WO2002031538A1 - Method for borehole measurement of formation properties - Google Patents
Method for borehole measurement of formation properties Download PDFInfo
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- WO2002031538A1 WO2002031538A1 PCT/US2001/031668 US0131668W WO0231538A1 WO 2002031538 A1 WO2002031538 A1 WO 2002031538A1 US 0131668 W US0131668 W US 0131668W WO 0231538 A1 WO0231538 A1 WO 0231538A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- signal
- bottom hole
- hole assembly
- formation
- pore pressure
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
- G01V1/40—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for well-logging
- G01V1/44—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting specially adapted for well-logging using generators and receivers in the same well
- G01V1/48—Processing data
- G01V1/50—Analysing data
Definitions
- the present invention is a method of estimating a formation's properties, more specifically pore pressure, using a bottom hole assembly which has not yet penetrated the formation.
- the pore-fluid pressure of a rock formation which is also referred to as simply the pore pressure, is measured relative to normal pressure at the depth of the formation, in other words relative to the hydrostatic pressure of a column of water at that depth.
- a drilling fluid usually referred to as drilling mud or simply mud, with desired weight and rheological properties is maintained in the wellbore as the primary method for controlling formation fluid flow.
- a problem with the use of drilling mud is that if the pressure in the wellbore resulting from the mud's weight is too high, relative to the pore pressure, the drilling rate may be decreased unnecessarily.
- the pressure resulting from the mud's weight is excessively high compared to the pore pressure, that pressure may exceed the formation fraction pressure, potentially causing a loss of mud into the formation, and/or a well control problem. It is preferable therefore if the muds used in drilling wells result in an optimum range of wellbore pressure, relative to pore pressure, such that wells may be drilled safely but expediently. This is often difficult, unfortunately, because accurate pre-drill knowledge of pore pressures is not always available, especially in areas with few previously drilled wells or where the geology is complex.
- drilling operations at present generally attempt to ensure that the wellbore pressure at any given depth is about 0.5 pounds per gallon (0.5 ppg) greater than the highest estimated pore pressure at that depth.
- 0.5 ppg wellbore pressure safety margin is in part required due to industry's present inability to accurately predict pore pressures in the various formations through which the drilling assembly will drill. Reducing the uncertainty in knowing the pore pressure ahead of the bit would lead to significant reductions in the cost of drilling operations, as a result, for example, of an improved ability to specify casing setting depths and of an increase in the rate at which wells are drilled.
- the present invention allows continuous estimation of pore pressures of formations ahead of the drilling assembly, and thereby allows drilling operations to be carried out with lower average mudweights - in other words with mud weights which are optimized for the formations to be drilled and thereby do not require use of as large a pressure margin as is current practice.
- Pore pressure estimation from surface seismic data is based on an empirical relationship between the velocity of sound waves in the formation and pore pressure, with assumptions made for the nature of the formation, in other words the type of rocks that are expected to be present (which is also referred to as formation lithology). This relationship is based on a number of different properties which are understood in industry. For example, formation velocity estimation from seismic data using normal moveout analysis techniques is well understood in the art.
- Pore pressure predictions from seismic data analysis typically suffer from large uncertainty however. There are several contributing factors to this uncertainty, including the inherent uncertainty in the velocity models, the uncertainties in the variation of lithology compared with the data used to build the velocity-pore pressure empirical relationships, and the low vertical resolution of the seismic data. In addition, large and significant pore pressure variation can occur over vertical intervals of rock much thinner than that which seismic data can resolve.
- Seismic-while-drilling is a method for estimating formation velocity above and below the drill-bit during the drilling process.
- Geophones and/or hydrophones placed at the earth's surface around the well being drilled record the seismic signals produced by the drill-bit as it drills into the formation.
- the drill bit may emit frequencies across the acoustic band up to or above approximately 20 kiloHertz (20 kHz), only the frequencies in the seismic band (which will be understood to those skilled in the art as less than about 100 Hz., and more specifically less than about 80 Hz.) propagate to the surface.
- an acoustic signal from the drill bit also propagates along the drill string assembly to the surface.
