WO2002020764A2 - Isolated human transporter proteins, nucleic acid molecules encoding human transporter proteins, and uses thereof - Google Patents

Isolated human transporter proteins, nucleic acid molecules encoding human transporter proteins, and uses thereof Download PDF

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WO2002020764A2
WO2002020764A2 PCT/US2001/028312 US0128312W WO0220764A2 WO 2002020764 A2 WO2002020764 A2 WO 2002020764A2 US 0128312 W US0128312 W US 0128312W WO 0220764 A2 WO0220764 A2 WO 0220764A2
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nucleic acid
seq
amino acid
peptide
acid molecule
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WO2002020764A3 (en
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Ellen Beasley
Chunhua Yan
Ishwar Chandramouliswaran
Weiniu Gan
Vivien Bonazzi
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Pe Corporation (Ny)
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Priority to EP01972977A priority patent/EP1317541A2/en
Priority to AU2001292604A priority patent/AU2001292604A1/en
Publication of WO2002020764A2 publication Critical patent/WO2002020764A2/en
Publication of WO2002020764A3 publication Critical patent/WO2002020764A3/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C07K14/70571—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants for neuromediators, e.g. serotonin receptor, dopamine receptor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
    • A61P25/16—Anti-Parkinson drugs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/24—Antidepressants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/30—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abuse or dependence

Definitions

  • the present invention is in the field of transporter proteins that are related to the glutamate receptor subfamily, recombinant DNA molecules, and protein production.
  • the present invention specifically provides novel peptides and proteins that effect ligand transport and nucleic acid molecules encoding such peptide and protein molecules, all of which are useful in the development of human therapeutics and diagnostic compositions and methods.
  • Transporter proteins regulate many different functions of a cell, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and signaling processes, by regulating the flow of molecules such as ions and macromolecules, into and out of cells.
  • Transporters are found in the plasma membranes of virtually every cell in eukaryotic organisms. Transporters mediate a variety of cellular functions including regulation of membrane potentials and absorption and secretion of molecules and ion across cell membranes.
  • transporters When present in intracellular membranes of the Golgi apparatus and endocytic vesicles, transporters, such as chloride channels, also regulate organelle pH.
  • organelle pH For a review, see Greger, R. (1988) Anna. Rev. Physiol. 50:111-122.
  • Transporters are generally classified by structure and the type of mode of action. In addition, transporters are sometimes classified by the molecule type that is transported, for example, sugar transporters, chlorine channels, potassium channels, etc. There may be many classes of channels for transporting a single type of molecule (a detailed review of channel types can be found at Alexander, S.P.H. and J.A. Peters: Receptor and transporter nomenclature supplement. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., Elsevier, pp. 65-68 (1997).
  • Transmembrane channel proteins of this class are ubiquitously found in the membranes of all types of organisms from bacteria to higher eukaryotes. Transport systems of this type catalyze facilitated diffusion (by an energy- independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a ca ⁇ ier-mediated mechanism. These channel proteins usually consist largely of a-helical spanners, although b-strands may also be present and may even comprise the channel. However, outer membrane porin-type channel proteins are excluded from this class and are instead included in class 9. Ca ⁇ ier-type transporters.
  • Transport systems are included in this class if they utilize a ca ⁇ ier-mediated process to catalyze uniport (a single species is transported by facilitated diffusion), antiport (two or more species are transported in opposite directions in a tightly coupled process, not coupled to a direct form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy) and/or symport (two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process, not coupled to a direct form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy). Pyrophosphate bond hydrolysis-driven active transporters.
  • Transport systems are included in this class if they hydrolyze pyrophosphate or the terminal pyrophosphate bond in ATP or another nucleoside triphosphate to drive the active uptake and/or extrusion of a solute or solutes.
  • the transport protein may or may not be transiently phosphorylated, but the substrate is not phosphorylated.
  • Transport systems of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system are included in this class.
  • the product of the reaction derived from extracellular sugar, is a cytoplasmic sugar- phosphate.
  • Decarboxylation-driven active transporters Transport systems that drive solute (e.g., ion) uptake or extrusion by decarboxylation of a cytoplasmic substrate are included in this class.
  • Oxidoreduction-driven active transporters Transport systems that drive transport of a solute (e.g., an ion) energized by the flow of electrons from a reduced substrate to an oxidized substrate are included in this class.
  • a solute e.g., an ion
  • Transport systems that utilize light energy to drive transport of a solute (e.g., an ion) are included in this class.
  • Transport systems are included in this class if they drive movement of a cell or organelle by allowing the flow of ions (or other solutes) through the membrane down their electrochemical gradients.
  • Outer-membrane porins (of b-structure). These proteins form transmembrane pores or channels that usually allow the energy independent passage of solutes across a membrane.
  • the transmembrane portions ofthese proteins consist exclusively of b-strands that form a b- ba ⁇ el.
  • These porin-type proteins are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria and eukaryotic plastids.
  • Methyltransferase-driven active transporters A single characterized protein cu ⁇ ently falls into this category, the Na+-transporting methyltetrahydromethanopterin oenzyme M methyltransferase.
  • Non-ribosome-synthesized channel-forming peptides or peptide-like molecules are usually chains of L- and D-amino acids as well as other small molecular building blocks such as lactate, form oligomeric transmembrane ion channels. Voltage may induce channel formation by promoting assembly of the transmembrane channel.
  • These peptides are often made by bacteria and fungi as agents of biological warfare.
  • Non-Proteinaceous Transport Complexes Ion conducting substances in biological membranes that do not consist of or are not derived from proteins or peptides fall into this category.
  • Transporters of particular physiological significance will be included in this category even though a family assignment cannot be made.
  • Putative transporters in which no family member is an established transporter.
  • Putative transport protein families are grouped under this number and will either be classified elsewhere when the transport function of a member becomes established, or will be eliminated from the TC classification system if the proposed transport function is disproven. These families include a member or members for which a transport function has been suggested, but evidence for such a function is not yet compelling.
