WO2002082714A2 - Vorrichtung und verfahren für die quantenkryptographie - Google Patents
Vorrichtung und verfahren für die quantenkryptographie Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002082714A2 WO2002082714A2 PCT/EP2002/003825 EP0203825W WO02082714A2 WO 2002082714 A2 WO2002082714 A2 WO 2002082714A2 EP 0203825 W EP0203825 W EP 0203825W WO 02082714 A2 WO02082714 A2 WO 02082714A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- quantum
- light signals
- optics
- light
- quantum cryptography
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
- H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
- H04L9/0852—Quantum cryptography
Definitions
- Quantum cryptography enables quantifiable, secure communication. By transmitting quantum particles, especially photons, a random, secure key can be generated. This key can also be used for encryption according to known methods (e.g. one-time pad, DES). Any eavesdropping attempts change the quantum particles in such a way that errors in the generated key make the attack recognizable. This is in marked contrast to conventional methods, in which the security of the transmission is based, for example, on trust in couriers or on (unproven) assumptions about the technological capabilities of the listener.
- Quantum cryptography was first theoretically proposed in 1984 and experimentally implemented in 1991. A number of theoretical and experimental publications and patents led to the rapid development of the area. Today, research on quantum cryptography focuses primarily on the technical implementation of the first prototype. Great attention is paid to the miniaturization of the systems used and to the great stability and economy of the transmitter and receiver optics.
- the present invention relates to a system for the secure distribution of cryptographic keys according to the method of quantum cryptography.
- quantum cryptography as is known from US5307410 [1] and US5732139 [2], a cryptographic key is used between two or more participants by transmitting information-carrying light signals via the quantum channel, by measuring these signals and by exchanging information about the measurements via a classic communication channel generated. Possible eavesdropping attacks during the transmission of the light signals can be proven based on knowledge of quantum theory.
- the generated cryptographic key is of great importance for the transmission of messages of all kinds because of its high security.
- [8-11] discloses devices which do not require any switches due to the use of 2 or more signal sources or 2 or more analysis channels.
- the light signals emitted by the signal sources are superimposed in the transmitting device by means of optical components, in particular semi-transparent mirrors, or the light signals are divided in the receiving device using a semi-transparent mirror.
- the signal sources are checked in such a way that at one point in time only one of the sources generates a single photon or an attenuated light pulse at the output of the transmission unit.
- the incoming photon is randomly distributed to the different analyzers by a beam splitter and registered by one of the detectors, which results in the signal relevant for key generation.
- the object of the invention is to provide an improved device and an improved method for quantum cryptography.
- the signal sources are spatially arranged in such a way that wave fronts of the light signals they emit partially overlap at the input of the quantum channel, and / or the analysis channels are spatially arranged such that the wavefront of the light signals coming from the quantum channel is spatially divided and at least 2 of the parts in a quantum mechanical state.
- mirrors or other components that change the wavefront are used.
- the size of the transmitting or receiving optics can be significantly reduced without disturbing the quantum mechanical states of the light signals.
- Mirrors, prisms, glass plates, lenses and / or diffractive elements can be used as components that change the wavefront.
- the distribution ratio can be adjusted to the different analysis channels and optimized for the specific application.
- the randomness of the distribution over several analysis channels is guaranteed by the spatial division of the light cone. According to quantum mechanics, the detection of a single photon light signal is random and indefinite in the different parts of a light cone.
- the spatial superimposition or division of the light cones can be used flexibly for several types of quantum mechanical states.
- the quantum mechanical state in an embodiment according to the invention can be realized by the property of the polarization of the light signals, or alternatively by a phase difference of temporally offset components of the light signal, or by a phase difference of frequency components of the light signal.
- An advantageous variant of the invention carries out analysis channels in such a way that optical components are used together for several channels without losing full functionality. This reduces the complexity, the price and also the size of the receiving optics.
- the present invention is formed by the geometric overlap of the light beams generated by the signal sources at the output and by the geometric division of the light beams at the receiver.
