WO2002086413A1 - Ciblage de balles a l'aide de materiaux luminescents - Google Patents

Ciblage de balles a l'aide de materiaux luminescents Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002086413A1
WO2002086413A1 PCT/US2002/012598 US0212598W WO02086413A1 WO 2002086413 A1 WO2002086413 A1 WO 2002086413A1 US 0212598 W US0212598 W US 0212598W WO 02086413 A1 WO02086413 A1 WO 02086413A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
bullet
slug
tungsten
mixture
bullets
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2002/012598
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Richard A. Lowden
Norman L. Vaughan
Cyrus M. Smith
Stephen W. Allison
Original Assignee
Ut-Battelle, Llc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ut-Battelle, Llc filed Critical Ut-Battelle, Llc
Publication of WO2002086413A1 publication Critical patent/WO2002086413A1/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
    • F42B12/74—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the core or solid body
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/36—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B35/00—Testing or checking of ammunition

Definitions

  • luminescence There are thousands of materials that efficiently convert light incident at one color into light of different color(s). The process whereby absorption is followed by subsequent re-emission is known as luminescence. Depending on certain particulars, the terms fluorescence and phosphorescence are also used. Materials that are among the most effective at efficient luminescence are phosphors.
  • Phosphors are powdered materials that are used for such purposes as fluorescent lighting, television and computer-screen displays, x-ray detection, and xerography, to name a few applications. Decades of research by the lighting and display industries, as well as the laser research and development establishment, have produced a large database and knowledge base that has resulted in a wide variety of phosphor types for these various applications.
  • Phosphor materials present several advantages for use as taggants. They are bright (i.e. only a small amount is needed in order to be detected), each material exhibits its own unique characteristics that can be easily detected and they are compatible with the host metal materials. Some of the best candidate materials are ceramics, and are thus capable of enduring harsh environments. There is no impact on functionality.
  • the individual particles were encapsulated in an organic plastic material such as polyethylene and a method for so encapsulating these particles is disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,961,106 dated June 1, 1976.
  • These encapsulated particles can incorporate an anti-static coating, such as amorphous carbon, in order to prevent electrostatic charging thereof and such a coating is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,993,838 dated Nov. 23, 1976.
  • U.S. Patent 3,897,284 dated July 29, 1975 discloses micro particles for tagging of explosives, which particles incorporate a substantial proportion of magnetite that enables the particles to be located by means of magnetic pickup. Ferrite has also been used. More recently, modified tagging particles with strips of color coding material having a layer of magnetite affixed to one side and layers of fluorescent material affixed to both exterior sides has been developed In this system the taggant can be located by visual detection of the luminescent response, or magnetic pickup, or both. Both the ferrite and the magnetite materials are dark colored, however, and absorptive of the radiation which excites the luminescent material, thereby making the particles somewhat difficult to locate after an explosion. Further developments produced similar particles that take advantage of the magnetic properties without diminishing the luminescent response of the materials (US Patent 4,131,064).
  • the taggants and taggant mixtures described in this disclosure cannot be easily added to lead or its alloys and thus may not be useful for tagging current bullets or projectiles.
  • Most of the aforementioned means for the identification of bullets rely on the insertion of plastic tabs or other forms into the base or core of a bullet. This adds complexity to processing and recovery of a significant portion of the bullet would be required for identification.