  • Auxiliary transport proteins Proteins that in some way facilitate transport across one or more biological membranes but do not themselves participate directly in transport are included in this class. These proteins always function in conjunction with one or more transport proteins. They may provide a function connected with energy coupling to transport, play a structural role in complex formation or serve a regulatory function.
  • Transporters of unknown classification Transport protein families of unknown classification are grouped under this number and will be classified elsewhere when the transport process and energy coupling mechanism are characterized. These families include at least one member for which a transport function has been established, but either the mode of transport or the energy coupling mechanism is not known.
  • Ion channels regulate many different cell proliferation, differentiation, and signaling processes by regulating the flow of ions into and out of cells. Ion channels are found in the plasma membranes of virtually every cell in eukaryotic organisms. Ion channels mediate a variety of cellular functions including regulation of membrane potentials and absoiption and secretion of ion across epithelial membranes. When present in intracellular membranes of the Golgi apparatus and endocytic vesicles, ion channels, such as chloride channels, also regulate organelle pH. For a review, see Greger, R. (198$) Annu. Rev. Physiol. 50:111-122.
  • Ion channels are generally classified by structure and the type of mode of action.
  • ELGs extracellular ligand gated channels
  • channels are sometimes classified by the ion type that is transported, for example, chlorine channels, potassium channels, etc.
  • ion type that is transported, for example, chlorine channels, potassium channels, etc.
  • There may be many classes of channels for transporting a single type of ion a detailed review of channel types can be found at Alexander, S.P.H. and J.A. Peters (1997). Receptor and ion channel nomenclature supplement. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., Elsevier, pp. 65-68 and http://www-biology.ucsd.edu/ ⁇ msaier/transport/toc.html.
  • extracellular ligand-gated channels ELG
  • ILR intracellular ligand-gated channels
  • INR inward rectifying channels
  • VOC voltage gated channels
  • ELGs Extracellular ligand-gated channels
  • Unwin N.
  • ELG bind a ligand and in response modulate the flow of ions.
  • ELG include most members of the neurotransmitter-receptor family of proteins, e.g., GABAI receptors.
  • Other members of this family of ion channels include glycine receptors, ryandyne receptors, and ligand gated calcium channels.
  • VOC Voltage-gated Ion Channel
  • Proteins of the VIC family are ion-selective channel proteins found in a wide range of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Hille, B. (1992), Chapter 9: Structure of channel proteins; Chapter 20: Evolution and diversity.
  • the K + channels usually consist of homotetrameric structures with each a- subunit possessing six transmembrane spanners (TMSs).
  • TMSs transmembrane spanners
  • the al and a subunits of the Ca and Na channels, respectively, are about four times as large and possess 4 units, each with 6 TMSs separated by a hydrophilic loop, for a total of 24 TMSs.
  • These large channel proteins form heterotetra-unit structures equivalent to the homotetrameric structures of most K + channels.
  • All four units of the Ca 2+ and Na + channels are homologous to the single unit in the homotetrameric K + channels.
  • Ion flux via the eukaryotic channels is generally controlled by the transmembrane elecfrical potential (hence the designation, voltage-sensitive) although some are controlled by ligand or receptor binding.
  • KcsA K channel of Streptomyces lividans has been solved to 3.2 A resolution.
  • the protein possesses four identical subunits, each with two transmembrane helices, a ⁇ anged in the shape of an inverted teepee or cone.
  • the cone cradles the "selectivity filter" P domain in its outer end.
  • the na ⁇ ow selectivity filter is only 12 A long, whereas the remainder of the channel is wider and lined with hydrophobic residues. A large water-filled cavity and helix dipoles stabilize K + in the pore.
  • the selectivity filter has two bound K ions about 7.5 A apart from each other. Ion conduction is proposed to result from a balance of electrostatic attractive and repulsive forces.
  • each VIC family channel type has several subtypes based on pharmacological and electrophysiological data. Thus, there are five types of Ca 2+ channels (L, N, P, Q and T).
  • Na + channels There are at least six types of Na + channels (I, II, III, ⁇ l, HI and PN3). Tetrameric channels from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms are known in which each a-subunit possesses 2 TMSs rather than 6, and these two TMSs are homologous to TMSs 5 and 6 of the six TMS unit found in the voltage-sensitive channel proteins. KcsA of S. lividans is an example of such a 2 TMS channel protein.
  • These channels may include the K ⁇ a (Na + -activated) and K ⁇ 0 ⁇ (cell volume-sensitive) K + channels, as well as distantly related channels such as the Tokl K channel of yeast, the TWIK-1 inward rectifier K + channel of the mouse and the TREK-1 K channel of the mouse.
  • K ⁇ a (Na + -activated) and K ⁇ 0 ⁇ (cell volume-sensitive) K + channels as well as distantly related channels such as the Tokl K channel of yeast, the TWIK-1 inward rectifier K + channel of the mouse and the TREK-1 K channel of the mouse.
  • inward rectifier K + IRK channels ATP -regulated; G-protein-activated
  • substantial sequence similarity in the P region suggests that they are homologous.
  • the ENaC family consists of over twenty-four sequenced proteins (Canessa, CM., et al, (1994), Nature 367: 463-467, Le, T. and M.H. Saier, Jr. (1996), Mol. Membr. Biol. 13: 149-157; Garty, H. and L.G. Palmer (1997), Physiol. Rev. 77: 359-396; Waldmann, R, et al, (1997), Nature 386: 173-177; Darboux, I, et al, (1998), J. Biol. Chem. 273: 9424-9429; Firsov, D, et al, (1998), EMBO J.
  • the vertebrate ENaC proteins from epithelial cells cluster tightly together on the phylogenetic tree: voltage-insensitive ENaC homologues are also found in the brain. Eleven sequenced C. elegans proteins, including the degenerins, are distantly related to the vertebrate proteins as well as to each other. At least some ofthese proteins form part of a mechano-transducing complex for touch sensitivity.
