WO2003061239A1

WO2003061239A1 - System and method for management of passive network devices usingconvert connections

Info

Publication number: WO2003061239A1
Application number: PCT/IB2003/000347
Authority: WO
Inventors: Philippe Evrard; Olivier Naveau; Stephane Nasdrovisky; Olivier Dubois
Original assignee: Ip-Tap Uk
Priority date: 2002-01-18
Filing date: 2003-01-21
Publication date: 2003-07-24
Also published as: EP1826986B8; US6944656B2; WO2003061239A9; CN101599864A; DE60313501T2; EP1586185A1; EP1826986B1; CN1640094A; EP1826986A1; HK1108247A1; AU2003235657A1; HK1076956A1; EP1586185B1; DE60331112D1; CN101599864B; ATE360949T1; US20030140130A1; DE60313501D1; ATE456240T1

Abstract

A system and method for covertly managing passive network devices from a local or remote management center. A standard IP-based conversation established over a data network between two or more partner devices occurs in a first communication channel. Transparent passive network devices listen to the network traffic passing on the data network to which they are connected and extract their management information from this traffic. By generating protocol data units (PDU's) imitating those sent by the intended nodes, the reverse direction of the management traffic may be implemented.

Description

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MANGEMENT OF PASSIVE NETWORK DEVICES USING CONVERT CONNECTIONS

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

The present invention is related to the field of data

network security and, more particularly, to a system and method for

covertly managing passive network devices from a remote location.

Description of the Related Art

The emergence of Internet commerce has forced large

organizations to connect their internal networks to public

networks, with the resulting increase in risk being inevitable.

The security industry progressively provides the procedures, tools

and countermeasures to respond to this increased risk. Security

solutions may be broadly categorized as active or passive.

Network devices are active if they are required to set up

a functional infrastructure and may include, among others, access

control (firewalls) , content filtering (anti-virus) , and strong

authentication (radius) . Conversely, network devices which are not

required to set up a functional infrastructure are passive and are

typically used to build a second line of defense. Passive devices

include, for example, intrusion detection and network scanning. Two tools commonly used by organizations to obtain

network security include the firewall as an active component, and

intrusion detection as a passive component .

The firewall is an active component in that it

affirmatively decides, for each inbound or outbound packet, whether

the packet is to be accepted or dropped. The firewall is located

at a key point of the network, meaning a point where all the

traffic from/to the public network can be controlled. However,

while the firewall is an important piece of network security, it

remains vulnerable for at least three reasons. First, firewalls

are not immune to network attacks hidden in legitimate packets;

half-open connection attack, resulting from a protocol flow, or

packet fragmentations are two better known examples. Second,

firewalls, like other software implementations, are not immune to

software bugs. Third, firewalls are administered by security

administrators who can make mistakes or who may be inadequately

trained to fulfill their function.

For at least these reasons, the firewall itself needs to

be protected. Like any other protection device, a firewall cannot

resist assault indefinitely and thus is vulnerable if an alert is

not triggered within a defined period of time. Hence, intrusion

detection systems are used to provide such alerts. Intrusion-detection systems may be either host-based or

network-based. Host -based intrusion detection systems are

installed on servers and monitor important system resources like

files, processes and system activity. Network-based intrusion-

detection systems are connected to key points of the network and

monitor traffic from/to public networks.

To protect themselves against potential intruders, some

passive network devices need to remain hidden. This means that

while they are physically connected to the network and able to tap

any network traffic, they do not answer to any kind of request.-

Network-based intrusion detection systems are often invisible,

meaning that the network interface card (NIC) on which they capture

the network traffic has its communication stack disabled.

Disabling the communication stack is the absolute protection

guarantee against attacks coming from the network and should be a

requirement for a passive device that must remain uncompromised.

Problems arise when hidden passive network devices need

to be managed from a remote location. Most network-based devices

need to be administered from or communicate with a management

center. To do so, the device uses either forged packets that are

pushed on the local network or an additional NIC connected to the

internal network with standard IP-based traffic used to communicate with the management server. Both of these methods annihilate the

protection guarantee offered by a passive device; in the first

case, the management center could be compromised, in which case

resulting effects are unpredictable and, in the second case, the

internal network is a perfect backdoor.

