WO2003008424A1 - Luminescent lanthanide complexes with imine ligands and devices made with such complexes - Google Patents
Luminescent lanthanide complexes with imine ligands and devices made with such complexes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003008424A1 WO2003008424A1 PCT/US2002/022538 US0222538W WO03008424A1 WO 2003008424 A1 WO2003008424 A1 WO 2003008424A1 US 0222538 W US0222538 W US 0222538W WO 03008424 A1 WO03008424 A1 WO 03008424A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- bis
- methylphenyl
- layer
- compound
- imine
- Prior art date
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- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 150000002466 imines Chemical class 0.000 title abstract description 12
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 36
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 title description 28
- 150000002601 lanthanoid compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 25
- RAABOESOVLLHRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N diazene Chemical compound N=N RAABOESOVLLHRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- -1 di-4-tolylamino Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910000071 diazene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000005360 2-phenylpyridines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002503 iridium Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- VEUMBMHMMCOFAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydrooxadiazole Chemical compound N1NC=CO1 VEUMBMHMMCOFAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- KBXXZTIBAVBLPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[[4-(diethylamino)-2-methylphenyl]-(4-methylphenyl)methyl]-n,n-diethyl-3-methylaniline Chemical compound CC1=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C1C(C=1C(=CC(=CC=1)N(CC)CC)C)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 KBXXZTIBAVBLPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052771 Terbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001037 p-tolyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(=C([H])C([H])=C1*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 3
- ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylamine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- YGBCLRRWZQSURU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[(diphenylhydrazinylidene)methyl]-n,n-diethylaniline Chemical compound C1=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C1C=NN(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 YGBCLRRWZQSURU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MVIXNQZIMMIGEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-n-[4-[4-(4-methyl-n-(4-methylphenyl)anilino)phenyl]phenyl]-n-(4-methylphenyl)aniline Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC(=CC=1)C=1C=CC(=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 MVIXNQZIMMIGEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PMPVIKIVABFJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclobutane Chemical compound C1CCC1 PMPVIKIVABFJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000732 arylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004404 heteroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- OGGKVJMNFFSDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methyl-n-[4-[4-(n-(3-methylphenyl)anilino)phenyl]phenyl]-n-phenylaniline Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC(=CC=2)C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=C(C)C=CC=2)=C1 OGGKVJMNFFSDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoquinoline Chemical compound C1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- SCBQASHPRZSHFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline;4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=NC2=C1C=CC1=C(C=3C=CC=CC=3)C=CN=C21.C=12C=CC3=C(C=4C=CC=CC=4)C=C(C)N=C3C2=NC(C)=CC=1C1=CC=CC=C1 SCBQASHPRZSHFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- NCCMMRBARORZCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-tridecafluorohexyl)-6-[6-(1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-tridecafluorohexyl)pyridin-2-yl]pyridine Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C1=CC=CC(C=2N=C(C=CC=2)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F)=N1 NCCMMRBARORZCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- QLPKTAFPRRIFQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-thiophen-2-ylpyridine Chemical compound C1=CSC(C=2N=CC=CC=2)=C1 QLPKTAFPRRIFQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- ZVFQEOPUXVPSLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-5-(4-phenylphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole Chemical compound C1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=CC=C1C(N1C=2C=CC=CC=2)=NN=C1C1=CC=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=C1 ZVFQEOPUXVPSLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- GZPHSAQLYPIAIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-pyridinecarbonitrile Chemical group N#CC1=CC=CN=C1 GZPHSAQLYPIAIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- XVBKGZNZBMGAOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl]pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC(F)=CC=C1C1=CC=NC(C=2N=CC=C(C=2)C=2C=CC(F)=CC=2)=C1 XVBKGZNZBMGAOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- GNNGLOYEFPUYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-[4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl]pyridine Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=NC(C=2N=CC=C(C=2)C=2C(=CC=CC=2)C(F)(F)F)=C1 GNNGLOYEFPUYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- LAIITWPNYBWGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-phenylpyridine;pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=NC=C1 LAIITWPNYBWGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- YSHMQTRICHYLGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-tert-butylpyridine Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=NC=C1 YSHMQTRICHYLGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 125000001664 diethylamino group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])N(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims 1
- PSHKMPUSSFXUIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylpyridin-2-amine Chemical compound CN(C)C1=CC=CC=N1 PSHKMPUSSFXUIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- DNXIASIHZYFFRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrazoline Chemical compound C1CN=NC1 DNXIASIHZYFFRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 125000005504 styryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 77
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 24
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 24
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 10
- VQGHOUODWALEFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylpyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 VQGHOUODWALEFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- FSEXLNMNADBYJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylquinoline Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C=CC=C2)C2=N1 FSEXLNMNADBYJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical class CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 6
- OXPDQFOKSZYEMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylpyrimidine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NC=CC=N1 OXPDQFOKSZYEMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005401 electroluminescence Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- TVIVIEFSHFOWTE-UHFFFAOYSA-K tri(quinolin-8-yloxy)alumane Chemical compound [Al+3].C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1 TVIVIEFSHFOWTE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 4
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DGEZNRSVGBDHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N [1,10]phenanthroline Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C3=NC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 DGEZNRSVGBDHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 3
- JVZRCNQLWOELDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-Phenylpyridine Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=NC=C1 JVZRCNQLWOELDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000004020 luminiscence type Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- CBHCDHNUZWWAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pecazine Chemical compound C1N(C)CCCC1CN1C2=CC=CC=C2SC2=CC=CC=C21 CBHCDHNUZWWAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002207 thermal evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000000918 Europium Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenanthrene Natural products C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006069 Suzuki reaction reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001194 electroluminescence spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000295 emission spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004770 highest occupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001455 metallic ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005325 percolation Methods 0.000 description 2
- FFNMBRCFFADNAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pirenzepine hydrochloride Chemical compound [H+].[H+].[Cl-].[Cl-].C1CN(C)CCN1CC(=O)N1C2=NC=CC=C2NC(=O)C2=CC=CC=C21 FFNMBRCFFADNAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- HJZIHIJDSIMJSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,3,3,5,5-heptafluoropentane-2,4-dione Chemical compound FC(F)C(=O)C(F)(F)C(=O)C(F)(F)F HJZIHIJDSIMJSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FGFBEHFJSQBISW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1h-cyclopenta[b]pyridine Chemical compound C1=CNC2=CC=CC2=C1 FGFBEHFJSQBISW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WSNDAYQNZRJGMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,2-trifluoroethanone Chemical compound FC(F)(F)[C]=O WSNDAYQNZRJGMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SNTWKPAKVQFCCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydro-1h-triazole Chemical compound N1NC=CN1 SNTWKPAKVQFCCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- STTGYIUESPWXOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline Chemical compound C=12C=CC3=C(C=4C=CC=CC=4)C=C(C)N=C3C2=NC(C)=CC=1C1=CC=CC=C1 STTGYIUESPWXOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKDGRDCXVWSXDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloropyridine Chemical class ClC1=CC=CC=N1 OKDGRDCXVWSXDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UNCQVRBWJWWJBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloropyrimidine Chemical class ClC1=NC=CC=N1 UNCQVRBWJWWJBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFUFXTHGZWIDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloroquinoline Chemical class C1=CC=CC2=NC(Cl)=CC=C21 OFUFXTHGZWIDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DHDHJYNTEFLIHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=NC2=C1C=CC1=C(C=3C=CC=CC=3)C=CN=C21 DHDHJYNTEFLIHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PGDARWFJWJKPLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[2-[3-[4-(diethylamino)phenyl]-2-phenyl-1,3-dihydropyrazol-5-yl]ethenyl]-n,n-diethylaniline Chemical compound C1=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C1C=CC1=CC(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N(CC)CC)N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)N1 PGDARWFJWJKPLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKIJILZFXPFTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-n-[4-[1-[4-(4-methyl-n-(4-methylphenyl)anilino)phenyl]cyclohexyl]phenyl]-n-(4-methylphenyl)aniline Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC(=CC=1)C1(CCCCC1)C=1C=CC(=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 ZOKIJILZFXPFTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VFUDMQLBKNMONU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-[4-(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)phenyl]carbazole Chemical group C12=CC=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=C2N1C1=CC=C(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N2C3=CC=CC=C3C3=CC=CC=C32)C=C1 VFUDMQLBKNMONU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ROFVEXUMMXZLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bipyridyl Chemical compound N1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 ROFVEXUMMXZLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010034972 Photosensitivity reaction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241001126918 Sycon Species 0.000 description 1
