WO2002067443A2 - Transceiver with frequency multiplier tracked to frequency generator - Google Patents
Transceiver with frequency multiplier tracked to frequency generator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002067443A2 WO2002067443A2 PCT/IB2002/000498 IB0200498W WO02067443A2 WO 2002067443 A2 WO2002067443 A2 WO 2002067443A2 IB 0200498 W IB0200498 W IB 0200498W WO 02067443 A2 WO02067443 A2 WO 02067443A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- frequency
- signal
- tank
- elements
- harmonic
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036039 immunity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03J—TUNING RESONANT CIRCUITS; SELECTING RESONANT CIRCUITS
- H03J3/00—Continuous tuning
- H03J3/02—Details
- H03J3/06—Arrangements for obtaining constant bandwidth or gain throughout tuning range or ranges
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/38—Transceivers, i.e. devices in which transmitter and receiver form a structural unit and in which at least one part is used for functions of transmitting and receiving
- H04B1/40—Circuits
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
- H03B19/00—Generation of oscillations by non-regenerative frequency multiplication or division of a signal from a separate source
- H03B19/06—Generation of oscillations by non-regenerative frequency multiplication or division of a signal from a separate source by means of discharge device or semiconductor device with more than two electrodes
- H03B19/14—Generation of oscillations by non-regenerative frequency multiplication or division of a signal from a separate source by means of discharge device or semiconductor device with more than two electrodes by means of a semiconductor device
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
- H03L7/00—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation
- H03L7/06—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation using a reference signal applied to a frequency- or phase-locked loop
- H03L7/08—Details of the phase-locked loop
- H03L7/0805—Details of the phase-locked loop the loop being adapted to provide an additional control signal for use outside the loop
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/38—Transceivers, i.e. devices in which transmitter and receiver form a structural unit and in which at least one part is used for functions of transmitting and receiving
- H04B1/40—Circuits
- H04B1/50—Circuits using different frequencies for the two directions of communication
- H04B1/52—Hybrid arrangements, i.e. arrangements for transition from single-path two-direction transmission to single-direction transmission on each of two paths or vice versa
- H04B1/525—Hybrid arrangements, i.e. arrangements for transition from single-path two-direction transmission to single-direction transmission on each of two paths or vice versa with means for reducing leakage of transmitter signal into the receiver
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a transceiver with a frequency multiplier for multiplying a signal produced by a frequency generator that is included in the transceiver.
- the frequency generator and the frequency multiplier may be shared between a receiver and a transmitter comprised in the transceiver.
- Such a transceiver can be a device under the so- called WLAN IEEE 802.11b Standard, or can be any other suitable radio frequency device.
- the device may also be a separate transmitter or receiver.
- Philips Data Sheet SA2420 "Low Voltage RF Transceiver - 2.45GHz", 16 pages, May 23, 1997, discloses a transceiver front-end with a transmitter and a receiver front- end.
- the transceiver has a frequency doubler that, through a band pass filter provides a local oscillator signal to a mixer.
- the frequency doubler doubles the frequency of a signal generated by a frequency generator.
- Such a frequency generator typically is formed of a voltage-controlled oscillator comprised in a phase locked loop, but other types of frequency generators are known.
- the voltage-controlled oscillator typically has a tank circuit with capacitors and inductors and is tuned by a tuning voltage supplied thereto.
- Known transceivers using such a SA2420 integrated circuit use a wideband frequency doubler in which the loaded quality factor (Q) of the tank circuit is low, typically 2-3, i.e. the tank circuit has low frequency selectivity. Because of the low Q, the gain is flat over frequency and the transceiver has nearly no suppression of unwanted frequencies at the fundamental frequency, and at uneven multiples thereof. Such unwanted frequencies cause an unwanted reception or decrease blocking immunity in the receive mode of the transceiver and have to be filtered out off-chip, particularly when the transceiver is in transmit mode.
- Q quality factor
- a transceiver comprising: frequency generating means for generating a first signal at a first frequency, said frequency generating means including first tank means for resonating at said first frequency; frequency multiplication means for multiplying said first signal by an integral multiple of a fundamental frequency of said first signal, said frequency multiplication means including second tank means for resonating at an harmonic frequency of said fundamental frequency, said harmonic frequency being determined by said integral multiple, and said frequency multiplication means including output means for outputting a second signal at said harmonic frequency, said first tank means being highly frequency selective around said first frequency, and said second tank means being highly frequency selective around said harmonic frequency; tuning means for simultaneously tuning said first and second tank means.