Accordingly, a need exists for a method allowing passive

network devices to be covertly managed from a remote location.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the foregoing, one object of the present

invention is to overcome the difficulties of managing passive

network devices from a remote location without compromising the

management center through the use of partner devices for passive

network devices .

Another object of the present invention is to establish a

standard IP-based conversation between two or more partner devices

as a first communication channel that can then be used by passive

network devices to create a second communication channel allowing

such devices to communicate.

A further object of the invention is to establish a

system in which a passive network device listens to network traffic intended for another recipient and extracts necessary management

information from such traffic.

A still further object of the invention is to enable a

passive network device to generate protocol data units (PDU's)

imitating those sent by a cooperating node in order to implement

the reverse direction of management traffic.

Another object of the invention to is provide a system

and method in which neither the management center nor the passive

network devices are directly addressable on the network but instead

require a third party in order to communicate with one another.

Yet another object of the invention is to establish a

covert management channel between a management center and a passive

network device using a standard communication channel established

between two third parties.

In accordance with this and other objects, the present

invention is directed to a system and method for covertly managing

passive network devices from a local or remote management center.

A standard IP-based conversation established over a data network

between two or more partner devices occurs in a first communication

channel. The passive network devices listen to the network traffic

passing on the data network to which they are connected. While the

traffic is not intended for the passive network devices, but rather is being passed between the partner and cooperating devices, the

passive network devices are able to extract their management

information from this traffic and, through generation of protocol

data units (PDU's) imitating those sent by the intended nodes,

implement the reverse direction of the management traffic. Using a

communication channel set up between third parties to enable

communication, neither the management center nor the passive

network devices are directly addressable on the network, instead

being "transparent" to the network. Traffic exchanges are signed

and encrypted in order to provide standard authentication, privacy

and integrity.

These together with other objects and advantages which

will become subsequently apparent, reside in the details of

construction and operation as more fully hereinafter described and

claimed, reference being had to the accompanying drawings forming a

part hereof, wherein like numerals refer to like parts throughout.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 illustrates a typical network topology according

to the prior art;

Figure 2 illustrates the two distinct communication

channels in accordance with the present invention; Figure 3 is a more detailed embodiment of a protocol

stack for the second communication channel of Figure 2 ;

Figure 4 depicts the minimal set of primitives of the

service interface for the second communication channel of Figure 3 ,-

Figure 5 presents a time diagram of the service

primitives of Figure 4;

Figure 6 illustrates the APDU layering and encapsulation

within the communication stacks of the second communication channel

according to the present invention;

Figure 7a presents the coupling between transmission and

host layers (emission) within the communication stacks of the

second communication channel according to the present invention;

and

Figure 7b illustrates the coupling between transmission

and host layers (reception) within the communication stacks of the

second communication channel according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In describing a preferred embodiment of the invention

illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology will be resorted

to for the sake of clarity. However, the invention is not intended

to be limited to the specific terms so selected, and it is to be understood that each specific term includes all technical

equivalents which operate in a similar manner to accomplish a

similar purpose.

A typical network topology according to the prior art is

depicted in Figure 1. The devices involved in the covert

management method are all connected on the insecure network 13

through a local area network (LAN) 110, 111. As used herein,

"device" is used to refer to a standard computer hardware

arrangement running an operating system (OS) and a set of

applications, and including a network interface card (NIC) required

by the network connection. The insecure network 13 may be the

Internet through which an intruder 12 gains access to the LANs 110,

111.

As shown, the devices may include a partner 10, a

management center 11, a managed element 15 and a cooperating system

16. The managed element 15, to be remotely managed by the

management center 11, includes passive network devices. The

partner 10 and cooperating system 16 represent communication nodes

on the network between which information is passed. These two

devices establish an IP-based communication with one another.

According to the transport and application pair that is selected

for this particular communication, different scenarios are possible. For example, the partner 10 can send a stateless (UDP,

ICMP) packet to the cooperating system 16; the partner 10 can

establish a stateful (TCP) connection to the cooperating system 16;

the cooperating system 16 can send a stateless (UDP, ICMP) packet

to the partner 10; or the cooperating system 16 can establish a

stateful (TCP) connection to partner 10.