  • the tags are likely plastic and thus the addition of these would decrease weight and alter weight distribution, diminishing performance. The methods are not practical and are limited in scope and flexibility.
  • the method described in this invention could be used to identify bullets or even small bullet fragments in the field. Very small quantities of the taggants and taggant mixtures are needed to be effective, thus the addition has no effect on performance.
  • bullets are being fabricated from mixtures of metal powders that are consolidated to form dense metallic materials, which mimic the properties of lead (US Patent 5,760,331). High-density metals such as tungsten are mixed with lighter, softer metals such as tin and zinc to produce components with controlled density and mechanical properties. Powder metal mixtures are simply cold pressed to produce a high-density material. No heat treating or sintering of the composite simulants is necessary to achieve the appropriate properties.
  • This invention is an identifiable bullet having a slug made from an unsintered powdered metal composite core and a luminescent taggant mixture.
  • the luminescent taggant mixture portion of the slug serves as an identifying agent that can be traced to the manufactured origin of the bullet thereby providing a means for matching the identity of a post-fired bullet with the identity of a pre-fired bullet manufacturer.
  • Figure 1 Measurements for tin-tungsten bullet material with 0.5 wt% green emitter and 0.5 wt% red emitter.
  • Figure 2 Measurements for bullet materials doped with 5.0 wt% blue emitter, and 0.5 wt% each of blue and red emitter.
  • Figure 3 Measurements for bullet material with 0.01 wt% red emitting phosphor.
  • Figure 4. Emission of some non-visible phosphors.
  • Figure 5. Plot of the fluorescence showing the decrease in fluorescence intensity with time.
  • Figure 6 A portable spectrometer system.
  • Non-lead bullets are being fabricated from powdered metals and a variety of binders.
  • the tagging technique described herein is applicable to any bullet that contains a powder component
  • the examples used in the testing and evaluation of the technique utilized a bullet fabricated from mixtures of powdered tin and tungsten. Powder mixtures containing 57 wt% tungsten powder (Osram M-70) and 43 wt% tin (Pyron Metal
  • Powders TC-125) were blended and separated into small batches. This mixture was selected because it can be easily compacted to produce a composite simulant with properties that mimic those of the lead in a bullet.
  • Varying amounts of oxide phosphor powders were added to small batches of blended metal powder. The type and quantity of phosphor was varied, and mixtures of phosphors were also evaluated. The concentrations of phosphors examined were 5, 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.05, and 0.01 wt%. Of the wide variety of phosphor types, rare earth and transition- metal doped phosphors are particularly pertinent to tagging applications. Some example dopants are europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), dysprosium (Dy), gadolinium (Gd), etc. The dopant determines the spectral-distribution, or color, of the fluorescence.
  • the fluorescence spectra commonly consist of very narrow, monochromatic lines. Therefore emitted fluorescence from each of these dopants is easily distinguishable from the others on the basis of spectral distribution.
  • the following materials were used for the instant invention: 1. Yttrium vanadate doped with europium (YVO ⁇ Eu) - red
  • Cylindrical samples 0.356" in diameter weighing 100 grains were fabricated from the "doped" powder blends. The samples were compressed in a steel die at a pressure of 50,000 psig and at room temperature. The samples were typical of the slugs used in the fabrication of non-lead bullets. The samples were then fractured and fragmented, and the pieces analyzed. A functional yet dated (circa mid- 1970 's) piece of equipment was used for the measurements described here. A Perkin-Elmer Model 650-10S spectrophotometer was employed to obtain the spectral data. It contains a xenon lamp light source that emits broadband light from 220 to 800 nm. A diffraction grating selects the wavelength to direct to the sample.