- the second signal may be used for up-conversion, down- conversion, or both up-conversion and down-conversion.
- the invention can be used in a transmitter-only or a receiver-only device.
- the invention is based on the insight that high frequency selectivity that is needed to suppress undesired uneven harmonics causes the overall frequency characteristic not to be flat anymore, and therefore needs to be compensated for by tuning the tank circuits with small frequency increments. Effectively, it is herewith achieved that the overall frequency characteristic becomes flat again.
- the tank circuits comprise matched on-chip frequency determining elements built from unitary capacitors and inductors.
- active elements in the frequency generating means and frequency multiplying means are matched on-chip elements, such as bipolar transistors having equal emitter areas, or field effect transistors having unitary channel dimensions.
- good tracking over the whole desired frequency band is achieved.
- the fundamental frequency is further suppressed.
- multiples of unitary capacitive and inductive elements in the oscillator tank circuit are chosen the same.
- minimum tracking errors are obtained.
- Said first tank means comprises preferably a first varactor
- said second tank means comprises preferably a second varactor
- said first and second varactors are preferably comprised in said tuning means.
- FIG. 1 is block diagram of a transceiver according to the invention.
- Figure 2 is a circuit diagram of a frequency multiplier according to the invention.
- Figure 3 shows a tank circuit in a voltage controlled oscillator circuit according to the invention.
- Figure 4 shows capacitive tuning of a tank circuit.
- Figure 5 shows tuning of an inductor for use in a tank circuit.
- Figure 6 illustrates operation of the invention.
- FIG. 7 further illustrates operation of the invention. Throughout the figures the same reference numerals are used for the same features.
- FIG. 1 is block diagram of a transceiver 1 according to the invention.
- the transceiver 1 comprises a low noise amplifier 2 and a mixer 3, and in a transmit branch, the transceiver 1 comprises a mixer 4, a band pass filter 5, and a power amplifier 6.
- the transmit and receive branches are coupled to a transmit/receive (Tx/Rx) switch 7.
- the transceiver 1 further comprises a frequency generator 8 with a tank circuit 9, a frequency multiplier 10 with a tank circuit 11, and, optionally, a high pass filter 12.
- the tank circuits 9 and 11 are highly selective, are tunable, and are operated in a frequency tracking mode, i.e., are operated to closely track one another in frequency when being tuned.
- the tank circuits 9 and 11 are tuned simultaneously, preferably by applying the same tuning voltage.
- Highly preferable, frequency determining elements, such as inductive elements and capacitive elements, and active elements in the respective tank circuits 9 and 11 are matched.
- such matching includes manufacturing inductors as unitary inductive elements and capacitors as unitary capacitive elements, and manufacturing active elements such as transistors of a standard geometry, by applying equal emitter areas in case of bipolar transistors, for instance.
- the frequency multiplier 11 is dimensioned so as to operate as a frequency doubler, i.e., the tank circuit 11 resonates at twice the output frequency of the frequency generator 8, and, because of its high selectivity substantially filters out all other harmonics.
- the frequency multiplier 10 may select other harmonics, such as the third harmonic. In case of selecting the third harmonic, the frequency multiplier operates as a frequency tripler.
- a multiplied frequency generator frequency may be applied to both mixers 3 and 4 of the receive and transmit branches, may be applied to the transmit branch only, or may be applied to the receive branch only. Either the transmit branch or the receive branch may be dispensed with. In the latter case, instead of a transceiver, the device is a transmitter- only or a receiver-only, respectively.
- the high pass filter 12 is optional and achieves further filtering out of the fundamental frequency signal provided by the frequency generator 8.
- the frequency generator 8 may be implemented in numerous ways.
- the frequency generator 8 comprises a voltage controlled oscillator included in a phase locked loop.
- the frequency generator 8 may be a single oscillator, or a complicated synthesizer.
- the construction of the frequency generator 8 is not essential to the present invention.
- the frequency multiplier 11 may be implemented in numerous ways, as long as it comprises a highly selective and tunable tank circuit.
- the tank circuits 9 and 11 may also be implemented in numerous ways. In the art, as such, many tunable and highly selective tank circuits are known and tuning of such tank circuits by analog, or by hybrid analog and digital means. Tuning may be done by applying varicaps or varactors, PLN diode switched capacitor arrays, switched inductor arrays, transistor switched capacitor arrays, or any other suitable tuning means.
- FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of the frequency multiplier 10 according to the invention, in the example given dimensioned as a frequency doubler.
- the frequency multiplier 10 comprises a balanced pair of input transistors 20 and 21 with tunable tank circuits 22 and 23 in their respective collector paths, and an output transistor 24 that is configured as an emitter follower. Further shown are a coupling capacitor 25, current sources 26 and 27, and a voltage source 28.
- the tunable tank circuit 22 comprises a capacitor 29, a varicap or varactor 30, and an inductor 31.
- the tunable tank circuit 23 comprises a capacitor 32, a varicap or varactor 33, and an inductor 34.
- FIG. 3 shows a tunable tank circuit 40 in a voltage controlled oscillator circuit according to the invention.
- the tunable tank circuit 40 comprises inductors 41, 42, 43 and 44, varicaps 45 and 46, capacitors 47 and 48, and resistors 49 and 50. At node 51 a tuning voltage may be applied. Node 52 between capacitors 47 and 48 couples the tuning circuit formed by the capacitors 47 and 48, the varicaps 45 and 46, and the resistors 49 and 50 to supply V cc . Further shown are coupling capacitors 53 and 54 for respective coupling of transistors 47 and 48 of the voltage controlled oscillator (not shown in further detail).
- the tank circuit 40 substantially is the frequency determining element in the voltage controlled oscillator.
- the tank circuit 40 may be tuned using varicaps, similarly as shown in the frequency multiplier 10, but many alternative tuning mechanisms are known in the art, as described with respect to Figure 1.
- Essential is that the tunable tank circuits 9 and 11 match so as to allow accurate tracking.
- in the tank circuits 22, 23, and 40 preferably on-chip unitary inductive and capacitive elements are applied.
- inductors 41 and 42 together have double inductance of inductors 31 or 34, and capacitor 45 has double capacitance of capacitor 29 and 30, or 32 and 33.
- inductance may be four-fold and capacitance equal.
- capacitance may be four-fold and inductance equal.
- both capacitance and inductance may be three-fold in the oscillator tank circuit.
- FIG. 4 shows an alternative way of capacitive tuning of a tank circuit.
- the alternative tunable tank circuit comprises an array of switched capacitors 60 and 61, switched by field effect transistors 62 and 63, an inductor 64, and a varicap 65.
- the varicap 65 may be dispensed with.
- Figure 5 shows tuning of an inductor for use in a tank circuit. As shown, one of a pair of series arranged inductors 70 and 71, arranged between nodes 72 and 73, is switched by field effect transistor 74.
- Dashed line frequency characteristics 81 and 82 are frequency characteristics at outer edges of the frequency band, at 2.4 GHz and 2.5 GHz, respectively.
- the frequency characteristic of the oscillator tank circuit tracks the frequency characteristic of the frequency doubler tank circuit, i.e., the oscillator to 1.2 GHz and 1.25 GHz, respectively. As shown in Figure 6, the highly selective frequency characteristic slightly shifts over the given frequency band.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Transmitters (AREA)
- Transceivers (AREA)
- Inductance-Capacitance Distribution Constants And Capacitance-Resistance Oscillators (AREA)
- Superheterodyne Receivers (AREA)
- Emergency Alarm Devices (AREA)
- Input Circuits Of Receivers And Coupling Of Receivers And Audio Equipment (AREA)
- Circuits Of Receivers In General (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR1020027014158A KR20020089518A (en) | 2001-02-23 | 2002-02-18 | Transceiver with frequency multiplier tracked to frequency generator |
EP02711163A EP1364470B1 (en) | 2001-02-23 | 2002-02-18 | Transceiver with frequency multiplier tracked to frequency generator |
DE60208886T DE60208886D1 (en) | 2001-02-23 | 2002-02-18 | RADIO WITH A FREQUENCY RECEIVER RADIO TO FREQUENCY GENERATOR |
JP2002566853A JP2004519889A (en) | 2001-02-23 | 2002-02-18 | Transceiver with frequency multiplier tracked by frequency generator |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/792,235 US6985702B2 (en) | 2001-02-23 | 2001-02-23 | Transceiver with frequency multiplier tracked to frequency generator |
US09/792,235 | 2001-02-23 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2002067443A2 true WO2002067443A2 (en) | 2002-08-29 |
WO2002067443A3 WO2002067443A3 (en) | 2003-02-27 |
Family
ID=25156199