- 150000001217 Terbium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052775 Thulium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CUJRVFIICFDLGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetylacetonate Chemical compound CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O CUJRVFIICFDLGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052768 actinide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001255 actinides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002877 alkyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001543 aryl boronic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003851 azoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002322 conducting polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910001850 copernicium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-DICFDUPASA-N dichloromethane-d2 Chemical compound [2H]C([2H])(Cl)Cl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-DICFDUPASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RBTKNAXYKSUFRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N heliogen blue Chemical compound [Cu].[N-]1C2=C(C=CC=C3)C3=C1N=C([N-]1)C3=CC=CC=C3C1=NC([N-]1)=C(C=CC=C3)C3=C1N=C([N-]1)C3=CC=CC=C3C1=N2 RBTKNAXYKSUFRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000879 imine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001659 ion-beam spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002504 iridium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YOLNUNVVUJULQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-J iridium;tetrachloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ir] YOLNUNVVUJULQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 125000000468 ketone group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002346 layers by function Substances 0.000 description 1
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Inorganic materials [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000001748 luminescence spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001755 magnetron sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910003455 mixed metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004776 molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 1
- JGOAZQAXRONCCI-SDNWHVSQSA-N n-[(e)-benzylideneamino]aniline Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1N\N=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 JGOAZQAXRONCCI-SDNWHVSQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- AUONHKJOIZSQGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxophosphane Chemical group P=O AUONHKJOIZSQGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036211 photosensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003227 poly(N-vinyl carbazole) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000548 poly(silane) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium atom Chemical compound [Sm] KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZJPVUDYAMEDRM-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver;2,2,2-trifluoroacetate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]C(=O)C(F)(F)F KZJPVUDYAMEDRM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000859 sublimation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002230 thermal chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000427 thin-film deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table
- C07F5/003—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table without C-Metal linkages
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/917—Electroluminescent
Definitions
- This invention relates to luminescent complexes of lanthanide metals with imine ligands. It also relates to electronic devices in which the active layer includes a lanthanide complex. Description of the Related Art Luminescent compounds are of interest in a variety of applications, including analytical, bio-analyti ⁇ al and electronic uses. Extensive studies have been made of compounds of the lanthanide metals because of their characteristic sharp emission spectra with very narrow peak-widths. Analytical uses of luminescent complexes of lanthanide metals have been disclosed by, for example, Bell et al. in EP 556 005 and EP 744 451. Electronic devices using luminescent organometallic complexes of lanthanide metals have also been disclosed.
- lanthanide centers are bound to diimine ligands, such as Skotheim et al., US Patent 5,128,587, and Borner et al., US Patent 5,756,224. Heeger et al. have reported devices using europium complexes blended with semiconducting conjugated polymers (Adv. Mater. 1999, 11, 1349). Devices containing lanthanide centers bound to phosphineoxide ligands have been disclosed in, for example, Kathirgamanathan et al. WO 98/58037, Wenlian et al. Journal of the SID 1998, 6, 133, and Gao et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998, 72, 2217.
- the present invention is directed to a luminescent compound comprising a lanthanide metal complexed to at least one imine ligand. It also is directed to an organic electronic device having at least one emitting layer comprising (a) at least one lanthanide compound having at least one imine ligand, and, optionally, (b) a charge transport material.
- the imine is selected from a mono-imine having a Formula I, shown in Figure 1, and a diimine having a Formula II, shown in Figure 2, where: in Formulae I and II:
- R 1 can be the same or different at each occurrence and is selected from alkyl, fluorinated alkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, -QR 2 , -QN(R 2 ) 2 , X, or adjacent R 1 groups can join to form 5- membered or 6-membered rings, R 2 is alkyl or aryl,
- compound is intended to mean an electrically uncharged substance made up of molecules that further consist of atoms, wherein the atoms cannot be separated by physical means.