- the signal to be used to determine formation velocity is detected by cross correlating the signal propagating through the earth with the signal that has propagated along the drill string. See for example the disclosure of Staron, Arens, and Gros, in U.S. Patent No. 4,718,048 titled "Method of Instantaneous Acoustic Logging Within a Wellbore.” That signal is usually at a single frequency, typically about 50 Hz, and, using inversion processing, which is analogous to surface seismic processing, can be used to estimate the acoustic impedance and velocity of intervals below the drill bit. Pore pressure is then estimated using the same velocity-pore pressure empirical relationships used with surface seismic data.
- S WD Compared to pore pressure prediction using surface seismic methods, the main advantages of S WD are that the depth to sub-surface reflectors is better constrained and vertical resolution is improved. Unfortunately, there are also some important limitations with SWD. For example, the resolution of analytic results from SWD data is generally limited by the relatively low seismic wave frequencies. Second, poor SWD signals are received with polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits, which are generally the preferred bits for drilling operations where high pore pressure is expected to be encountered. Traditional roller-cone bits provide the best SWD signals but may compromise efficient drilling operations in many areas. Third, drilling with downhole motors that rotate the bottomhole assembly while leaving the rest of the drillpipe non-rotating has become a preferred method in many areas, but that method also provides poor SWD signals.
- PDC polycrystalline diamond compact
- VSP Vertical Seismic Profiling
- a method and apparatus is desired which will facilitate accurate estimation of the pore pressure in rock formations before such formations have been penetrated by a drilling assembly.
- this method and apparatus should not require withdrawal of the entire drill string from the borehole each time measurement data is to be acquired, and should preferably allow generally continuous, if so desired, estimation of pore pressures in the formations directly ahead of the drilling assembly.
- the present invention addresses these objectives.
- the present invention involves use of a bottom hole assembly deployed in a borehole to estimate formation properties.
- a source signal is emitted from the bottom hole assembly and at least one signal is received by one or more receivers in the bottom hole assembly. Analysis of the frequency dependent characteristics of the received signal allows the estimation of the formation properties of interest.
- Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of a bottom hole assembly in a borehole and the signals that are generated and detected according to the present invention.
- Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of the relationship between pore pressure, signal attenuation, and signal frequency.
- Figure 3 shows a form of the relationship between pore pressure, signal attenuation, and signal frequency from which a direct estimate of formation pore pressure can be made according to the method of the present invention.
- Figure 4 shows measurement data demonstrating the relationship of compressional wave velocity, shear wave velocity, and Poisson's ratio to effective stress.
- the present invention is a system and method to estimate formation properties and in particular to estimate pore pressure in the vicinity of or in the formation ahead of the drill bit by analyzing acoustic waves that are emitted from the bottom hole assembly (BHA) and which pass through and are reflected from the formation.
- the acoustic waves used in the present invention are in the frequency range up to about 20 kHz and can be generated passively, such as by the drill bit in the drilling process, or actively, by placing a controlled acoustic signal source in the BHA. When active frequency sources are used, a much wider range of frequencies may be employed, up to or greater than 100 kHz.
- acoustic detectors are mounted along the BHA to detect both compressional and shear waves.
- the pore pressure estimate for the formation ahead of the drill bit can be derived from the analysis of the frequency dependence of both the compressional wave amplitudes in the reflected signals and the change in velocities of the received signals.
- pore pressure may be estimated from the change in the ratio of the compressional to the shear wave velocities in the received signals.
- Other formation property estimates may also be derived from the analysis of the acoustic waves, such as fluid properties and permeability.
- the present invention is a bottom hole assembly (BHA) which includes a source for generating the acoustic waves, a receiver array mounted on the BHA for detecting the acoustic wave signals, a means for processing the signals received by the receivers in a manner which allows estimation of pore pressure information, and a means for transmitting said pore pressure information to the drilling rig on the surface.
- BHA bottom hole assembly
- the received signals may be transmitted to the surface, where the processing to estimate pore pressure may be carried out.
- the source of the acoustic signals may be the drill bit itself (in other words a passive source) or an active source mounted on the BHA.
- the present invention is a logging tool which includes a source for generating acoustic waves, a receiver array mounted on the logging tool for detecting the acoustic signals, a means for transmitting the detected signals to the surface control station, and a means for processing the detected signals at the surface to estimate the pore pressure.