- the randomness required for quantum cryptography at the receiver is not guaranteed by the randomness of the detection in the outputs of a beam splitter, but by the randomness of the detection in geometrically different parts of the light beam.
- the present invention has a cryptographic transmitter with at least 2 signal sources, in which at least 2 of the available signal sources are set non-orthogonally in the sense of a quantum mechanical preparation, and which is characterized in that the light coming from the signal sources spatially overlaps at the output of the transmitter and in exits the quantum channel.
- the spatial overlap can be achieved either solely by the beam divergence of the signal sources or with the aid of mirrors, lenses, prisms or refractive elements.
- the present invention also has a cryptographic receiving unit with at least two measuring devices with quantum mechanical properties, at least 2 of the measuring devices being oriented non-orthogonally in the sense of a quantum mechanical measurement, and which is characterized in that the light beam coming from the quantum channel is geometrically divided between the measuring devices.
- the distribution ratio between the various measuring devices can be changed by changing the position of the measuring devices or the components introduced (mirror, lens, prism, glass plate, refractive element).
- quantum mechanics it is indefinite and random in which part of the light beam, i.e. in which one of the measuring devices a single photon coming from the quantum channel is detected.
- a quantum cryptography system can use either one of the above-mentioned transmitters or one of the above-mentioned receivers, or both.
- the transmitter can also be equipped with additional signal sources, which are designed such that they emit light in the output, which for adjustment, synchronization or message transmission within the
- Quantum cryptography system can be used.
- the signal sources are light sources, characterized in that the light emitted by them and coupled out into the quantum channel is either (a) a well-defined one Has polarization orientation, or (b) has a certain relative phase position at different times, or (c) has a relative phase position for different frequencies. This is achieved by means of polarizers and / or phase elements which are introduced into the light beam.
- Measuring devices register light, whereby (a) the polarization of the light has a certain orientation, (b) the light coming at different times has a certain relative phase position, (c) the light coming with different frequencies has a certain relative phase position.
- the receiver can be equipped with further measuring devices for the purpose of synchronization, adjustment, security checks and message transmission within the quantum cryptography system.
- FIG. 2a shows a variant of FIG. 2 with a shortened overall length
- Fig. 3 shows a preferred embodiment of a recipient
- Fig. 4 shows a further preferred embodiment of a receiver.
- an external source determines a number which emits a short light pulse from several signal sources (11-14).
- the signal sources used in the present embodiment are laser diodes which emit light of a well-defined linear polarization (degree of polarization> 97%).
- the laser diodes are oriented in such a way that the polarization of the light they emit is rotated in each case by 45 ° to the preceding laser diode.
- a light pulse with a polarization direction of 0 ° (vertical polarization direction Xll), 45 ° (12), 90 ° (horizontal) (13), or 135 ° (14) is emitted.
- the laser diodes are arranged in a semicircle in such a way that similar portions of the emitted light overlap due to the beam divergence at the output (see indicated light cone in front view).
- a concave lens (convex mirror) can be inserted into the beam path to reduce the overall length or to adjust the beam divergence.
- the light is coupled into a single-mode glass fiber (15) (quantum channel) at the output.
- FIG. 2 couples the light emitted by differently oriented laser diodes (21-24) (possibly via a lens or via a mirror) into one Cover (25), which is used for room filtering.
- the light emerging here can be processed as a quantum channel via additional lenses (26) (and possibly diaphragms, telescope arrangement) for an optical microwave link.
- additional laser diodes can be attached to the center of the 4 laser diodes, whose emitted light can be used for synchronization and adjustment.
- a conical mirror element (27) can be used to shorten the overall length (FIG. 2a). This is arranged in the center of an annular arrangement of the laser diodes (28) in such a way that the divergence of the light beams can advantageously be adapted to the divergence of the spatial filter (29) and the quantum channel (30).