- ligand is intended to mean a molecule, ion, or atom that is attached to the coordination sphere of a metallic ion.
- complex when used as a noun, is intended to mean a compound having at least one metallic ion and at least one ligand.
- group is intended to mean a part of a compound, such as a substituent in an organic compound or a ligand in a complex.
- ⁇ -dicarbonyl is intended to mean a neutral compound in which two ketone groups are present, separated by a CHR group.
- ⁇ -enolate is intended to mean the anionic form of the ⁇ -dicarbonyl in which the H from the CHR group between the two carbonyl groups has been abstracted.
- charge transport material is intended to mean material that can receive a charge from an electrode and move it through the thickness of the material with,relatively high efficiency and low loss.
- adjacent;to when used to refer to layers in a device, does not necessarily mean that one layer is immediately next to another layer.
- adjacent R groups is used to refer to R groups that are next to each other in a chemical formula (i.e., R groups that are on atoms joined by a bond).
- photoactive refers to any material that exhibits electroluminescence and/or photosensitivity.
- IUPAC numbering system is used throughout, where the groups from the Periodic Table are numbered from left to right as 1-18 (CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 81 st Edition, 2000). DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 shows Formula I for a mono-imine ligand useful in the invention.
- Figure 2 shows Formula II for a diimine ligand useful in the invention.
- Figure 3 shows Formula V for the ⁇ -enolate ligand useful in the invention.
- Figure 4 shows Formula VII for a phenylpyridine ligand.
- Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of a light-emitting device (LED).
- Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of an LED testing apparatus. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
- the lanthanide metals are in the +3 oxidation state, and are heptacoordinate or octacoordinate.
- One or more of the coordination sites are occupied by at least one ligand having one of Formulae I and II.
- More than one of these ligands, and more than one type of ligand may be coordinated to the metal.
- Six coordination positions are occupied by ⁇ -enolate ligands, and one or two coordination positions are occupied by the mono-imine or diimine ligand.
- the preferred lanthanide metals are Eu, Tb, and Tm. The preferred lanthanide complexes re neutral and non-ionic, and can be sublimed intact.
- the ligands are generally chosen so that the final compound is neutral in charge. It is preferred that the additional ligands are ⁇ -enolates. More preferred lanthanide compounds are described by one of Formulae III-A, III-B, or IV below:
- diimine has Formula II of Figure 2 as described above.
- Preferred mono-imine ligands include pyrindine ligands (having Formula I) with at least one R 1 group including C n (H+F) 2n+ ⁇ , where n is an integer from 1 to 12; -CN; -(C 6 H 5 ); -(C 4 H 3 S); and -(C 4 H 3 O). Examples of suitable mono-imine ligands having Formula I, shown in
- Figure 1 include those listed in Table (i) below.
- Preferred diimine ligands include bipyridine ligands (having Formula II) with at least one R 1 groups are -C n (H+F) 2n+ i and -C6H m F 5 . m , where m is an integer from 1 to 5.
- Suitable diimine ligands having Formula II shown in Figure 2 include those listed in Tabe (ii) below.
- the diimine and mono-imine ligands are commercially available from, for example, Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, WI).
- FMbipy can be prepared according to: Furue, Masaoki; Maruyama, Kazunori; Oguni, Tadayoshi; Naiki, Masahiro; Kamachi, Mikiharu Inorg. Chem. 1992, 31(18), 3792-5.
- 2-FMPbipy", “3-FMPbipy”, and "FPbipy” can be prepared by Suzuki coupling, according to analogous literature procedures found in:
- the ⁇ -enolate ligands generally have Formula V shown in Figure 3, where R 3 is the same or different at each occurrence.
- the R 3 groups can be hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl or heterocyclic groups. Adjacent R 3 groups can be joined to form five- and six-membered rings, which can be substituted.
- Preferred R 3 groups are selected from H, F, C n (H+F) 2n+ ⁇ , -CgHg, -C4H3S, and -C4H3O, where n is an integer from 1 to 12, preferably from 1 to 6.