  • the homologous Helix aspersa (FMRF- amide)-activated Na channel is the first peptide neurotransmitter-gated ionotropic receptor to be sequenced.
  • Protein members of this family all exhibit the same apparent topology, each with N- . and C-termini on the inside of the cell, two amphipathic transmembrane spanning segments, and a large extracellular loop.
  • the extracellular domains contain numerous highly conserved cysteine residues. They are proposed to serve a receptor function.
  • Mammalian ENaC is important for the maintenance of Na balance and the regulation of blood pressure.
  • Three homologous ENaC subunits, alpha, beta, and gamma, have been shown to assemble to form the highly Na + -selective channel.
  • the stoichiometry of the three subunits is alpha 2j betal, gammal in a heterotetrameric architecture.
  • the CIC family is a large family consisting of dozens of sequenced proteins derived from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, cyanobacteria, archaea, yeast, plants and animals (Steinmeyer, K, et al, (1991), Nature 354: 301-304; Uchida, S, et al, (1993), J. Biol. Chem. 268: 3821-3824; Huang, M.-E, et al, (1994), J. Mol. Biol. 242: 595-598; Kawasaki, M, et al, (1994), Neuron 12: 597-604; Fisher, W.E, et al, (1995), Genomics. 29:598-606; and Foskett, J.K.
  • elegans also has at least five (810-950 residues). There are nine known members in mammals, and mutations in three of the co ⁇ esponding genes cause human diseases. E. coli, Methanococcus jannaschii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae only have one CIC family member each. With the exception of the larger Synechocystis paralogue, all bacterial proteins are small (395-492 residues) while all eukaryotic proteins are larger (687-988 residues). These proteins exhibit 10-12 putative transmembrane a-helical spanners (TMSs) and appear to be present in the membrane as homodimers. While one member of the family, Torpedo C1C-O, has been reported to have two channels, one per subunit, others are believed to have just one.
  • TMSs transmembrane a-helical spanners
  • C1C4 and C1C5 share a NO 3 " > CI " > Br " > I " conductance sequence, while C1C3 has an I " > CI " selectivity.
  • the C1C4 and C1C5 channels and others exhibit outward rectifying cu ⁇ ents with cu ⁇ ents only at voltages more positive than +20mV.
  • IRK channels possess the "minimal channel-forming structure" with only a P domain, characteristic of the channel proteins of the VIC family, and two flanking transmembrane spanners (Shuck, M.E, et al, (1994), J. Biol. Chem. 269: 24261-24270; Ashen, M.D, et al, (1995), Am. J. Physiol. 268: H506-H511; Salkoff, L. and T. Jegla (1995), Neuron 15: 489- 492; Aguilar-Bryan, L, et al, (1998), Physiol. Rev. 78: 227-245; Ruknudin, A, et al, (1998), J. Biol. Chem.
  • Inward rectifiers play a role in setting cellular membrane potentials, and the closing ofthese channels upon depolarization permits the occu ⁇ ence of long duration action potentials with a plateau phase. Inward rectifiers lack the intrinsic voltage sensing helices found in VIC family channels.
  • SUR1 sulfonylurea receptor (spQ09428) is the ABC protein that regulates the Kir6.2 channel in response to ATP, and CFTR may regulate Kir 1.1 a. Mutations in SUR1 are the cause of familial persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in infancy (PHHI), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by unregulated insulin secretion in the pancreas.
  • ATP-gated Cation Channel Family Members of the ACC family (also called P2X receptors) respond to ATP, a functional neurotransmitter released by exocytosis from many types of neurons (North, R.A. (1996), Cu ⁇ . Opin. Cell Biol. 8: 474-483; Soto, F, M. Garcia-Guzman and W. Stuhmer (1997), J. Membr. Biol. 160: 91-100). They have been placed into seven groups (P2X ⁇ - P2X 7 ) based on their pharmacological properties. These channels, which function at neuron-neuron and neuron-smooth muscle junctions, may play roles in the control of blood pressure and pain sensation.
  • the proteins of the ACC family are quite similar in sequence (>35% identity), but they possess 380-1000 amino acyl residues per subunit with variability in length localized primarily to the C-terminal domains. They possess two transmembrane spamiers, one about 30-50 residues from their N-termini, the other near residues 320-340. The extracellular receptor domains between these two spanners (of about 270 residues) are well conserved with numerous conserved glycyl and cysteyl residues. The hydrophilic C-termini vary in length from 25 to 240 residues.
  • ACC family members are, however, not demonstrably homologous with them. ACC channels are probably hetero- or homomultimers and transport small monovalent cations (Me + ). Some also transport Ca 2+ ; a few also transport small metabolites.
  • the Ryanodine-Inositol 1,4.5-triphosphate Receptor Ca 2+ Channel (RIR-CaC) Family Ryanodine (Ry)-sensitive and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)-sensitive Ca 2+ -release channels function in the release of Ca 2+ from intracellular storage sites in animal cells and thereby regulate various Ca 2+ -dependent physiological processes (Hasan, G. et al, (1992) Development 116: 967-975; Michikawa, T, et al, (1994), J. Biol. Chem. 269: 9184-9189; Tunwell, R.E.A, (1996), Biochem. J. 318: 477-487; Lee, A.G.
  • Ry receptors occur primarily in muscle cell sarcoplasmic reticular (SR) membranes, and IP3 receptors occur primarily in brain cell endoplasmic reticular (ER) membranes where they effect release of
  • the Ry receptors are activated as a result of the activity of dihydropyridine-sensitive
  • Ca channels are members of the voltage-sensitive ion channel (VIC) family.
  • VOC voltage-sensitive ion channel
  • Dihydropyridine-sensitive channels are present in the T-tubular systems of muscle tissues.
