WO2003105771A2 - 1-((5-aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzyl)azetidine-3-carboxylates and 1-((5-aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylates as edg receptor agonists - Google Patents

1-((5-aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzyl)azetidine-3-carboxylates and 1-((5-aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylates as edg receptor agonists Download PDF

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WO2003105771A2
WO2003105771A2 PCT/US2003/018852 US0318852W WO03105771A2 WO 2003105771 A2 WO2003105771 A2 WO 2003105771A2 US 0318852 W US0318852 W US 0318852W WO 03105771 A2 WO03105771 A2 WO 03105771A2
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halo
optionally substituted
maximum number
group
phenyl
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PCT/US2003/018852
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French (fr)
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WO2003105771A3 (en
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Weirong Chen
Jeffrey J. Hale
Zhen Li
Christopher L. Lynch
Sander G. Mills
William E. Neway, Iii
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Merck & Co., Inc.
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Priority to EP03741995A priority Critical patent/EP1549640A4/en
Priority to US10/515,192 priority patent/US7199142B2/en
Priority to AU2003276043A priority patent/AU2003276043A1/en
Priority to CA002488117A priority patent/CA2488117A1/en
Priority to JP2004512679A priority patent/JP2005533058A/en
Publication of WO2003105771A2 publication Critical patent/WO2003105771A2/en
Publication of WO2003105771A3 publication Critical patent/WO2003105771A3/en

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Definitions

  • the present invention is related to compounds that are SlPi/Edgl receptor agonists and thus have immunosuppressive activities by producing lymphocyte sequestration in secondary lymphoid tissues.
  • the invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and methods of treatment or prevention.
  • Immunosuppressive agents have been shown to be useful in a wide variety of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosis, chronic rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease, biliary cirrhosis, uveitis, multiple sclerosis and other disorders such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, bullous pemphigoid, sarcoidosis, psoriasis, autoimmune myositis, Wegener's granulomatosis, ichthyosis, Graves ophthalmopathy, atopic dermatitis and asthma.
  • chemotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of cancers, lymphomas and leukemias.
  • pathogenesis of each of these conditions may be quite different, they have in common the appearance of a variety of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive lymphocytes.
  • self -reactivity may be due, in part, to a loss of the homeostatic controls under which the normal immune system operates.
  • the host lymphocytes recognize the foreign tissue antigens and begin to produce both cellular and humoral responses including antibodies, cytokines and cytotoxic lymphocytes which lead to graft rejection.
  • autoimmune or a rejection process tissue destruction caused by inflammatory cells and the mediators they release.
  • Anti- inflammatory agents such as NS ATDs act principally by blocking the effect or secretion of these mediators but do nothing to modify the immunologic basis of the disease.
  • cytotoxic agents such as cyclophosphamide, act in such a nonspecific fashion that both the normal and autoimmune responses are shut off. Indeed, patients treated with such nonspecific immunosuppressive agents are as likely to succumb to infection as they are to their autoimmune disease.
  • Cyclosporin A is a drug used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs.
  • FK-506 is another drug approved for the prevention of transplant organ rejection, and in particular, liver transplantation. Cyclosporin A and FK-506 act by inhibiting the body's immune system from mobilizing its vast arsenal of natural protecting agents to reject the transplant's foreign protein. Cyclosporin A was approved for the treatment of severe psoriasis and has been approved by European regulatory agencies for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
  • Cyclosporin A and FK-506 are known to cause several undesirable side effects including nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and gastrointestinal discomfort. Therefore, an immunosuppressant without these side effects still remains to be developed and would be highly desirable.
  • the immunosuppressive compound FTY720 is a lymphocyte sequestration agent currently in clinical trials.
  • FTY720 is metabolized in mammals to a compound that is a potent agonist of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors.
  • Agonism of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors induces the sequestration of lymphocytes (T-cells and B-cells) in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches without lymphodepletion.
  • lymphocytes T-cells and B-cells
  • Such immunosuppression is desirable to prevent rejection after organ transplantation and in the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
  • Sphingosine 1-phosphate is a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite that is secreted by hematopoietic cells and stored and released from activated platelets.
  • SlPi Five sphingosine 1- phosphate receptors have been identified (SlPi, S1P2, SIP3, SIP4, and SIP5, also known as endothelial differentiation genes Edgl, Edg5, Edg3, Edg6, Edg8), that have widespread cellular and tissue distribution and are well conserved in human and rodent species (see Table). Binding to SIP receptors elicits signal transduction through Gq-, Gi/o, G12-, G13-, and Rho-dependent pathways. Ligand-induced activation of SlPi and SIP3 has been shown to promote angiogenesis, chemotaxis, and adherens junction assembly through Rac- and Rho-, see Lee, M.-J., S. Thangada, K.P. Claffey, N. Ancellin, CH. Liu, M. Kluk, M. Volpi, R.I. Sha'afi, and T. Hla.
  • SIP5 is primarily a neuronal receptor with some expression in lymphoid tissue, see Im, D.S., C.E. Heise, N. Ancellin, B.F. ODowd, G.J. Shei, R.P. Heavens, M.R. Rigby, T. Hla, S. Mandala, G. McAllister, S.R. George, and K.R. Lynch. 2000. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 14281-6.
  • sphingosine 1-phosphate also has cardiovascular and bronchoconstrictor effects that limit its utility as a therapeutic agent.
  • Intravenous administration of sphingosine 1-phosphate decreases the heart rate, ventricular contraction and blood pressure in rats, see Sugiyama, A., N.N. Aye, Y. Yatomi, Y. Ozaki, and K. Hashimoto. 2000. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 82:338-342.
  • sphingosine 1-phosphate modulates contraction, cell growth and cytokine production that promote bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma, see Ammit, A.J., A.T. Hastie, L. C. Edsall, R.K. Hoffman, Y. Amrani, V.P. Krymskaya, S.A. Kane, S.P.
  • the present invention encompasses compounds which are agonists of the SlPi/Edgl receptor having selectivity over the SlP3/Edg3 receptor.
  • An SlPi/Edgl receptor selective agonist has advantages over current therapies and extends the therapeutic window of lymphocytes sequestration agents, allowing better tolerability with higher dosing and thus improving efficacy as monotherapy.
  • immunosuppressants While the main use for immunosuppressants is in treating bone marrow, organ and transplant rejection, other uses for such compounds include the treatment of arthritis, in particular, rheumatoid arthritis, insulin and non-insulin dependent diabetes, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, lupus erythematosis and the like.
  • the present invention is focused on providing immunosuppressant compounds that are safer and more effective than prior compounds.
  • the present invention encompasses compounds of Formula I:
  • the compounds are useful for treating immune mediated diseases and conditions, such as bone marrow, organ and tissue transplant rejection.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use are included.
  • the invention encompasses compounds represented by Formula I
  • n O or 1;
  • Y is a bond, -O- or -S(O)k-, wherein k is 0, 1 or 2;
  • each R3 is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen and C ⁇ _ 4alkyl, said Ci_4alkyl optionally substituted with from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, Ci-4alkoxy and carboxy;
  • each R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, Cj_ 4alkyl and Ci-3a ⁇ ko y, said Ci ⁇ alkyl and Ci-zjalkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo;
  • each R5 is independe .ntly selected from the group consisting of:
  • items (e) to (j) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy and Cj- ⁇ alkoxy, said Cj- ⁇ alkoxy group optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo, and
  • items (k) and (1) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C ⁇ alkyl and C ⁇ _3alkoxy, said C -
  • Ci- ⁇ alko y groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo;
  • R6 is selected from the group consisting of:
  • item (7) above is optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, phenyl, HET4 and C ⁇ alkoxy, said phenyl, HET4 and Ci-3alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo
  • items (8) and (9) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, Cj ⁇ alkyl and Cj ⁇ alkoxy, said Cj-
  • R6 is not halo or cyano when Y is -O- or -S(O)k-;
  • R6 and one R5 group or two R5 groups may be joined together to form a five or six- membered monocyclic ring optionally containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of: O, S, or N(R7),
  • each R7 is independently hydrogen or Ci_4alkyl, said Ci_4alkyl optionally substituted substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo;
  • HETl, HET2, HET3 and HET4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, carbazolyl, carbolinyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, indolazinyl, indazolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridopyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolyl, quinoxalinyl
  • An embodiment of the invention encompasses a compound of Formula I wherein n is 0.
  • Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a compound of Formula I wherein n is 1.
  • Another embodiment of the Invention encompasses a compound of Formula I wherein R3 is hydrogen or methyl.
  • Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a compound of
  • Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a compound of Formula I wherein no R5 is present.
  • R6 is selected from the group consisting of:
  • item (4) above is optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, phenyl, HET4 and Cj ⁇ alkoxy, said phenyl, HET4 and C ⁇ _3alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo, and
  • items (5) and (6) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, Cj ⁇ alkyl and Cj- ⁇ alkoxy, said C ⁇ -. 4alkyl and C ⁇ _3al oxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo.
  • R6 is selected from the group consisting of:
  • items (1) to (3) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl and said C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl and Ci- ⁇ alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo,
  • item (4) above is optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, phenyl and groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo, and
  • item (5) above is optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, Ci-.4a.kyl and Cj- ⁇ alkoxy, said C ⁇ _4alkyl and C .
  • the invention encompasses a compound of Formula la:
  • n 0 or 1 ;
  • Y is a bond or -O-
  • R6 is selected from the group consisting of: (1) Ci-ioalkyl,
  • items (1) to (3) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl, HET3 and Cj- 3-dkoxy, said C3_6cycloa ⁇ kyl, phenyl, HET3 and C ⁇ _3alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo,
  • item (4) above is optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, phenyl, HET4 and Ci- ⁇ alkoxy, said phenyl, HET4 and Ci ⁇ alko y groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo, and
  • HET2, HET3 and HET4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, carbazolyl, carbolinyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, indolazinyl, indazolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridopyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolyl, quinoxalinyl, thiadia
  • R6 is selected from the group consisting of:
  • phenyl wherein items (1) to (3) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl and C ⁇ _3alko y, said C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl and C ⁇ _3alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo,
  • item (4) above is optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, phenyl and Ci- ⁇ alkoxy, said phenyl and Cj ⁇ alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo, and
  • item (5) above is optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C ⁇ alkyl and C ⁇ _3alkoxy, said Chalk ! and C -
  • the invention also encompasses a compound of Formula la wherein n is 0, Y is a bond and R6 is C ⁇ _6alkyl.
  • the invention also encompasses a method of treating an immunoregulatory abnormality in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient a compound of Formula I in an amount that is effective for treating said immunoregulatory abnormality.
  • the immunoregulatory abnormality is an autoimmune or chronic inflammatory disease selected from the group consisting of: systemic lupus erythematosis, chronic rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease, biliary cirrhosis, uveitis, multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, bullous pemphigoid, sarcoidosis, psoriasis, autoimmune myositis, Wegener's granulomatosis, ichthyosis, Graves ophthalmopathy and asthma.
  • the immunoregulatory abnormality is bone marrow or organ transplant rejection or graft- versus-host disease.
  • the immunoregulatory abnormality is selected from the group consisting of: transplantation of organs or tissue, graft- versus-host diseases brought about by transplantation, autoimmune syndromes including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, type I diabetes, uveitis, posterior uveitis, allergic encephalomyelitis, glomerulonephritis, post-infectious autoimmune diseases including rheumatic fever and post-infectious glomerulonephritis, inflammatory and hyperproliferative skin diseases, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, eczematous dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, lichen planus, pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, epidermolysis bullosa,
  • autoimmune syndromes including rheumato
  • the immunoregulatory abnormality is multiple sclerosis.
  • the immunoregulatory abnormality is rheumatoid arthritis.
  • the immunoregulatory abnormality is systemic lupus erythematosus.
  • the immunoregulatory abnormality is psoriasis. Also within this embodiment is encompassed the above method wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is rejection of transplanted organ or tissue.
  • the immunoregulatory abnormality is inflammatory bowel disease. Also within this embodiment is encompassed the above method wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is a malignancy of lymphoid origin including acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemias and lymphomas.
  • the invention also encompasses a method of suppressing the immune system in a mammalian patient in need of immunosuppression comprising administering to said patient an immunosuppressing effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
  • the invention also encompasses a pharmaceutical composition comprised of a compound of Formula I in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention also encompasses a method of treating a respiratory disease or condition in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient a compound of Formula I in an amount that is effective for treating said respiratory disease or condition.
  • the respiratory disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of: asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, infant respiratory distress syndrome, cough, eosinophilic granuloma, respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, bronchiectasis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, acute lung injury and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia.
  • the invention encompasses a method of treating an immunoregulatory abnormality in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient a compound which is an agonist of the SlPi/Edgl receptor in an amount effective for treating said immunoregulatory abnormality, wherein said compound possesses a selectivity for the S lP ⁇ /Edgl receptor over the SlP3 Edg3 receptor of at least 5,000 fold as measured by the ratio of EC50 for the SlPi/Edgl receptor to the EC50 for the SlP3/Edg3 receptor as evaluated in the 35s-GTP ⁇ S binding assay and wherein said compound possesses an EC50 for binding to the SlP ⁇ /Edgl receptor of 100 nM or less as evaluated by the 35s-GTP ⁇ S binding assay.
  • the compound possesses an EC50 for binding to the SlPi/Edgl receptor of 10 nM or less as evaluated by the 35s-GTP ⁇ S binding assay. Also, within this embodiment is encompassed the above method wherein the compound possesses an EC50 for binding to the SlPl/Edgl receptor of 1 nM or less as evaluated by the 35s-GTP ⁇ S binding assay.
  • the compound has a selectivity for the SlP ⁇ /Edgl receptor over the S lP3/Edg3 receptor of at least 10,000 fold as measured by the ratio of EC50 for the SlPi/Edgl receptor to the EC50 for the SlP3/Edg3 receptor as evaluated in the 35s- GTP ⁇ S binding assay.
  • the compound has a selectivity for the SlPi/Edgl receptor over the SlP3/Edg3 receptor of at least 15,000 fold as measured by the ratio of EC50 for the SlPi/Edgl receptor to the EC50 for the SlP3/Edg3 receptor as evaluated in the 35s- GTP ⁇ S binding assay.
  • the compound has a selectivity for the SlPi Edgl receptor over the SlP3/Edg3 receptor of at least 20,000 fold as measured by the ratio of EC50 for the SlPi/Edgl receptor to the EC50 for the S1PR3/Edg3 receptor as evaluated in the 35s-GTP ⁇ S binding assay. Also, within this embodiment is encompassed the above method wherein the patient also has a respiratory disease or condition.
  • halogen or “halo” includes F, CI, Br, and I.
  • alkyl means linear or branched structures and combinations thereof, having the indicated number of carbon atoms.
  • Ci_6alkyl includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, 2-propyl, s- and t-butyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, 1,1- dimethylethyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
  • alkoxy means alkoxy groups of a straight, branched or cyclic configuration having the indicated number of carbon atoms.
  • C ⁇ _6alkoxy for example, includes methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, and the like.
  • alkenyl means linear or branched structures and combinations thereof, of the indicated number of carbon atoms, having at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond, wherein hydrogen may be replaced by an additional carbon-to-carbon double bond.
  • C2-6alkenyl for example, includes ethenyl, propenyl, 1-methylethenyl, butenyl and the like.
  • alkynyl means linear or branched structures and combinations thereof, of the indicated number of carbon atoms, having at least one carbon-to-carbon triple bond.
  • C3_6alkynyl for example, includes , propenyl, 1- methylethenyl, butenyl and the like.
  • cycloalkyl means mono-, bi- or tri-cyclic structures, optionally combined with linear or branched structures, the indicated number of carbon atoms.
  • cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyl, cyclododecylmethyl, 2-ethyl-l- bicyclo[4.4.0]decyl, and the like.
  • the term “treating” encompasses not only treating a patient to relieve the patient of the signs and symptoms of the disease or condition but also prophylactically treating an asymptomatic patient to prevent the onset or progression of the disease or condition.
  • amount effective for treating is intended to mean that amount of a drug or pharmaceutical agent that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, a system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician.
  • the term also encompasses the amount of a pharmaceutical drug that will prevent or reduce the risk of occurrence of the biological or medical event that is sought to be prevented in a tissue, a system, animal or human by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician.
  • compositions described herein includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts and hydrates.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include both the metallic (inorganic) salts and organic salts; a list of which is given in Remington's
  • salts include, but are not limited to salts of inorganic acids such as hydrochlori.de, sulfate, phosphate, diphosphate, hydrobromide, and nitrate or salts of an organic acid such as malate, maleate, fumarate, tartrate, succinate, citrate, acetate, lactate, methanesulfonate, p- toluenesulfonate or pamoate, salicylate and stearate.
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochlori.de, sulfate, phosphate, diphosphate, hydrobromide, and nitrate or salts of an organic acid such as malate, maleate, fumarate, tartrate, succinate, citrate, acetate, lactate, methanesulfonate, p- toluenesulfonate or pamoate, salicylate and stearate.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable cations include, but are not limited to sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminum, lithium and ammonium (especially ammonium salts with secondary amines).
  • Preferred salts of this invention for the reasons cited above include potassium, sodium, calcium and ammonium salts.
  • crystal forms, hydrates and solvates of the compounds of Formula I are also included within the scope of this invention.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable hydrate means the compounds of the instant invention crystallized with one or more molecules of water to form a hydrated form.
  • the invention also includes the compounds falling within Formula I in the form of one or more stereoisomers, in substantially pure form or in the form of a mixture of stereoisomers. All such isomers are encompassed within the present invention.
  • the compounds of the present invention are immunoregulatory agents useful for treating or preventing automimmune or chronic inflammatory diseases.
  • the compounds of the present invention are useful to suppress the immune system in instances where immunosuppression is in order, such as in bone marrow, organ or transplant rejection, autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosis, chronic rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease, biliary cirrhosis, uveitis, multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, bullous pemphigoid, sarcoidosis, psoriasis, autoimmune myositis, Wegener's granulomatosis, ichthyosis, Graves ophthalmopathy and asthma.
  • the compounds of the present invention are useful to treat or prevent a disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of: transplantation of organs or tissue, graft- versus-host diseases brought about by transplantation, autoimmune syndromes including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, type I diabetes, uveitis, posterior uveitis, allergic encephalomyelitis, glomerulonephritis, post-infectious autoimmune diseases including rheumatic fever and post-infectious glomerulonephritis, inflammatory and hyperproliferative skin diseases, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, eczematous dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, lichen planus, pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, epidermolysis bullosa, ur
  • Also embodied within the present invention is a method of preventing or treating resistance to transplantation or transplantation rejection of organs or tissues in a mammalian patient in need thereof, which comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of Formula I.