The management center 11 and the managed element 15 are

invisible in order to protect themselves from external attacks

which could be performed by the potential intruder 12. This

implies that the management center 11 and the managed element 15,

respectively connected to LAN 110 and LAN 111, have their network

interface card (NIC) set in promiscuous mode to capture any traffic

circulating on their respective networks. However, their data,

network and transport layers have been configured in such a way

that they do not give away any information, e.g., ARP response,

broadcast, etc., that could reveal their presence. This having

been said, there is no way, a priori, that the management center 11

and the managed element 15 can communicate management information

to each other.

In order to address this problem, and according to a

preferred embodiment of the present invention illustrated in Figure

2, a covert management channel, or second communication channel 325, is established between the management center 101 and the

managed element 105 using a standard communication channel, or

first communication channel 225, established between partner 100

and cooperating system 106. As noted earlier, the managed element

15, to be remotely managed by the management center 11, includes a

passive network device. The partner 100 and cooperating system 106

represent communication nodes on the network between which

information is passed. These two devices establish an IP-based

communication with one another using the standard communication

channel .

The standard communication channel represents the first

communication channel 225 which is a standard IP peer-to-peer

communication. Partner 100 and cooperating system 106 communicate

through a set of intermediate systems . Two types of intermediate

systems are illustrated in Figure 2, namely intermediate system 200

and intermediate system 201.

Partner 100 and cooperating system 106 run full

communication stacks, numbered from 0 to 3. Typically, in a TCP/IP

model, these layers could be mapped on 0: network interface card

(NIC) layer 300 and device drivers; 1: network layer 301 (IP); 2:

transport layer 302 (TCP, UDP or other like ICMP); and 3:

application layer (HTTP, FTP) 303. Intermediate system 200 runs a subset of the full stack,

up to the transport layer 302, and typically includes networking

equipment, like routers. Intermediate system 201 runs a still

smaller subset of the communication stack, including the NIC layer

300, and may include backbone equipment.

According to the present invention, the second

communication channel 325, utilized by the management center 101

and the managed element 105, is integrated with the first

communication channel 225. Although the management center 101 and

the managed element 105 do not have any possibility of

communicating directly with one another as neither is directly

addressable, they are able, by "eavesdropping" on the legitimate

conversation between partner 100 and the cooperating system 101

over the first communication channel 225, to receive and transmit

the management information they need to exchange.

An example will illustrate the operation of the dual

communication channel according to the present invention. Suppose

partner 100 is part of a network operation center (NOC) . The

objective of partner 100 is to monitor the state of a set of web

servers, one of which is the cooperating system 106. The partner

100 issues a request, such as a SNMP-request , to the cooperating

system 106 in order to obtain information. The management center 101 and the managed element 105 are aware of this legitimate

request because they are connected on local area networks such as

LAN 110 and LAN 111 and, having their NIC set in promiscuous mode,

can "see" the request. Therefore, the management center 101 and the

managed element 105 are aware that an answer from the cooperating

system 106 is expected.

Independently of the request sent by partner 100, the

management center 101 can fabricate a request (a "fabricated"

request) whose source IP address is partner 100 and whose

destination address is cooperating system 106, and can push this

"fabricated" request onto the network. Such a "fabricated" request,

so termed to distinguish it from the legitimate request already

sent by the partner 100, includes a marker (MK) which indicated a

relationship with the management center 101. As a legitimate

packet, the "fabricated" request of management center 101 is routed

to the cooperating system 106. The managed element 105,

eavesdropping on the network, detects the marker (MK) of the

management center 101 and, by trapping the packet, obtains the

request .

In the other direction, independently of the answer

supplied by the cooperating system 106, the managed element 105 can fabricate an answer (a "fabricated" answer) whose source IP address

is the cooperating system 106 and whose destination address is the

partner 100, and can push this "fabricated" answer onto the network.