  • Ry receptors are homotetrameric complexes with each subunit exhibiting a molecular size of over 500,000 daltons (about 5,000 amino acyl residues). They possess C-terminal domains with six putative transmembrane a -helical spanners (TMSs). Putative pore-forming sequences occur between the fifth and sixth TMSs as suggested for members of the VIC family. The large N-terminal hydrophilic domains and the small C-te ⁇ ninal hydrophilic domains are localized to the cytoplasm. Low resolution 3 -dimensional structural data are available. Mammals possess at least three isoforms that probably arose by gene duplication and divergence before divergence of the mammalian species. Homologues are present in humans and Caenorabditis elegans.
  • IP 3 receptors resemble Ry receptors in many respects. (1) They are homotetrameric complexes with each subunit exhibiting a molecular size of over 300,000 daltons (about 2,700 amino acyl residues). (2) They possess C-terminal channel domains that are homologous to those of the Ry receptors. (3) The channel domains possess six putative TMSs and a putative channel lining region between TMSs 5 and 6. (4) Both the large N-terminal domains and the smaller C-terminal tails face the cytoplasm. (5) They possess covalently linked carbohydrate on extracytoplasmic loops of the channel domains. (6) They have three cu ⁇ ently recognized isoforms (types 1, 2, and 3) in mammals which are subject to differential regulation and have different tissue distributions.
  • IP 3 receptors possess three domains: N-terminal IP 3 -binding domains, central coupling or regulatory domains and C-terminal channel domains. Channels are activated by IP 3 binding, and like the Ry receptors, the activities of the IP 3 receptor channels are regulated by phosphorylation of the regulatory domains, catalyzed by various protein kinases. They predominate in the endoplasmic reticular membranes of various cell types in the brain but have also been found in the plasma membranes of some nerve cells derived from a variety of tissues. The channel domains of the Ry and IP 3 receptors comprise a coherent family that in spite of apparent structural similarities, do not show appreciable sequence similarity of the proteins of the VIC family.
  • the Ry receptors and the IP 3 receptors cluster separately on the RIR-CaC family tree. They both have homologues in Drosophila. Based on the phylogenetic tree for the family, the family probably evolved in the following sequence: (1) A gene duplication event occu ⁇ ed that gave rise to Ry and IP 3 receptors in invertebrates. (2)
  • Vertebrates evolved from invertebrates. (3) The three isoforms of each receptor arose as a result of two distinct gene duplication events. (4) These isoforms were transmitted to mammals before divergence of the mammalian species.
  • the Organellar Chloride Channel (O-C1C) Family Proteins of the O-C1C family are voltage-sensitive chloride channels found in intracellular membranes but not the plasma membranes of animal cells (Landry, D, et al, (1993), J. Biol. Chem. 268: 14948-14955; Valenzuela, Set al, (1997), J. Biol. Chem. 272: 12575-12582; and Duncan, R.R, et al, (1997), J. Biol. Chem. 272: 23880-23886). They are found in human nuclear membranes, and the bovine protein targets to the microsomes, but not the plasma membrane, when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes.
  • TMSs transmembrane a-helical spanners
  • the bovine protein is 437 amino acyl residues in length and has the two putative TMSs at positions 223-239 and 367-385.
  • the human nuclear protein is much smaller (241 residues).
  • a C. elegans homologue is 260 residues long.
  • GIC GIC-derived neuropeptides
  • each of the 5 subunits is of 800-1000 amino acyl residues in length (Nakanishi, N, et al, (1990), Neuron 5: 569-581; Unwin, N. (1993), Cell 72: 31-41; Alexander, S.P.H. and J.A. Peters (1997) Trends Pharmacol. Sci, Elsevier, pp. 36-40).
  • These subunits may span the membrane three or five times as putative a-helices with the N-termini (the glutamate-binding domains) localized exfracellularly and the C-te ⁇ nini localized cytoplasmically.
  • the subunits fall into six subfamilies: a, b, g, d, e and z.
  • the GIC channels are divided into three types: (1) a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazole propionate (AMP A)-, (2) kainate- and (3) N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-selective glutamate receptors.
  • AMP A a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazole propionate
  • NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate
  • Subunits of the AMPA and kainate classes exhibit 35-40% identity with each other while subunits of the NMD A receptors exhibit 22-24% identity with the former subunits. They possess large N-terminal, extracellular glutamate-binding domains that are homologous to the periplasmic glutamine and glutamate receptors of ABC-type uptake permeases of Gram-negative bacteria. All known members of the GIC family are from animals.
  • the different channel (receptor) types exhibit distinct ion selectivities and conductance properties.
  • the NMDA-selective large conductance channels are highly permeable to monovalent cations and Ca 2+ .
  • the AMPA- and kainate-selective ion channels are permeable primarily to monovalent cations with only low permeability to Ca 2+ .
  • Glutamate receptors
  • the novel human protein, and encoding gene, provided by the present family is related to the glutamate receptor subfamily in general, and glutamate receptor 4 specifically.
  • the protein of the present invention is a novel splice form containing a unique exon compared with the art-known glutamate receptor isoforms.
  • Ionotropic glutamate receptors are ligand-gated ion channels operated by biologically active amines; one ofthese polyamines is glutamate, a neurotransmitter.
  • GluR5 is expressed in developing neurons. GluR5 forms homomers in Xenopus oocytes; the in vitro generated channels respond to glutamate, although poorly.
  • Two alternative splicing isoforms, flip and flop, are described for some ofthese receptors. The alternative splice forms, flip and flop, differ in a small peptide segment that precedes the predicted fourth transmembrane region. These isoforms are incorporated into distinct channels expressed in different populations of cells in the hippocampus, particularly in the CAl and CA3 fields of the hippocampus.
  • the flip and flop alternative splice forms impart different pharmacological and kinetic properties on cu ⁇ ents initiated by L-glutamate or AMPA (Sommer et al, Science 1990 Sept 28;249(4976): 1580-5). This illustrates the importance of alternative splicing in glutamate receptor function. The molecular and functional properties of glutamate receptors can be altered by alternative splicing (Sommer et al, Science 1990 Sept 28;249(4976): 1580-5).