  • a method of suppressing the immune system in a mammalian patient in need thereof, which comprises administering to the patient an immune system suppressing amount of the compound of Formula I is yet another embodiment.
  • the method described herein encompasses a method of treating or preventing bone marrow or organ transplant rejection which is comprised of admininstering to a mammalian patient in need of such treatment or prevention a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof, in an amount that is effective for treating or preventing bone marrow or organ transplant rejection.
  • the compounds of the present invention are also useful for treating a respiratory dieases or condition, such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, infant respiratory distress syndrome, cough, eosinophilic granuloma, respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, bronchiectasis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, acute lung injury and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia
  • a respiratory dieases or condition such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, infant respiratory distress syndrome, cough, eosinophilic granuloma, respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, bronchiectasis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, acute lung injury and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia
  • the compounds of the present invention are selective agonists of the SlPl Edgl receptor having selectivity over SlP3/Edg3 receptor.
  • Edgl selective agonist has advantages over current therapies and extends the therapeutic window of lymphocytes sequestration agents, allowing better tolerability with higher dosing and thus improving efficacy as monotherapy.
  • the present invention also includes a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
  • a preferred embodiment of the formulation is one where a second immunosuppressive agent is also included.
  • second immunosuppressive agents are, but are not limited to azathioprine, brequinar sodium, deoxyspergualin, mizaribine, mycophenolic acid morpholino ester, cyclosporin, FK-506, rapamycin and FTY720.
  • the present compounds are useful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including the prevention of rejection of bone marrow transplant, foreign organ transplants and/or related afflictions, diseases and illnesses.
  • the compounds of this invention can be administered by any means that effects contact of the active ingredient compound with the site of action in the body of a warm-blooded animal.
  • administration can be oral, topical, including transdermal, ocular, buccal, intranasal, inhalation, intravaginal, rectal, intracisternal and parenteral.
  • parenteral refers to modes of administration which include subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarticular injection or infusion, intrasternal and intraperitoneal.
  • the compounds can be administered by any conventional means available for use in conjunction with pharmaceuticals, either as individual therapeutic agents or in a combination of therapeutic agents. They can be administered alone, but are generally administered with a pharmaceutical carrier selected on the basis of the chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.
  • the dosage administered will be dependent on the age, health and weight of the recipient, the extent of disease, kind of concurrent treatment, if any, frequency of treatment and the nature of the effect desired.
  • a daily dosage of active ingredient compound will be from about 0.1-2000 milligrams per day. Ordinarily, from 1 to 100 milligrams per day in one or more applications is effective to obtain desired results.
  • These dosages are the effective amounts for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, the prevention of rejection of foreign organ transplants and/or related afflictions, diseases and illnesses.
  • the active ingredient can be administered orally in solid dosage forms, such as capsules, tablets, troches, dragees, granules and powders, or in liquid dosage forms, such as elixirs, syrups, emulsions, dispersions, and suspensions.
  • the active ingredient can also be administered parenterally, in sterile liquid dosage forms, such as dispersions, suspensions or solutions.
  • dosages forms that can also be used to administer the active ingredient as an ointment, cream, drops, transdermal patch or powder for topical administration, as an ophthalmic solution or suspension formation, i.e., eye drops, for ocular administration, as an aerosol spray or powder composition for inhalation or intranasal administration, or as a cream, ointment, spray or suppository for rectal or vaginal administration.
  • Gelatin capsules contain the active ingredient and powdered carriers, such as lactose, starch, cellulose derivatives, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and the like. Similar diluents can be used to make compressed tablets. Both tablets and capsules can be manufactured as sustained release products to provide for continuous release of medication over a period of hours. Compressed tablets can be sugar coated or film coated to mask any unpleasant taste and protect the tablet from the atmosphere, or enteric coated for selective disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract. Liquid dosage forms for oral administration can contain coloring and flavoring to increase patient acceptance.
  • water a suitable oil, saline, aqueous dextrose (glucose), and related sugar solutions and glycols such as propylene glycol or polyethylene gycols are suitable carriers for parenteral solutions.
  • Solutions for parenteral administration preferably contain a water soluble salt of the active ingredient, suitable stabilizing agents, and if necessary, buffer substances.
  • Antioxidizing agents such as sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, or ascorbic acid, either alone or combined, are suitable stabilizing agents.
  • citric acid and its salts and sodium EDTA are also used.
  • parenteral solutions can contain preservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride, methyl- or propylparaben, and chlorobutanol.
  • Suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, A. Osol, a standard reference text in this field.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or nebulisers.
  • the compounds may also be delivered as powders which may be formulated and the powder composition may be inhaled with the aid of an insufflation powder inhaler device.
  • the preferred delivery system for inhalation is a metered dose inhalation (MDI) aerosol, which may be formulated as a suspension or solution of a compound of Formula I in suitable propellants, such as fluorocarbons or hydrocarbons.
  • MDI metered dose inhalation
  • an ophthalmic preparation may be formulated with an appropriate weight percent solution or suspension of the compounds of Formula I in an appropriate ophthalmic vehicle, such that the compound is maintained in contact with the ocular surface for a sufficient time period to allow the compound to penetrate the corneal and internal regions of the eye.
  • Useful pharmaceutical dosage-forms for administration of the compounds of this invention can be illustrated as follows:
  • CAPSULES A large number of unit capsules are prepared by filling standard two- piece hard gelatin capsules each with 100 milligrams of powdered active ingredient, 150 milligrams of lactose, 50 milligrams of cellulose, and 6 milligrams magnesium stearate.
  • SOFT GELATIN CAPSULES A mixture of active ingredient in a digestible oil such as soybean oil, cottonseed oil or olive oil is prepared and injected by means of a positive displacement pump into gelatin to form soft gelatin capsules containing 100 milligrams of the active ingredient. The capsules are washed and dried. TABLETS A large number of tablets are prepared by conventional procedures so that the dosage unit is 100 milligrams of active ingredient, 0.2 milligrams of colloidal silicon dioxide, 5 milligrams of magnesium stearate, 275 milligrams of microcrystalline cellulose, 11 milligrams of starch and 98.8 milligrams of lactose. Appropriate coatings may be applied to increase palatability or delay absorption.
  • a parenteral composition suitable for administration by injection is prepared by stirring 1.5% by weight of active ingredient in 10% by volume propylene glycol. The solution is made to volume with water for injection and sterilized.
  • aqueous suspension is prepared for oral administration so that each 5 milliliters contain 100 milligrams of finely divided active ingredient, 100 milligrams of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 5 milligrams of sodium benzoate, 1.0 grams of sorbitol solution, U.S.P., and 0.025 milliliters of vanillin.
  • the same dosage forms can generally be used when the compounds of this invention are administered stepwise or in conjunction with another therapeutic agent.
  • the dosage form and administration route should be selected depending on the compatibility of the combined drugs.
  • coadministration is understood to include the administration of the two agents concomitantly or sequentially, or alternatively as a fixed dose combination of the two active components.
  • intermediates i can be combined with a benzyl halide or sulfonate ester iv in the presence of an appropriate base (e.g., sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine) in a compatible solvent solvent (e.g., methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile) at or above room temperature to give compounds of Formula I.
  • an appropriate base e.g., sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine
  • a compatible solvent solvent e.g., methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile
  • the individual stereoisomers of Formula I can obtained by methods known to those skilled in the art which include (but are not limited to): stereospecific synthesis, resolution of salts of Formula I or any of the intermediates used in its preparation with enantiopure acids or bases, resolution of Formula I or any of the intermediates used in its preparation by HPLC employing enantiopure stationary phases.
  • solvent X -CI, -Br, -I, or -OS0 2 R
  • An alternative method to activate the benzoic acid vii would be to convert it to the corresponding benzoyl chloride (e.g., by warming vii in the presence of thionyl chloride or by treating vii with oxalyl chloride and catalytic N,N-dimethyl formamide in a suitable solvent).
  • benzoic acids vii that can be used to prepare intermediates ii are available from commercial sources. Some methods that can be employed to prepare benzoic acids vii are depicted in Scheme 3.
  • phenol ix can be treated with an alkyl halide or alkyl sulfonate ester in the presence of base (e.g., triethylamine, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate) in a suitable solvent (e.g., THF, acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol) at or above room temperature to afford ether x.
  • base e.g., triethylamine, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate
  • a suitable solvent e.g., THF, acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol
  • B could be a carboxylate ester, aldehyde, nitrile, etc.
  • B could be a carboxylate ester, aldehyde, nitrile, etc.
  • Alternative methods to prepare x could involve treating ix with an alcohol, triphenylphosphine and a dialkyl azodicarboxylate (e.g., diethyl azodicarboxylate or diisopropyl azodicarboxylate) in a suitable solvent (THE, CH 2 C1 2 , toluene) to give x.
  • a dialkyl azodicarboxylate e.g., diethyl azodicarboxylate or diisopropyl azodicarboxylate
  • TEZ aryl fluoride xii
  • Another method to prepare x could be to treat aryl fluoride xii with an alcohol and a strong base (NaH, KH, lithium diisopropylamide) in a suitable solvent (THF, 1,2- dimethoxyethane) to give x.
  • THF 1,2- dimethoxyethane
  • R° is alkyl and Y is -O-
  • R is alkyl and Y is a bond
  • Aldehyde 1 4-(5-(4-(2-Methylpropyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
  • Step B 4-(5-(4-(2-Methylpropyl)phenyl)- 2.4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenylmethanol
  • Step C 4-(5-(4-(2-Methylpropyl)phenyl)-L2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehvde
  • Aldehyde 3 4-(5-(4-Hexylphenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
  • Aldehyde 5 4-(5-(4-Propylphenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
  • Aldehyde 6 4-(5-(4-Isopropoxyphenyl)-l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde The title compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to Aldehyde 1 substituting 4-isopropoxybenzoic acid for 4-(2-methylpropyl)benzoic acid in Step B: ESI-MS 309 (M+H); LC-1: 4.0 min.
  • Aldehyde 8 4-(5-(4-(2-Furyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
  • Aldehyde 9 4-(5-(4-Cyclopentylphenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
  • Aldehyde 12 4-(5-(4-(l,l-Dimethylethyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
  • Aldehyde 14 4-(5-(2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
  • Aldehyde 15 4-(5-(4-(2,2-Dimethylpropyl)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
  • Step A 4-(2.2-Dimethylpropyl)-4-ethenylbenzene
  • magnesium turnings 2.0 g (13.2 mmol) of l-bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane in 10 mL diethyl ether
  • a solution of 1.42 g (7.76 mmol) of 4-bromostyrene and 69 mg (0.13 mmol) of Ni(d ⁇ pf)Cl 2 was heated at refluc for 8 h.
  • the reaction was quenched with 50% saturated NE Cl, and was extracted with MTBE (2 x 150 mL). The combined extractions were washed with water, dried and concentrated.
  • Step B 4-(2,2-Dimethylpropyl benzoic acid
  • Step C 4-(5-(4-(2,2-Dimethylpropyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yDbenzaldehyde
  • the title compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to Aldehyde 1 substituting 4-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)benzoic acid (from Step B above) for 4-(2- methylpropyl)benzoic acid in Aldehyde 1, Step B: ESI-MS 321 (M+H); LC-1: 4.7 min.
  • Aldehyde 18 4-(5-(4-(2-Methylpropyl))-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-methylbenzaldehyde
  • Step A 3-(4-Bromo-2-methylphenyl)-5-(4-(2-methylpropyl) ⁇ henyl)-l,2,4- oxadiazole
  • Step B 4-(5-(4-(2-Methylpropyl)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-methyl benzonitrile
  • Aldehyde 19 4-(5-(4-(2-Methylpropyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-chlorobenzaldehyde
  • the title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those described for Aldehyde 19 substituting N-hydroxy-(4-bromo-2-chloro)benzamidine for N-hydroxy-(4-bromo-2-methyl)benzamidine in Step A: ESI-MS 341 (M+H); LC- 1: 4.6 min.
  • Aldehyde 21 4-(5-(4-(2-(S)-Butoxy)-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl) benzaldehyde
  • Step B 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-(2-(S)-butoxy)benzoic acid
  • a solution of 550 mg (2.2 mmol) of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-(2-(S)- methylpropyloxy)benzonitrile (from Step A) in 5 mL of EtOH was treated with 1.5 mL of 5.0 N NaOH and was heated to 80 °C for 3 h.
  • Step C 4-(5-(4-(2-(S)-Butoxy)-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)phenylmethanol
  • a solution of 600 mg (2.2 mmol) of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-(2-(S)- methylpropyloxy)benzoic acid (from Step B), 542 mg (2.2 mmol) of EDC and 357 mg (2.2 mmol) of HOBT in 6mL of DMF were stirred at rt for 1 h.
  • the reaction was subsequently treated with 350 mg (2.2 mmol) of N-hydroxy-4- (hydroxymethyl)benzamidine (from Aldehyde 1, Step A) and heated to 80 °C for 12 h.
  • Step D 4-(5-(4-(2-(S)-Butoxy)-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3- vDbenz aldehyde
  • 153 mg 1.3 mmol) of 4-methylmorpholine N-oxide and 510 mg of 4
  • a molecular sieves in 8 mL of CH 3 CN was treated with 13 mg (0.04 mmol) of tetrapiOpylammonium perruthnate and the resulting mixture was stirred ar rt for 2 h.
  • Aldehyde 22 4-(5-(4-(2-(S)-Butoxy)-3-fluorophenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
  • Step A 3-Fluoro-4-(2-(S)-butoxy benzaldehvde
  • Step B 3-Fluoro-4-(2-(S)-butoxy)benzoic acid
  • Aldehyde 23 4-(5-(4-(2-(S)-Butoxy)-3,5-difluorophenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
  • Step A l-Bromo-3,5-difluoro-4-(2-(S)-butoxy)benzene
  • Step B 3.5-Difluoro-4-(2-(S -butoxy)benzonitrile
  • Step C 3 ,5-Difluoro-4-(2-(S)-butoxy)benzoic acid
  • Aldehyde 24 4-(5-(4-(2-(S)-Butoxy)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
  • Step C 4-(5-(4-(2-(S)-Butoxy)phenyl)-1.2.4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehvde
  • Aldehyde 25 4-(5-(4-(2-(R)-Butoxy)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
  • Step A ( ⁇ )-4-(5-(4-(2-Methylpropyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-l-(l- hydroxyethyPbenzene
  • Step B 4-(5-(4-(2-Methylpropyl)phenyl)-l,2.4-oxadiazol-3-yl)acetophenone
  • Step C ( ⁇ )-l-(l-(4-(5-(4-(l,l-Dimethylethyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)phenyl)ethyl) azetidine-3 -carboxylic acid
  • SlPl Edgl, SlP3,/Edg3, SlP2/ ⁇ dg5, SlP4/Edg6 or SIP5 /Edg8 activity of the compounds of the present invention can be evaluated using the following assays: Ligand Binding to Edg/SIP Receptors Assay
  • 33p-s ⁇ hingosine- 1-phosphate was synthesized enzymatically from ⁇ 33p-ATP and sphingosine using a crude yeast extract with sphingosine kinase activity in a reaction mix containing 50 mM KH2PO4, 1 mM mercaptoethanol, 1 mM Na3VO4, 25 mM KF, 2 mM semicarbazide, 1 mM Na2EDTA, 5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM sphingosine, 0.1% TritonX-114, and 1 mCi ⁇ 33p-ATP (NEN; specific activity 3000 Ci/mmol).
  • Reaction products were extracted with butanol and 33p_ S phingosine-l- phosphate was purified by HPLC.
  • Cells expressing EDG/S IP receptors were harvested with enzyme-free dissociation solution (Specialty Media, Lavallette, NJ). They were washed once in cold PBS and suspended in binding assay buffer consisting of 50 mM HEPES-Na, pH 7.5, 5mM MgCl2, lmM CaCl2, and 0.5% fatty acid-free BSA.
  • 33p_ S phingosine-l- phosphate was sonicated with 0.1 nM sphingosine-1-phosphate in binding assay buffer; 100 ⁇ l of the ligand mixture was added to 100 ⁇ l cells (1 x l ⁇ 6 cells/ml) in a 96 well microtiter dish. Binding was performed for 60 min at room temperature with gentle mixing. Cells were then collected onto GF/B filter plates with a Packard Filtermate Universal Harvester. After drying the filter plates for 30 min, 40 ⁇ l of Microscint 20 was added to each well and binding was measured on a Wallac Microbeta Scintillation Counter. Non-specific binding was defined as the amount of radioactivity remaining in the presence of 0.5 ⁇ M cold sphingosine-1-phosphate.
  • ligand binding assays were performed on membranes prepared from cells expressing Edg/SIP receptors. Cells were harvested with enzyme-free dissociation solution and washed once in cold PBS. Cells were disrupted by homogenization in ice cold 20 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 10 mM EDTA using a
  • Kinematica polytron (setting 5, for 10 seconds). Homogenates were centrifuged at 48,000 x g for 15 min at 40C and the pellet was suspended in 20 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 0.1 mM EDTA. Following a second centrifugation, the final pellet was suspended in 20 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl2- Ligand binding assays were performed as described above, using 0.5 to 2 ⁇ g of membrane protein.
  • Agonists and antagonists of Edg/SIP receptors can be identified in the 33p-sphingosine-l-phosphate binding assay.
  • Compounds diluted in DMSO, methanol, or other solvent, were mixed with probe containing 33p- S phingosine-l- phosphate and binding assay buffer in microtiter dishes.
  • Membranes prepared from cells expressing Edg/SIP receptors were added, and binding to 33p_ sphingosine- 1- phosphate was performed as described. Determination of the amount of binding in the presence of varying concentrations of compound and analysis of the data by non- linear regression software such as MRLCalc (Merck Research Laboratories) or
  • PRISM GraphPad Software
  • Selectivity of compounds for Edg/SIP receptors was determined by measuring the level of 33p_ S p ingosine-l-phosphate binding in the presence of the compound using membranes prepared from cells transfected with each respective receptor (SlPi Edgl, SlP3/Edg3, SlP2/Edg5, SlP4/ ⁇ dg6, SlP5/Edg8).
  • Agonists and antagonists of SlP Edg receptors can be discriminated in the 35s-GTP ⁇ S binding assay.
  • Compounds diluted in DMSO, methanol, or other solvent, were added to microtiter dishes to provide final assay concentrations of 0.01 nM to 10 ⁇ M.