Such a "fabricated" answer, so termed to distinguish it from the

legitimate answer sent by the cooperating system 106, includes a

marker (MK) which indicates a relationship with the managed element

105. As a legitimate packet, the "fabricated" answer of the managed

element 105 is routed back to the partner 100. The management

center, eavesdropping on the network, recognizes the marker (MK) of

the managed element 105 and, by trapping the packet, obtains the

information it needs.

The marker (MK) is a means tht allows the management

center 101 and the managed element 105 to filter out of the

legitimate traffic of the first communication channel 225 the few

network packets that will be used to transport the covert

management information of the second communication channel 325. As

an illustration, the partner 100 may synchronize the cooperating

system 106 through the NTP protocol. In this case, the management

center 101 and the managed element 105 will be configured to use

this legitimate conversation to build the covert management channel

and the marker (MK) will be a pattern that will retrieve all NTP

network traffic (UDP port 123, TCP port 123) . The traffic will be legitimate if it belongs to the first communication channel 225 and

"fabricated" if it belongs to the second communication channel

325. As the volume of the network traffic of the first

communication channel 225 can potentially be huge, the marker (MK)

must be tuned in such a way that it will deliver a low volume but

constant traffic to the management center 101 and the managed

element 105.

Because the management center 101 and the managed element

105 do not have their network and transport layers enabled, the

application layer of the management center 101 and of the managed

element 105 needs to emulate a communication stack both to send and

receive network packets. Concerning the packet reception, such an

embodiment may be implemented through a Berkeley Packet Filter

(BPF) . In this latest case, the marker (MK) defined to filter out

the network packets at the destination of the managed element 105

can be any filter supported by BPF: IP addresses, destination ports,

and defined pattern used in network packet payload. The marker

(MK) is initialized at installation time.

Both communication channels have their independent

communication stacks as shown in Figure 2. The first communication

channel 225, used by the partner 100 and the cooperating system

106, is based on a standard TCP/IP model, using network, transport and application layers and functions. The second communication

channel 325 has its independent communication stack, designated by

five different communication layers: 0, A, B, C and D, and relies

on the first communication channel network layer 301, and

eventually transport layer 302, to transport the information it

needs to communicate.

By nature, the present invention is intended to transfer

small protocol data units (PDU's) between the management center 101

and the managed element 105 in a connectionless, datagram type of

communication. Indeed, when the second communication channel

relies on the first communication channel to serve as a vehicle for

moving the PDU between peer entities, this can only be done through

a single, or limited number of, datagram packets. Since a primary

purpose of the invention, as implemented through the second

communication channel, is to covertly manage, in a secure way, a

set of passive network devices without compromising their integrity

through the activation of a communication stack, the covert channel

is initially intended to support control command. The underlying

hardware and network type define the maximum size of a packet,

including all headers, referred to as the maximum transfer unit

(MTU) . Typically, a packet size of a few hundred bytes is

sufficient to implement the present invention. A further recommendation of the present invention is to

employ commonly used Internet protocols like NTP or HTTP to host

the covert management traffic. This way, the covert management

traffic is diluted into the normal traffic, the benefit thereof

being that there is a high probability that the passive device will

remain undetected, further of being uncompromised.

An embodiment of the protocol stack for the second

communication channel, in accordance with the present invention, is

shown in Figure 3. This stack or communication model, referred to

conceptually as a service provider 400, includes a plurality of

communication layers including a host layer A, a transmission layer

B, a validation layer C, and a management service layer D. While

the number and nature of the different layers may vary, adherence

with certain design principles is recommended. As an example, for

simplicity the number of layers should be kept as small as

possible. Each layer should have its own functions and similar

functions should be placed within the same layer; specific

functions should not overlap across layers. Each layer should have

a set of interfaces only with adjacent layers, and it should be

possible to redesign a layer without affecting adjacent layers.

Finally, the implementation of the same layer specification may vary according to the hardware, the device driver, and the

operating system that are used.

In compliance with the design principles just summarized,

the functions of the different communication layers shown in Figure

3 may be defined as follows.

The function of the management service layer D is to

maintain a covert management general context between the management

center 101 and the managed element 105 by maintaining a sequence

number. The management service layer D also provides management

service header information like version, source and destination

address .