  • Glutamic receptors are activated (gated) by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA), glutamate and kainate and inhibited by 6,7- dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX).
  • AMPA alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazole propionic acid
  • CNQX 6,7- dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
  • Glutamic acid receptors are expressed in central nervous system. Some of them are restricted to specific stages of embryonic development and may be involved in neuronal differentiation and synapse maturation. GluR receptors mediate a variety of processes in hypothalamus including hormone secretion. In the chicken, flip isoforms of GluR 1-3 have been found to predominate in forebrain, while flop variants of GluR 1-4 are more prevalent in the cerebellum. This differential regional expression suggests that alternative splicing of AMPA receptor subunits contributes importantly to synaptic diversity in the central nervous system.
  • Transporter proteins particularly members of the glutamate receptor subfamily, are a major target for drug action and development. Accordingly, it is valuable to the field of pharmaceutical development to identify and characterize previously unknown transport proteins.
  • the present invention advances the state of the art by providing previously unidentified human transport proteins.
  • the present invention is based in part on the identification of amino acid sequences of human transporter peptides and proteins that are related to the glutamate receptor subfamily, as well as allelic variants and other mammalian orthologs thereof. These unique peptide sequences, and nucleic acid sequences that encode these peptides, can be used as models for the development of human therapeutic targets, aid in the identification of therapeutic proteins, and serve as targets for the development of human therapeutic agents that modulate transporter activity in cells and tissues that express the transporter. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain.
  • FIGURE 1 provides the nucleotide sequence of a transcript sequence that encodes the transporter protein of the present invention.
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 structure and functional information is provided, such as ATG start, stop and tissue distribution, where available, that allows one to readily determine specific uses of inventions based on this molecular sequence.
  • Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain.
  • FIGURE 2 provides the predicted amino acid sequence of the transporter of the present invention.
  • SEQ ID NO:2 structure and functional information such as protein family, function, and modification sites is provided where available, allowing one to readily determine specific uses of inventions based on this molecular sequence.
  • FIGURE 3 provides genomic sequences that span the gene encoding the transporter protein of the present invention.
  • SEQ ID NO:3 structure and functional information, such as intron/exon structure, promoter location, etc, is provided where available, allowing one to readily determine specific uses of inventions based on this molecular sequence. As illustrated in Figure 3, SNPs were identified at 169 different nucleotide positions.
  • the present invention is based on the sequencing of the human genome.
  • sequencing and assembly of the human genome analysis of the sequence information revealed previously unidentified fragments of the human genome that encode peptides that share structural and/or sequence homology to protein/peptide/domains identified and characterized within the art as being a transporter protein or part of a fransporter protein and are related to the glutamate receptor subfamily. Utilizing these sequences, additional genomic sequences were assembled and transcript and/or cDNA sequences were isolated and characterized.
  • the present invention provides amino acid sequences of human transporter peptides and proteins that are related to the glutamate receptor subfamily, nucleic acid sequences in the form of transcript sequences, cDNA sequences and/or genomic sequences that encode these transporter peptides and proteins, nucleic acid variation (allelic information), tissue distribution of expression, and information about the closest art known protein/peptide/domain that has structural or sequence homology to the transporter of the present invention.
  • the peptides that are provided in the present invention are selected based on their ability to be used for the development of commercially important products and services.
  • the present peptides are selected based on homology and/or structural relatedness to known transporter proteins of the glutamate receptor subfamily and the expression pattern observed.
  • Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain..
  • the art has clearly established the commercial importance of members of this family of proteins and proteins that have expression patterns similar to that of the present gene.
  • the present invention provides nucleic acid sequences that encode protein molecules that have been identified as being members of the transporter family of proteins and are related to the glutamate receptor subfamily (protein sequences are provided in Figure 2, transcript/cDNA sequences are provided in Figures 1 and genomic sequences are provided in Figure 3).
  • the peptide sequences provided in Figure 2, as well as the obvious variants described herein, particularly allelic variants as identified herein and using the information in Figure 3, will be refe ⁇ ed herein as the fransporter peptides of the present invention, transporter peptides, or peptides/proteins of the present invention.
  • the present invention provides isolated peptide and protein molecules that consist of, consist essentially of, or comprising the amino acid sequences of the transporter peptides disclosed in the Figure 2, (encoded by the nucleic acid molecule shown in Figure 1, transcript/cDNA or Figure 3, genomic sequence), as well as all obvious variants ofthese peptides that are within the art to make and use. Some ofthese variants are described in detail below.
  • a peptide is said to be "isolated” or “purified” when it is substantially free of cellular material or free of chemical precursors or other chemicals.
  • the peptides of the present invention can be purified to homogeneity or other degrees of purity. The level of purification will be based on the intended use. The critical feature is that the preparation allows for the desired function of the peptide, even if in the presence of considerable amounts of other components (the features of an isolated nucleic acid molecule is discussed below).
  • substantially free of cellular material includes preparations of the peptide having less than about 30% (by dry weight) other proteins (i.e, contaminating protein), less than about 20%) other proteins, less than about 10%) other proteins, or less than about 5% other proteins.
  • the peptide when it is recombinantly produced, it can also be substantially free of culture medium, i.e, culture medium represents less than about 20%> of the volume of the protein preparation.
  • the language “substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals” includes preparations of the peptide in which it is separated from chemical precursors or other chemicals that are involved in its synthesis. In one embodiment, the language “substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals” includes preparations of the transporter peptide having less than about 30%) (by dry weight) chemical precursors or other chemicals, less than about 20%> chemical precursors or other chemicals, less than about 10%> chemical precursors or other chemicals, or less than about 5%> chemical precursors or other chemicals.
  • the isolated transporter peptide can be purified from cells that naturally express it, purified from cells that have been altered to express it (recombinant), or synthesized using known protein synthesis methods.
  • Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain.
  • a nucleic acid molecule encoding the transporter peptide is cloned into an expression vector, the expression vector introduced into a host cell and the protein expressed in the host cell.
  • the protein can then be isolated from the cells by an appropriate purification scheme using standard protein purification tecliniques. Many ofthese techniques are described in detail below.
  • the present invention provides proteins that consist of the amino acid sequences provided in Figure 2 (SEQ ID NO:2), for example, proteins encoded by the transcript/cDNA nucleic acid sequences shown in Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and the genomic sequences provided in Figure 3 (SEQ ID NO:3).
  • the amino acid sequence of such a protein is provided in Figure 2.
  • a protein consists of an amino acid sequence when the amino acid sequence is the final amino acid sequence of the protein.
  • the present invention further provides proteins that consist essentially of the amino acid sequences provided in Figure 2 (SEQ ID NO:2), for example, proteins encoded by the transcript/cDNA nucleic acid sequences shown in Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and the genomic sequences provided in Figure 3 (SEQ ID NO:3).
  • a protein consists essentially of an amino acid sequence when such an amino acid sequence is present with only a few additional amino acid residues, for example from about 1 to about 100 or so additional residues, typically from 1 to about 20 additional residues in the final protein.
  • the present invention further provides proteins that comprise the amino acid sequences provided in Figure 2 (SEQ ID NO: 2), for example, proteins encoded by the transcript cDNA nucleic acid sequences shown in Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and the genomic sequences provided in Figure 3 (SEQ ID NO:3).
  • a protein comprises an amino acid sequence when the amino acid sequence is at least part of the final amino acid sequence of the protein. In such a fashion, the protein can be only the peptide or have additional amino acid molecules, such as amino acid residues (contiguous encoded sequence) that are naturally associated with it or heterologous amino acid residues/peptide sequences. Such a protein can have a few additional amino acid residues or can comprise several hundred or more additional amino acids.
  • the prefe ⁇ ed classes of proteins that are comprised of the transporter peptides of the present invention are the naturally occurring mature proteins. A brief description of how various types ofthese proteins can be made/isolated is provided below.
  • the transporter peptides of the present invention can be attached to heterologous sequences to form chimeric or fusion proteins.
  • Such chimeric and fusion proteins comprise a transporter peptide operatively linked to a heterologous protein having an amino acid sequence not substantially homologous to the fransporter peptide. "Operatively linked" indicates that the transporter peptide and the heterologous protein are fused in-frame.
  • the heterologous protein can be fused to the N-terminus or C-terminus of the fransporter peptide.
  • the fusion protein does not affect the activity of the transporter peptide per se.
  • the fusion protein can include, but is not limited to, enzymatic fusion proteins, for example beta-galactosidase fusions, yeast two-hybrid GAL fusions, poly-His fusions, MYC- tagged, Hi-tagged and Ig fusions.
  • Such fusion proteins, particularly poly-His fusions can facilitate the purification of recombinant fransporter peptide.
  • expression and/or secretion of a protein can be increased by using a heterologous signal sequence.
  • a chimeric or fusion protein can be produced by standard recombinant DNA techniques. For example, DNA fragments coding for the different protein sequences are ligated together in- frame in accordance with conventional techniques.
  • the fusion gene can be synthesized by conventional techniques including automated DNA synthesizers. Alternatively, PCR amplification of gene fragments can be carried out using anchor primers which give rise to complementary overhangs between two consecutive gene fragments which can subsequently be annealed and re-amplified to generate a chimeric gene sequence (see Ausubel et al , Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, 1992).
  • many expression vectors are commercially available that already encode a fusion moiety (e.g., a GST protein).
  • a fransporter peptide-encoding nucleic acid can be cloned into such an expression vector such that the fusion moiety is linked in-frame to the transporter peptide.
  • the present invention also provides and enables obvious variants of the amino acid sequence of the proteins of the present invention, such as naturally occurring mature forms of the peptide, allelic/sequence variants of the peptides, non-naturally occurring recottibinantly derived variants of the peptides, and orthologs and paralogs of the peptides.
  • variants can readily be generated using art-known techniques in the fields of recombinant nucleic acid technology and protein biochemistry. It is understood, however, that variants exclude any amino acid sequences disclosed prior to the invention.
  • variants can readily be identified/made using molecular techniques and the sequence information disclosed herein. Further, such variants can readily be distinguished from other peptides based on sequence and or structural homology to the transporter peptides of the present invention. The degree of homology/identity present will be based primarily on whether the peptide is a functional variant or non-functional variant, the amount of divergence present in the paralog family and the evolutionary distance between the orthologs.
  • the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes).
  • at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% or more of a reference sequence is aligned for comparison purposes.
  • the amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared.
  • amino acid or nucleic acid “identity” is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid "homology”
  • the percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which- need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences.
  • the comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity and similarity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm.
  • the percent identity between two nucleotide sequences is determined using the GAP program in the GCG software package (Devereux, J, et al, Nucleic Acids Res. 12(1):3 7 (1984)), using a NWSgapdna.CMP matrix and a gap weight of 40, 50, 60, 70, or 80 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
  • the percent identity between two amino acid or nucleotide sequences is determined using the algorithm of E. Myers and W. Miller (CABIOS, 4:11-17 (1989)) which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0), using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4.
  • the nucleic acid and protein sequences of the present invention can further be used as a "query sequence" to perform a search against sequence databases to, for example, identify other family members or related sequences.
  • search can be performed using the NBLAST and XBLAST programs (version 2.0) of Altschul, et al. (J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-10 (1990)).
  • Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al. (Nucleic Acids Res. 25(17):3389-3402 (1997)).
  • the default parameters of the respective programs e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST
  • Full-length pre-processed forms, as well as mature processed forms, of proteins that comprise one of the peptides of the present invention can readily be identified as having complete sequence identity to one of the transporter peptides of the present invention as well as being encoded by the same genetic locus as the transporter peptide provided herein.