- the logging tool may be designed for processing the acoustic signals on board the logging tool, with the processed data, which includes but is not limited to the pore pressure, then transmitted to the surface.
- bottom hole assembly (BHA) will be used to refer to the downhole apparatus of the present invention, whether the implementation of the present invention is a measurement while drilling or a measurement while well logging system.
- the present invention also includes a method to estimate the pore pressure in the vicinity of the BHA.
- the method includes the steps of detecting actively or passively generated acoustic signals of varying frequencies, directly and after they are reflected from formations in the vicinity of the BHA, determining frequency dependent properties, such as attenuation or velocity, of the detected signals, and estimating the pore pressure of formations in the vicinity of and ahead of the BHA. If so desired, other properties of formations in the vicinity of and ahead of the BHA may also be estimated.
- a first embodiment of the present invention is depicted in Figure 1.
- the measurement system of this embodiment includes a source for generating acoustic signals at or near the drill bit; a receiver array mounted on the BHA for detecting the signals generated by the source; hardware and software for signal processing, and a telemetry system for tr-msmitting data to the drill rig.
- the source for generating acoustic signals may be either passive or active.
- a passive source system will rely on the noise spectrum of the drill bit, which will typically involve large amplitude signals at frequencies up to about 20 kHz, to generate the source signal.
- the drill bit noise spectrum will generally have its highest amplitudes in the frequency of about 4 to about 6 kHz, and those amplitudes are typically far larger than the amplitudes of signals in the 10 to 100 Hz range which can be detected at the surface using seismic while drilling measurement techniques.
- the present invention teaches how to use these higher amplitude signals to image the formation rocks ahead of the drill bit through the use of suitable signal detectors, also referred to as receivers, and signal processing components.
- one embodiment of the present invention involves the recording of the portion of the noise signal which is generated by and propagates ahead of the drill bit and reflects back to the BHA, and, using the correlation methods described further below, allows the estimation of the characteristics of the formation ahead of the bit.
- An active source mounted in the BHA may also be used in the present invention.
- One advantage of using an active source is that data processing will generally be simplified.
- a second advantage is that the energy from the active source may be directed in specific directions ahead of the bit to increase the signal strength from the desired reflectors.
- a variety of signal generation and data analysis options are possible for active source embodiments of the present invention.
- One option is to generate continuous signals with frequencies swept repetitively over a desired frequency range for a specified time period. Alternatively, a discrete set of frequencies over the desired frequency range can be generated.
- a pulsed excitation source may also be used where the pulse width and amplitude are chosen so that the Fourier components of the frequencies in the source signal span a desired frequency range.
- the source When using an active source, either continuous wave or pulsed, the source can be triggered during a hiatus in drilling, which further simplifies data processing by eliminating the drill bit noise spectrum from the detected signals. Finally, if so desired, active sources frequencies up to or greater than 100 kHz may be acquired if so desired.
- a passive or an active source bed boundaries, heterogeneities and other rock properties cause changes in acoustic impedance which reflect some of the source signal energy back to the BHA and which the receivers will detect.
- the depth of penetration of the source signals from the source to the reflectors will vary from several tens of feet when operating in a relatively high frequency range, from about 5000 Hz. and above, to several hundreds of feet when operating in a relatively low frequency range, from about 50 Hz. to 5000 Hz.
- the drill bit noise spectrum is used as the source, the measured spectrum can be directly cross-correlated with the reflected signal to determine the time origin and the distance to the reflector.
- an active source techniques similar to those used in reflection seismology or ground- enetrating radar can be used to determine the distance to the reflectors.
- the receivers must be mounted on the BHA since the signal frequencies preferably to be used in the present method will not propagate to the surface with measurable amplitudes.
- Receivers used in the present method must be capable of measuring frequencies in the range generated by the source. For a passive source system in which the drill bit noise spectrum is the signal, the receivers should preferably be able to measure signals up to about 20 kHz. If an active source is used, the receivers must be chosen to be able to measure the signal frequencies that the source will generate. Preferably, receivers used in the present method should be capable of measuring both compressional waves and shear waves. Note also that transducers which are capable of both generating and receiving acoustic signals may be used in the present invention.