The function of the validation layer C is to provide

authentication, integrity and privacy. Based on standard

algorithms, the validation layer C calculates a message

authentication code (MAC) and a packet key (PK) , and encrypts/

decrypts the payload received from the adjacent upper/lower layers.

The function of the transmission layer B is to provide

functions to convert the encrypted payload from binary to ASCII and

back, as well as generic functions to build the packet that needs

to be sent to the peer host. The transmission layer B may also be

divided into two adjacent sublayers, namely transmission and

transport sublayers. A transport layer specification may be needed should the amount of data to be transferred between peer entities

be large or should the quality of services be guaranteed.

The function of the host layer A is to provide an

interface to the local host device driver and hardware to send and

receive network packets. In most implementations, the host layer A

runs in kernel space while the other communication layers run in

user space. The host layer may be implemented using a Berkeley

UNIX BPF filter.

A minimal implementation of the present invention is

illustrated in Figure 4. In order for the management center 101

and the managed element 105 to communicate, the management center

101 runs an application process referred to as the management

application 410 and the managed element 105 runs an application

process referred to as the management agent 420. The service

interface used by the management application 410 and the management

agent 420 defines six primitives, namely the Command Send 411, the

Response Receive 412, the Trap Receive 413, the Command Receive

421, the Response Send 422, and the Trap Send 423.

As in any communication model, there is a logical

transmission between the peer layers of the communication stack but

the physical communication occurs at the lowest level of the communication stack or service provider 400, i.e., at the host

layer A.

The time sequence diagrams of Figure 5 present the

sequence of events that take place in the order of their relative

positions on the vertical time lines. The management application

410 sends a Command Send request 411 to the service provider 400

through the service interface. The service provider 400 transmits

the Command Send request 411 to the management agent 420 which, in

turn, prepares the Response Send 422 and submits it to the service

provider 400 through the service interface. The management

application 410 receives the Response Receive 412 from the service

provider 400. Should the management agent 420 wish to communicate

some unsolicited information to the management application 410, the

agent 420 issues a Trap Send 423 to the service provider 400, which

the management application 410 will receive through the Trap

Receive 413 primitive.

Figure 6 gives a detailed view of how each communication

layer transforms the Application Protocol Data Unit (APDU) , when

each communication layer fulfills its function.

The management service layer D receives an APDU and

concatenates the management header to the APDU. The management

header includes a timestamp (TS) , the version (VER) of the management service layer, the source (SRC) and the destination

addresses (DST) , and a sequence number (SEQ) .

The timestamp is essential to the management of passive

network devices because, at a minimum, it is required to correlate

events; it may also be used to compute a packet key. Therefore,

any communication between the management center 101 and the managed

element 105 is time-stamped.

The version of the management service layer is required

to guarantee upward compatibility. It is preferred to represent

the version in one byte. The four first bits are dedicated to the

major version number and the four last bits to the minor version

number .

Each passive network device, whether part of the

management center 101 or the managed element 105, receives a unique

address. More specifically, the address is a unique characteristic

of the management service layer of a particular device, by analogy

with an IP address which is the unique characteristic of the first

communication channel 225. Addresses of both communication

channels are assigned independently.

The assignment of IP addresses to the devices of the

first communication channel 225 (namely, the partner 100 and the

cooperating system 106) is a prerequisite of the second communication channel 325. This assignment complies with the

standard Internet connectivity practices, meaning that two devices

will be able to establish a standard TCP/IP conversation on the

required ports, with whatever firewall, router, etc.,

reconfiguration (s) being implied.

The assignment of addresses to the passive devices of the

second communication channel 325 cannot be completely defined in

the present invention because it depends upon the management model

of the passive devices. Generally, the unique address can be

initialized in one of two ways. Should the managed element 105 be

an appliance that is completely pre-installed and configured by a

single vendor, the vendor, who is in control of the full address

range, will pre-configure the unique address. In some instances,

the vendor can also pre-configure the unique address of the

management center (s) 101. Should the managed element 105 be an

appliance delivered by several vendors, however, the unique address

will typically be initialized at configuration time and delivered

by the authority that has the full address range under its control .

The initialization of the passive device will have to take these

two scenarios into account .