- light comes from the single-mode glass fiber (quantum channel) (31) from the transmitter and is collimated by a lens (32) or focused on the detectors.
- a mirror (33) is partially introduced into the light beam thus expanded, which thereby reflects a corresponding part of the light to an analysis unit.
- the other part of the light beam passes through a wave plate (34) and then strikes another analysis unit.
- the wave plate is oriented in such a way that linearly polarized light is transformed into vertically (horizontally) polarized light at 45 ° (-45 °).
- Both analysis units consist of a polarizing beam splitter (35, 36) and 2 single photon detectors (37- 40).
- the polarizing beam splitter reflects vertically polarized light and transmits horizontally polarized light.
- the signal from the single-photon detectors characterizes the detected polarization: 0 ° (37), 45 ° (39), 90 ° (38), 135 ° (40).
- Appropriate electronics for signal processing make it correspondingly better known
- the light comes through a spatial filter with lenses (41) orifices (42).
- the light emerging through the last aperture is focused on the detectors by a lens (43).
- a plane-parallel glass plate (44) is placed in the right part of the light beam. It is tilted in such a way that the continuous light is shifted horizontally to the right.
- a wave plate (45) is introduced into the left partial beam. It is oriented in such a way that linearly polarized light is transformed into vertically (horizontally) polarized light at 45 ° (-45 °).
- Both partial beams enter a polarizing beam splitter (46) which transmits horizontally polarized light and reflects vertically polarized light.
- both measuring channels use the same polarizing beam splitter.
- the transmitted or reflected light is registered by 4 single photon detectors (47-50). These detectors are arranged in pairs in the transmitted beam and in the reflected beam behind a mirror (51) such that the left detector detects light that previously passed through the wave plate and the right detector detects light that previously passed through the plane-parallel plate.
- the signal from the single-photon detectors also identifies the detected polarization and is processed by suitable electronics for signal processing in accordance with known quantum cryptography protocols.
- the novelty of this invention is to be seen in the use of wavefront overlay (at the transmitter) or in the use of wavefront division (at the receiver).
- Quantum cryptography is the only key distribution method that ensures quantifiable security. This security is not provided when using conventional software methods, and although additional devices are required, there is also a clear advantage over key delivery by couriers.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Optical Communication System (AREA)
- Spectrometry And Color Measurement (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/473,771 US7400724B2 (en) | 2001-04-06 | 2002-04-05 | Device and method for use in quantum crytography |
AU2002338378A AU2002338378A1 (en) | 2001-04-06 | 2002-04-05 | Device and method for use in quantum cryptography |
EP02759800A EP1374475A2 (de) | 2001-04-06 | 2002-04-05 | Vorrichtung und verfahren für die quantenkryptographie |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10117272A DE10117272B4 (de) | 2001-04-06 | 2001-04-06 | Vorrichtung und Verfahren für die Quantenkryptographie |
DE10117272.9 | 2001-04-06 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2002082714A2 true WO2002082714A2 (de) | 2002-10-17 |
WO2002082714A3 WO2002082714A3 (de) | 2003-09-25 |
Family
ID=7680689
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2002/003825 WO2002082714A2 (de) | 2001-04-06 | 2002-04-05 | Vorrichtung und verfahren für die quantenkryptographie |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7400724B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1374475A2 (de) |
AU (1) | AU2002338378A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE10117272B4 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2002082714A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20030063751A1 (en) * | 2001-09-20 | 2003-04-03 | Aiden Bruen | Key agreement protocol based on network dynamics |