  • Membranes prepared from cells expressing SlP Edg receptors were added, and binding to 35s-GTP ⁇ S was performed as described. When assayed in the absence of the natural ligand or other known agonist, compounds that stimulate 35s- GTP ⁇ S binding above the endogenous level were considered agonists, while compounds that inhibit the endogenous level of 35s-GTP ⁇ S binding were considered inverse agonists.
  • Antagonists were detected in a 35s-GTP ⁇ S binding assay in the presence of a sub-maximal level of natural ligand or known SlP/Edg receptor agonist, where the compounds reduced the level of 35s-GTP ⁇ S binding. Determination of the amount of binding in the presence of varying concentrations of compound was used to measure the potency of compounds as agonists, inverse agonists, or antagonists of SlP/Edg receptors. To evaluate agonists, percent stimulation over basal was calculated as binding in the presence of compound divided by binding in the absence of ligand, multiplied by 100.
  • Dose response curves were plotted using a non-linear regression curve fitting program MRLCalc (Merck Research Laboratories), and EC50 values were defined to be the concentration of agonist required to give 50% of its own maximal stimulation.
  • Selectivity of compounds for SlP/Edg receptors was determined by measuring the level of 35s-GTP ⁇ S binding in the presence of compound using membranes prepared from cells transfected with each respective receptor.
  • a 96- well ligand plate was prepared by diluting sphingosine- 1- phosphate or other agonists into 200 ⁇ l of assay buffer to give a concentration that was 2-fold the final test concentration.
  • the ligand plate and the cell plate were loaded into the FLIPR instrument for analysis. Plates were equilibrated to 37°C.
  • the assay was initiated by transferring an equal volume of ligand to the cell plate and the calcium flux was recorded over a 3 min interval. Cellular response was quantitated as area (sum) or maximal peak height (max). Agonists were evaluated in the absence of natural ligand by dilution of compounds into the appropriate solvent and transfer to the Fluo-4 labeled cells.
  • Antagonists were evaluated by pretreating Fluo-4 labeled cells with varying concentrations of compounds for 15 min prior to the initiation of calcium flux by addition of the natural ligand or other S lP/Edg receptor agonist. Preparation of Cells Expressing SlP/Edg Receptors
  • SlPl/Edgl any of a variety of procedures may be used to clone SlPl/Edgl, SlP3/Edg3, SlP2/Edg5, SlP4/Edg6 or SlP5/ ⁇ dg8.
  • These methods include, but are not limited to, (1) a RACE PCR cloning technique (Frohman, et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 8998-9002).
  • 5' and/or 3' RACE may be performed to generate a full-length cDNA sequence; (2) direct functional expression of the Edg/SIP cDNA following the construction of an SlP/Edg-containing cDNA library in an appropriate expression vector system; (3) screening an SlP/Edg-containing cDNA library constructed in a bacteriophage or plasmid shuttle vector with a labeled degenerate oligonucleotide probe designed from the amino acid sequence of the SlP/Edg protein; (4) screening an SlP/Edg-containing cDNA library constructed in a bacteriophage or plasmid shuttle vector with a partial cDNA encoding the SlP Edg protein.
  • This partial cDNA is obtained by the specific PCR amplification of SlP/Edg DNA fragments through the design of degenerate oligonucleotide primers from the amino acid sequence known for other proteins which are related to the SlP/Edg protein; (5) screening an S lP/Edg-containing cDNA library constructed in a bacteriophage or plasmid shuttle vector with a partial cDNA or oligonucleotide with homology to a mammalian S lP/Edg protein.
  • This strategy may also involve using gene-specific oligonucleotide primers for PCR amplification of SlP/Edg cDNA; or (6) designing 5' and 3' gene specific oligonucleotides using the SlP/Edg nucleotide sequence as a template so that either the full-length cDNA may be generated by known RACE techniques, or a portion of the coding region may be generated by these same known RACE techniques to generate and isolate a portion of the coding region to use as a probe to screen one of numerous types of cDNA and/or genomic libraries in order to isolate a full-length version of the nucleotide sequence encoding SlP/Edg.
  • libraries as well as libraries constructed from other cell types-or species types, may be useful for isolating an SlP/Edg-encoding DNA or an SlP/Edg homologue.
  • Other types of libraries include, but are not limited to, cDNA libraries derived from other cells.
  • cDNA libraries may be prepared from cells or cell lines which have SlP/Edg activity.
  • the selection of cells or cell lines for use in preparing a cDNA library to isolate a cDNA encoding SlP Edg may be done by first measuring cell-associated SlP/Edg activity using any known assay available for such a purpose.
  • cDNA libraries can be performed by standard techniques well known in the art. Well known cDNA library construction techniques can be found for example, in Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York. Complementary DNA libraries may also be obtained from numerous commercial sources, including but not limited to Clontech Laboratories, Inc. and Stratagene.
  • An expression vector containing DNA encoding an SlP/Edg-like protein may be used for expression of SlP/Edg in a recombinant host cell. Such recombinant host cells can be cultured under suitable conditions to produce SlP/Edg or a biologically equivalent form.
  • Expression vectors may include, but are not limited to, cloning vectors, modified cloning vectors, specifically designed plasmids or viruses. Commercially available mammalian expression vectors may be suitable for recombinant SlP/Edg expression.
  • Recombinant host cells may be prokaryotic or eukaryotic, including but not limited to, bacteria such as E. coli, fungal cells such as yeast, mammalian cells including, but not limited to, cell lines of bovine, porcine, monkey and rodent origin; and insect cells including but not limited to Drosophila and silkworm derived cell lines.
  • bacteria such as E. coli
  • fungal cells such as yeast
  • mammalian cells including, but not limited to, cell lines of bovine, porcine, monkey and rodent origin
  • insect cells including but not limited to Drosophila and silkworm derived cell lines.
  • SlP Edg receptors The nucleotide sequences for the various S lP Edg receptors are known in the art. See, for example, the following: SlPi/Edgl Human Hla, T. and T. Maciag 1990 An abundant transcript induced in differentiating human endothelial cells encodes a polypeptide with structural similarities to G-protein coupled receptors. J. Biol Chem. 265:9308-9313, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • EDG6 a novel G-protein- coupled receptor related to receptors for bioactive lysophospholipids, is specifically expressed in lymphoid tissue. Genomics 53: 164-169, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Nembutal 55 mg/kg, ip. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded on the Gould
  • Heart rate was derived from the arterial pulse wave. Following an acclimation period, a baseline reading was taken (approximately 20 minutes) and the data averaged. Compound was administered intravenously (either bolus injection of approximately 5 seconds or infusion of 15 minutes duration), and data were recorded every 1 minute for 60 minutes post compound administration.
  • Data are calculated as either the peak change in heart rate or mean arterial pressure or are calculated as the area under the curve for changes in heart rate or blood pressure versus time. Data are expressed as mean ⁇ SEM. A one-tailed Student's paired t-test is used for statistical comparison to baseline values and considered significant at p ⁇ 0.05.
  • the SIP effects on the rat cardiovascular system are described in Sugiyama, A., N.N. Aye, Y. Yatomi, Y. Ozaki, K. Hashimoto 2000 Effects of Sphingosine- 1 -Phosphate, a naturally occurring biologically active lysophospholipid, on the rat cardiovascular system. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 82: 338-342, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • a single mouse is dosed intravenously (tail vein) with 0.1 ml of test compound dissolved in a non-toxic vehicle and is observed for signs of toxicity. Severe signs may include death, seizure, paralysis or unconciousness. Milder signs are also noted and may include ataxia, labored breathing, ruffling or reduced activity relative to normal.
  • the dosing solution is diluted in the same vehicle. The diluted dose is administered in the same fashion to a second mouse and is likewise observed for signs. The process is repeated until a dose is reached that produces no signs. This is considered the estimated no-effect level. An additional mouse is dosed at this level to confirm the absence of signs.
  • the examples disclosed herein have utility as immunoregulatory agents as demonstrated by their activity as potent and selective agonists of the SlP /Edgl receptor over the S1PR3/Edg3 receptor as measured in the assays described above.
  • the examples disclosed herein possess a selectivity for the SlPl/Edgl receptor over the S1PR3/Edg3 receptor of more than 500 fold as measured by the ratio of EC50 for the SlPl/Edgl receptor to the EC50 for the SlP3/Edg3 receptor as evaluated in the 35s-GTP ⁇ S binding assay described above and possess an EC50 for binding to the SlPl/Edgl receptor of less than 50 nM as evaluated by the 35s-GTP ⁇ S binding assay described above.

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Abstract

The present invention encompasses compounds of Formula I: as well as the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and hydrates thereof. The compounds are useful for treating immune mediated diseases and conditions, such as bone marrow, organ and tissue transplant rejection. Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use are included.

Description

TITLE OF THE INVENTION l-((5-ARYL-l,2,4-OXADIAZOL-3-YL)BENZYL)AZETIDINE-3- CARBOXYLATES AND l-((5-ARYL-l,2,4-OXADIAZOL-3- YL)BENZYL)PYRROLIDINE-3-CARBOXyXATES AS EDG RECEPTOR AGONISTS
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is related to compounds that are SlPi/Edgl receptor agonists and thus have immunosuppressive activities by producing lymphocyte sequestration in secondary lymphoid tissues. The invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and methods of treatment or prevention.
Immunosuppressive agents have been shown to be useful in a wide variety of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosis, chronic rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease, biliary cirrhosis, uveitis, multiple sclerosis and other disorders such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, bullous pemphigoid, sarcoidosis, psoriasis, autoimmune myositis, Wegener's granulomatosis, ichthyosis, Graves ophthalmopathy, atopic dermatitis and asthma. They have also proved useful as part of chemotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of cancers, lymphomas and leukemias. Although the underlying pathogenesis of each of these conditions may be quite different, they have in common the appearance of a variety of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive lymphocytes. Such self -reactivity may be due, in part, to a loss of the homeostatic controls under which the normal immune system operates. Similarly, following a bone-marrow or an organ transplantation, the host lymphocytes recognize the foreign tissue antigens and begin to produce both cellular and humoral responses including antibodies, cytokines and cytotoxic lymphocytes which lead to graft rejection.
One end result of an autoimmune or a rejection process is tissue destruction caused by inflammatory cells and the mediators they release. Anti- inflammatory agents such as NS ATDs act principally by blocking the effect or secretion of these mediators but do nothing to modify the immunologic basis of the disease. On the other hand, cytotoxic agents, such as cyclophosphamide, act in such a nonspecific fashion that both the normal and autoimmune responses are shut off. Indeed, patients treated with such nonspecific immunosuppressive agents are as likely to succumb to infection as they are to their autoimmune disease.
Cyclosporin A is a drug used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs. FK-506 is another drug approved for the prevention of transplant organ rejection, and in particular, liver transplantation. Cyclosporin A and FK-506 act by inhibiting the body's immune system from mobilizing its vast arsenal of natural protecting agents to reject the transplant's foreign protein. Cyclosporin A was approved for the treatment of severe psoriasis and has been approved by European regulatory agencies for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
Though they are effective in delaying or suppressing transplant rejection, Cyclosporin A and FK-506 are known to cause several undesirable side effects including nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and gastrointestinal discomfort. Therefore, an immunosuppressant without these side effects still remains to be developed and would be highly desirable.
The immunosuppressive compound FTY720 is a lymphocyte sequestration agent currently in clinical trials. FTY720 is metabolized in mammals to a compound that is a potent agonist of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. Agonism of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors induces the sequestration of lymphocytes (T-cells and B-cells) in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches without lymphodepletion. Such immunosuppression is desirable to prevent rejection after organ transplantation and in the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
Sphingosine 1-phosphate is a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite that is secreted by hematopoietic cells and stored and released from activated platelets. Yatomi, Y., T. Ohmori, G. Rile, F. Kazama, H. Okamoto, T. Sano, K. Satoh, S. Kume, G. Tigyi, Y. Igarashi, and Y. Ozaki. 2000. Blood. 96:3431-8. It acts as an agonist on a family of G protein-coupled receptors to regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and motility. Fukushima, N., I. Ishii, J.J.A. Contos, J.A. Weiner, and J. Chun. 2001. Lysophospholipid receptors. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 41 :507-34; Hla, T., M.-J. Lee, N. Ancellin, J.H. Paik, and M. J. Kluk. 2001. Lysophospholipids - Receptor revelations. Science. 294:1875-1878; Spiegel, S., and S. Milstien. 2000. Functions of a new family of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1484:107-16; Pyne, S., and N. Pyne. 2000. Sphingosine 1- phosphate signalling via the endothelial differentiation gene family of G-protein coupled receptors. Pharm. & Therapeutics. 88:115-131. Five sphingosine 1- phosphate receptors have been identified (SlPi, S1P2, SIP3, SIP4, and SIP5, also known as endothelial differentiation genes Edgl, Edg5, Edg3, Edg6, Edg8), that have widespread cellular and tissue distribution and are well conserved in human and rodent species (see Table). Binding to SIP receptors elicits signal transduction through Gq-, Gi/o, G12-, G13-, and Rho-dependent pathways. Ligand-induced activation of SlPi and SIP3 has been shown to promote angiogenesis, chemotaxis, and adherens junction assembly through Rac- and Rho-, see Lee, M.-J., S. Thangada, K.P. Claffey, N. Ancellin, CH. Liu, M. Kluk, M. Volpi, R.I. Sha'afi, and T. Hla.
1999. Cell. 99:301-12, whereas agonism of SIP2 promotes neurite retraction, see Van
Brooklyn, J.R., Z. Tu, L.C. Edsall, R.R. Schmidt, and S. Spiegel. 1999. J. Biol. Chem. 274:4626-4632, and inhibits chemotaxis by blocking Rac activation, see Okamoto, H., N. Takuwa, T. Yokomizo, N. Sugimoto, S. Sakurada, H. Shigematsu, and Y. Takuwa. 2000. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:9247-9261. SIP4 is localized to hematopoietic cells and tissues, see Graeler, M.H., G. Bernhardt, and M. Lipp. 1999. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 246:131-6, whereas SIP5 is primarily a neuronal receptor with some expression in lymphoid tissue, see Im, D.S., C.E. Heise, N. Ancellin, B.F. ODowd, G.J. Shei, R.P. Heavens, M.R. Rigby, T. Hla, S. Mandala, G. McAllister, S.R. George, and K.R. Lynch. 2000. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 14281-6.
Administration of sphingosine 1-phosphate to animals induces systemic sequestration of peripheral blood lymphocytes into secondary lymphoid organs, thus resulting in therapeutically useful immunosuppression, see Mandala, S., R. Hajdu, J. Bergstrom, E. Quackenbush, J. Xie, J. Milligan, R. Thornton, G.-J. Shei, D. Card, C. Keohane, M. Rosenbach, J. Hale, C.L. Lynch, K. Rupprecht, W. Parsons, H. Rosen. 2002. Science. 296:346-349. However, sphingosine 1-phosphate also has cardiovascular and bronchoconstrictor effects that limit its utility as a therapeutic agent. Intravenous administration of sphingosine 1-phosphate decreases the heart rate, ventricular contraction and blood pressure in rats, see Sugiyama, A., N.N. Aye, Y. Yatomi, Y. Ozaki, and K. Hashimoto. 2000. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 82:338-342. In human airway smooth muscle cells, sphingosine 1-phosphate modulates contraction, cell growth and cytokine production that promote bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma, see Ammit, A.J., A.T. Hastie, L. C. Edsall, R.K. Hoffman, Y. Amrani, V.P. Krymskaya, S.A. Kane, S.P. Peters, R.B. Penn, S. Spiegel, R.A. Panettieri. Jr. 2001, FASEB J. 15:1212-1214. The undesirable effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate are associated with its non-selective, potent agonist activity on all SIP receptors.
The present invention encompasses compounds which are agonists of the SlPi/Edgl receptor having selectivity over the SlP3/Edg3 receptor. An SlPi/Edgl receptor selective agonist has advantages over current therapies and extends the therapeutic window of lymphocytes sequestration agents, allowing better tolerability with higher dosing and thus improving efficacy as monotherapy.
While the main use for immunosuppressants is in treating bone marrow, organ and transplant rejection, other uses for such compounds include the treatment of arthritis, in particular, rheumatoid arthritis, insulin and non-insulin dependent diabetes, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, lupus erythematosis and the like.
Thus, the present invention is focused on providing immunosuppressant compounds that are safer and more effective than prior compounds. These and other objects will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from the description contained herein.
Figure imgf000005_0001
Figure imgf000006_0003
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention encompasses compounds of Formula I:
Figure imgf000006_0001
I
as well as the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and hydrates thereof. The compounds are useful for treating immune mediated diseases and conditions, such as bone marrow, organ and tissue transplant rejection. Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use are included.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention encompasses compounds represented by Formula I
Figure imgf000006_0002
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof, wherein:
n is O or 1;
Y is a bond, -O- or -S(O)k-, wherein k is 0, 1 or 2;
each R3 is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen and Cι_ 4alkyl, said Ci_4alkyl optionally substituted with from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, Ci-4alkoxy and carboxy;
each R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, Cj_ 4alkyl and Ci-3aιko y, said Ci^alkyl and Ci-zjalkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo;
each R5 is independe .ntly selected from the group consisting of:
(a) halo,
(b) cyano,
(c) hydroxy,
Figure imgf000007_0001
(e) Ci-βalkyl,
( ) C2-6alkenyl,
(g) C3_6alkynyl
(h) Ci-galkoxy
(i) Ci-6alkyl-S(O)k-, wherein k is 0, 1 or 2,
(j) C3-6cycloalkyl,
(k) phenyl, and
(1) HETl;
wherein items (e) to (j) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy and Cj-^alkoxy, said Cj-^alkoxy group optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo, and
wherein items (k) and (1) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C^alkyl and Cι_3alkoxy, said C -
4alkyl and Ci-^alko y groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo;
R6 is selected from the group consisting of:
(1) hydrogen
(2) halo,
(3) cyano, (4) Ci-ioalkyl,
(5) C2-10alkenyl,
(6) C3-ioalkynyl,
(7) C3_6cycloalkyl
(8) phenyl, and (9) HET2; wherein items (4) to (6) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl, HET3 and C\.