- suitable ⁇ -enolate ligands include but are not limited to the compounds listed in Table (iii) below. The abbreviation for the ⁇ -enolate form is given in brackets.
- ⁇ -dicarbonyls are generally available commercially.
- 1,1,1,3,5,5,5- heptafluoro-2,4-pentanedionate, CF3C(O)CFHC(O)CF3 can be prepared using a two-step synthesis, based on the reaction of perfluoropentene-2 with ammonia, followed by a hydrolysis step. This compound should be stored and reacted under anyhydrous conditions as it is susceptible to hydrolysis.
- the lanthanide complexes of the invention are made using two routes. The first is by reacting the imine ligand with a Ln(b-enolate)3 complex. Alternatively, these complexes can be obtained by the addition of the b-dicarbonyl and imine compounds to a simple lanthanide metal salt, such as the chloride, nitrate, or acetate. For example, one synthetic method is to dissolve an anhydrous lanthanide acetate, the desired b-dicarbonyl and the imine in dichloromethane. The product can be precipitated by the addition of hexanes. This is particularly useful for forming complexes with heptafluoroacetylacetone. The heptafluoroacetylacetonato lanthanide complexes are generally quite stable to air and moisture.
- the present invention also relates to an electronic device comprising at least one photoactive layer positioned between two electrical contact layers, wherein the at least one photoactive layer of the device includes the lanthanide complex of the invention.
- a typical device 100 has an anode layer 110 and a cathode layer 150 and electroactive layers 120, 130 and optionally 140 between the anode 110 and cathode 150. Adjacent to the anode is a hole injection/transport layer 120. Adjacent to the cathode is an optional layer 140 comprising an electron transport material. Between the hole injection/transport layer 120 and the cathode (or optional electron transport layer) is the photoactive layer 130.
- the photoactive layer 130 can be a light-emitting layer that is activated by an applied voltage (such as in a light-emitting diode or light-emitting electrochemical cell), a layer of material that responds to radiant energy and generates a signal with or without an applied bias voltage (such as in a photodetector).
- an applied voltage such as in a light-emitting diode or light-emitting electrochemical cell
- a layer of material that responds to radiant energy and generates a signal with or without an applied bias voltage
- Examples of photodetectors include photoconductive cells, photoresistors, photoswitches, phototransistors, and phototubes, and photovoltaic cells, as these terms are describe in Markus, John, Electronics and Nucleonics Dictionary, 470 and 476 (McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1966).
- the lanthanide complexes of the invention are useful in the photoactive layer 130 of the device.
- the luminescence spectrum is due to f-f transitions within the metal.
- the intensity of emission can be influenced by the nature of the ligands attached to the lanthanide metal, the wavelength remains relatively constant for all complexes of the same metal.
- the europium complexes typically have a sharp red emission; the terbium complexes have a sharp green emission.
- the luminescence observed is not due to atomic transitions of the metal. Rather, it is due to either the ligands or the metal-ligand interaction. Under such conditions, the luminescence band can be broad and the wavelength can be sensitive to the ligand used.
- the complexes can be used alone in the light-emitting layer, their emission generally is not strong. It has been found that emission can be greatly improved by combining the lanthanide complexes with materials which facilitate charge transport.
- the materials can be hole transport materials, electron transport materials or other light-emitting materials which have good transport properties. If the lanthanide complex does hot have good hole transport properties, a hole transport material can be co-deposited. Conversely, an electron transport material can be co-deposited if the lanthanide complex does not have good electron transport properties. Some materials can transport both electrons and holes and are more flexible to use.
- the HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) of the hole transport material should align with the work function of the anode
- the LUMO (lowest un-occupied molecular orbital) of the electron transport material should align with the work function of the cathode.
- Chemical compatibility and sublimation temp of the materials are also important considerations in selecting the electron and hole transport materials.
- hole transport materials such as N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'- bis(3-methylphenyl)-[l,r-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (“TPD") and bis[4-(N,N- diethylamino)-2-methylphenyl](4-methylphenyl)methane (“MPMP”);electron and hole transporting material such as 4,4'-N,N'-dicarbazole biphenyl (“BCP”); or light-emitting materials with good electron and hole transport properties, such as chelated oxinoid compounds, such as tris(8-hydroxyquinolato)aluminum (“Alq3»), and cyclometalated iridium complexes with 2-phenylpyridines and derivatives.