JP4632652B2 (ja) * | 2003-10-10 | 2011-02-16 | 日本電気株式会社 | 量子暗号鍵配布システム及びそれに用いる同期方法 |
US7974540B2 (en) * | 2003-11-28 | 2011-07-05 | Japan Science And Technology Agency | Communication system and communication method using the same |
US20060018476A1 (en) * | 2004-06-23 | 2006-01-26 | Nickel George H | Key path generation and exchange of cryptographic keys using path length noise |
US20070162743A1 (en) * | 2006-01-12 | 2007-07-12 | Savant Protection, Inc. | Sliding acoustical signatures |
WO2009054894A1 (en) * | 2007-10-23 | 2009-04-30 | Bvp Holding, Inc. | Multi-directional body swing, turn and twist trainer with interchangeable and adjustable attachments |
EP3335368B1 (de) * | 2015-08-14 | 2022-08-03 | Nokia Technologies Oy | System zur verteilung von stufenlosem variablem on-chip-quantenschlüssel mit polarisation und frequenzmultiplexing |
GB2559801B (en) * | 2017-02-20 | 2021-04-28 | Toshiba Kk | An optical quantum communication system |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5999285A (en) * | 1997-05-23 | 1999-12-07 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Positive-operator-valued-measure receiver for quantum cryptography |
US6188768B1 (en) * | 1998-03-31 | 2001-02-13 | International Business Machines Corporation | Autocompensating quantum cryptographic key distribution system based on polarization splitting of light |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5243649A (en) * | 1992-09-29 | 1993-09-07 | The Johns Hopkins University | Apparatus and method for quantum mechanical encryption for the transmission of secure communications |
US5307410A (en) * | 1993-05-25 | 1994-04-26 | International Business Machines Corporation | Interferometric quantum cryptographic key distribution system |
CA2168851C (en) * | 1993-09-09 | 1999-11-02 | Keith James Blow | System and method for quantum cryptography |
JP3645261B2 (ja) * | 1993-09-09 | 2005-05-11 | ブリテイッシュ・テレコミュニケーションズ・パブリック・リミテッド・カンパニー | 量子暗号を使用する多元接続ネットワークにおけるキー配送 |
GB9320793D0 (en) * | 1993-10-08 | 1993-12-08 | Secr Defence | Cryptographic receiver |
JP4064463B2 (ja) * | 1996-05-22 | 2008-03-19 | ブリティッシュ・テレコミュニケーションズ・パブリック・リミテッド・カンパニー | 偏波に感応しない量子暗号用の方法および装置 |
US5732139A (en) * | 1996-08-26 | 1998-03-24 | Lo; Hoi-Kwong | Quantum cryptographic system with reduced data loss |
DE19823849B4 (de) * | 1998-05-28 | 2004-09-16 | Deutsche Telekom Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung von wahlweise Einzelphotonen oder Photonenpaaren in mindestens einem von zwei optischen Kanälen |
DE19833330C2 (de) * | 1998-07-24 | 2001-03-15 | Deutsche Telekom Ag | Quantenkryptographiesystem zur gesicherten Übertragung zufälliger Schlüssel unter Verwendung des Polarisationsstellverfahrens |
US6289104B1 (en) * | 1998-08-07 | 2001-09-11 | Ilinois Institute Of Technology | Free-space quantum cryptography system |
-
2001
- 2001-04-06 DE DE10117272A patent/DE10117272B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-04-05 AU AU2002338378A patent/AU2002338378A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-04-05 WO PCT/EP2002/003825 patent/WO2002082714A2/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-04-05 US US10/473,771 patent/US7400724B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-04-05 EP EP02759800A patent/EP1374475A2/de not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5999285A (en) * | 1997-05-23 | 1999-12-07 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Positive-operator-valued-measure receiver for quantum cryptography |
US6188768B1 (en) * | 1998-03-31 | 2001-02-13 | International Business Machines Corporation | Autocompensating quantum cryptographic key distribution system based on polarization splitting of light |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2002082714A3 (de) | 2003-09-25 |
US7400724B2 (en) | 2008-07-15 |
DE10117272B4 (de) | 2005-04-28 |
DE10117272A1 (de) | 2002-10-24 |
US20040156502A1 (en) | 2004-08-12 |
AU2002338378A1 (en) | 2002-10-21 |
EP1374475A2 (de) | 2004-01-02 |
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