The sequence number is a global counter maintained by the

management service layer of the management center 101 and of the managed element 105. As earlier stated, a primary purpose of this

invention is to communicate small control commands/responses.

Therefore, the sequence number is primarily used to track and check

whether commands, responses or traps have been lost.

The present invention proposes a communication model

where commands, responses and traps will inevitably be lost since

there is no possible guarantee on the Quality of Service (QoS) ,

which is a characteristic of the first communication channel.

Therefore, the management service layer is responsible for

repeating the commands until it receives an acknowledgment. An

acknowledgment of a Command Send 411 consists of a Response Receive

412. An acknowledgment of a Trap Send 423 cannot be fully

specified in the present invention because it depends on the nature

of the passive device. It can include a Command Send 411, a

reconfiguration of an active device, or a manual intervention of an

operator on the passive device, whose effect is to reset the Trap

Send 423 condition. The management service layer D passes the

management header and the APDU to the validation layer C.

The validation layer C offers complementary functions,

depending upon whether it is sending or receiving a packet. If it

sends a packet, it appends a Message Authentication Code (MAC),

computes a packet key and encrypts the packet. If it receives a packet, it computes a packet key, decrypts the message using the

MAC, and checks validity.

It is the responsibility of the supplier of the passive

network devices to define the encryption schemes that will be

supported by such devices. Due to the characteristics of the

second communication channel, manual IPSEC is a basic requirement.

The validation layer C passes an encrypted buffer in

binary format to the transmission layer B. Like the validation

layer C, the transmission layer B offers complementary functions,

depending upon whether it is sending or receiving a packet. If a

packet is being sent, the transmission layer B first transforms the

binary buffer into an ASCII machine-independent format. It then

builds a network packet that contains the ASCII buffer and that is

in a suitable format for the host layer A; this transformation is

detailed in Figure 7a. The network packet is passed to the host

layer A. If the transmission layer B receives a network packet

from the host layer A, the transmission layer first extracts the

ASCII payload from the network packet, converts the ASCII buffer

into a binary buffer and transfers it to the validation layer, as

detailed in Figure 7b. The host layer does not perform any data

transformation. Equipped with an emitter 20 and a receptor 30, the

host layer A provides an interface between the other communication layers of the service provider 400 and the local device driver and

hardware .

Figure 7a presents in greater detail how the transmission

and host layers integrate to send a PDU to a passive network

device. An example will be used for illustration. If the

transmission layer receives a packet to be transferred, the

transmission layer transforms the binary buffer into ASCII and

copies this PDU into the transmit queue where the PDU awaits

transmission.

Figure 7b presents in greater detail how the transmission

and host layers integrate to receive a PDU from the passive network

device. The receptor 30 of the host layer A constantly monitors

the network 50 and filters out packets that match a set of

predefined patterns that define the marker (MK) ; the patterns may

be stored in a pattern file 35. When the receptor 30 of the host

layer filters out a packet, it sends it to the PDU factory 40 of

the transmission layer B. The PDU factory 40 decides if the packet

is an emission signal or a received PDU. In the first case, if the

transmit queue is not empty, the PDU factory 40 builds a network

packet and sends it to the emitter 20 of the host layer A. In the

second case, the received PDU is passed to the ASCII to binary generic function, transformed into BIN and inserted into the

reception queue, where it is then passed to the validation layer C.

The foregoing descriptions and drawings should be

considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention.

The invention may be configured in a variety of shapes and sizes

and is not limited by the dimensions of the preferred embodiment.

Numerous applications of the present invention will readily occur

to those skilled in the art. Therefore, it is not desired to limit

the invention to the specific examples disclosed or the exact

construction and operation shown and described. Rather, all

suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling

within the scope of the invention.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A system for managing a passive network device from a

remote location over a distributed computer network, comprising:

a partner device in communication with a cooperating

device over a data network using a first communication channel;

a managed element connected to said data network and

listening to data traffic on said data network, said managed

element being transparent to said data network;

a management center connected to said data network and

listening to data traffic on said data network, said management

center being transparent to said data network;

said managed element and said management center

exchanging data units with one another only indirectly over a

second communication channel integrated with said first

communication channel, said data units being sent through said

first communication channel addressed to at least one of said

partner device and said cooperating device and being trapped by at

least one of said managed element and said management center

through the second communication channel.