- the iridium complexes have been described in copending application Serial No. 60/215362. They can be generally described as compound having Formula VI below:
- L" a monodentate ligand, and is not a phenylpyridine, and phenylpyrimidine, or phenylquinoline;
- L a , L b and L c are alike or different from each other and each of L a , L D and L c has Formula VII, shown in Figure 4 wherein: adjacent pairs of R -R 7 dnd R 8 -R! 'can be joined to form a five- or six- membered ring, at least one of R4-R 1 Ms selected from F, C s F 2s+1 , OC s F 2s + ] , and OCF 2 Y, s is an integer from 1 to 6 , Y is H, Cl, or Br, and
- A is C or N, provided that when A is N, there is no R 4 .
- Preferred iridium compounds include those where L a , L b and L c are alike, and either (i) R 6 is CF 3 , R 10 is F, and all other R are H; or (ii) R 9 is CF 3 and all other R are H.
- the iridium complexes above are generally prepared from the appropriate substituted 2-phenylpyridine, phenylpyrimidine, or phenylquinoline.
- the substituted 2-phenylpyridines, phenylpyrimidines, and phenylquinolines are prepared, in good to excellent yield, using the Suzuki coupling of the substituted 2-chloropyridine, 2-chloropyrimidine or 2-chloroquinoline with arylboronic acid as described in O. Lohse, P.Thevenin, E. Waldvogel Synlett, 1999, 45-48.
- the iridium complex can then be prepared by reacting an excess of the
- the lanthanide complex When the lanthanide complex is co-deposited with additional charge transport material to form the photoactive layer, the lanthanide complex is generally present in an amount of about up to 85% by volume (15% by volume for the charge transport material) based on the total volume of the emitting layer. Under such conditions the charge transport material is responsible for carrying the electrons and/or holes to the lanthanide.
- the concentration of the charge transport material has to be above the percolation threshold of approximately 15 volume %, such that a conducting pathway can be established. When the density of the material is close to one, 15 wt % is acceptable as long as the percolation threshold is reached.
- the lanthanide complex is generally present in an amount of about 0.5 to 75% by weight, based on the total weight of the emitting layer.
- the device generally also includes a support (not shown) which can be adjacent to the anode or the cathode. Most frequently, the support is adjacent the anode.
- the support can be flexible or rigid, organic or inorganic. Generally, glass or flexible organic films are used as a support.
- the anode 110 is an electrode that is particularly efficient for injecting or collecting positive charge carriers.
- the anode is preferably made of materials containing a metal, mixed metal, alloy, metal oxide or mix ⁇ d-metal oxide. Suitable metals include the Group 11 metals, the metals in Groups 4, 5, and 6, and the Group 8-10 transition metals. If the anode is to be lightoransmitting, mixed-metal oxides of Groups 12, 13 and 14 metals, such as indium-tin-oxide, are generally used.
- the anode 110 may also comprise an organic material such as polyaniline as described in
- the anode layer 110 is usually applied by a physical vapor deposition process or spin-cast process.
- physical vapor deposition refers to various deposition approaches carried out in vacuo.
- physical vapor deposition includes all forms of sputtering, including ion beam sputtering, as well as all forms of vapor deposition such as e-beam evaporation and resistance evaporation.
- a specific form of physical vapor deposition which is useful is rf magnetron sputtering.
- hole transport materials for layer 120 have been summarized for example, in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Fourth Edition, Vol. 18, p. 837-860, 1996, by Y. Wang. Both hole transporting molecules and polymers can be used. Commonly used hole transporting molecules, in addition to TPD and MPMP mentioned above, are: l,l-bis[(di-4-tolylamino) phenyl]cyclohexane (TAPC), N,N'-bis(4-methylphenyl)-N,N'-bis(4-ethylphenyl)- [l,r-(3,3'-dimethyl)bi ⁇ henyl]-4,4'-diamine (ETPD), tetrakis-(3-methylphenyl)- N,N,N',N'-2,5-phenylenediamine (PDA), a-phenyl-4-N,N-diphenylaminostyrene (TPS), p-(diethylamino
- hole transporting polymers are polyvinylcarbazole, (phenylmethyl)polysilane, poly(3,4-ethylendioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and polyaniline. It is also possible to obtain hole transporting polymers by doping hole transporting molecules such as those mentioned above into polymers such as polystyrene and polycarbonate.
