referring to FIG. 3, a block diagram depicts an exemplary alternative embodiment 300 of the two-stage hybrid gas pressure regulator, in accordance with the present invention, comprising a plurality of electronic secondary stages 302, 304, 306. The plurality of electronic secondary stages 302, 304, 306 advantageously allow direct, individual regulation of gas pressure to each of a corresponding plurality of fuel cells (not shown) in a stack or array of cells, while utilizing only a single mechanical primary stage 102. This arrangement also advantageously lends itself to separation of the mechanical primary stage 102 from the plurality of electronic secondary stages 302-306, as may be necessary for optimum microminiaturization. While FIG. 3 depicts three electronic secondary stages 302-306, it will be appreciated that any number of electronic stages can be utilized in accordance with the present invention.
Thus, it should be clear from the preceding disclosure that the present invention provides an apparatus for regulating a gas supply for a fuel cell and other similar appliances. Advantageously, the apparatus provides the requisite precision at all expected gas flows, while operating at a sufficiently low power level for portable electronic applications.
This disclosure is intended to explain how to fashion and use various embodiments in accordance with the invention rather than to limit the true, intended, and fair scope and spirit thereof. The foregoing description is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiment(s) was chosen and described to provide the best illustration of the principles of the invention and its practical application, and to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within the scope of the invention as determined by the appended claims, as may be amended during the pendency of this application for patent, and all equivalents thereof, when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally, and equitably entitled.

Claims

1. A two-stage gas pressure regulator, comprising: a mechanical primary stage; and an electronic secondary stage.
2. The gas pressure regulator of claim 1, wherein the secondary stage comprises a micromachined pressure regulator.
3. The gas pressure regulator of claim 1, wherein the secondary stage comprises a micromachined pressure regulator including a micromachined valve and a microcontroller.
4. The gas pressure regulator of claim 1, wherein the secondary stage is physically separated from the primary stage.
5. The gas pressure regulator of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of electronic secondary stages.
6. The gas pressure regulator of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of electronic secondary stages that are physically separated from the primary stage.
7. A gas pressure regulator, comprising: a mechanical primary stage comprising a spring valve; and an electronic secondary stage comprising a micromachined pressure regulator.
8. The gas pressure regulator of claim 7, further comprising a plurality of electronic secondary stages comprising a micromachined pressure regulator including a micromachined valve and a microcontroller, the plurality of secondary stages physically separated from the primary stage.
9. A portable fuel cell system, comprising: a fuel cell; and a two-stage gas pressure regulator, comprising: a mechanical primary stage; and an electronic secondary stage.
10. The portable fuel cell system of claim 9, wherein the primary stage comprises a spring valve, and wherein the secondary stage comprises a micromachined pressure regulator including a micromachined valve and a microcontroller, the secondary stage physically separated from the primary stage.
PCT/US2003/023968 2002-08-15 2003-07-31 Two-stage hybrid gas pressure regulator Ceased WO2004017149A2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2003265332A AU2003265332A1 (en) 2002-08-15 2003-07-31 Two-stage hybrid gas pressure regulator

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US10/219,582 US7264896B2 (en) 2002-08-15 2002-08-15 Two-stage hybrid gas pressure regulator
US10/219,582 2002-08-15

Publications (2)

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WO2004017149A2 true WO2004017149A2 (en) 2004-02-26
WO2004017149A3 WO2004017149A3 (en) 2004-10-14

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KR (1) KR100723824B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1319201C (en)
AU (1) AU2003265332A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2004017149A2 (en)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7922833B2 (en) 2008-08-05 2011-04-12 Kennametal Inc. Gas regulator for thermal energy machining

Family Cites Families (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH0622156B2 (en) * 1985-03-01 1994-03-23 三菱電機株式会社 Fuel cell device
CA2131108C (en) * 1994-08-30 2005-06-07 Stephen A. Carter Two-stage pressure regulator
US6127058A (en) 1998-10-30 2000-10-03 Motorola, Inc. Planar fuel cell
US6638654B2 (en) * 1999-02-01 2003-10-28 The Regents Of The University Of California MEMS-based thin-film fuel cells
US6268077B1 (en) * 1999-03-01 2001-07-31 Motorola, Inc. Portable fuel cell power supply
US6569549B1 (en) * 2000-11-02 2003-05-27 Utc Fuel Cells, Llc Method for increasing the operational efficiency of a fuel cell power plant
US6591926B2 (en) * 2001-05-03 2003-07-15 Ford Motor Company System and method for recovering energy of a hydrogen gas fuel supply for use in a vehicle
US6716546B2 (en) * 2001-05-04 2004-04-06 Ford Motor Company System and method for supplying air to a fuel cell for use in a vehicle
US6924054B2 (en) * 2001-10-29 2005-08-02 Hewlett-Packard Development Company L.P. Fuel supply for a fuel cell

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CN1675789A (en) 2005-09-28
US20040033400A1 (en) 2004-02-19
WO2004017149A3 (en) 2004-10-14
AU2003265332A1 (en) 2004-03-03
CN1319201C (en) 2007-05-30
AU2003265332A8 (en) 2004-03-03
US7264896B2 (en) 2007-09-04
KR100723824B1 (en) 2007-06-04
KR20050042159A (en) 2005-05-04

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