2. The system as set forth in claim 1, wherein said partner

device communicates with said cooperating device through a

plurality of intermediate systems.

3. The system as set forth in claim 2 , wherein said partner

device and said cooperating device run full communication stacks,

and each of said plurality of intermediate systems runs a subset of

said full communication stacks.

4. The system as set forth in claim 3, wherein said full

communication stacks include a network interface card, a network

layer, a transport layer and an application layer.

5. The system as set forth in claim 4, wherein said subset of

said intermediate systems includes a network interface card and a

network layer.

6. The system as set forth in claim 4, wherein said subset of

said intermediate systems includes a network interface card, a

network layer and a transport layer.

7. The system as set forth in claim 3, wherein said managed

element and said management center each include a service provider

having a host layer, a transmission layer, a validation layer and a

management service layer.

8. The system as set forth in claim 7, wherein said

management service layer concatenates a management header to a

received data unit, said header including at least one of a

timestamp, a source address and a destination address.

9. The system as set forth in claim 7, wherein respective

application processes run by said managed element and said

management center communicate with one another over a service

interface which defines a plurality of primitives.

10. The system as set forth in claim 9, wherein in response

to intercepting a command send primitive from said management

center, said managed element replies with a response send primitive

which is trapped by said management center.

11. The system as set forth in claim 9, wherein said managed

element can communicate unsolicited information to said management center by conveying data addressed to one of said partner device

and said cooperating device using a trap send primitive which is

intercepted by said management center using a trap receive

primitive .

12. The system as set forth in claim 1, wherein said managed

element is a passive network device.

13. A method for managing a passive network device from a

remote location over a distributed computer network, comprising the

steps of :

establishing a first communication channel between a

partner device and a cooperating device over a data network;

connecting a managed element to said data network such

that said managed element can listen to data traffic on said data

network, said managed element being transparent to said data

network;

connecting a management center to said data network such

that said management center can listen to data traffic on said data

network, said management center being transparent to said data

network; establishing a second communication channel between said

managed element and said management center, said second

communication channel integrated with said first communication

channel ;

initiating a request from said partner and directing said

request to said cooperating device over said first communication

channel ;

detecting, by said management center and said managed

element, said request;

fabricating, by said managed element, an answer to said

request, said answer addressed to said partner and having a source

address of said managed element;

pushing said answer onto the network; and

intercepting, by said management center, said answer.

14. The method as set forth in claim 13, further comprising

the steps of:

intercepting, by said managed element, a command send

primitive from said management center; and

pushing, by said managed element, a response onto the

network with a response send primitive which is trapped by said

management center.

15. The method as set forth in claim 13, further comprising

the steps of:

conveying, by said managed element, unsolicited

information to said management center by conveying data addressed

to one of said partner device and said cooperating device using a

trap send primitive; and

intercepting, by said management center, said information

through a trap receive primitive.

16. The method as set forth in claim 13, wherein each of said

management center and said managed element includes a host layer, a

transmission layer, a validation layer and a management service

layer, said method further comprising, when sending a packet, the

steps of:

concatenating, by said management service layer, a header

to a data unit, said header including at least one of a timestamp,

a destination address, and a source address;

forwarding the header and data unit to said validation

layer;

appending an authentication code to and encrypting said

packet ; passing the encrypted packet in binary format to said

transmission layer;

transforming said binary format into ASCII and building a

network packet suitable for said host layer;

passing the network packet to said host layer; and

inserting said network packet into a transmit queue.

17. The method as set forth in claim 13, wherein each of said

managed element and said management center includes a host layer, a

transmission layer, a validation layer and a management service

layer, said method further comprising, when receiving a packet, the

steps of :

monitoring, by said host layer, the network for a packet

matching a predefined pattern;

filtering out an appropriate packet;

forwarding the packet to the transmission layer;

inserting, in response to determining that the packet is

a data unit, the data unit into a reception queue;

converting the data unit into binary format;

forwarding the binary data unit to said validation layer;

and computing, by said validation layer, a packet key and

decrypting the data unit.