WO2003065078A2

WO2003065078A2 - P-si er fiber profile

Info

Publication number: WO2003065078A2
Application number: PCT/US2002/036975
Authority: WO
Inventors: Adam K. Collier; Grant Cunningham; Gang Qi
Original assignee: Corning Incorporated
Priority date: 2002-01-31
Filing date: 2002-11-15
Publication date: 2003-08-07
Also published as: US6823122B2; EP1476774A2; WO2003065078A3; US20030142937A1; EP1476774A4; AU2002363931A1; JP2005516408A

Abstract

An optical fiber for signal amplification comprises a core (10), doped with at least 15% phosphorus by weight and a rare earth ion sufficient to provide amplification of an optical signal. The fiber also comprises a clad layer (50) surrounding the core with an inner portion (30) and an outer portion (40). The refractive index of the inner portion of the clad layer is lower than that at the outer radius of the core region. This depressed inner clad portion serves to confine electromagnetic radiation within a selected wavelength range to substantially only the core.

Description

P-SI ER FIBER PROFILE

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field Of The Invention

[0001] This invention generally relates to the field of optical fibers, and more particularly

to a refractive index profile of a phosphorus and rare earth doped fiber.

Description Of The Related Art

[0002] Rare earth doped fiber, such as Ytterbium (Yb) or Erbium (Er) doped fiber is widely

used as gain media for optical amplifiers. For example, most communication wavelength bands are determined by the Er gain wavelength. With bandwidth demand increasing exponentially, using the entire Er band has been viewed as an urgent and cost effective approach to meet the high demand for bandwidth.

[0003] Phosphorus-doped Er (P-Si Er) fiber has been demonstrated to extend the

amplification ofthe fiber to 1620 nm. This is shown, for example in the article entitled

"Optical Amplification Characteristics around 1.58 μ m of Silica-Based Erbium-Doped

Fibers Containing Phosphorous/ Alumina as Codopants", by Kakui et al. The five valence

phosporus P ion creates a local crystal field which interacts with Er F-shell electrons and

reduces the Er excited state absorption probability and in turn extends the gain to longer

wavelengths, such as 1620 nm. In the P-Si Er fiber, P O₅ not only contributes to the gain in

the long wavelength, but it also gives the fiber necessary waveguide properties, by affecting

the refractive index ofthe core. However, P₂O₅ has a high vapor pressure, which imposes two

limitations on the P-Si profile: a low index (<1%) and centerline burnout. [0004] P-Si Er fibers fabricated using standard Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition

(MCND) processes are well known in the art. In this process, the dopants, in gaseous form,

are caused to flow into one end of a silica tube. The tube is then heated to ignite the chemicals and cause a reaction forming small glass particles known as "soot," which is deposited onto

the inner surface ofthe tube. The tube is heated to sinter the particles to form layers of glass corresponding to the core and the cladding ofthe fiber. This process of soot deposition and

sintering is repeated until the desired glass material is formed. The tube is then collapsed

under reduced heat conditions to form a glass rod from which an optical fiber can be drawn.

[0005] Unfortunately, there is extensive diffusion of phosphorus into the clad layers and

significant evaporation of phosphorus from the inner surface ofthe tube during the collapse stage of MCND. The result is a sizeable dip ("centerline dip") in the concentration of phosphorus along the center ofthe core. With a lower phosphorus concentration in the core center, there is a considerable dip in the refractive index along the centerline ofthe core. This

centerline dip can reduce mode confinement in the core and thus decrease the overlap between Er ions and optical pump power.

[0006] One method developed in an attempt to solve this problem is a partial collapse step

in the MCND process. See R.A. Betts et al., "Optical Amplifiers Based On Phosphorous Co-

doped Rare-earth-doped Optical Fibres", International Journal of Optoelectronics, Vol. 6,

Νos. 1/2, pp. 47-64. However, this is only a partial solution resulting in a fiber with only a

slightly less drastic centerline dip. Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a fiber

structure which can compensate for the centerline dip in the refractive index for phosphorus-

and rare earth-doped fibers used for optical amplification. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] These and other drawbacks and limitations of conventional phosphorus- and rare

earth-doped fiber for optical amplification are overcome according to exemplary

embodiments wherein a fiber with a depressed inner cladding is provided. Instead of

removing the centerline dip, the depressed inner cladding compensates for the centerline dip.

[0008] According to one embodiment ofthe present invention, an optical fiber for signal

amplification comprises a core, doped with at least 15% phosphorus by weight and at least

one rare earth ion sufficient to provide amplification of an optical signal, having a center axis.