  • the gene encoding the novel transporter protein of the present invention is located on a genome component that has been mapped to human chromosome 11 (as indicated in Figure 3), which is supported by multiple lines of evidence, such as STS and BAC map data.
  • Allelic variants of a fransporter peptide can readily be identified as being a human protein having a high degree (significant) of sequence homology/identity to at least a portion of the transporter peptide as well as being encoded by the same genetic locus as the transporter peptide provided herein. Genetic locus can readily be determined based on the genomic information provided in Figure 3, such as the genomic sequence mapped to the reference human.
  • the gene encoding the novel transporter protein of the present invention is located on a genome component that has been mapped to human chromosome 11 (as indicated in Figure 3), which is supported by multiple lines of evidence, such as STS and BAC map data.
  • two proteins have significant homology when the amino acid sequences are typically at least about 70-80%), 80-90%, and more typically at least about 90- 95%o or more homologous.
  • a significantly homologous amino acid sequence will be encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that will hybridize to a transporter peptide encoding nucleic acid molecule under stringent conditions as more fully described below.
  • Figure 3 provides information on SNPs that have been identified at 169 different nucleotide positions in the gene encoding the transporter protein of the present invention.
  • Paralogs of a transporter peptide can readily be identified as having some degree of significant sequence homology/identity to at least a portion of the transporter peptide, as being encoded by a gene from humans, and as having similar activity or function.
  • Two proteins will typically be considered paralogs when the amino acid sequences are typically at least about 60%) or greater, and more typically at least about 70% or greater homology through a given region or domain.
  • Such paralogs will be encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that will hybridize to a transporter peptide encoding nucleic acid molecule under moderate to stringent conditions as more fully described below.
  • Orthologs of a transporter peptide can readily be identified as having some degree of significant sequence homology/identity to at least a portion of the transporter peptide as well as being encoded by a gene from another organism. Prefe ⁇ ed orthologs will be isolated from mammals, preferably primates, for the development of human therapeutic targets and agents. Such orthologs will be encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that will hybridize to a transporter peptide encoding nucleic acid molecule under moderate to stringent conditions, as more fully described below, depending on the degree of relatedness of the two organisms yielding the proteins.
  • Non-naturally occurring variants of the transporter peptides of the present invention can readily be generated using recombinant techniques.
  • Such variants include, but are not limited to deletions, additions and substitutions in the amino acid sequence of the transporter peptide.
  • one class of substitutions are conserved amino acid substitution.
  • Such substitutions are those that substitute a given amino acid in a transporter peptide by another amino acid of like characteristics.
  • conservative substitutions are the replacements, one for another, among the aliphatic amino acids Ala, Val, Leu, and He; interchange of the hydroxyl residues Ser and Thr; exchange of the acidic residues Asp and Glu; substitution between the amide residues Asn and Gin; exchange of the basic residues Lys and Arg; and replacements among the aromatic residues Phe and Tyr.
  • Guidance concerning which amino acid changes are likely to be phenotypically silent are found in Bowie et al, Science 247:1306-1310 (1990).
  • Variant transporter peptides can be fully functional or can lack function in one or more activities, e.g. ability to bind ligand, ability to transport ligand, ability to mediate signaling, etc.
  • Fully functional variants typically contain only conservative variation or variation in non-critical residues or in non-critical regions.
  • Figure 2 provides the result of protein analysis and can be used to identify critical domains/regions.
  • Functional variants can also contain substitution of similar amino acids that result in no change or an insignificant change in function. Alternatively, such substitutions may positively or negatively affect function to some degree.
  • Non-function.il variants typically contain one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions, insertions, inversions, or truncation or a substitution, insertion, inversion, or deletion in a critical residue or critical region.
  • Amino acids that are essential for function can be identified by methods known in the art, such as site-directed mutagenesis or alamne-scanning mutagenesis (Cunningham et al, Science 244:1081-1085 (1989)), particularly using the results provided in Figure 2.
  • the latter procedure introduces single alanine mutations at every residue in the molecule.
  • the resulting mutant molecules are then tested for biological activity such as transporter activity or in assays such as an in vitro prohferative activity.
  • Sites that are critical for binding partner/substrate binding can also be determined by structural analysis such as crystallization, nuclear magnetic resonance or photoaffinity labeling (Smith et al, J. Mol. Biol. 224:899-904 (1992); de Vos et al. Science 255:306-312 (1992)).
  • the present invention further provides fragments of the transporter peptides, in addition to proteins and peptides that comprise and consist of such fragments, particularly those comprising the residues identified in Figure 2.
  • the fragments to which the invention pertains are not to be construed as encompassing fragments that may be disclosed publicly prior to the present invention.
  • a fragment comprises at least 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, or more contiguous amino acid residues from a fransporter peptide.
  • Such fragments can be chosen based on the ability to retain one or more of the biological activities of the transporter peptide or could be chosen for the ability to perform a function, e.g. bind a substrate or act as an immunogen.
  • Particularly important fragments are biologically active fragments, peptides that are, for example, about 8 or more amino acids in length.
  • Such fragments will typically comprise a domain or motif of the transporter peptide, e.g., active site, a transmembrane domain or a substrate-binding domain.
  • fragments include, but are not limited to, domain or motif containing fragments, soluble peptide fragments, and fragments containing immunogenic structures.
  • Predicted domains and functional sites are readily identifiable by computer programs well known and readily available to those of skill in the art (e.g., PROSITE analysis). The results of one such analysis are provided in Figure 2.
  • Polypeptides often contain amino acids other than the 20 amino acids commonly refe ⁇ ed to as the 20 naturally occurring amino acids. Further, many amino acids, including the terminal amino acids, may be modified by natural processes, such as processing and other post- translational modifications, or by chemical modification techniques well known in the art. Common modifications that occur naturally in transporter peptides are described in basic texts, detailed monographs, and the research literature, and they are well known to those of skill in the art (some ofthese features are identified in Figure 2).