- Optional layer 140 can function both to facilitate electron transport, and also serve as a buffer layer or anti-quenching layer to prevent quenching reactions at layer interfaces. Preferably, this layer promotes electron mobility and reduces quenching reactions.
- electron transport materials for optional layer 140 include metal chelated oxinoid compounds, such as tris(8-hydroxyquinolato)aluminum (Alq ); phenanthroline-based compounds, such as 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-l,10-phenanthroline (DDPA) or 4,7-diphenyl- 1,10-phenanthroline (DP A), and azole compounds such as 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4- t-butylpheny ⁇ )-l,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD) and 3-(4-biphenylyl)-4-phenyl-5-(4-t- butylphenyl)-l ,2,4-triazole (TAZ).
- metal chelated oxinoid compounds such as tris(8-hydroxyquinolato)aluminum (Alq )
- phenanthroline-based compounds such as 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-l,10
- the cathode 150 is an electrode that is particularly efficient for injecting or collecting electrons or negative charge carriers.
- the cathode can be any metal or nonmetal having a lower work function than the first electrical contact layer (in this case, an anode).
- Materials for the second electrical contact layer can be selected from alkali metals of Group 1 (e.g., Li, Cs), the Group 2 (alkaline earth) metals, the Group 12 metals, the lanthanides, and the actinides. Materials such as aluminum, indium, calcium, barium, samarium and magnesium, as well as combinations, can be used.
- a layer between the conductive polymer layer 120 and the active layer 130 to facilitate positive charge transport and/or band-gap matching pf the layers, or to function as a protective layer.
- additional layers between the active layer 130 and the cathode layer 150 to facilitate negative charge transport and/or band-gap matching between the layers, or to function as a protective layer.
- Layers that are known in the art can be used.
- any of the above-described layers can be made of two or more layers.
- inorganic anode layer 110 may be surface treated to increase charge carrier transport efficiency.
- the choice of materials for each of the component layers is preferably determined by balancing the goals of providing a device with high device efficiency.
- each functional layer may be made up of more than one layer.
- the device can be prepared by sequentially vapor depositing the individual layers on a suitable substrate. Substrates such as glass and polymeric films can be used. Conventional vapor deposition techniques can be used, such as thermal evaporation, chemical vapor deposition, and the like. Alternatively, the organic layers can be coated from solutions or dispersions in suitable solvents, using any conventional coating technique.
- the different layers will have the following range of thicknesses: anode 110, 500-5000A, preferably 1000-2000A; hole transport layer 120, 50-2500A, preferably 200-2000A; light-emitting layer 130, 10-1000 A, preferably 100-800A; optional electron transport layer 140, 50- 1000 A, preferably 100-800A; cathode 150, 200- 10,000 A, preferably
- the location of the electron-hole recombination zone in the device, and thus the emission spectrum of the device, is affected by the relative thickness of each layer.
- the electron-hole recombination zone can be in the Alq 3 layer.
- the emission would then be that of Alq3, and not the desired sharp lanthanide emission.
- the thickness of the electron-transport layer must be chosen so that the electron-hole recombination zone is in the light-emitting layer.
- the desired ratio of layer thicknesses will depend on the exact nature of the materials used. It is understood that the efficiency of the devices of the invention made with lanthanide compounds, can be further improved by optimizing the other layers in the device.
- cathodes such as Ca, Ba or LiF
- Shaped substrates and novel hole transport materials that result in a reduction in operating voltage or increase quantum efficiency are also applicable.
- Additional layers can also be added to tailor the energy levels of the various layers and facilitate electroluminescence.