The optical fiber also comprises a clad layer, surrounding the core, having an axis collinear

with the center axis ofthe core. The clad layer has an inner portion adjacent to the outer periphery ofthe core, and an outer portion. The inner portion can have an inner radius t_\, preferably in the range of 2μm to 6μm, and an outer radius r₂, the difference between which is preferably in the range of 2rι to 5rι. The refractive index ofthe inner portion is less than the refractive index at the outer periphery ofthe core, so that the difference in the refractive index

at the outer periphery ofthe core and the clad layer is sufficient to confine electromagnetic field within a selected wavelength range substantially only to the core. Preferably, the outer

portion has a refractive index that is larger than the refractive index ofthe inner portion. Also

preferably, the phosphorus dopant in the core is at least 20% by weight.

[0009] In a preferred aspect of this embodiment, the refractive index ofthe inner portion of

the clad layer is in the range of 1.430 to less than 1.444 at 1550nm. More preferably, the

refractive index ofthe inner portion is between 1.440 and 1.442. Most preferably, the

refractive index ofthe inner portion is about 1.441. [0010] In another preferred aspect of this embodiment, the at least one rare earth ion

includes erbium and preferably the optical fiber contains 0.2 to 0.4% of Er₂O₃ in the core by

weight. The at least one rare earth ion can also include ytterbium. Also preferably the

refractive index ofthe core is lowest along the center axis and initially increases with radial

distance from the center axis. Also preferably, the concentration of phosphorus in the core is

lowest along the center axis and initially increases with radial distance from the center axis.

[0011] In another preferred aspect of this embodiment, the selected wavelength range can be

about 1560 nm to about 1640 nm.

[0012] According to another embodiment ofthe present invention, an optical fiber comprises a rare earth ion doped core having a center axis, where the refractive index is lowest along the

center axis and initially increases with radial distance from the center axis. The optical fiber also comprises a clad layer having an axis collinear with the center axis having an inner portion adjacent to an outer periphery ofthe core and having a refractive index less than the refractive index at the outer periphery ofthe core, whereby the difference in refractive index

between the outer periphery ofthe core and the clad layer is sufficient to confine electromagnetic field within a selected wavelength substantially only to the core. The clad

layer also comprises at least one outer portion. Preferably, the outer portion ofthe clad layer has a larger index of refraction than does the inner portion ofthe clad layer. The optical fiber

also has a mode field diameter of less than 7μm at the wavelength of 1550 nm. Preferably the

selected wavelength range is 1560 nm to 1640 nm.

[0013] According to another embodiment ofthe present invention, an optical fiber

comprises a core doped with phosphorus and erbium to a level sufficient to provide optical

amplification with a center axis, where the refractive index ofthe core is lowest along the center axis and initially increases with radial distance from the center axis, the concentration

of phosphorus in the core initially increases with radial distance from the center axis; the core

has an outer radius in the range of 2μm to 6μm. The optical fiber also comprises a clad layer

with an axis collinear with the center axis, an inner portion adjacent to an outer periphery of

the core, and at least one outer portion, where the refractive index ofthe inner portion ofthe

clad layer is less than the refractive index at the outer periphery ofthe core and the inner

portion ofthe clad layer is sufficient to confine electromagnetic field within a wavelength range of 1560 nm to 1640 nm to substantially only the core; the inner portion has an inner

radius and an outer radius and the difference π - r₂ is in the range of 2rι to 5rι; and the clad layer includes at least one dopant selected from the group consisting of boron and fluorine.

Preferably the optical fiber has an absorption of at least 20 dB/meter. Also preferably, the optical fiber has a mode field diameter of not more than 7μm at the wavelength of 1550 nm.

[0014] Other advantages and innovations ofthe present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the detailed description which follows and the accompanying

figures. Furthermore, the preceding summary and the following description are illustrative only and do not restrict the present invention as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] The accompanying drawings which are incorporated herein form part ofthe

specification, illustrate embodiments ofthe present invention and, together with the

description, further serve to explain the principles ofthe invention and to enable a person

skilled in the pertinent art to make and use the invention. [0016] Fig. 1 shows a profile of a fiber according to an embodiment ofthe present

invention.

[0017] Fig. 2 shows a graph ofthe refractive index profile of a fiber according to an

alternative embodiment ofthe present invention.

[0018] Fig. 3 shows the relationship ofthe index ofthe inner cladding and fiber mode field

diameter (MFD) at the wavelength of 1550 nm. It illustrates that the lower the inner cladding

index, the smaller the minimum MFD.

[0019] Fig. 4 shows a graph ofthe power profile of a fiber according to an alternative embodiment ofthe present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0020] The present invention is generally related to the field of optical fibers, and is related in particular to a refractive index profile of a phosphorus- and rare earth- (such as erbium or ytterbium) doped fiber. The optical fiber ofthe present invention comprises a core and a clad

layer. The clad layer contains an inner portion and an outer portion. The inner portion ofthe cladding is depressed, i.e., it has a reduced index of refraction relative to the outer portion,

which increases the effective index ofthe core ofthe fiber. The increased effective index acts

to substantially confine the optical mode to the core. Thus, the centerline dip may be

compensated by the depressed cladding.