- Bottom hole assembly 12 which extends into borehole 6, is deployed, in a measurement while drilling system embodiment, on the end of drill string 8. Note that the embodiment of bottom hole assembly 12 in Figure 1 is schematic in nature only and is not intended to be limiting. Bottom hole assembly 12 comprises a center member 10, receivers 16, and, if data processing is performed downhole, will also include data processing components (not depicted in Figure 1). Bottom hole assembly 12 as referred to herein means all components of the downhole apparatus below drill string 8 but above drill bit 14.
- Source signal 20 is emitted from a passive source, such as drill bit 14, or an active source (not depicted) in bottom hole assembly 12, and propagates through first formation 3 to reflector 4, which is the boundary between first formation 3 and second formation 5.
- Receivers 16A, 16B, 16C, and 16D may detect a number of different types of signals; Figure 1 depicts examples of four of those types of signals. These signals, which will be discussed further below, will be generally referred to as receiver signals for convenience but not to be limiting. Note also that, in the following discussion the term signal will refer generally to the wavefronts of the signals depicted in Figure 1 and further discussed below. However Figure 1 does not differentiate between the compressional wave signal and the shear wave signal.
- both compressional and shear waves have the same direction of propagation, for example as depicted in Figure 1, but have different directions of particle motion within the wavefront.
- receivers 16 can sense both compressional and shear waves signals.
- the present invention is not limited to a bottom hole assembly which has four receivers 16, but that the four receivers 16 in Figure 1 are depicted for convenience in the description of the present invention.
- a first receiver signal which will be detected is the direct arrival signal 22, which travels to receivers 16 along central member 10 of bottom hole assembly 12.
- source signal 20 is derived from a passive source, such as drill bit 14, the measurement of direct arrival signal 22 from drill bit 14 to receivers 16 serves to establish the time origin of source signal 20 which is required for the cross-correlation analysis to be discussed below. This time origin determination is made possible from calibration of the frequency dependent travel time along the central member 10 and the known distance from the passive source to the receivers.
- one of the receivers 16, for example receiver 16 A should preferably be isolated from source signal 20 and the other signals to be discussed further below. Isolating one of the receivers 16 from the rest of the other signals is a hardware implementation issue that will be understood to those skilled in the art.
- an active source will be used and the time origin of the source signal will be known from the time at which the source is activated to generate a source signal. Therefore, it will generally be unnecessary to include an isolated receiver 16 in a measurement while well logging implementation of the present invention.
- a second receiver signal detected by receivers 16 is known as the tube wave, or Stoneley wave, and is shown as direct borehole signal 24 in Figure 1.
- direct borehole signal 24 is depicted with short dashed lines in Figure 1.
- Direct borehole signal 24 propagates from the source within borehole 6 to receivers 16.
- Direct borehole signal 24 can be used to estimate formation petrophysical properties, as is well known in the art. More specifically, it will be understood that permeability of the formation surrounding the borehole (first formation 3 in Figure 1 extends upward from boundary 4 and surrounds borehole 6) is a property which can be estimated from analysis of direct borehole signal 24.
- a third receiver signal which is detected by receivers 16 is direct formation signal 26 in Figure 1, which travels directly from the source to receivers 16 through the portion of first formation 3 surrounding borehole 6.
- direct formation signal 26 is depicted with long dashed lines in Figure 1.
- direct borehole signal 26 may be identified by linear move out analysis of the data recorded by receivers 16, and may be used to determine the frequency dependent velocity of first formation 3. The frequency dependent velocity may be used to determine the distance in first formation 3 from the source, drill bit 14 in Figure 1, to reflector 4.
- Direct formation signal 26 may also be used to estimate petrophysical properties of first formation 3 according to embodiments of the method of the present invention further described below.
- a fourth receiver signal which is detected by receivers 16 is reflected signal 28, which is reflected from boundary 4 back towards bottom hole assembly 12.