3alkoxy, said C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl, HET3 and Cj-^alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo,
wherein item (7) above is optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, phenyl, HET4 and C^alkoxy, said phenyl, HET4 and Ci-3alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo, and wherein items (8) and (9) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, Cj^alkyl and Cj^alkoxy, said Cj-
4alkyl and Ci-^alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo,
with the provsio that R6 is not halo or cyano when Y is -O- or -S(O)k-; or
R6 and one R5 group or two R5 groups may be joined together to form a five or six- membered monocyclic ring optionally containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of: O, S, or N(R7),
each R7 is independently hydrogen or Ci_4alkyl, said Ci_4alkyl optionally substituted substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo; and
HETl, HET2, HET3 and HET4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, carbazolyl, carbolinyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, indolazinyl, indazolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridopyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolyl, quinoxalinyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, triazolyl, azetidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, hexahydroazepinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, dihydrobenzimidazolyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothiophenyl, dihydrobenzoxazolyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydroimidazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihydroisooxazolyl, dihydroisothiazolyl, dihydrooxadiazolyl, dihydrooxazolyl, dihydropyrazinyl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydropyridinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, dihydroquinolinyl, dihydrotetrazolyl, dihydrothiadiazolyl, dihydrothiazolyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydrotriazolyl, dihydroazetidinyl, methylenedioxybenzoyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and tetrahydrothienyl.
An embodiment of the invention encompasses a compound of Formula I wherein n is 0. Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a compound of Formula I wherein n is 1.
Another embodiment of the Invention encompasses a compound of Formula I wherein R3 is hydrogen or methyl. Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a compound of
Formula I wherein one R4 is present and said R4 is halo or methyl.
Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a compound of Formula I wherein no R5 is present.
Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a compound of Formula I wherein R6 is selected from the group consisting of:
(1) Ci-ioalkyl,
(2) C2-10alkenyl,
(3) C3-ioalkynyl,
(4) C3_6cycloalkyl (5) phenyl, and
(6) HET2; wherein items (1) to (3) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl, HET3 and C - 3-ιlkoxy, said C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl, HET3 and Cj-^alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo,
wherein item (4) above is optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, phenyl, HET4 and Cj^alkoxy, said phenyl, HET4 and Cι_3alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo, and
wherein items (5) and (6) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, Cj^alkyl and Cj-^alkoxy, said C^-. 4alkyl and Cχ_3al oxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo.
Within this embodiment of the invention is encompassed a compound of Formula I wherein R6 is selected from the group consisting of:
(1) Ci-ioalkyl,
(2) C2-10alkenyl,
(3) C3_ιoalkynyl,
(4) C3_6cycloalkyl and (5) phenyl,
wherein items (1) to (3) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl and
Figure imgf000011_0001
said C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl and Ci-^alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo,
wherein item (4) above is optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, phenyl and
Figure imgf000011_0002
groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo, and
wherein item (5) above is optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, Ci-.4a.kyl and Cj-^alkoxy, said Cχ_4alkyl and C .
3alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo.
In another embodiment, the invention encompasses a compound of Formula la:
Figure imgf000012_0001
la
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof, wherein:
n is 0 or 1 ;
Y is a bond or -O-;
R6 is selected from the group consisting of: (1) Ci-ioalkyl,
(2) C2-10alkenyl,
(3) C3_ιoalkynyl,
(4) C3_6cycloalkyl
(5) phenyl, and
(6) HET2;
wherein items (1) to (3) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl, HET3 and Cj- 3-dkoxy, said C3_6cycloaιkyl, phenyl, HET3 and Cι_3alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo,
wherein item (4) above is optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, phenyl, HET4 and Ci-^alkoxy, said phenyl, HET4 and Ci^alko y groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo, and
wherein items (5) and (6) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, Chalky! and Cι_3alkoxy, said C -
4alkyl and C^alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo; and
HET2, HET3 and HET4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, carbazolyl, carbolinyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, indolazinyl, indazolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridopyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolyl, quinoxalinyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, triazolyl, azetidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, hexahydroazepinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, dihydrobenzimidazolyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothiophenyl, dihydrobenzoxazolyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydroimidazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihydroisooxazolyl, dihydroisothiazolyl, dihydrooxadiazolyl, dihydrooxazolyl, dihydropyrazinyl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydropyridinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, dihydroquinolinyl, dihydrotetrazolyl, dihydiOthiadiazolyl, dihydrothiazolyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydrotriazolyl, dihydroazetidinyl, methylenedioxybenzoyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and tetrahydrothienyl.
Within this embodiment of the invention is encompassed a compound of Formula la wherein R6 is selected from the group consisting of:
(1) Ci-ioalkyl,
(2) C2-10alkenyl, (3) C3_ιoalkynyl,
(4) C3_6cycloalkyl and
(5) phenyl, wherein items (1) to (3) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl and Cι_3alko y, said C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl and Cι_3alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo,
wherein item (4) above is optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, phenyl and Ci-^alkoxy, said phenyl and Cj^alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo, and
wherein item (5) above is optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C^alkyl and Cι_3alkoxy, said Chalk ! and C -
3alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo.
The invention also encompasses a compound of Formula la wherein n is 0, Y is a bond and R6 is Cι_6alkyl.
The invention also encompasses a method of treating an immunoregulatory abnormality in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient a compound of Formula I in an amount that is effective for treating said immunoregulatory abnormality.
Within this embodiment is encompassed the above method wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is an autoimmune or chronic inflammatory disease selected from the group consisting of: systemic lupus erythematosis, chronic rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease, biliary cirrhosis, uveitis, multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, bullous pemphigoid, sarcoidosis, psoriasis, autoimmune myositis, Wegener's granulomatosis, ichthyosis, Graves ophthalmopathy and asthma. Also within this embodiment is encompassed the above method wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is bone marrow or organ transplant rejection or graft- versus-host disease.
Also within this embodiment is encompassed the above method wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is selected from the group consisting of: transplantation of organs or tissue, graft- versus-host diseases brought about by transplantation, autoimmune syndromes including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, type I diabetes, uveitis, posterior uveitis, allergic encephalomyelitis, glomerulonephritis, post-infectious autoimmune diseases including rheumatic fever and post-infectious glomerulonephritis, inflammatory and hyperproliferative skin diseases, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, eczematous dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, lichen planus, pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, epidermolysis bullosa, urticaria, angioedemas, vasculitis, erythema, cutaneous eosinophilia, lupus erythematosus, acne, alopecia areata, keratoconjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, uveitis associated with Behcet's disease, keratitis, herpetic keratitis, conical cornea, dystrophia epithelialis corneae, corneal leukoma, ocular pemphigus, Mooren's ulcer, scleritis, Graves' opthalmopathy, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, sarcoidosis, pollen allergies, reversible obstructive airway disease, bronchial asthma, allergic asthma, intrinsic asthma, extrinsic asthma, dust asthma, chronic or inveterate asthma, late asthma and airway hyper-responsiveness, bronchitis, gastric ulcers, vascular damage caused by ischemic diseases and thrombosis, ischemic bowel diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, necrotizing enterocolitis, intestinal lesions associated with thermal burns, coeliac diseases, proctitis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, mastocytosis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, migraine, rhinitis, eczema, interstitial nephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, diabetic nephropathy, multiple myositis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Meniere's disease, polyneuritis, multiple neuritis, mononeuritis, radiculopathy, hyperthyroidism, Basedow's disease, pure red cell aplasia, aplastic anemia, hypoplastic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, agranulocytosis, pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, anerythroplasia, osteoporosis, sarcoidosis, fibroid lung, idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, dermatomyositis, leukoderma vulgaris, ichthyosis vulgaris, photoallergic sensitivity, cutaneous T cell lymphoma, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, aortitis syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, myocardosis, scleroderma, Wegener's granuloma, Sjogren's syndrome, adiposis, eosinophilic fascitis, lesions of gingiva, periodontium, alveolar bone, substantia ossea dentis, glomerulonephritis, male pattern alopecia or alopecia senilis by preventing epilation or providing hair germination and/or promoting hair generation and hair growth, muscular dystrophy, pyoderma and Sezary's syndrome, Addison's disease, ischemia-reperfusion injury of organs which occurs upon preservation, transplantation or ischemic disease, endotoxin-shock, pseudomembranous colitis, colitis caused by drug or radiation, ischemic acute renal insufficiency, chronic renal insufficiency, toxinosis caused by lung-oxygen or drugs, lung cancer, pulmonary emphysema, cataracta, siderosis, retinitis pigmentosa, senile macular degeneration, vitreal scarring, corneal alkali burn, dermatitis erythema multiforme, linear IgA ballous dermatitis and cement dermatitis, gingivitis, periodontitis, sepsis, pancreatitis, diseases caused by environmental pollution, aging, carcinogenesis, metastasis of carcinoma and hypobaropathy, disease caused by histamine or leukotriene-C4 release, Behcet's disease, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, sclerosing cholangitis, partial liver resection, acute liver necrosis, necrosis caused by toxin, viral hepatitis, shock, or anoxia, B-virus hepatitis, non- A/non-B hepatitis, cirrhosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, hepatic failure, fulminant hepatic failure, late-onset hepatic failure, "acute-on-chronic" liver failure, augmentation of chemotherapeutic effect, cytomegalovirus infection, HCMV infection, AIDS, cancer, senile dementia, trauma, and chronic bacterial infection.
Also within this embodiment is encompassed the above method wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is multiple sclerosis.
Also within this embodiment is encompassed the above method wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is rheumatoid arthritis.
Also within this embodiment is encompassed the above method wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is systemic lupus erythematosus.
Also within this embodiment is encompassed the above method wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is psoriasis. Also within this embodiment is encompassed the above method wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is rejection of transplanted organ or tissue.
Also within this embodiment is encompassed the above method wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is inflammatory bowel disease. Also within this embodiment is encompassed the above method wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is a malignancy of lymphoid origin including acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemias and lymphomas.
The invention also encompasses a method of suppressing the immune system in a mammalian patient in need of immunosuppression comprising administering to said patient an immunosuppressing effective amount of a compound of Formula I.
The invention also encompasses a pharmaceutical composition comprised of a compound of Formula I in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The invention also encompasses a method of treating a respiratory disease or condition in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient a compound of Formula I in an amount that is effective for treating said respiratory disease or condition. Within this embodiment is encompasses the above method wherein the respiratory disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of: asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, infant respiratory distress syndrome, cough, eosinophilic granuloma, respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, bronchiectasis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, acute lung injury and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia.
In another embodiment, the invention encompasses a method of treating an immunoregulatory abnormality in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient a compound which is an agonist of the SlPi/Edgl receptor in an amount effective for treating said immunoregulatory abnormality, wherein said compound possesses a selectivity for the S lPχ/Edgl receptor over the SlP3 Edg3 receptor of at least 5,000 fold as measured by the ratio of EC50 for the SlPi/Edgl receptor to the EC50 for the SlP3/Edg3 receptor as evaluated in the 35s-GTPγS binding assay and wherein said compound possesses an EC50 for binding to the SlPχ/Edgl receptor of 100 nM or less as evaluated by the 35s-GTPγS binding assay.
Within this embodiment is encompassed the above method wherein the compound possesses an EC50 for binding to the SlPi/Edgl receptor of 10 nM or less as evaluated by the 35s-GTPγS binding assay. Also, within this embodiment is encompassed the above method wherein the compound possesses an EC50 for binding to the SlPl/Edgl receptor of 1 nM or less as evaluated by the 35s-GTPγS binding assay. Also, within this embodiment is encompassed the above method wherein the compound has a selectivity for the SlPχ/Edgl receptor over the S lP3/Edg3 receptor of at least 10,000 fold as measured by the ratio of EC50 for the SlPi/Edgl receptor to the EC50 for the SlP3/Edg3 receptor as evaluated in the 35s- GTPγS binding assay. Also, within this embodiment is encompassed the above method wherein the compound has a selectivity for the SlPi/Edgl receptor over the SlP3/Edg3 receptor of at least 15,000 fold as measured by the ratio of EC50 for the SlPi/Edgl receptor to the EC50 for the SlP3/Edg3 receptor as evaluated in the 35s- GTPγS binding assay. Also, within this embodiment is encompassed the above method wherein the compound has a selectivity for the SlPi Edgl receptor over the SlP3/Edg3 receptor of at least 20,000 fold as measured by the ratio of EC50 for the SlPi/Edgl receptor to the EC50 for the S1PR3/Edg3 receptor as evaluated in the 35s-GTPγS binding assay. Also, within this embodiment is encompassed the above method wherein the patient also has a respiratory disease or condition.
Also, within this embodiment is encompassed the above method wherein the patient is also suffering from a cardiovascular disease or condition.
Exemplifying the invention are the following compounds:
Figure imgf000019_0001
Figure imgf000020_0001
Figure imgf000021_0001
Figure imgf000022_0001
Figure imgf000023_0001
Figure imgf000024_0001
Figure imgf000025_0001
The invention is described using the following definitions unless otherwise indicated.
The term "halogen" or "halo" includes F, CI, Br, and I. The term "alkyl" means linear or branched structures and combinations thereof, having the indicated number of carbon atoms. Thus, for example, Ci_6alkyl includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, 2-propyl, s- and t-butyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, 1,1- dimethylethyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
The term "alkoxy" means alkoxy groups of a straight, branched or cyclic configuration having the indicated number of carbon atoms. Cι_6alkoxy, for example, includes methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, and the like.
The term "alkenyl" means linear or branched structures and combinations thereof, of the indicated number of carbon atoms, having at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond, wherein hydrogen may be replaced by an additional carbon-to-carbon double bond. C2-6alkenyl, for example, includes ethenyl, propenyl, 1-methylethenyl, butenyl and the like.
The term "alkynyl" means linear or branched structures and combinations thereof, of the indicated number of carbon atoms, having at least one carbon-to-carbon triple bond. C3_6alkynyl, for example, includes , propenyl, 1- methylethenyl, butenyl and the like. The term "cycloalkyl" means mono-, bi- or tri-cyclic structures, optionally combined with linear or branched structures, the indicated number of carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyl, cyclododecylmethyl, 2-ethyl-l- bicyclo[4.4.0]decyl, and the like. The term "treating" encompasses not only treating a patient to relieve the patient of the signs and symptoms of the disease or condition but also prophylactically treating an asymptomatic patient to prevent the onset or progression of the disease or condition. The term "amount effective for treating" is intended to mean that amount of a drug or pharmaceutical agent that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, a system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician. The term also encompasses the amount of a pharmaceutical drug that will prevent or reduce the risk of occurrence of the biological or medical event that is sought to be prevented in a tissue, a system, animal or human by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician.
The invention described herein includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts and hydrates. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include both the metallic (inorganic) salts and organic salts; a list of which is given in Remington's
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th Edition, pg. 1418 (1985). It is well known to one skilled in the art that an appropriate salt form is chosen based on physical and chemical stability, flowability, hydroscopicity and solubility. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to salts of inorganic acids such as hydrochlori.de, sulfate, phosphate, diphosphate, hydrobromide, and nitrate or salts of an organic acid such as malate, maleate, fumarate, tartrate, succinate, citrate, acetate, lactate, methanesulfonate, p- toluenesulfonate or pamoate, salicylate and stearate. Similarly pharmaceutically acceptable cations include, but are not limited to sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminum, lithium and ammonium (especially ammonium salts with secondary amines). Preferred salts of this invention for the reasons cited above include potassium, sodium, calcium and ammonium salts. Also included within the scope of this invention are crystal forms, hydrates and solvates of the compounds of Formula I. For purposes of this Specification, "pharmaceutically acceptable hydrate" means the compounds of the instant invention crystallized with one or more molecules of water to form a hydrated form.
The invention also includes the compounds falling within Formula I in the form of one or more stereoisomers, in substantially pure form or in the form of a mixture of stereoisomers. All such isomers are encompassed within the present invention.
By virtue of their SlPi/Edgl agonist activity, the compounds of the present invention are immunoregulatory agents useful for treating or preventing automimmune or chronic inflammatory diseases. The compounds of the present invention are useful to suppress the immune system in instances where immunosuppression is in order, such as in bone marrow, organ or transplant rejection, autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosis, chronic rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease, biliary cirrhosis, uveitis, multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, bullous pemphigoid, sarcoidosis, psoriasis, autoimmune myositis, Wegener's granulomatosis, ichthyosis, Graves ophthalmopathy and asthma.
More particularly, the compounds of the present invention are useful to treat or prevent a disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of: transplantation of organs or tissue, graft- versus-host diseases brought about by transplantation, autoimmune syndromes including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, type I diabetes, uveitis, posterior uveitis, allergic encephalomyelitis, glomerulonephritis, post-infectious autoimmune diseases including rheumatic fever and post-infectious glomerulonephritis, inflammatory and hyperproliferative skin diseases, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, eczematous dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, lichen planus, pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, epidermolysis bullosa, urticaria, angioedemas, vasculitis, erythema, cutaneous eosinophilia, lupus erythematosus, acne, alopecia areata, keratoconjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, uveitis associated with Behcet's disease, keratitis, herpetic keratitis, conical cornea, dystrophia epithelialis corneae, corneal leukoma, ocular pemphigus, Mooren's ulcer, scleritis, Graves' opthalmopathy, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, sarcoidosis, pollen allergies, reversible obstructive airway disease, bronchial asthma, allergic asthma, intrinsic asthma, extrinsic asthma, dust asthma, chronic or inveterate asthma, late asthma and airway hyper-responsiveness, bronchitis, gastric ulcers, vascular damage caused by ischemic diseases and thrombosis, ischemic bowel diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, necrotizing enterocolitis, intestinal lesions associated with thermal bums, coeliac diseases, proctitis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, mastocytosis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, migraine, rhinitis, eczema, interstitial nephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, hemolytic -uremic syndrome, diabetic nephropathy, multiple myositis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Meniere's disease, polyneuritis, multiple neuritis, mononeuritis, radiculopathy, hyperthyroidism, Basedow's disease, pure red cell aplasia, aplastic anemia, hypoplastic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, agranulocytosis, pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, anerythroplasia, osteoporosis, sarcoidosis, fibroid lung, idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, dermatomyositis, leukoderma vulgaris, ichthyosis vulgaris, photoallergic sensitivity, cutaneous T cell lymphoma, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, aortitis syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, myocardosis, scleroderma, Wegener's granuloma, Sjogren's syndrome, adiposis, eosinophilic fascitis, lesions of gingiva, periodontium, alveolar bone, substantia ossea dentis, glomerulonephritis, male pattern alopecia or alopecia senilis by preventing epilation or providing hair germination and/or promoting hair generation and hair growth, muscular dystrophy, pyoderma and Sezary's syndrome, Addison's disease, ischemia-reperfusion injury of organs which occurs upon preservation, transplantation or ischemic disease, endotoxin-shock, pseudomembranous colitis, colitis caused by drug or radiation, ischemic acute renal insufficiency, chronic renal insufficiency, toxinosis caused by lung-oxygen or drugs, lung cancer, pulmonary emphysema, cataracta, siderosis, retinitis pigmentosa, senile macular degeneration, vitreal scarring, corneal alkali burn, dermatitis erythema multiforme, linear IgA ballous dermatitis and cement dermatitis, gingivitis, periodontitis, sepsis, pancreatitis, diseases caused by environmental pollution, aging, carcinogenesis, metastasis of carcinoma and hypobaropathy, disease caused by histamine or leukotriene-C4 release, Behcet's disease, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, sclerosing cholangitis, partial liver resection, acute liver necrosis, necrosis caused by toxin, viral hepatitis, shock, or anoxia, B-virus hepatitis, non- A/non-B hepatitis, cirrhosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, hepatic failure, fulminant hepatic failure, late-onset hepatic failure, "acute-on-chronic" liver failure, augmentation of chemotherapeutic effect, cytomegalovirus infection, HCMV infection, AIDS, cancer, senile dementia, trauma, and chronic bacterial infection.