[0021] Fig. 1 shows a cross-section of an optical fiber 100 according to one embodiment of

the present invention. The fiber 100 has a core 10 and a clad layer 50. The clad layer

comprises an inner portion 30 with an inner radius ri and an outer portion 40 with an inner radius r₂. The inner radius ofthe inner portion 30 is of course the outer radius ofthe core 10.

The core 10 may be a standard, silica-based core.

[0022] The core 10 is doped with a rare earth ion, such as ytterbium or erbium, and

phosphorus, or a combination of ions. The concentration ofthe rare earth ion or ions in the

core should be sufficient so that the fiber can act as a gain media for amplifiers. For example,

the core 10 can comprise 0.2 to 0.4 % Er O₃ by weight and at least 20% P₂O₅ by weight. In the clad layer 50, the refractive index ofthe outer portion 40 is greater than that ofthe inner

portion 30, which can be seen in Fig. 2. The desired refractive index profile ofthe clad layer

50 can be implemented through fluorine and boron doping, as would be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the present disclosure.

[0023] The fiber is made using a process which results in the fiber core having a centerline dip in the index of refraction. For example, the fiber may be made using MCVD processes.

Details of a typical MCVD process are outlined in US Patent Number 4,257,797 incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Due to the MCVD fabrication process, the concentration of phosphorus is low along the centerline and initially increases with radial distance from the

centerline, i.e., there is a centerline dip. Because the index of refraction depends on the

phosphorus concentration, the index of refraction ofthe core 10 is low at the centerline 20, and initially, increases with radial distance from the centerline. The centerline dip

phenomenon is an artifact ofthe fiber manufacturing process.

[0024] Fig. 2 shows an example ofthe refractive index of an optical fiber 100 as a function

of radius. In other words, it shows the refractive index profile. The profile shown in Fig. 2

has both a centerline dip and depressed inner portion 30 ofthe clad layer 50. [0025] The centerline dip is quite evident in Fig. 2, with the relative index along the

centerline being approximately 1.444 and rising dramatically to approximately 1.45 at a radial

distance of about 3 μm. Of course the profile is not limited to these particular parameters, and

may have other parameters that provide a center line dip. The lower relative refractive index

ofthe core 10 in the embodiment of Fig. 2 is about 1.442 and coincides with the inner portion

30 ofthe clad layer 50.

[0026] Beneficially, the depressed inner portion 30 compensates for the centerline dip. This

depression ofthe refractive index ofthe inner portion 30 functions to increase the effective refractive index ofthe core 10, thereby increasing confinement ofthe propagating

electromagnetic field within a desired wavelength range to the core region. Thus, the optical mode may be confined to substantially only the core, which the core may be of a sufficiently small size to allow for good ER absorption and optical gain over a larger wavelength range.

For example, the desired wavelength range over which a sufficient gain is possible may be from about 1560 to about 1625 nm.

[0027] In this exemplary embodiment, the inner portion 30 ranges from about 5μm to about

25μm, where the outer portion 40 begins. The outer radius ri ofthe core 10 may fall in the

range of 2μm to 6μm. The inner radii n and r₂, ofthe inner and outer portions 30 and 40

respectively, as well as the particular index of refraction of these portions will depend upon

the particular application ofthe fiber. For example, the difference between ri and r₂ may fall

within the range of 2rι to 5v_\.

[0028] Preferably, the refractive index ofthe inner portion 30 ofthe clad layer 50 may fall

within the range of 1.430 to 1.444. For example, the refractive index ofthe inner portion 30

may be about 1.441. [0029] Fig. 3 shows the mode field diameter (MFD) as a function of scaling factor for four

different refractive indexes ofthe inner portion 30 ofthe clad layer. The scaling factor is

directly proportional to the outer radius ofthe core, ri. The plotted curves illustrate that the

optimum core radius ri can be determined by choosing a suitable mode field diameter for a

given refractive index, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art given the

present description.

[0030] Fig. 4a and 4b show the optical power distribution ofthe fiber with depressed

cladding. The integrated optical power is shown as a function of radius. The mode field diameter is diameter where radiation intensity I is at least Imax/e . For example, for index profile without the moat, 68% ofthe optical power is continued in the core, for the 60.235%)

moat is added to the index profile the optical power confinment is increased to 77%. More ^' specifically, fig. 4a shows the power profile ofthe fiber without the depressed inner cladding.

Fig 4b shows the power profile ofthe fiber with the depressed inner cladding. The mode field diameter MFD, as shown in these figures is approximately 7μm.