- Reflected signal 28 is a signal from which changes in formation properties in the region ahead of bottom hole assembly 12 may be determined. Because receivers 16 are positioned at v-irying distances from the source, the establishment of the arrival time of reflected signal 28 at each receiver allows the distance from source 14 to boundary 4 to be determined using normal moveout methods. As will be understood those skilled in the art, normal moveout methods are also used in surface seismic surveys. Reflected signal 28 will be identified by hyperbolic move out, and will provide the frequency dependent information from which embodiments of the method of the present invention allow the estimation of the pore pressure in second formation 5.
- a cross-correlation analysis is used to identify the arrival times for all signals arriving at receivers 16. This process will be well understood to those skilled in the art.
- a window in time is used to record the amplitude versus time characteristics of the source noise spectrum that is present in direct arrival signal 22.
- the length of the time window is selected such that a truncated times series representing source signal 20 is available which is independent of the other signals amving at the receivers, and must be chosen to be of sufficient width such that the desired frequency components of source signal 20 can be identified.
- Those frequency components will be identified in a Fourier transform of the truncated time series.
- the arrival times for the other signals recorded by the receivers in other words for direct borehole signal 24, direct formation signal 26, and reflected signal 28, are identified by individually cross-correlating each such signal with the source signal 20 which is determined from this time window.
- this cross-correlation involves the sliding of the time windowed source signal to later time intervals which correspond to later arrival times and convolving the source signal with the signals in these later intervals.
- This frequency dependent cross correlation can be achieved by using a notch filter and back teansforming the Fourier transformed source signal. Different notches can be used to selectively deteimine the amplitudes for the desired frequency components.
- a frequency component analysis such as a Fourier analysis or wavelet analysis, can be performed on the received signals to determine the frequency dependent velocity or attenuation. This simplification results from the known characteristics of the active source signal. Such analyses are well understood to those skilled in the art.
- FIG. 2 depicts a representation of the relationship between pore pressure (which is abbreviated P p in Figure 1; low pore pressure is represented by 54, high pore pressure is represented by 56), signal attenuation 52, and signal frequency 50 and is a simplification of detailed data in the published literature.
- P p pore pressure
- the data in the literature generally uses a horizontal axis which is the logarithm of the product of frequency and viscosity.
- Figure 2 is simplified for convenience, but not to be limiting.
- the waveform processing to facilitate this analysis may be performed either downhole, by microprocessors or discrete logic components mounted in bottom hole assembly 12, or at the surface facility. If the processing is performed downhole, the final pore pressure results are transmitted to the surface drilling rig by, for example, mud telemetry or other communication methods. If the processing is performed at the surface facility, the various measured signals are transmitted to the surface for analysis.
- the estimation of pore pressure follows directly from the data that is presented in simplified format in Figure 2, and the data in Figure 3.
- a series of reflected signals 28 are recorded. These reflected signals 28 are analyzed to determine amplitude attenuation as a function of frequency.
- a fluid formation viscosity value is assumed. For formations in which gas may be present, a conservative assumption of gas viscosity may be used.
- Log(Slope) is the logarithm of the slope of the data curve of the subject formation.
- the confidence level associated with the pore pressure 58 which is determined from Figure 3 will be a function of the signal-to-noise ratio of the measured signals, and that by increasing the number of signal measurements which are used to determine the data curve both the signal-to-noise ratio and the pore pressure confidence level will be improved.
- the O'Hara data which is presented in simplified format in Figure 2, from which Fig. 3 was derived relates to measurements made in Berea sandstone.
- the calculations of pore pressure according to the present embodiment preferably will be based on data that corresponds to the nature of the rock in the formation in which the bottom hole assembly is deployed. Analogous data for other formation types can be obtained by persons skilled in the art from the published literature or from laboratory measurements.
- a second embodiment of the method of the present invention allows estimation of pore pressure from the frequency-dependent change in velocity of the signals that propagate back to bottom hole assembly 12.
- Several mechanisms have been proposed to account for the frequency dependent wave propagation properties of fluid filled porous rocks, including the Biot slow wave mechanism and the squirt flow mechanism. In either case, both a frequency dependent velocity as well as a frequency dependent attenuation will result, and both will vary with the pore pressure.
- an alternate approach for estimating pore pressure ahead of the BHA is to measure the velocity of the waves traveling through the formation and reflected back to the receivers on the bottom hole assembly as a function of frequency.