Also embodied within the present invention is a method of preventing or treating resistance to transplantation or transplantation rejection of organs or tissues in a mammalian patient in need thereof, which comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of Formula I. A method of suppressing the immune system in a mammalian patient in need thereof, which comprises administering to the patient an immune system suppressing amount of the compound of Formula I is yet another embodiment.
Most particularly, the method described herein encompasses a method of treating or preventing bone marrow or organ transplant rejection which is comprised of admininstering to a mammalian patient in need of such treatment or prevention a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof, in an amount that is effective for treating or preventing bone marrow or organ transplant rejection. The compounds of the present invention are also useful for treating a respiratory dieases or condition, such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, infant respiratory distress syndrome, cough, eosinophilic granuloma, respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, bronchiectasis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, acute lung injury and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia
Furthermore, the compounds of the present invention are selective agonists of the SlPl Edgl receptor having selectivity over SlP3/Edg3 receptor. An
Edgl selective agonist has advantages over current therapies and extends the therapeutic window of lymphocytes sequestration agents, allowing better tolerability with higher dosing and thus improving efficacy as monotherapy.
The present invention also includes a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and the compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof. A preferred embodiment of the formulation is one where a second immunosuppressive agent is also included. Examples of such second immunosuppressive agents are, but are not limited to azathioprine, brequinar sodium, deoxyspergualin, mizaribine, mycophenolic acid morpholino ester, cyclosporin, FK-506, rapamycin and FTY720.
The present compounds, including salts and hydrates thereof, are useful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including the prevention of rejection of bone marrow transplant, foreign organ transplants and/or related afflictions, diseases and illnesses.
The compounds of this invention can be administered by any means that effects contact of the active ingredient compound with the site of action in the body of a warm-blooded animal. For example, administration, can be oral, topical, including transdermal, ocular, buccal, intranasal, inhalation, intravaginal, rectal, intracisternal and parenteral. The term "parenteral" as used herein refers to modes of administration which include subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarticular injection or infusion, intrasternal and intraperitoneal. The compounds can be administered by any conventional means available for use in conjunction with pharmaceuticals, either as individual therapeutic agents or in a combination of therapeutic agents. They can be administered alone, but are generally administered with a pharmaceutical carrier selected on the basis of the chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.
The dosage administered will be dependent on the age, health and weight of the recipient, the extent of disease, kind of concurrent treatment, if any, frequency of treatment and the nature of the effect desired. Usually, a daily dosage of active ingredient compound will be from about 0.1-2000 milligrams per day. Ordinarily, from 1 to 100 milligrams per day in one or more applications is effective to obtain desired results. These dosages are the effective amounts for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, the prevention of rejection of foreign organ transplants and/or related afflictions, diseases and illnesses.
The active ingredient can be administered orally in solid dosage forms, such as capsules, tablets, troches, dragees, granules and powders, or in liquid dosage forms, such as elixirs, syrups, emulsions, dispersions, and suspensions. The active ingredient can also be administered parenterally, in sterile liquid dosage forms, such as dispersions, suspensions or solutions. Other dosages forms that can also be used to administer the active ingredient as an ointment, cream, drops, transdermal patch or powder for topical administration, as an ophthalmic solution or suspension formation, i.e., eye drops, for ocular administration, as an aerosol spray or powder composition for inhalation or intranasal administration, or as a cream, ointment, spray or suppository for rectal or vaginal administration.
Gelatin capsules contain the active ingredient and powdered carriers, such as lactose, starch, cellulose derivatives, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and the like. Similar diluents can be used to make compressed tablets. Both tablets and capsules can be manufactured as sustained release products to provide for continuous release of medication over a period of hours. Compressed tablets can be sugar coated or film coated to mask any unpleasant taste and protect the tablet from the atmosphere, or enteric coated for selective disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract. Liquid dosage forms for oral administration can contain coloring and flavoring to increase patient acceptance. In general, water, a suitable oil, saline, aqueous dextrose (glucose), and related sugar solutions and glycols such as propylene glycol or polyethylene gycols are suitable carriers for parenteral solutions. Solutions for parenteral administration preferably contain a water soluble salt of the active ingredient, suitable stabilizing agents, and if necessary, buffer substances. Antioxidizing agents such as sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, or ascorbic acid, either alone or combined, are suitable stabilizing agents. Also used are citric acid and its salts and sodium EDTA. In addition, parenteral solutions can contain preservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride, methyl- or propylparaben, and chlorobutanol.
Suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, A. Osol, a standard reference text in this field.
For administration by inhalation, the compounds of the present invention may be conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or nebulisers. The compounds may also be delivered as powders which may be formulated and the powder composition may be inhaled with the aid of an insufflation powder inhaler device. The preferred delivery system for inhalation is a metered dose inhalation (MDI) aerosol, which may be formulated as a suspension or solution of a compound of Formula I in suitable propellants, such as fluorocarbons or hydrocarbons.
For ocular administration, an ophthalmic preparation may be formulated with an appropriate weight percent solution or suspension of the compounds of Formula I in an appropriate ophthalmic vehicle, such that the compound is maintained in contact with the ocular surface for a sufficient time period to allow the compound to penetrate the corneal and internal regions of the eye. Useful pharmaceutical dosage-forms for administration of the compounds of this invention can be illustrated as follows:
CAPSULES A large number of unit capsules are prepared by filling standard two- piece hard gelatin capsules each with 100 milligrams of powdered active ingredient, 150 milligrams of lactose, 50 milligrams of cellulose, and 6 milligrams magnesium stearate.
SOFT GELATIN CAPSULES A mixture of active ingredient in a digestible oil such as soybean oil, cottonseed oil or olive oil is prepared and injected by means of a positive displacement pump into gelatin to form soft gelatin capsules containing 100 milligrams of the active ingredient. The capsules are washed and dried. TABLETS A large number of tablets are prepared by conventional procedures so that the dosage unit is 100 milligrams of active ingredient, 0.2 milligrams of colloidal silicon dioxide, 5 milligrams of magnesium stearate, 275 milligrams of microcrystalline cellulose, 11 milligrams of starch and 98.8 milligrams of lactose. Appropriate coatings may be applied to increase palatability or delay absorption.
ΓNJECTABLE
A parenteral composition suitable for administration by injection is prepared by stirring 1.5% by weight of active ingredient in 10% by volume propylene glycol. The solution is made to volume with water for injection and sterilized.
SUSPENSION An aqueous suspension is prepared for oral administration so that each 5 milliliters contain 100 milligrams of finely divided active ingredient, 100 milligrams of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 5 milligrams of sodium benzoate, 1.0 grams of sorbitol solution, U.S.P., and 0.025 milliliters of vanillin.
The same dosage forms can generally be used when the compounds of this invention are administered stepwise or in conjunction with another therapeutic agent. When drugs are administered in physical combination, the dosage form and administration route should be selected depending on the compatibility of the combined drugs. Thus the term coadministration is understood to include the administration of the two agents concomitantly or sequentially, or alternatively as a fixed dose combination of the two active components.
METHODS OF SYNTHESIS
Two general methods that can be employed to prepare compounds in the current invention are depicted in Scheme 1. Intermediates i may be available from commercial sources (e.g., azetidine-3-carboxylic acid where n = 0) or they can be prepared according to published procedures (e.g., representative syntheses of pyrrolidine-3-(R)-carboxylic acid and pyrrolidine-3-(S)-carboxylic acid (n = 1) are described by Gmeiner, O., et. al. in Synthesis, 1998, 1491). Combining i with aldehyde ii in the presence of an appropriate reducing agent (e.g., sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, sodium borohydride) in a compatible solvent (e.g., methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, methylene chloride) can afford compounds of Formula I. Alternatively, intermediates i can be combined with a benzyl halide or sulfonate ester iv in the presence of an appropriate base (e.g., sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine) in a compatible solvent solvent (e.g., methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile) at or above room temperature to give compounds of Formula I. In cases where a carboxylic acid in structure i would interfere with the transformation to the compound of Formula I, an appropriate protecting group (Greene & Wuts, eds., "Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis", John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) that would mask the carboxylic acid and allow for its liberation after coupling with either ii or iv can be employed. In cases where Formula I contains asymmetric centers, the individual stereoisomers of Formula I can obtained by methods known to those skilled in the art which include (but are not limited to): stereospecific synthesis, resolution of salts of Formula I or any of the intermediates used in its preparation with enantiopure acids or bases, resolution of Formula I or any of the intermediates used in its preparation by HPLC employing enantiopure stationary phases.
Scheme 1
Figure imgf000035_0001
Base, solvent X = -CI, -Br, -I, or -OS02R
Methods that can be used to prepare compounds that can be employed as intermediate ii in Scheme 1 above are shown in Scheme 2. Many benzonitriles v are commercially available and can be combined with hydroxylamine . HC1 in the presence of a neutralizing base (e.g., triethylamine, sodium bicarbonate) in an appropriate solvent (methanol, ethanol, N,N-dimethyl formamide) at or above room temperature to afford N-hydroxy benzamidines vi. Benzoic acids vii can be activated with a carbodiimide (e.g. N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, l-(3- ctimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide) and l-(hydroxy)benzotriazole in an appropriate solvent (acetonitrile, THF, N,N-dimethyl formamide) and then treated with vi at or above room temperature to afford 1,2,4-oxadiazoles viii. An alternative method to activate the benzoic acid vii would be to convert it to the corresponding benzoyl chloride (e.g., by warming vii in the presence of thionyl chloride or by treating vii with oxalyl chloride and catalytic N,N-dimethyl formamide in a suitable solvent). Intermediate ii is then obtained by converting A in viii to an aldehyde (R3 = H) or ketone. If A is an alcohol, carboxylic acid ester, acetal, hemiacetal, nitrile or N- alkoxyl-N-alkyl carboxamides this can be done using methods known by those skilled in the art (see Larock, "Comprehensive Organic Transformations, A Guide to Functional Group Preparations", VCH Publishers, Inc.).
Scheme 2
Figure imgf000036_0001
EDC, HOBT, solvent, Δ
Figure imgf000036_0002
Figure imgf000036_0003
R3 R3 j
A = I— { f— r^oR S— -OH t~ C°2R f— CN ~ CON(OR')R"
OH RO RO
Many of the benzoic acids vii that can be used to prepare intermediates ii are available from commercial sources. Some methods that can be employed to prepare benzoic acids vii are depicted in Scheme 3. In cases where R6 is alkyl and Y is -O-, phenol ix can be treated with an alkyl halide or alkyl sulfonate ester in the presence of base (e.g., triethylamine, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate) in a suitable solvent (e.g., THF, acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol) at or above room temperature to afford ether x. Since a free carboxylic acid might interfere with this transformation, it may be desirable to use ix in which the carboxylate is masked as B (e.g., B could be a carboxylate ester, aldehyde, nitrile, etc.) which would then be subsequently transformed to a carboxylic acid using methods known to those skilled in the art (see Larock, "Comprehensive Organic Transformations, A Guide to Functional Group Preparations", VCH Publishers, Inc.). Alternative methods to prepare x (and therefore xi) could involve treating ix with an alcohol, triphenylphosphine and a dialkyl azodicarboxylate (e.g., diethyl azodicarboxylate or diisopropyl azodicarboxylate) in a suitable solvent (THE, CH2C12, toluene) to give x. Another method to prepare x could be to treat aryl fluoride xii with an alcohol and a strong base (NaH, KH, lithium diisopropylamide) in a suitable solvent (THF, 1,2- dimethoxyethane) to give x. These methods would also be applicable if it were desirable to have any of R5 be alkoxy.
There are many methods useful for preparing benzoic acids vii in which R6 is alkyl and Y is a bond; one useful one is depicted in Scheme 3. Treating aryl bromide, iodide or triflate xiii with an alkyl magnesium bromide in the presence of a nickel catalyst in a suitable solvent (THF, 1,2-dimethoxyethane) can afford alkyl benzene xiv. Since a free carboxylic acid might interfere with this transformation, it may be desirable to use ix in which the carboxylate is masked as B (e.g., B could be nitrile, vinyl, aldehyde acetal, etc.) which would then be subsequently transformed to a carboxylic acid using methods known to those skilled in the art (see Larock, "Comprehensive Organic Transformations, A Guide to Functional Group Preparations", VCH Publishers, Inc.).
Scheme 3
R° is alkyl and Y is -O-
(R5)o-4 (R5)o-4
HO- /H f C02H
Figure imgf000038_0001
X = -CI, -Br, -I, -OS02R'
Figure imgf000038_0002
R is alkyl and Y is a bond
(R5)o-4
Figure imgf000038_0003
THF
Figure imgf000038_0004
X = -Br, -I, -OS0 CF3
Methods for preparing the compounds of this invention are further illustrated in the following examples. Alternative routes will be easily discernible to practitioners in the field.
GENERAL Concentration of solutions was carried out on a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure. Conventional flash chromatography was carried out on silica gel (230-400 mesh). Flash chromatography was also carried out using a Biotage Flash Chromatography apparatus (Dyax Corp.) on silica gel (32-63 mM, 60 A pore size) in pre-packed cartridges of the size noted. NMR spectra were obtained in CDC13 solution unless otherwise noted. Coupling constants (J) are in hertz (Hz).
Abbreviations: diethyl ether (ether), triethylamine (TEA), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) sat'd aqueous (sat'd), rt (rt), hour(s) (h), minute(s) (min).
HPLC CONDITIONS
LC-1: Waters Xterra MS C18, 5 μ, 4.6 x 50 mm column, 10:90 to 95:5 v/v CH3CN/H2O + 0.05% TFA over 4.5 min, hold 1 min, PDA detection 200-600 nm, flow rate = 2.5 mL/min.
LC-2: YMC-Pack Pro C18 S-5μM 20 x 100 mm column or Kromasil KR100-10-C8 20 x 100 mm column; 10:90 to 90:10 v/v CH3CN/H2O + 0.05% TFA over 12 min, hold 4 min, UV detection at either 220 or 254 nM, flow rate = 10 mL/min.
PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDE INTERMEDIATES
Aldehyde 1 4-(5-(4-(2-Methylpropyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
Step A: N-Hydroxy-4-(hvdroxymethyl)benzamidine
A solution of 25.0 g (150 rnmol) of 4-(hydroxymethyl)benzonitrile, 20.8 g (300 mmol) of hydroxyamine hydrochloride and 50.4 g (600 mmol) of sodium bicarbonate in 250 mL of methanol was heated to reflux and stirred for 20 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt and filtered. The solid was washed with 100 mL of methanol. The combined methanol solution was concentrated to dryness to afford 31.0 g (99 %) of the title compound: lH NMR (400 Mhz, CD3OD) δ 4.63 (s, 2H), 7.39 (d, J= 8.0, 2H), 7.62 (d, J= 8.0, 2H).
Step B: 4-(5-(4-(2-Methylpropyl)phenyl)- 2.4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenylmethanol
A solution of 10.0 g (56.2 mmol) of 4-(2-methylpropyl)benzoic acid, 10.8 g (56.2 mmol) of l-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiiinide hydrochloride and 7.6 g (56.2 mmol) of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate in 70 mL of DMF was stirred at rt for 30 min. N-Hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)benzamidine (9.3 g, 56.2 mmol, from Step A) was added to the reaction mixture at rt and the resulting slurry was stirred at 140 °C for additional 2 h. The reaction was cooled to rt and quenched with 50 mL of water. The aqueous layer was extracted with 200 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with 0.5 N HCl solution, saturated NaHCO3 solution and water and then was concentrated to dryness to afford 16.5 g of the title compound: lH NMR (400 Mhz, CD3OD) δ 0.95 (d, J=6.7, 6H), 1.96 (m, 1H), 2.61 (d, J=7.3, 2H), 7.42 (d, J= 8.0, 2H), 7.54 (d, J= 8.2, 2H), 8.13 (m, 4H).
Step C: 4-(5-(4-(2-Methylpropyl)phenyl)-L2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehvde
A solution of 9.8 mL (112.4 mmol) of oxalyl chloride in 300 mL of dichloromethane was treated with 12 mL (168.6 mmol) of DMSO at -78 °C. To the reaction mixture, 16.5 g of 4-(5-(4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)phenylmethanol (from Step B) was added followed by 78 mL (450 mmol) of N,N- diisopropylethylamine at -78 °C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to rt over 1 h. Dichloromethane was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and 0.5 N KHSO solution. The organic layer was washed with 1 N HCl solution, saturated NaHCO3 and water and then was concentrated to dryness. The crude product was recrystallized from hexanes to afford 11.9 g of the title compound: lH NMR (400 Mhz) δ 0.97 (d, J= 6.7, 6H), 1.97 (m, 1H), 2.61 (d, J= 7.0, 2H), 7.37 (d, J= 8.0, 2H), 8.06 (d, J---8.2, 2H), 8.16 (d, J= 8.2, 2H), 8.39 (d, J=8.0, 2H), 10.14 (s, 1H); ESI-MS 307 (M+H); LC-1: 4.5 min. Aldehyde 2 4-(5-(4-Butylphenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
The title compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to Aldehyde 1 substituting 4-butylbenzoic acid for 4-(2-methylpropyl)benzoic acid in Step B: ESI-MS 307 (M+H); LC-1: 4.6 min.
Aldehyde 3 4-(5-(4-Hexylphenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
The title compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to Aldehyde 1 substituting 4-hexylbenzoic acid for 4-(2-methylpropyl)benzoic acid in Step B: ESI-MS 335 (M+H); LC-1: 5.0 min.