  • the bullet fragments were placed in the sample compartment and the operator would adjust the excitation wavelength until the desired color was observed. It was possible for the operator to visually detect the fluorescence with some, but not all, of the room lights turned off. The fluorescence intensity was measured as a function of fluorescence wavelength. All four phosphors selected for this study can be excited by ultraviolet light. They may also be excited by visible light but means to filter out visible excitation light and distinguishing it from the fluorescence were not available.
  • the red, YVO ⁇ Eu was easily detectable down to the lowest concentration, 0.01% by weight.
  • the green-emitting phosphor, YAG:Tb was detectable to this level also, though with more background noise.
  • the blue was detectable down to 0.5%.
  • the inability to detect the blue down to 0.1 wt% or lower was due to several factors, including the weakness of this emission and the interference from the excitation source in the blue region of the spectrum. This made it difficult to distinguish between fluorescence and this background light. With better spectral filtering, it will be possible to increase the detectability in the blue.
  • Each material exhibits its own unique characteristics which can be easily detected. 3. They are compatible with the host metal material.
  • Some of the best candidate materials are ceramics, and are thus capable of enduring harsh environments.
  • Each batch or production run of bullets is tagged with a unique combination of phosphors.
  • the phosphor combination functions as a bar code. If one assumes that, say, nine of these materials are useful as tags and that, for each material, four relative brightness levels are possible, then the total combination of unique, characteristic spectral signatures is 4 9 , or about 250,000. This number could easily be increased since a given dopant may emit at different wavelengths depending on the host material and the dopant concentration. For instance, a high concentration of Eu in yttrium oxide yields a phosphor with over 90% of the luminescence concentrated in the 611 nm line, while, if the host is yttrium vanadate, the main wavelength is at 619 nm.
  • FIG. 5 is a plot of the fluorescence showing the decrease in fluorescence intensity with time.
  • a short pulsed ( ⁇ 3ns) nitrogen laser illuminated the sample.
  • a variety of small, portable spectrometer systems are now on the markets that come close to meeting the needs of bullet tagging.
  • a portable system 1 is illustrated in Figure 6.
  • a laptop personal computer (PC) 3 is connected to an analysis system 5 that contains a light source 7 , sample illumination compartment 9, and detector 11.
  • a diffraction grating in front of the detector would be scanned in order to acquire a spectrum.
  • Software in the PC determines the composition of the tagging material by either:
  • Thermoluminescence is a common dating technique that utilizes phosphor materials. In such applications, the time span is usually hundreds or even thousands of years. Nonetheless, with the right choice and/or design of phosphor material, it is possible to incorporate phosphors designed for determining minutes, hours, days, weeks, etc.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Luminescent Compositions (AREA)
  • Investigating, Analyzing Materials By Fluorescence Or Luminescence (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une balle identifiable comprenant un noyau constitué d'une partie centrale composite en métal pulvérant non fritté et d'un mélange traceur luminescent. Ledit mélange sert d'agent d'identification que l'on peut suivre depuis le début de la fabrication de la balle, ce qui fournit un moyen permettant établir une correspondance entre l'identité d'une balle tirée avec l'identité du fabricant d'une balle avant qu'elle soit tirée.
PCT/US2002/012598 2001-04-23 2002-04-23 Ciblage de balles a l'aide de materiaux luminescents WO2002086413A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/840,568 2001-04-23
US09/840,568 US20020174794A1 (en) 2001-04-23 2001-04-23 Tagging of bullets with luminescent materials