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/IB2002/000498 WO2002067443A2 (en) | 2001-02-23 | 2002-02-18 | Transceiver with frequency multiplier tracked to frequency generator |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6985702B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1364470B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2004519889A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20020089518A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1457559A (en) |
AT (1) | ATE316716T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE60208886D1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2002067443A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7933555B2 (en) * | 1999-10-21 | 2011-04-26 | Broadcom Corporation | System and method for reducing phase noise |
EP1242257A1 (en) * | 1999-12-20 | 2002-09-25 | Transense Technologies PLC | Tyre condition monitoring system |
US7336939B2 (en) * | 2003-05-21 | 2008-02-26 | Broadcom Corporation | Integrated tracking filters for direct conversion and low-IF single conversion broadband filters |
ATE531309T1 (en) * | 2003-12-02 | 2011-11-15 | Solianis Holding Ag | DEVICE AND METHOD FOR MEASURING A PROPERTY OF LIVING TISSUE |
TWI227601B (en) * | 2003-12-26 | 2005-02-01 | Mediatek Inc | Transceiver module |
KR20050069297A (en) * | 2003-12-31 | 2005-07-05 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Frequency generation apparatus and method for data transmission |
US7620371B2 (en) * | 2004-07-30 | 2009-11-17 | Broadcom Corporation | Transmitter signal strength indicator |
US8917805B2 (en) | 2012-11-20 | 2014-12-23 | International Business Machines Corporation | Bipolar transistor frequency doublers at millimeter-wave frequencies |
US8901973B2 (en) * | 2013-04-19 | 2014-12-02 | Keysight Technologies, Inc. | Multi-band frequency multiplier |
CN103354442B (en) * | 2013-07-11 | 2015-12-23 | 东南大学 | A kind of Multifunctional frequency multiplier |
FR3047631B1 (en) | 2016-02-10 | 2018-04-20 | Airbus Operations (S.A.S.) | DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING AN AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION SYSTEM |
FR3047630B1 (en) | 2016-02-10 | 2018-04-20 | Airbus Operations (S.A.S.) | DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING AN AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION SYSTEM |
US10305453B2 (en) * | 2017-09-11 | 2019-05-28 | Apple Inc. | Electronic device antennas having multiple operating modes |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5903196A (en) * | 1997-04-07 | 1999-05-11 | Motorola, Inc. | Self centering frequency multiplier |
EP0951147A1 (en) * | 1998-04-16 | 1999-10-20 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Receiver and a method for tuning one of the radio frequency stages in a receiver |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4161697A (en) * | 1977-04-27 | 1979-07-17 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Automatically clarifying radio receiver |
US5392460A (en) * | 1993-04-23 | 1995-02-21 | Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd. | Dual mode radiotelephone terminal selectively operable for frequency modulated or phase modulated operation |
-
2001
- 2001-02-23 US US09/792,235 patent/US6985702B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2002
- 2002-02-18 KR KR1020027014158A patent/KR20020089518A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-02-18 WO PCT/IB2002/000498 patent/WO2002067443A2/en active IP Right Grant
- 2002-02-18 AT AT02711163T patent/ATE316716T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-02-18 JP JP2002566853A patent/JP2004519889A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-02-18 CN CN02800389A patent/CN1457559A/en active Pending
- 2002-02-18 DE DE60208886T patent/DE60208886D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-02-18 EP EP02711163A patent/EP1364470B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5903196A (en) * | 1997-04-07 | 1999-05-11 | Motorola, Inc. | Self centering frequency multiplier |
EP0951147A1 (en) * | 1998-04-16 | 1999-10-20 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Receiver and a method for tuning one of the radio frequency stages in a receiver |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
PHILIPS SEMICONDUCTEURS: "Data Sheet, SA2420, Low voltage RF transceiver - 2.45 GHz" 23 May 1997 (1997-05-23) , PHILIPS SEMICONDUCTEURS , SUNNYVALE, CALIFORNIA, USA XP002222560 cited in the application the whole document * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1364470B1 (en) | 2006-01-25 |
JP2004519889A (en) | 2004-07-02 |
EP1364470A2 (en) | 2003-11-26 |
ATE316716T1 (en) | 2006-02-15 |
DE60208886D1 (en) | 2006-04-13 |
WO2002067443A3 (en) | 2003-02-27 |
US6985702B2 (en) | 2006-01-10 |
US20020119759A1 (en) | 2002-08-29 |
CN1457559A (en) | 2003-11-19 |
KR20020089518A (en) | 2002-11-29 |
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