Aldehyde 4
4-(5-(4-Cyclohexylphenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
The title compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to Aldehyde 1 substituting 4-cyclohexylbenzoic acid for 4-(2-methylpropyl)benzoic acid in Step B: ESI-MS 333 (M+H); LC-1: 4.8 min.
Aldehyde 5 4-(5-(4-Propylphenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
The title compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to
Aldehyde 1 substituting 4-propylbenzoic acid for 4-(2-methylpropyl)benzoic acid in Step B: ESI-MS 293 (M+H); LC-1: 4.4 min.
Aldehyde 6 4-(5-(4-Isopropoxyphenyl)-l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde The title compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to Aldehyde 1 substituting 4-isopropoxybenzoic acid for 4-(2-methylpropyl)benzoic acid in Step B: ESI-MS 309 (M+H); LC-1: 4.0 min.
Aldehyde 7
4-(5-(l , 1 -Biphen-4-yl)-l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
The title compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to Aldehyde 1 substituting l,l'-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid for 4-(2-methylpropyl)benzoic acid in Step B: ESI-MS 327 (M+H); LC-1: 4.3 min.
Aldehyde 8 4-(5-(4-(2-Furyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
The title compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to Aldehyde 1 substituting 4-(2-furyl)benzoic acid for 4-(2-methylpropyl)benzoic acid in Step B: ESI-MS 317 (M+H); LC-1: 4.1 min.
Aldehyde 9 4-(5-(4-Cyclopentylphenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
The title compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to Aldehyde 1 substituting 4-cyclopentylbenzoic acid for 4-(2-methylpropyl)benzoic acid in Step B: ESI-MS 319 (M+H); LC-1: 4.6 min.
Aldehyde 10 (±)-4-(5-(4-(l-Methylpropyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
The title compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to Aldehyde 1 substituting (±)-4-(l-methylpropyl)benzoic acid for 4-(2-methylpropyl)benzoic acid in Step B: ESI-MS 307 (M+H); LC-1: 4.5 min. Aldehyde 11 4-(5-(4-(l , l-Dimethylpropyl)phenyl)-l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
The title compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to Aldehyde 1 substituting 4-(l,l-dimethylpropyl)benzoic acid for 4-(2-methylpropyl)benzoic acid in Step B: ESI-MS 321 (M+H); LC-1: 4.6 min.
Aldehyde 12 4-(5-(4-(l,l-Dimethylethyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
The title compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to Aldehyde 1 substituting 4-(l,l-dimethylethyl)benzoic acid for 4-(2-methylpropyl)benzoic acid in Step B: ESI-MS 307 (M+H); LC-1: 4.4 min.
Aldehyde 13
4-(5-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
The title compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to Aldehyde 1 substituting 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid for 4-(2-methylpropyl)benzoic acid in Step B: ESI-MS 319 (M+H); LC-1: 3.9 min.
Aldehyde 14 4-(5-(2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
The title compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to Aldehyde 1 substituting 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-carboxylic acid for 4-(2-methylpropyl)benzoic acid in Step B: ESI-MS 293 (M+H); LC-1: 3.5 min.
Aldehyde 15 4-(5-(4-(2,2-Dimethylpropyl)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
Step A: 4-(2.2-Dimethylpropyl)-4-ethenylbenzene To a solution of 0.8 g (33.10 mmol) of magnesium turnings and 2.0 g (13.2 mmol) of l-bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane in 10 mL diethyl ether was added a solution of 1.42 g (7.76 mmol) of 4-bromostyrene and 69 mg (0.13 mmol) of Ni(dρpf)Cl2 . The resulting reaction mixture was heated at refluc for 8 h. The reaction was quenched with 50% saturated NE Cl, and was extracted with MTBE (2 x 150 mL). The combined extractions were washed with water, dried and concentrated. Flash chromatography on a Biotage 40M cartridge with hexanes as the eluant afforded 1.74 g of the title compound: 1H NMR (500 Mhz) δ 0.93 (s, 9H), 2.49 (s, 2H), 5.20 (d, J = 10.9, 1H), 5.73 (d, J = 17.6, 1H), 6.72 (dd, J1 = 17.6, J2 = 10.8, 1H), 7.10 (d, J = 8.2, 2H), 7.33 (d, J = 8.0, 2H); ESI-MS 161 (M+H); LC-1: 4.4 min.
Step B: 4-(2,2-Dimethylpropyl benzoic acid
To a solution of 1.74 g (7.76 mmol) of 4-(2,2-dimethylproρyl)-4- ethenylbenzene (from Step A) in 10 mL EtOAc and 10 mL H2O was added 8.30 g (38.8 mmol) of NaIO and 1 mg (0.0078 mmol) RuO2. The reaction mixture was heated to 40°C for 30 min. The reaction mixture was cooled and stirred at rt for 16 hr. To the reaction mixture was added H2O and EtOAc, and layers were separated. The organic layer was dried and concentrated to dryness to provide 776 mg of the title compound: 1H NMR (500 Mhz) δ 0.91 (s, 9H), 2.53 (s, 2H), 7.12 (d, J = 8.0, 2H), 7.84 (d, J = 8.0, 2H); ESI-MS 193 (M+H); LC-1: 3.2 min.
Step C: 4-(5-(4-(2,2-Dimethylpropyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yDbenzaldehyde The title compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to Aldehyde 1 substituting 4-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)benzoic acid (from Step B above) for 4-(2- methylpropyl)benzoic acid in Aldehyde 1, Step B: ESI-MS 321 (M+H); LC-1: 4.7 min.
Aldehyde 16
4-(5-(4-(3,3,3-Trifluoropropyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-y)benzaldehyde The title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those described for Aldehyde 15 substituting l-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropane for 1-bromo- 2,2-dimethylpropane in Step A: ESI-MS 347 (M+H); LC-1: 4.0 min.
Aldehyde 17
4-(5-(4-(3,3,3-Trifluorobutyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-y)benzaldehyde
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those described for Aldehyde 15 substituting l-bromo-3,3,3-trifluorobutane for 1-bromo- 2,2-dimethylpropane in Step A: ESI-MS 361 (M+H); LC-1: 4.5 min.
Aldehyde 18 4-(5-(4-(2-Methylpropyl))-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-methylbenzaldehyde
Step A: 3-(4-Bromo-2-methylphenyl)-5-(4-(2-methylpropyl)ρhenyl)-l,2,4- oxadiazole
The title compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to described to prepare 4-(5-(4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)phenylmethanol (Aldehyde 1, Step B) substituting N-hydroxy-(4-bromo-2- methyl)benzamidine for N-hydroxy-(4-hydroxymethyl)benzamidine: lH NMR (400 Mhz, CC13D) δ 0.98 (d, J= 6.6, 6H), 1.98 (m, IH), 2.62 (d, J= 7.1, 2H), 2.72 (s, 3H), 7.37 (d, J= 8.1, 2H), 7.52 (d, J=8.4, IH), 7.56 (s, IH), 8.02 (d, J=8.4, IH), 8.16 (d, J= 8.1, 2H); ESI-MS 371 (M+H); LC-1: 5.3 min.
Step B : 4-(5-(4-(2-Methylpropyl)phenyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-methyl benzonitrile
A solution of 2.3 g (6.2 mmol) of 3-(4-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-5-(4-(2- methylpropyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazole (from Step A), 1.46 g (12.4 mmol) of zinc cyanide and 2.15 g (1.86 mmol) of Pd(PPh3)4 in 20 mL of DMF was stirred at 100 °C for 20 h. The reaction was cooled and quenched with 10 mL of sat'd NaHCO3. The quenched mixture was extracted with 100 mL of dichloromethane. The extract was dried and concentrated to afford 1.40 g of the title compound which was used without further purification: ESI-MS 318 (M+H); LC-1: 4.8 min. Step C: 4-(5-(4-(2-Methylpropyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3- methyl benzaldehyde
A solution of 1.40g (4.4 mmol) of 4-(5-(4-(2- methylpropyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-methyl benzonitrile (from Step B) in 20 mL of toluene was treated with 8.8 mL (8.8 mmol) of DLBALH (1.0 M in dichloromethane) at -78 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 30 min and quenched with 0.3 mL of acetic acid and 5 mL of water. The quenched mixture was allowed to warm to rt and was extracted with 50 mL of ethyl acetate. The extract was dried and concentrated to afford 1.0 g of the title compound: ESI-MS 321 (M+H); LC-1: 4.7 min.
Aldehyde 19 4-(5-(4-(2-Methylpropyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-chlorobenzaldehyde The title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those described for Aldehyde 19 substituting N-hydroxy-(4-bromo-2-chloro)benzamidine for N-hydroxy-(4-bromo-2-methyl)benzamidine in Step A: ESI-MS 341 (M+H); LC- 1: 4.6 min.
Aldehyde 20
4-(5-(4-(2-Methylpropyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-fluorobenz aldehyde
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those described for Aldehyde 19 substituting N-hydroxy-(4-bromo-2-fluoro)benzamidine for N-hydroxy-(4-bromo-2-methyl)benzamidine in Step A: ESI-MS 325 (M+H); LC- ' 1: 4.4 min.
Aldehyde 21 4-(5-(4-(2-(S)-Butoxy)-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl) benzaldehyde
Step A: 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-(2-(S)-butoxy)benzonitrile
A solution of 1.1 g (5.9 mmol) of 4-fluoro-3- trifluoromethylbenzonitrile and 485 mg (6.5 mmol) of (S)-(+)-2-butanol in 10 mL of THF at -10 °C was treated with 235 mg (5.9 mmol) of sodium hydride. The resulting mixture was stirred cold for 2 h, then quenched with 10 mL of H2O. The quenched solution was extracted with 30 mL of Et2O, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. Chromatography on a Biotage 40M cartridge using 4:1 v/v hexanes/EtOAc as the eluant afforded 550 mg of the title compound: 1H NMR (500 Mhz) δ 0.99 (t, J=7.6, 3H), 1.35 (d, J=6.2, 3H), 1.58-1.83 (m, 2H), 4.51 (septet, IH), 7.04 (d, J=8.7, IH), 7.75 (d, J=8.7, IH), 7.85 (s, IH).
Step B: 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-(2-(S)-butoxy)benzoic acid A solution of 550 mg (2.2 mmol) of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-(2-(S)- methylpropyloxy)benzonitrile (from Step A) in 5 mL of EtOH was treated with 1.5 mL of 5.0 N NaOH and was heated to 80 °C for 3 h. The reaction was then concentrated, treated with 2 N HCl, extracted with 30mL of EtOAc, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated which afforded 600 mg of the title compound: 1H NMR (500 Mhz) δ 0.99 (t, J=7.3, 3H), 1.43 (d, J=5.9, 3H), 1.73-1.83 (m, 2H), 4.54 (septet, IH), 7.02 (d, J=8.9, IH), 8.21 (d, J=8.9, IH), 8.32 (s, IH).
Step C: 4-(5-(4-(2-(S)-Butoxy)-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)phenylmethanol A solution of 600 mg (2.2 mmol) of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-(2-(S)- methylpropyloxy)benzoic acid (from Step B), 542 mg (2.2 mmol) of EDC and 357 mg (2.2 mmol) of HOBT in 6mL of DMF were stirred at rt for 1 h. The reaction was subsequently treated with 350 mg (2.2 mmol) of N-hydroxy-4- (hydroxymethyl)benzamidine (from Aldehyde 1, Step A) and heated to 80 °C for 12 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and purified via chromatography on a Biotage 40M cartridge using 2:1 v/v hexanes/EtOAc as the eluant affording 510 mg of the title compound: 1H NMR (500 MHz) δ 1.01 (t, J=7.3, 3H), 1.38 (d, J=5.9, 3H), 1.73-1.83 (m, 2H), 4.55 (septet, IH), 4.79 (s, 2H), 7.12 (d, J=8.9, IH), 7.51 (d,. J=8.2, 2H), 8.15 (d,. J=8.2, 2H), 8.30 (d, J=8.9, IH), 8.43 (s, IH).
Step D: 4-(5-(4-(2-(S)-Butoxy)-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3- vDbenz aldehyde A mixture of 510 mg (1.3 mmol) of 4-(5-(4-(2-(S)-methylpropyloxy)- 3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenylmethanol (from Step C), 153 mg (1.3 mmol) of 4-methylmorpholine N-oxide and 510 mg of 4 A molecular sieves in 8 mL of CH3CN was treated with 13 mg (0.04 mmol) of tetrapiOpylammonium perruthnate and the resulting mixture was stirred ar rt for 2 h. The solids were filtered and the filtrate was concentrated. Chromatography on a Biotage 40 S cartridge using 9:1 v/v hexanes/EtOAc (1L) as the eluant afforded 330 mg of the title compound: 1H NMR (500 Mhz) δ 1.01 (t, J=7.3, 3H), 1.38 (d, J=5.9, 3H), 1.73-1.83 (m, 2H), 4.56 (sextet, IH), 7.14 (d, J=8.9, IH), 8.02 (d,. J=8.2, 2H), 8.30 (d,. J=8.2, 2H), 8.32 (d, J=8.9, IH), 8.44 (s, IH), 10.1 (s, IH).
Aldehyde 22 4-(5-(4-(2-(S)-Butoxy)-3-fluorophenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
Step A: 3-Fluoro-4-(2-(S)-butoxy benzaldehvde
A solution of 750 mg (5.4 mmol) of 3-fluoro-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 403 mg (5.4 mmol) of (R)-(-)-2-butanol and 2 g (7.5 mmol) triphenylphosphine in 10 mL of THF was treated with 1.5 mL of diisopropylazodicarboxylate. The resulting solution was stirred at rt for 14 h, cooled to rt and concentrated. Chromatography on a Biotage 40M cartridge using 4: 1 v/v hexanes/Et2O as the eluant afforded 130 mg of the title compound: 1H NMR (500 Mhz) δ 0.99 (t, J= 7.6, 3H), 1.35 (d, J= 6.2, 3H), 1.58-
1.83 (m, 2H), 4.47 (m, IH), 7.05 (t, J= 8.2, IH), 7.59 (d, J= 8.2, IH), 7.61 (s, IH),
9.84 (s, IH).
Step B: 3-Fluoro-4-(2-(S)-butoxy)benzoic acid
A solution of 130 mg (0.66 mmol) of 3-fluoro-4-(2-(S)-butoxy)benzaldehyde in 1 mL of acetone was treated with a 73 mg (0.73 mmol) of chromium (VI) oxide in a 3:1 v/v mixture of water/sulfuric acid at 0 °C. The reaction was allowed to warm to rt and was stirred for 2 hr then extracted with 10 mL of EtOAc, washed with brine, dried over MgSO and concentrated to afford 130 mg of the title compound: 1H NMR (500 Mhz) δ 1.00 (t, J= 7.6, 3H), 1.36 (d, J= 6.2, 3H), 1.70 (m, IH), 1.82 (m, IH), 4.44 (m, IH), 6.99 (t, J= 8.2, IH), 7.79 (d, J= 8.2, IH), 7.85 (s, IH). Step C: 4-(5-(4-(2-(S)-Butoxy)-3-fluorophenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl) benzaldehyde
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those described for Aldehyde 21, Steps C and D substituting 3-fluoro-4-(2-(S)- butoxy)benzoic acid (from Step B) for 3-trifluoromethyl-4-(2-(S)-butoxy)benzoic acid in Aldehyde 21, Step C.
Aldehyde 23 4-(5-(4-(2-(S)-Butoxy)-3,5-difluorophenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
Step A: l-Bromo-3,5-difluoro-4-(2-(S)-butoxy)benzene
The title compound was prepared using procedure analogous to that described in Aldehyde 22, Step A substituting 4-bromo-2,6-difluorophenol for 3-fluoro-4- hydroxybenzaldhyde.
Step B: 3.5-Difluoro-4-(2-(S -butoxy)benzonitrile
A solution of 400 mg (1.5 mmol) of l-bromo-3,5-difluoro-4-(2-(S)- butoxy)benzene (from Step A), 106 mg (0.9 mmol) of zinc cyanide, 69 mg of tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) and 100 mg (0.18 mmol) of 1,1'- bis(diphenylphosino)ferrocene in 3 mL of DMF and 30 μL of water. The resulting solution was heated to 80 °C for 1 h and then cooled and concentrated. Chromatography on a Biotage 40M cartridge using 20:1 v/v hexanes/EtOAc as the eluant afforded 280 mg of the title compound: 1H NMR (500 Mhz) δ 1.01 (t, J=7.6, 3H), 1.35 (d, J=6.2, 3H), 1.68 (m, IH), 1.79 (m, IH), 4.47 (m, IH), 7.25 (d, 2H).
Step C: 3 ,5-Difluoro-4-(2-(S)-butoxy)benzoic acid
The title compound was prepared using procedure analogous to that described in Aldehyde 21, Step B substituting 3,5-difluoro-4-(2-(S)-butoxy)benzonitrile (from Step B) for 3-trifluoromethyl-4-(2-(S)-butoxy)benzonitrile: 1H NMR (500 Mhz) δ 1.0 (t, J=7.3, 3H), 1.32 (d, J=5.9, 3H), 1.68 (m, IH), 1.79 (m, IH), 4.45 (m, IH), 7.65 (d, J=8.3, 2H). Step D: 4-(5-(4-(2-(S)-Butoxy)-3,5-di-fluorophenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl) benzaldehyde
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those described for Aldehyde 21, Steps C and D substituting 3,5-difluoro-4-(2-(S)- butoxy)benzoic acid (from Step C) for 3-trifluoromethyl-4-(2-(S)-butoxy)benzoic acid in Aldehyde 21, Step C.
Aldehyde 24 4-(5-(4-(2-(S)-Butoxy)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
Step A: Methyl 4-(2-(S -butoxy)benzoate
The title compound was prepared using procedure analogous to that described in Aldehyde 22, Step A substituting methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate for 3-fluoro-4- hydroxybenzaldehyde.
Step B: 4-(2-(S)-Butoxy)benzoic acid
A solution of 1.0 g (4.8 mmol) of methyl 4-(2-(S)-butoxy)benzoate in 15 mL of MeOH was treated with 1 mL of 5.0 N NaOH at rt for 1 h. The solution was concentrated, acidified with 6 mL of 2 N HCl , extracted with EtOAc, dried over MgSO and concentrated to afford 800 mg (86%) of the title compound.
Step C: 4-(5-(4-(2-(S)-Butoxy)phenyl)-1.2.4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehvde
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those described for Aldehyde 21, Steps C and D substituting 4-(2-(S)-butoxy)benzoic acid (from Step B) for 3-trifluoromethyl-4-(2-(S)-butoxy)benzoic acid in Aldehyde 21, Step C.