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2002086413A1 true WO2002086413A1 (fr) 2002-10-31

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2010011311A1 (fr) * 2008-07-22 2010-01-28 Cape Town University Nanomarquage de métaux
EP3832249A4 (fr) * 2018-08-03 2021-07-21 META - Soluçôes Em Segurança Ltda. Procédé de préparation et d'utilisation de marqueurs inorganiques pour identification/marquage de sécurité dans des explosifs, des fusées et des munitions après détonation, et dans des armes à feu et des projectiles métalliques, produits obtenus et procédé d'insertion des marqueurs dans des explosifs, des fusées et des munitions, ainsi que dans des armes à feu et des projectiles métalliques

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US20100089804A1 (en) * 2002-10-29 2010-04-15 Claude Lambert Method for identifying a substance or object using a plurality of excitation vectors
US6799518B1 (en) * 2003-10-15 2004-10-05 Keith T. Williams Method and apparatus for frangible projectiles
US7573072B2 (en) * 2004-03-10 2009-08-11 Lumination Llc Phosphor and blends thereof for use in LEDs
US7380503B2 (en) 2004-12-20 2008-06-03 Newtec Services Group Method and apparatus for self-destruct frangible projectiles
US7770521B2 (en) * 2005-06-03 2010-08-10 Newtec Services Group, Inc. Method and apparatus for a projectile incorporating a metastable interstitial composite material
WO2009042656A1 (fr) * 2007-09-24 2009-04-02 Cyalume Technologies, Inc. Munitions photoluminescentes et chargeur
US9068807B1 (en) 2009-10-29 2015-06-30 Lockheed Martin Corporation Rocket-propelled grenade
US20110107935A1 (en) * 2009-11-06 2011-05-12 Authement Sr Joseph Photo-luminescent shotgun projectiles
US8653479B2 (en) * 2010-03-26 2014-02-18 Lockheed Martin Corporation Method and apparatus for tagging individuals for identification and tracking
US8742369B2 (en) * 2010-11-01 2014-06-03 Honeywell International Inc. Value documents and other articles having taggants that exhibit delayed maximum intensity emissions, and methods and apparatus for their authentication
US9140528B1 (en) * 2010-11-16 2015-09-22 Lockheed Martin Corporation Covert taggant dispersing grenade
EP2850381A1 (fr) * 2012-05-15 2015-03-25 Selectamark Security Systems PLC Système d'étiquetage
US9423222B1 (en) 2013-03-14 2016-08-23 Lockheed Martin Corporation Less-than-lethal cartridge
US9200876B1 (en) 2014-03-06 2015-12-01 Lockheed Martin Corporation Multiple-charge cartridge
US20150268017A1 (en) * 2014-03-24 2015-09-24 Triple D Tracker Encrypted spectral taggant for a cartridge
EP2975556A1 (fr) * 2014-07-18 2016-01-20 NISS Group SA Système et procédé pour identifier et authentifier des munitions
WO2016019217A1 (fr) * 2014-07-31 2016-02-04 Duquesne University Of The Holy Ghost Compositions, procédés et dispositifs de ceux-ci pour analyse fluorescente de résidu de tir
CN110940650A (zh) * 2019-12-13 2020-03-31 李刚 一种基于机器学习的弹痕单点激光检测仪
DE102020120318A1 (de) 2020-07-31 2022-02-03 Ruag Ammotec Ag Identifizierbares Projektil und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung

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US3772099A (en) 1971-05-17 1973-11-13 Westinghouse Electric Corp Phosphor combination and method, particularly adapted for use with explosives, for providing a distinctive information label
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US3515070A (en) * 1968-05-15 1970-06-02 Us Army Chemiluminescent peraminoethylene positioned within a brittle capsule
US3772200A (en) * 1971-04-30 1973-11-13 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Method of tagging with microparticles
US3897284A (en) 1971-04-30 1975-07-29 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Tagging explosives with organic microparticles
US3772099A (en) 1971-05-17 1973-11-13 Westinghouse Electric Corp Phosphor combination and method, particularly adapted for use with explosives, for providing a distinctive information label
US3967990A (en) 1975-03-03 1976-07-06 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Interior Combination of band-type and line-type emission phosphors with explosive
US3993838A (en) 1975-03-03 1976-11-23 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Interior Wax or plastic coated phosphor grains
US4131064A (en) 1977-07-15 1978-12-26 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Tagging particles which are easily detected by luminescent response, or magnetic pickup, or both
US5485789A (en) 1994-01-18 1996-01-23 Collier; William E. Bullet identification
US5646365A (en) 1994-01-18 1997-07-08 Collier; William E. Bullet identification
US5760331A (en) * 1994-07-06 1998-06-02 Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corp. Non-lead, environmentally safe projectiles and method of making same
US5762058A (en) * 1995-06-19 1998-06-09 Cheng; Richard T. Exciter for luminescent projectile
US5698816A (en) 1996-06-03 1997-12-16 Boeing North American, Inc. Identifiable bullet and method for manufacturing the same
WO2000071966A2 (fr) * 1999-05-25 2000-11-30 Welle Richard P Systeme de codage a l'aide de traceur fragmente, procede associe et application au marquage de munitions

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2010011311A1 (fr) * 2008-07-22 2010-01-28 Cape Town University Nanomarquage de métaux
EP3832249A4 (fr) * 2018-08-03 2021-07-21 META - Soluçôes Em Segurança Ltda. Procédé de préparation et d'utilisation de marqueurs inorganiques pour identification/marquage de sécurité dans des explosifs, des fusées et des munitions après détonation, et dans des armes à feu et des projectiles métalliques, produits obtenus et procédé d'insertion des marqueurs dans des explosifs, des fusées et des munitions, ainsi que dans des armes à feu et des projectiles métalliques

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