- EXAMPLE 4 This example illustrates the formation of OLEDs using the lanthanide complexes of the invention.
- Thin film OLED devices including a hole transport layer (HT layer), electroluminescent layer (EL layer) and an electron transport layer (ET layer) were fabricated by the thermal evaporation technique.
- An Edward Auto 306 evaporator with oil diffusion pump was used.
- the base vacuum for all of the thin film deposition was in the range of 10' 6 torr.
- the deposition chamber was capable of depositing five different films without the need to break up the vacuum.
- ITO indium tin oxide coated glass substrate
- the substrate was first patterned by etching away the unwanted ITO area with IN HC1 solution, to form a first electrode pattern.
- Polyimide tape was used as the mask.
- the patterned ITO substrate was then cleaned ultrasonically in aqueous detergent solution.
- the substrate was then rinsed with distilled water, followed by isopropanol, and then degreased in toluene vapor for about 3 hours.
- the cleaned, patterned ITO substrate was then loaded into the vacuum chamber and the chamber was pumped down to 10" 6 torr. The substrate was then further cleaned using an oxygen plasma for about 5-10 minutes. After cleaning, multiple layers of thin films for the HT, EL and ET layers were then deposited sequentially onto the substrate by thermal evaporation. Finally, patterned metal electrodes of Al were deposited through a mask, with a thickness in the range of 700-760 A. The thicknesses of the films were measured during deposition using a quartz crystal monitor (Sycon STC-200). The reported film thicknesses are nominal, calculated assuming the density of the material deposited to be one. The completed OLED device was then taken out of the vacuum chamber and characterized immediately without encapsulation. A summary of the device layers and thicknesses is given in Table 3, below.
- the OLED samples were characterized by measuring the (1) current- voltage (I-V) curves, (2) electroluminescence radiance versus voltage, and (3) electroluminescence spectrum versus voltage.
- the apparatus used, 200 is shown in Figure 6.
- the I-V curves of an OLED sample, 220 were measured with a Keithley Source-Measurement Unit Model 237, 280.
- the electroluminescence radiance (in the unit of cd/m 2 ) vs. voltage was measured with a Minolta LS-110 luminescence meter, 210, while the voltage was scanned using the Keithley SMU.
- the electroluminescence spectrum were obtained by collecting light using a pair of lenses, 230, through an electronic shutter, 240, dispersed through a spectrograph, 250, and then measured with a diode array detector, 260. All three measurements were performed at the same time and controlled by a computer, 270. The efficiency of the device at certain voltage was determined by dividing the electroluminescence radiance of the LED by the current density needed to run the device. The unit of measurement is Cd/A. The results are given in Table 3 below.
- DDPA 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl- 1 , 10-phenanthroline
- MPMP bis[4-(N,N-diethylarnino)-2-methylphenyl](4- methylphenyl)methane
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (5)
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EP02747033A EP1406909A1 (en) | 2001-07-18 | 2002-07-15 | Luminescent lanthanide complexes with imine ligands and devices made with such complexes |
JP2003513983A JP2004536133A (en) | 2001-07-18 | 2002-07-15 | Luminescent lanthanide complexes with imine ligands and devices made from such complexes |
KR10-2004-7000667A KR20040018467A (en) | 2001-07-18 | 2002-07-15 | Luminescent lanthanide complexes with imine ligands and devices made with such complexes |
IL15886502A IL158865A0 (en) | 2001-07-18 | 2002-07-15 | Luminescent lanthanide complexes with imine ligands and devices made with such complexes |
CA002451086A CA2451086A1 (en) | 2001-07-18 | 2002-07-15 | Luminescent lanthanide complexes with imine ligands and devices made with such complexes |
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US30639501P | 2001-07-18 | 2001-07-18 | |
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EP (1) | EP1406909A1 (en) |
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CA (1) | CA2451086A1 (en) |
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DE112006003401T5 (en) | 2005-12-28 | 2008-11-06 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company, Wilmington | Cationic compositions of electrically conductive polymers doped with fully fluorinated acid polymers |
US7504769B2 (en) | 2004-12-16 | 2009-03-17 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours + Company | Aromatic chalcogen compounds and their use |
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