Aldehyde 25 4-(5-(4-(2-(R)-Butoxy)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzaldehyde
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those described for Aldehyde 24 substituting 2-(S)-butanol for 2-(R)-butanol in Step A. Aldehyde 25 4-(5-(4-(Cyclobutoxy)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benz aldehyde
The title compound was prepared using procedures analogous to those
' described for Aldehyde 24 substituting cyclobutanol for 2-(R)-butanol in Step A.
PREPARATION OF EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1 l-(4-(5-(4-(3-Methylpropyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzyl)azetidine-3- carboxylic acid
A solution of 3.06 g (10.0 mmol) of Aldehyde 1, 1.06 g (10.5 mmol) of 3- azetidine carboxylic acid and 5 mL of acetic acid in 150 mL of methanol was stirred for 20 min at rt. A solution of sodium cyanoborohydride (380 mg, 5.0 mmol) in 20 mL of methanol was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h then was filtered. The solids were washed with 30 ml of methanol and dried to afford 2.88 g (74%) of the title compound: lH NMR (400 Mhz, CD3OD) δ 0.95 (d, J= 6.6, 6H), 1.96 (m, IH), 2.62 (d, J= 7.3, 2H), 3.42 (m, IH), 4.19 (m, 4H), 4.41 (s, 2H), 7.43 (d, J= 8.0, 2H), 7.64 (d, J=8.2, 2H), 8.14 (d, J= 8.0, 2H), 8.23 (d, J=8.2, 2H); ESI-MS 392 (M+H); LC-1: 3.0 min.
EXAMPLE 2 l-(4-(5-(4-(l,l-Dimethylethyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzyl)azetidine-3- carboxylic acid
A solution of 103.7 mg (0.34 mmol) Aldehyde 12 and 37.7 mg (0.37 mmol) of azetidine-3-carboxylic acid was stirred at rt for 15 min and then was treated with 86.5 mg (0.408 mmol) of sodium triacetoxyborohydride. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH and directly purified by LC-2 to afford the title compound: 1H NMR (500 Mhz) δ 1.38 (s, 9H), 3.65-3.72 (m, IH), 4.32-4.39 (m, 4H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 7.64-7.68 (m, 4H), 8.13-8.16 ( , 2H), 8.24-8.25 (m, 2H); ESI-MS 392 (M+H); LC-1: 2.9 min.
The following Examples were prepared using a procedure analogous to that described for Example 2 substituting the appropriate Aldehyde for Aldehyde 12.
Figure imgf000052_0001
Figure imgf000052_0002
Figure imgf000053_0001
Figure imgf000054_0002
The following Examples were prepared using a procedure analogous to that described for Example 2 substituting the appropriate Aldehyde for Aldehyde 1 and substituting pyrrolidine-3-(R)-carboxylic acid (Synthesis, 1998, 1491) for azetidine-3-carboxylic acid.
Figure imgf000054_0001
Figure imgf000054_0003
EXAMPLE 30 (±)-l-(l-(4-(5-(4-(l,l-Dimethylethyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)ethyl) azetidine-3-carboxylic acid
Step A: (±)-4-(5-(4-(2-Methylpropyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-l-(l- hydroxyethyPbenzene
A solution of 0.5 g (1.63 mmol) of Aldehyde 1 in 10 mL of THF was treated with 1.1 mL (3.3 mmol) of methylmagnesium iodide (3.0 M in diethyl ether) at -78 °C and was allowed to warm to rt over 30 min. The resulting mixture was quenched with 5 mL of 1 N HCl and was extracted with 30 mL of ethyl acetate. The extract was washed, dried and concentrated to afford the title compound: ESI-MS 323 (M+H); LC-1: 4.2 min.
Step B: 4-(5-(4-(2-Methylpropyl)phenyl)-l,2.4-oxadiazol-3-yl)acetophenone
The title compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to that described in Aldehyde 1, Step C substituting (±)-4-(5-(4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl)- l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-l-(l-hydroxyethyl)benzene (from Step A) for 4-(5-(4-(2- methylpropyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenylmethanol: ESI-MS 321 (M+H); LC-1: 4.6 min.
Step C: (±)-l-(l-(4-(5-(4-(l,l-Dimethylethyl)phenyl)-l,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)phenyl)ethyl) azetidine-3 -carboxylic acid
The title compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to that described in Example 2 substituting 4-(5-(4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl)-l,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl) acetophenone for Aldehyde 12: ESI-MS 406 (M+H); LC-1: 3.5 min.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
The SlPl Edgl, SlP3,/Edg3, SlP2/Εdg5, SlP4/Edg6 or SIP5 /Edg8 activity of the compounds of the present invention can be evaluated using the following assays: Ligand Binding to Edg/SIP Receptors Assay
33p-sρhingosine- 1-phosphate was synthesized enzymatically from γ33p-ATP and sphingosine using a crude yeast extract with sphingosine kinase activity in a reaction mix containing 50 mM KH2PO4, 1 mM mercaptoethanol, 1 mM Na3VO4, 25 mM KF, 2 mM semicarbazide, 1 mM Na2EDTA, 5 mM MgCl2, 50 mM sphingosine, 0.1% TritonX-114, and 1 mCi γ33p-ATP (NEN; specific activity 3000 Ci/mmol). Reaction products were extracted with butanol and 33p_Sphingosine-l- phosphate was purified by HPLC. Cells expressing EDG/S IP receptors were harvested with enzyme-free dissociation solution (Specialty Media, Lavallette, NJ). They were washed once in cold PBS and suspended in binding assay buffer consisting of 50 mM HEPES-Na, pH 7.5, 5mM MgCl2, lmM CaCl2, and 0.5% fatty acid-free BSA. 33p_Sphingosine-l- phosphate was sonicated with 0.1 nM sphingosine-1-phosphate in binding assay buffer; 100 μl of the ligand mixture was added to 100 μl cells (1 x lθ6 cells/ml) in a 96 well microtiter dish. Binding was performed for 60 min at room temperature with gentle mixing. Cells were then collected onto GF/B filter plates with a Packard Filtermate Universal Harvester. After drying the filter plates for 30 min, 40 μl of Microscint 20 was added to each well and binding was measured on a Wallac Microbeta Scintillation Counter. Non-specific binding was defined as the amount of radioactivity remaining in the presence of 0.5 μM cold sphingosine-1-phosphate.
Alternatively, ligand binding assays were performed on membranes prepared from cells expressing Edg/SIP receptors. Cells were harvested with enzyme-free dissociation solution and washed once in cold PBS. Cells were disrupted by homogenization in ice cold 20 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 10 mM EDTA using a
Kinematica polytron (setting 5, for 10 seconds). Homogenates were centrifuged at 48,000 x g for 15 min at 40C and the pellet was suspended in 20 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 0.1 mM EDTA. Following a second centrifugation, the final pellet was suspended in 20 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl2- Ligand binding assays were performed as described above, using 0.5 to 2 μg of membrane protein.
Agonists and antagonists of Edg/SIP receptors can be identified in the 33p-sphingosine-l-phosphate binding assay. Compounds diluted in DMSO, methanol, or other solvent, were mixed with probe containing 33p-Sphingosine-l- phosphate and binding assay buffer in microtiter dishes. Membranes prepared from cells expressing Edg/SIP receptors were added, and binding to 33p_ sphingosine- 1- phosphate was performed as described. Determination of the amount of binding in the presence of varying concentrations of compound and analysis of the data by non- linear regression software such as MRLCalc (Merck Research Laboratories) or
PRISM (GraphPad Software) was used to measure the affinity of compounds for the receptor. Selectivity of compounds for Edg/SIP receptors was determined by measuring the level of 33p_Sp ingosine-l-phosphate binding in the presence of the compound using membranes prepared from cells transfected with each respective receptor (SlPi Edgl, SlP3/Edg3, SlP2/Edg5, SlP4/Εdg6, SlP5/Edg8).
35S-GTPγS Binding Assay
Functional coupling of SlP/Edg receptors to G proteins was measured in a 35s-GTPγS binding assay. Membranes prepared as described in the Ligand Binding to Edg/SIP Receptors Assay (1-10 μg of membrane protein) were incubated in a 200 μl volume containing 20 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl2,
5 μM GDP, 0.1% fatty acid-free BSA (Sigma, catalog A8806), various concentrations of sphingosine- 1-phosphate, and 125 pM 35s-GTPγS (NEN; specific activity 1250 Ci/mmol) in 96 well microtiter dishes. Binding was performed for 1 hour at room temperature with gentle mixing, and terminated by harvesting the membranes onto GF/B filter plates with a Packard Filtermate Universal Harvester. After drying the filter plates for 30 min, 40 μl of Microscint 20 was added to each well and binding was measured on a Wallac Microbeta Scintillation Counter.
Agonists and antagonists of SlP Edg receptors can be discriminated in the 35s-GTPγS binding assay. Compounds diluted in DMSO, methanol, or other solvent, were added to microtiter dishes to provide final assay concentrations of 0.01 nM to 10 μM. Membranes prepared from cells expressing SlP Edg receptors were added, and binding to 35s-GTPγS was performed as described. When assayed in the absence of the natural ligand or other known agonist, compounds that stimulate 35s- GTPγS binding above the endogenous level were considered agonists, while compounds that inhibit the endogenous level of 35s-GTPγS binding were considered inverse agonists. Antagonists were detected in a 35s-GTPγS binding assay in the presence of a sub-maximal level of natural ligand or known SlP/Edg receptor agonist, where the compounds reduced the level of 35s-GTPγS binding. Determination of the amount of binding in the presence of varying concentrations of compound was used to measure the potency of compounds as agonists, inverse agonists, or antagonists of SlP/Edg receptors. To evaluate agonists, percent stimulation over basal was calculated as binding in the presence of compound divided by binding in the absence of ligand, multiplied by 100. Dose response curves were plotted using a non-linear regression curve fitting program MRLCalc (Merck Research Laboratories), and EC50 values were defined to be the concentration of agonist required to give 50% of its own maximal stimulation. Selectivity of compounds for SlP/Edg receptors was determined by measuring the level of 35s-GTPγS binding in the presence of compound using membranes prepared from cells transfected with each respective receptor.
Intracellular Calcium Flux Assay
Functional coupling of SlP/Edg receptors to G protein associated intracellular calcium mobilization was measured using FLIPR (Fluorescence Imaging Plate Reader, Molecular Devices). Cells expressing SlP Edg receptors were harvested and washed once with assay buffer (Hanks Buffered Saline Solution (BRL) containing 20mM HEPES, 0.1% BSA and 710 μg/ml probenicid (Sigma)). Cells were labeled in the same buffer containing 500 nM of the calcium sensitive dye Fluo-4 (Molecular Probes) for 1 hour at 370C and 5% CO2. The cells were washed twice with buffer before plating 1.5xlθ5 per well (90μl) in 96 well polylysine coated black microtiter dishes. A 96- well ligand plate was prepared by diluting sphingosine- 1- phosphate or other agonists into 200 μl of assay buffer to give a concentration that was 2-fold the final test concentration. The ligand plate and the cell plate were loaded into the FLIPR instrument for analysis. Plates were equilibrated to 37°C. The assay was initiated by transferring an equal volume of ligand to the cell plate and the calcium flux was recorded over a 3 min interval. Cellular response was quantitated as area (sum) or maximal peak height (max). Agonists were evaluated in the absence of natural ligand by dilution of compounds into the appropriate solvent and transfer to the Fluo-4 labeled cells. Antagonists were evaluated by pretreating Fluo-4 labeled cells with varying concentrations of compounds for 15 min prior to the initiation of calcium flux by addition of the natural ligand or other S lP/Edg receptor agonist. Preparation of Cells Expressing SlP/Edg Receptors
Any of a variety of procedures may be used to clone SlPl/Edgl, SlP3/Edg3, SlP2/Edg5, SlP4/Edg6 or SlP5/Εdg8. These methods include, but are not limited to, (1) a RACE PCR cloning technique (Frohman, et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 8998-9002). 5' and/or 3' RACE may be performed to generate a full-length cDNA sequence; (2) direct functional expression of the Edg/SIP cDNA following the construction of an SlP/Edg-containing cDNA library in an appropriate expression vector system; (3) screening an SlP/Edg-containing cDNA library constructed in a bacteriophage or plasmid shuttle vector with a labeled degenerate oligonucleotide probe designed from the amino acid sequence of the SlP/Edg protein; (4) screening an SlP/Edg-containing cDNA library constructed in a bacteriophage or plasmid shuttle vector with a partial cDNA encoding the SlP Edg protein. This partial cDNA is obtained by the specific PCR amplification of SlP/Edg DNA fragments through the design of degenerate oligonucleotide primers from the amino acid sequence known for other proteins which are related to the SlP/Edg protein; (5) screening an S lP/Edg-containing cDNA library constructed in a bacteriophage or plasmid shuttle vector with a partial cDNA or oligonucleotide with homology to a mammalian S lP/Edg protein. This strategy may also involve using gene-specific oligonucleotide primers for PCR amplification of SlP/Edg cDNA; or (6) designing 5' and 3' gene specific oligonucleotides using the SlP/Edg nucleotide sequence as a template so that either the full-length cDNA may be generated by known RACE techniques, or a portion of the coding region may be generated by these same known RACE techniques to generate and isolate a portion of the coding region to use as a probe to screen one of numerous types of cDNA and/or genomic libraries in order to isolate a full-length version of the nucleotide sequence encoding SlP/Edg.
It is readily apparent to those skilled in the art that other types of libraries, as well as libraries constructed from other cell types-or species types, may be useful for isolating an SlP/Edg-encoding DNA or an SlP/Edg homologue. Other types of libraries include, but are not limited to, cDNA libraries derived from other cells.
It is readily apparent to those skilled in the art that suitable cDNA libraries may be prepared from cells or cell lines which have SlP/Edg activity. The selection of cells or cell lines for use in preparing a cDNA library to isolate a cDNA encoding SlP Edg may be done by first measuring cell-associated SlP/Edg activity using any known assay available for such a purpose.
Preparation of cDNA libraries can be performed by standard techniques well known in the art. Well known cDNA library construction techniques can be found for example, in Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York. Complementary DNA libraries may also be obtained from numerous commercial sources, including but not limited to Clontech Laboratories, Inc. and Stratagene. An expression vector containing DNA encoding an SlP/Edg-like protein may be used for expression of SlP/Edg in a recombinant host cell. Such recombinant host cells can be cultured under suitable conditions to produce SlP/Edg or a biologically equivalent form. Expression vectors may include, but are not limited to, cloning vectors, modified cloning vectors, specifically designed plasmids or viruses. Commercially available mammalian expression vectors may be suitable for recombinant SlP/Edg expression.
Recombinant host cells may be prokaryotic or eukaryotic, including but not limited to, bacteria such as E. coli, fungal cells such as yeast, mammalian cells including, but not limited to, cell lines of bovine, porcine, monkey and rodent origin; and insect cells including but not limited to Drosophila and silkworm derived cell lines.
The nucleotide sequences for the various S lP Edg receptors are known in the art. See, for example, the following: SlPi/Edgl Human Hla, T. and T. Maciag 1990 An abundant transcript induced in differentiating human endothelial cells encodes a polypeptide with structural similarities to G-protein coupled receptors. J. Biol Chem. 265:9308-9313, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
WO91/15583, published on October 17, 1991, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
WO99/46277, published on September 16, 1999, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. SlPi/Edgl Mouse
WO0059529, published October 12, 2000, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
U.S. No. 6,323,333, granted November 27, 2001, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Figure imgf000061_0001
Lado, D.C., C. S. Browe, A.A. Gaskin, J. M. Borden, and A. J. MacLennan. 1994 Cloning of the rat edg-1 immediate-eai y gene: expression pattern suggests diverse functions. Gene 149: 331-336, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
U.S. No. 5,585,476, granted December 17, 1996, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
U.S. No. 5856,443, granted January 5, 1999, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
SlP3_/Edg3 Human
An, S., T. Bleu, W. Huang, O.G. Hallmark, S. R. Coughlin, E.J. Goetzl 1997 Identification of cDNAs encoding two G protein-coupled receptors for lysosphingolipids FEBS Lett. 417:279-282, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
WO 99/60019, published November 25, 1999, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
U.S. No. 6,130,067, granted October 10, 2000, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
SlP;VEdg3 Mouse
WO 01/11022, published February 15, 2001, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Figure imgf000061_0002
WO 01/27137, published April 19, 2001, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. SlP; /Edg5 Human
An, S., Y. Zheng, T. Bleu 2000 Sphingosine 1 -Phosphate-induced cell proliferation, survival, and related signaling events mediated by G Protein-coupled receptors Edg3 and Edg5. J. Biol. Chem 275: 288-296, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
WO 99/35259, published July 15, 1999, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
WO99/54351, published October 28, 1999, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
WO 00/56135, published September 28, 2000, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
SlP?/Edg5 Mouse WO 00/60056, published October 12, 2000, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
SlP2/_Edg5 Rat
Okazaki, H., N. Ishizaka, T. Sakurai, K. Kurokawa, K. Goto, M. Kumada, Y. Takuwa 1993 Molecular cloning of a novel putative G protein-coupled receptor expressed in the cardiovascular system. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 190:1104-1109, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
MacLennan, A.J., C. S. Browe, A.A. Gaskin, D.C. Lado, G. Shaw 1994 Cloning and characterization of a putative G-protein coupled receptor potentially involved in development. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 5: 201-209, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
U.S. No. 5,585,476, granted December 17, 1996, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
U.S. No. 5856,443, granted January 5, 1999, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. SlP4/Edg6 Human
Graler, M.H., G. Bernhardt, M. Lipp 1998 EDG6, a novel G-protein- coupled receptor related to receptors for bioactive lysophospholipids, is specifically expressed in lymphoid tissue. Genomics 53: 164-169, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
WO 98/48016, published October 29, 1998, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
U.S. No. 5,912,144, granted June 15, 1999, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. WO 98/50549, published November 12, 1998, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
U.S. No. 6,060,272, granted May 9, 2000, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
WO 99/35106, published July 15, 1999, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
WO 00/15784, published March 23, 2000, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
WO 00/14233, published March 16, 2000, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
SlP4/Edg6 Mouse
WO 00/15784, published March 23, 2000, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
SlP^/Edgδ Human
Im, D.-S., J. Clemens, T.L. Macdonald, K.R. Lynch 2001 Characterization of the human and mouse sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor, SIP5
(Edg-8): Structure-Activity relationship of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. Biochemistry 40:14053-14060, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. WO 00/11166, published March 2, 2000, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. WO 00/31258, published June 2, 2000, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
WO 01/04139, published January 18, 2001, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. EP 1 090 925 , published April 11 , 2001 , hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
SIP Ed δ Rat
Im, D.-S., C.E. Heise, N. Ancellin, B. F. O'Dowd, G.-J. Shei, R. P. Heavens, M. R. Rigby, T. Hla, S. Mandala, G. McAllister, S.R. George, K.R. Lynch
2000 Characterization of a novel sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor, Edg-8. J. Biol.
Chem. 275: 14281-14286, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
WO 01/05829, published January 25, 2001, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Measurement of cardiovascular effects
The effects of compounds of the present invention on cardiovascular parameters can be evaluated by the following procedure:
Adult male rats (approx. 350 g body weight) were instrumented with femoral arterial and venous catheters for measurement of arterial pressure and intravenous compound administration, respectively. Animals were anesthetized with
Nembutal (55 mg/kg, ip). Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded on the Gould
Po-Ne-Mah data acquisition system. Heart rate was derived from the arterial pulse wave. Following an acclimation period, a baseline reading was taken (approximately 20 minutes) and the data averaged. Compound was administered intravenously (either bolus injection of approximately 5 seconds or infusion of 15 minutes duration), and data were recorded every 1 minute for 60 minutes post compound administration.