[0031] As the person of skill in the art will appreciate, the use of a depressed inner portion

30 with a phosphorus-doped core can lower the mode field diameter ofthe fiber of

approximately 7μm, thus increasing the intensity ofthe mode in the core and resulting in an optical fiber for amplification with extended gain capabilities, high power efficiency, and low noise.

[0032] As illustrated in this description, the refractive index profile of this fiber is

preferably determined by the phosphorus doping in the core, however, other embodiments

could include for example, Ge or B dopants. [0033] The optical fiber ofthe present invention can be fabricated using a modified MCVD

process. A specific example is now described. A silica tube is provided on an MCVD lathe. A

glass layer with the same refractive index as the silica inside the tube is then formed by

depositing and sintering. Glass layers with a depressed index of refraction are formed by

depositing and sintering on top ofthe initial glass layers.

[0034] A P-Si layer is deposited and sintered on top ofthe depressed index layer. A silica

soot layer is deposited on top ofthe P-Si layer, and the tube is removed from the MCVD lathe

and placed vertically. A pre-made solution, containing all desired dopants, for example P, Er,

Yb and Al is made to flow through the tube from the bottom, and the soot layer is soaked in the solution for approximately 15 to 30 minutes. The solution is drained from the tube, and

the tube is allowed to air dry for approximately 30 minutes, after which the tube is reinstalled on the lathe. Cl₂ /POCl₃ gas is made to flow inside the tube and the tube is dried for approximately one more hour at about 800°C.

[0035] After this chemical drying, the now doped soot layer is sintered and the tube is

collapsed into the glass rod (preform). This collapse stage includes three forward collapse and one backwards collapse steps. The temperature ofthe tube during the collapse stage is ideally

maintained between about 2200°C and 2300°C. Finally, the preform is overcladded and

drawn into fiber.

[0036] While the above provides a full and complete disclosure ofthe preferred

embodiments ofthe present invention, various modifications, alternate constructions, and

equivalents may be employed without departing from the scope ofthe invention. Therefore,

the above description and illustration should not be construed as limiting the scope ofthe

invention, which is defined by the appended claims.

Claims

WE CLAIM:

1. An optical fiber for signal amplification comprising:

a core having a center axis and an outer periphery, the core being doped with

at least 15 % phosphorus by weight and at least one rare earth ion to a level sufficient to provide optical signal amplification; and

a clad layer surrounding the core, having an axis collinear with the center axis,

an inner portion and an outer portion, wherein:

the inner portion is adjacent to an outer periphery ofthe core; and the refractive index ofthe inner portion is less than the refractive index at the outer periphery ofthe core, whereby the difference in refractive index between the outer periphery ofthe core and the clad layer is sufficient to confine electromagnetic radiation within a selected wavelength range substantially only to the core.

2. The optical fiber according to claim 1, wherein the phosphorus dopant in the core is at least 20% by weight.

3. The optical fiber according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one rare earth ion

chosen from the group consisting of erbium and ytterbium.

4. The optical fiber according to claim 3 containing 0.2 to 0.4 % of Er₂O₃ in said core by weight.

5. The optical fiber according to claim 1 , wherein said outer portion has a

refractive index that is larger than the refractive index ofthe im er portion.

6. The optical fiber according to claim 1 , wherein the selected wavelength range

is within about 1560 nm to about 1640 nm.

7. The optical fiber according to claim 1 , wherein the inner portion ofthe clad

layer has an inner radius ri and an outer radius r₂, and the difference ri - r₂ is in the range of

8. The optical fiber according to claim 1 , wherein the core has an outer radius ri

in the range of 2μm to 6μm.

9. The optical fiber according to claim 1, wherein the refractive index ofthe

inner portion ofthe clad layer is in the range of 1.430 to less than 1.444.

10. The optical fiber according to claim 9, wherein the refractive index ofthe

inner portion ofthe clad layer is about 1.440 to 1.442.

11. The optical fiber according to claim 4, wherein the clad layer includes at least

one dopant, wherein the at least one dopant includes at least one element selected from the

group consisting of boron and fluorine.

12. The optical fiber according to claim 1, wherein the refractive index ofthe core

is lowest along the center axis and initially increases with radial distance from the center axis.

13. The optical fiber according to claim 12, wherein the concentration of

phosphorus in the core is lowest along the center axis and initially increases with radial

distance from the center axis.

14. The optical fiber according to claim 1 , wherein the optical fiber has a mode field diameter of less than 7μm.

15. The optical fiber according to claim 1 , wherein said optical fiber has an absorption of at least 20 dB/meter.

16. The optical fiber according to claim 1, wherein said outer portion ofthe clad

layer has a lower index of refraction that the inner portion of said clad layer.