- wave propagation velocities as a function of frequency can be determined from the time of arrival of the wave front at the receiver and the empirical velocity-to-pore pressure relationships discussed above can then be used to estimate the pore pressure of the formation ahead of the BHA.
- a third embodiment of the method of the present invention allows the estimation of pore pressure from the calculation of the ratio of the measured compressional wave velocity ( ⁇ p ) to the shear wave velocity ( ⁇ s ).
- Measured ultrasonic frequency data suggests that the ratio ⁇ p / ⁇ s increases by approximately 10% as the pore pressure increases from a negligible value up to the confining pressure.
- the Christensen and Wang data relate changes in the con-fining and pore pressures in a formation to the Poisson's ratio.
- pore pressure may be estimated by analysis of the compressional and shear velocities of the received signals described above in conjunction with the Poisson's ratio relationship to pore pressure data such as provided by Christensen and Wang for Berea sandstone.
- the horizontal axis, effective stress 70 is the difference between the mean confining stress and the pore pressure.
- the left vertical axis indicates both the compressional wave velocity 72 (diamond symbol) and the shear wave velocity 74 (square symbol).
- the right vertical axis indicates the change in Poisson's Ratio 76 (triangle symbol) as the compressional and shear wave velocities change. Since receivers 16 may be used according to the present embodiment to measure both the compressional wave component of reflected signal 28 and the shear wave component of reflected signal 28, this data allows calculation of the velocity ratio and the estimation of pore pressure
- lithology and fluid content are often estimated from compressional and shear wave signals. These estimates can be made from the signals that are detected and processed according to the present invention, thereby allowing estimation of these properties for the formation adjacent to and ahead of the BHA.
- compressional wave velocities may be used to estimate rock strength.
- Other formation properties that may be determined from the present invention will be known to those skilled in the art.
- the present invention is not limited merely to sensing reflected signals from a single reflector, such as reflector 4 in Figure 1. Rather, as will be understood to those skilled in the art, additional reflectors will generally underlie the first reflector, and signals will reflect from each such additional reflector and be sensed by receivers 16. The present invention may be used to estimate the pore pressure and other formation properties of each such additional reflector.
- the confidence level associated with the formation property estimates derived from embodiments of the method of the present invention are a function of a number of factors, such as the signal-to-noise ratio of the measured signals and the extent to which the data derived from the literature provide an accurate representation of the correlation of velocity to pore pressure for the subject formation or of the correlation of Poisson's ratio changes to pore pressure.
- certain of the data in the literature derive from measurements made at frequencies higher than the frequencies which are preferably employed in the method of the present invention. Such persons of skill in the art will therefore recognize that increasingly accurate estimates of pore pressure and other formation properties of interest will be generated by ensuring that any such datasets used in the present invention correspond to the expected characteristics of the formations surrounding and ahead of the BHA 12 of the present invention.
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AU2001296776A AU2001296776A1 (en) | 2000-10-10 | 2001-10-09 | Method for borehole measurement of formation properties |
EP01977676A EP1410072A4 (en) | 2000-10-10 | 2001-10-09 | Method for borehole measurement of formation properties |
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US68673500A | 2000-10-10 | 2000-10-10 | |
US09/686,735 | 2000-10-10 | ||
US09/973,529 US20020159332A1 (en) | 2000-10-10 | 2001-10-09 | Method for borehole measurement of formation properties |
US09/973,529 | 2001-10-09 |
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WO2002031538B1 WO2002031538B1 (en) | 2002-06-13 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US7310580B2 (en) | 2007-12-18 |
US20020159332A1 (en) | 2002-10-31 |
US20040059512A1 (en) | 2004-03-25 |
US20030151975A1 (en) | 2003-08-14 |
EP1410072A1 (en) | 2004-04-21 |
WO2002031538B1 (en) | 2002-06-13 |
US20040059511A1 (en) | 2004-03-25 |
EP1410072A4 (en) | 2005-08-31 |
US20040162676A1 (en) | 2004-08-19 |
US7289909B2 (en) | 2007-10-30 |
AU2001296776A1 (en) | 2002-04-22 |
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