Data are calculated as either the peak change in heart rate or mean arterial pressure or are calculated as the area under the curve for changes in heart rate or blood pressure versus time. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. A one-tailed Student's paired t-test is used for statistical comparison to baseline values and considered significant at p<0.05. The SIP effects on the rat cardiovascular system are described in Sugiyama, A., N.N. Aye, Y. Yatomi, Y. Ozaki, K. Hashimoto 2000 Effects of Sphingosine- 1 -Phosphate, a naturally occurring biologically active lysophospholipid, on the rat cardiovascular system. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 82: 338-342, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Measurement of Mouse Acute Toxicity
A single mouse is dosed intravenously (tail vein) with 0.1 ml of test compound dissolved in a non-toxic vehicle and is observed for signs of toxicity. Severe signs may include death, seizure, paralysis or unconciousness. Milder signs are also noted and may include ataxia, labored breathing, ruffling or reduced activity relative to normal. Upon noting signs, the dosing solution is diluted in the same vehicle. The diluted dose is administered in the same fashion to a second mouse and is likewise observed for signs. The process is repeated until a dose is reached that produces no signs. This is considered the estimated no-effect level. An additional mouse is dosed at this level to confirm the absence of signs.
Assessment of Lymphopenia
Compounds are administered as described in Measurement of Mouse Acute Toxicity and lymphopenia is assessed in mice at three hours post dose as follows. After rendering a mouse unconscious by CO2 to effect, the chest is opened,
0.5 ml of blood is withdrawn via direct cardiac puncture, blood is immediately stabilized with EDTA and hematology is evaluated using a clinical hematology autoanalyzer calibrated for performing murine differential counts (H2000, CARESIDE, Culver City CA). Reduction in lymphocytes by test treatment is established by comparison of hematological parameters of three mice versus three vehicle treated mice. The dose used for this evaluation is determined by tolerability using a modification of the dilution method above. For this purpose, no-effect is desirable, mild effects are acceptable and severely toxic doses are serially diluted to levels that produce only mild effects. In Vitro Activity of Examples
The examples disclosed herein have utility as immunoregulatory agents as demonstrated by their activity as potent and selective agonists of the SlP /Edgl receptor over the S1PR3/Edg3 receptor as measured in the assays described above. In particular, the examples disclosed herein possess a selectivity for the SlPl/Edgl receptor over the S1PR3/Edg3 receptor of more than 500 fold as measured by the ratio of EC50 for the SlPl/Edgl receptor to the EC50 for the SlP3/Edg3 receptor as evaluated in the 35s-GTPγS binding assay described above and possess an EC50 for binding to the SlPl/Edgl receptor of less than 50 nM as evaluated by the 35s-GTPγS binding assay described above.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A compound represented by Formula I:
Figure imgf000067_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof, wherein:
n is 0 or 1;
Y is a bond, -O- or -S(O)k~, wherein k is 0, 1 or 2;
each R3 is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen and Ci- 4alkyl, said Ci_4alkyl optionally substituted with from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, Cι_4alkoxy and carboxy;
each R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, Cι_ 4alkyl and Cι_3alkoxy, said C ^ lkyl and Cι_3alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo;
each R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of:
(a) halo,
(b) cyano,
(c) hydroxy,
Figure imgf000068_0001
(e) Cι_6alkyl,
( ) C2-6alkenyl,
(g) C3_6alkynyl
(h) C _6alkoxy
(i) Ci_6alkyl-S(O)k-, wherein k is 0, 1 or 2,
CD C3-6cycloalkyl,
(k) phenyl, and
(1) HETl;
wherein items (e) to (j) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy and Cι_3alko y, said Cι_3alkoxy group optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo, and
wherein items (k) and (1) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C^al yl and Ci-3alkoxy, said Cι_ 4alkyl and Ci -.3 alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo;
R6 is selected from the group consisting of: (1) hydrogen
(2) halo,
(3) cyano,
(4) Ci-ioalkyl,
(5) C2-10alkenyl,
(6) C3-ioalkynyl,
(7) C3_6cycloalkyl
(8) phenyl, and
(9) HET2; wherein items (4) to (6) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl, HET3 and Cι_ 3alkoxy, said C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl, HET3 and Ci-^alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo,
wherein item (7) above is optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, phenyl, HET and Cι_3alko y, said phenyl, HET4 and
C _3alko y groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo, and
wherein items (8) and (9) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C1-.4a.kyl and Cj -3 alkoxy, said Cι_
4alkyl and Ci -.3 alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo,
with the provsio that R6 is not halo or cyano when Y is -O- or -S(O)k-; or
R6 and one R5 group or two R5 groups may be joined together to form a five or six- membered monocyclic ring optionally containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of: O, S, orN(R7),
each R7 is independently hydrogen or Cι_4alkyl, said Ci_4alkyl optionally substituted substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo; and
HETl , HET2, HET3 and HET are each independently selected from the group consisting of: benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, carbazolyl, carbolinyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, indolazinyl, indazolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridopyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolyl, quinoxalinyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, triazolyl, azetidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, hexahydroazepinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, dihydrobenzimidazolyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothiophenyl, dihydrobenzoxazolyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydroimidazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihydroisooxazolyl, dihydroisothiazolyl, dihydrooxadiazolyl, dihydrooxazolyl, dihydropyrazinyl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydropyridinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, dihydroquinolinyl, dihydrotetrazolyl, dihydrothiadiazolyl, dihydrothiazolyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydrotriazolyl, dihydroazetidinyl, methylenedioxybenzoyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and tetrahydrothienyl.
2. The compound according to Claim 1 wherein n is 0.
3. The compound according to Claim 1 wherein n is 1.
4. The compound according to Claim 1 wherein R is hydrogen or methyl.
5. The compound according to Claim 1 wherein one R4 is present and said R4 is halo or methyl.
6. The compound according to Claim 1 wherein no R5 is present.
7. The compound according to Claim 1 wherein R6 is selected from the group consisting of:
(1) CMOalkyl,
(2) C2-10alkenyl, (3) C3-10alkynyl,
(4) C3_6cycloalkyl
(5) phenyl, and
(6) HET2; wherein items (1) to (3) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl, HET3 and Cι_ 3alkoxy, said C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl, HET3 and Cι_3alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo,
wherein item (4) above is optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, phenyl, HET4 and Cι_3alkoxy, said phenyl, HET4 and
C ι_3 alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo, and
wherein items (5) and (6) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, Ci-4alkyl and Cχ_3 alkoxy, said Cι_
4alkyl and Ci-3al oxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo.
8. The compound according to Claim 7 wherein R6 is selected from the group consisting of:
(1) Ci-ioalkyl,
(2) C2-10alkenyl,
(3) C3-10alkynyl, (4) C3-6cycloalkyl and
(5) phenyl,
wherein items (1) to (3) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C3-6cycloalkyl, phenyl and C _3alko y, said C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl and C _3alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo, wherein item (4) above is optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, phenyl and Cι_3alkoxy, said phenyl and Cι_3alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo, and
wherein item (5) above is optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C ^alkyl and Cι_3alkoxy, said Ci-4alkyl and Cι_
3alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo.
The compound according to Claim 1 of Formula la:
Figure imgf000072_0001
la
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof, wherein:
n is O or 1;
Y is a bond or -O-
R6 is selected from the group consisting of: (1) Ci-ioalkyl, (2) C2-10alkenyl,
(3) C3_ioalkynyl,
(4) C3_6cycloalkyl
(5) phenyl, and
(6) HET2;
wherein items (1) to (3) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C3_6cycloaιkyl, phenyl, HET3 and Cι_ 3alkoxy, said C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl, HET3 and Ci-3--lkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo,
wherein item (4) above is optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, phenyl, HET4 and C -3alkoxy, said phenyl, HET4 and
Cι_3alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo, and
wherein items (5) and (6) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C^aU yl and Ci -3 alkoxy, said C _
4alkyl and Ci-3alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo; and
HET2, HET3 and HET4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, carbazolyl, carbolinyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, indolazinyl, indazolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridopyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolyl, quinoxalinyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, triazolyl, azetidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, hexahydroazepinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, dihydrobenzimidazolyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothiophenyl, dihydrobenzoxazolyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydroimidazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihydroisooxazolyl, dihydroisothiazolyl, dihydrooxadiazolyl, dihydrooxazolyl, dihydropyrazinyl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydropyridinyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, dihydroquinolinyl, dihydrotetrazolyl, dihydrothiadiazolyl, dihydrothiazolyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydrotriazolyl, dihydroazetidinyl, methylenedioxybenzoyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and tetrahydrothienyl.
10. The compound according to Claim 9 wherein R6 is selected from the group consisting of:
(1) Ci-ioalkyl,
(2) C2-10alkenyl,
(3) C3_ιoalkynyl,
(4) C3-6cycloalkyl and (5) phenyl,
wherein items (1) to (3) above are each optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl and Cι_3alkoxy, said C3_6cycloalkyl, phenyl and Cι_3alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo,
wherein item (4) above is optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, phenyl and Cι_3alkoxy, said phenyl and Cι_3alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo, and
wherein item (5) above is optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substituable positions with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of: halo, hydroxy, Ci-4aιkyl and Ci -3 alkoxy, said Cι_4alkyl and C _
3 alkoxy groups optionally substituted from one up to the maximum number of substitutable positions with halo.
11. The compound according to Claim 9 wherein n is 0, Y is a bond and R6 is Ci_6alkyl.
12. A compound selected from the following table:
Figure imgf000075_0001
Figure imgf000076_0001
-75-
Figure imgf000077_0001
-76-
Figure imgf000078_0001
Figure imgf000079_0001
Figure imgf000080_0001
-79-
Figure imgf000081_0001
Figure imgf000082_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
13. A method of treating an immunoregulatory abnormality in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient a compound in accordance with Claim 1 in an amount that is effective for treating said immunoregulatory abnormality.
14. The method according to Claim 13 wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is an autoimmune or chronic inflammatory disease selected from the group consisting of: systemic lupus erythematosis, chronic rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease, biliary cirrhosis, uveitis, multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, bullous pemphigoid, sarcoidosis, psoriasis, autoimmune myositis, Wegener's granulomatosis, ichthyosis, Graves ophthalmopathy and asthma.
15. The method according to Claim 13 wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is bone marrow or organ transplant rejection or graft- versus-host disease.
16. The method according to Claim 13 wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is selected from the group consisting of: transplantation of organs or tissue, graft- versus-host diseases brought about by transplantation, autoimmune syndromes including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, type I diabetes, uveitis, posterior uveitis, allergic encephalomyelitis, glomerulonephritis, post-infectious autoimmune diseases including rheumatic fever and post-infectious glomerulonephritis, inflammatory and hyperproliferative skin diseases, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, eczematous dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, lichen planus, pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, epidermolysis bullosa, urticaria, angioedemas, vasculitis, erythema, cutaneous eosinophilia, lupus erythematosus, acne, alopecia areata, keratoconjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, uveitis associated with Behcet's disease, keratitis, herpetic keratitis, conical cornea, dystrophia epithelialis corneae, corneal leukoma, ocular pemphigus, Mooren's ulcer, scleritis, Graves' opthalmopathy, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, sarcoidosis, pollen allergies, reversible obstructive airway disease, bronchial asthma, allergic asthma, intrinsic asthma, extrinsic asthma, dust asthma, chronic or inveterate asthma, late asthma and airway hyper-responsiveness, bronchitis, gastric ulcers, vascular damage caused by ischemic diseases and thrombosis, ischemic bowel diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, necrotizing enterocolitis, intestinal lesions associated with thermal burns, coeliac diseases, proctitis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, mastocytosis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, migraine, rhinitis, eczema, interstitial nephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, diabetic nephropathy, multiple myositis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Meniere's disease, polyneuritis, multiple neuritis, mononeuritis, radiculopathy, hyperthyroidism, Basedow's disease, pure red cell aplasia, aplastic anemia, hypoplastic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, agranulocytosis, pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, anerythroplasia, osteoporosis, sarcoidosis, fibroid lung, idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, dermatomyositis, leukoderma vulgaris, ichthyosis vulgaris, photoallergic sensitivity, cutaneous T cell lymphoma, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, aortitis syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, myocardosis, scleroderma, Wegener's granuloma, Sjogren's syndrome, adiposis, eosinophilic fascitis, lesions of gingiva, periodontium, alveolar bone, substantia ossea dentis, glomerulonephritis, male pattern alopecia or alopecia senilis by preventing epilation or providing hair germination and/or promoting hair generation and hair growth, muscular dystrophy, pyoderma and Sezary's syndrome, Addison's disease, ischemia-reperfusion injury of organs which occurs upon preservation, transplantation or ischemic disease, endotoxin-shock, pseudomembranous colitis, colitis caused by drug or radiation, ischemic acute renal insufficiency, chronic renal insufficiency, toxinosis caused by lung-oxygen or drugs, lung cancer, pulmonary emphysema, cataracta, siderosis, retinitis pigmentosa, senile macular degeneration, vitreal scarring, corneal alkali bum, dermatitis erythema multiforme, linear IgA ballous dermatitis and cement dermatitis, gingivitis, periodontitis, sepsis, pancreatitis, diseases caused by environmental pollution, aging, carcinogenesis, metastasis of carcinoma and hypobaropathy, disease caused by histamine or leukotriene-C4 release, Behcet's disease, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, sclerosing cholangitis, partial liver resection, acute liver necrosis, necrosis caused by toxin, viral hepatitis, shock, or anoxia, B-viras hepatitis, non- A/non-B hepatitis, cirrhosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, hepatic failure, fulminant hepatic failure, late-onset hepatic failure, "acute-on-chronic" liver failure, augmentation of chemotherapeutic effect, cytomegalo virus infection, HCMV infection, AIDS, cancer, senile dementia, trauma, and chronic bacterial infection.
17. The method according to Claim 13 wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is multiple sclerosis.
18. The method according to Claim 13 wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is rheumatoid arthritis.
19. The method according to Claim 13 wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is systemic lupus erythematosus.
20. The method according to Claim 13 wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is psoriasis.
21. The method according to Claim 13 wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is rejection of transplanted organ or tissue.
22. The method according to Claim 13 wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is inflammatory bowel disease.
23. The method according to Claim 13 wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is a malignancy of lymphoid origin.
24. The method according to Claim 13 wherein the immunoregulatory abnormality is acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemias and lymphomas.
25. A method of suppressing the immune system in a mammalian patient in need of immunosuppression comprising administering to said patient an immunosuppressing effective amount of a compound of Claim 1.
26. A pharmaceutical composition comprised of a compound in accordance with Claim 1 in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
27. A method of treating a respiratory disease or condition in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient a compound in accordance with Claim 1 in an amount that is effective for treating said respiratory disease or condition.
28. The method according to Claim 27 wherein the respiratory disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of: asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, infant respiratory distress syndrome, cough, eosinophilic granuloma, respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, bronchiectasis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, acute lung injury and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia.
29. A method of treating an immunoregulatory abnormality in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment comprising administering to said patient a compound which is an agonist of the SlP /Edgl receptor in an amount effective for treating said immunoregulatory abnormality, wherein said compound possesses a selectivity for the SlPi/Edgl receptor over the SlP3 Edg3 receptor of at least 5,000 fold as measured by the ratio of EC50 for the SlPl/Edgl receptor to the EC50 f°r tne SlP3/Edg3 receptor as evaluated in the 35s-GTPγS binding assay and wherein said compound possesses an EC50 for binding to the SlPi/Edgl receptor of 100 nM or less as evaluated by the 35s-GTPγS binding assay.
30. The method according to Claim 29 wherein the compound possesses an EC50 f°r binding to the SlPi Edgl receptor of 10 nM or less as evaluated by the 35s-GTPγS binding assay.
31. The method according to Claim 30 wherein the compound possesses an EC50 for binding to the SlPi/Edgl receptor of 1 nM or less as evaluated by the 35s-GTPγS binding assay.
32. The method according to Claim 29 wherein the compound has a selectivity for the SlP /Edgl receptor over the SlP3 Edg3 receptor of at least 10,000 fold as measured by the ratio of EC50 for the SlPl/Edgl receptor to the EC50 for the SlP3/Edg3 receptor as evaluated in the 35s-GTPγS binding assay.
33. The method according to Claim 32 wherein the compound has a selectivity for the SlPi Edgl receptor over the SlP3/Edg3 receptor of at least 15,000 fold as measured by the ratio of EC50 for the SlPi Edgl receptor to the EC50 for the SlP3/Edg3 receptor as evaluated in the 35s-GTPγS binding assay.
34. The method according to Claim 33 wherein the compound has a selectivity for the SlPl/Edgl receptor over the SlP3 Edg3 receptor of at least 20,000 fold as measured by the ratio of EC50 for the SlPi/Edgl receptor to the EC50 for the S 1PR3/Edg3 receptor as evaluated in the 35s-GTPγS binding assay.
35. The method according to Claim 29 wherein the patient also has a respiratory disease or condition.
36. The method according to Claim 29 wherein the patient is also suffering from a cardiovascular disease or condition.
PCT/US2003/018852 2002-06-17 2003-06-16 1-((5-aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzyl)azetidine-3-carboxylates and 1-((5-aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylates as edg receptor agonists WO2003105771A2 (en)

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