  • Known modifications include, but are not limited to, acetylation, acylation, ADP- ribosylation, amidation, covalent attachment of flavin, covalent attachment of a heme moiety, covalent attachment of a nucleotide or nucleotide derivative, covalent attachment of a lipid or lipid derivative, covalent attachment of phosphotidylinositol, cross-linking, cyclization, disulfide bond formation, demethylation, formation of covalent crosslinks, formation of cystine, formation of pyroglutamate, formylation, gamma carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristoylation, oxidation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation, racemization, selenoylation, sulfation, transfer-RNA mediated addition of amino acids to proteins such as arginylation, and ubiquitination.
  • the transporter peptides of the present invention also encompass derivatives or analogs in which a substituted amino acid residue is not one encoded by the genetic code, in which a substituent group is included, in which the mature transporter peptide is fused with another compound, such as a compound to increase the half-life of the transporter peptide (for example, polyethylene glycol), or in which the additional amino acids are fused to the mature transporter peptide, such as a leader or secretory sequence or a sequence for purification of the mature transporter peptide or a pro-protein sequence.
  • a substituted amino acid residue is not one encoded by the genetic code, in which a substituent group is included, in which the mature transporter peptide is fused with another compound, such as a compound to increase the half-life of the transporter peptide (for example, polyethylene glycol), or in which the additional amino acids are fused to the mature transporter peptide, such as a leader or secretory sequence or a sequence for purification of the mature transport
  • the proteins of the present invention can be used in substantial and specific assays related to the functional information provided in the Figures; to raise antibodies or to elicit another immune response; as a reagent (including the labeled reagent) in assays designed to quantitatively determine levels of the protein (or its binding partner or ligand) in biological fluids; and as markers for tissues in which the co ⁇ esponding protein is preferentially expressed (either constitutively or at a particular stage of tissue differentiation or development or in a disease state).
  • the protein can be used to identify the binding partner/ligand so as to develop a system to identify inhibitors of the binding interaction. Any or all ofthese uses are capable of being developed into reagent grade or kit format for commercialization as commercial products. Methods for performing the uses listed above are well known to those skilled in the art. References disclosing such methods include "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual", 2d ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Sambrook, J, E. F. Fritsch and T. Maniatis eds, 1989, and "Methods in Enzymology: Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques", Academic Press, Berger, S. L. and A. R. Kimmel eds, 1987.
  • the potential uses of the peptides of the present invention are based primarily on the source of the protein as well as the class/action of the protein.
  • transporters isolated from humans and their human/mammalian orthologs serve as targets for identifying agents for use in mammalian therapeutic applications, e.g. a human drag, particularly in modulating a biological or pathological response in a cell or tissue that expresses the transporter.
  • Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates that the transporter proteins of the present invention are expressed in the brain, including fetal brain, as indicated by virtual northern blot analysis.
  • a large percentage of pharmaceutical agents are being developed that modulate the activity of transporter proteins, particularly members of the glutamate receptor subfamily (see Background of the Invention).
  • Cell-based systems can be native, i.e, cells that normally express the transporter, as a biopsy or expanded in cell culture. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain. In an alternate embodiment, cell-based assays involve recombinant host cells expressing the transporter protein.
  • the polypeptides can be used to identify compounds that modulate fransporter activity of the protein in its natural state or an altered form that causes a specific disease or pathology associated with the fransporter.
  • Both the fransporters of the present invention and appropriate variants and fragments can be used in high-throughput screens to assay candidate compounds for the ability to bind to the fransporter. These compounds can be further screened against a functional fransporter to determine the effect of the compound on the transporter activity. Further, these compounds can be tested in animal or invertebrate systems to determine activity/effectiveness.
  • Compounds can be identified that activate (agonist) or inactivate (antagonist) the fransporter to a desired degree.
  • proteins of the present invention can be used to screen a compound for the ability to stimulate or inhibit interaction between the fransporter protein and a molecule that normally interacts with the transporter protein, e.g. a subsfrate or a component of the signal pathway that the transporter protein normally interacts (for example, another transporter).
  • a molecule that normally interacts with the transporter protein e.g. a subsfrate or a component of the signal pathway that the transporter protein normally interacts (for example, another transporter).
  • Such assays typically include the steps of combining the transporter protein with a candidate compound under conditions that allow the transporter protein, or fragment, to interact with the target molecule, and to detect the formation of a complex between the protein and the target or to detect the biochemical consequence of the interaction with the transporter protein and the target, such as any of the associated effects of signal transduction such as changes in membrane potential, protein phosphorylation, cAMP turnover, and adenylate cyclase activation, etc.
  • Candidate compounds include, for example, 1) peptides such as soluble peptides, including Ig-tailed fusion peptides and members of random peptide libraries (see, e.g., Lam et al, Nature 554:82-84 (1991); Houghten et al, Nature 554:84-86 (1991)) and combinatorial chemistry-derived molecular libraries made of D- and/or L- configuration amino acids; 2) phosphopeptides (e.g., members of random and partially degenerate, directed phosphopeptide libraries, see, e.g., Songyang et al, Cell 72:767-778 (1993)); 3) antibodies (e.g., polyclonal, monoclonal, humanized, anti-idiotypic, chimeric, and single chain antibodies as well as Fab, F(ab') 2 , Fab expression library fragments, and epitope-binding fragments of antibodies); and 4) small organic and inorganic molecules (e.g.,
  • One candidate compound is a soluble fragment of the receptor that competes for ligand binding.
  • Other candidate compounds include mutant fransporters or appropriate fragments containing mutations that affect transporter function and thus compete for ligand. Accordingly, a fragment that competes for ligand, for example with a higher affinity, or a fragment that binds ligand but does not allow release, is encompassed by the invention.
  • the invention further includes other end point assays to identify compounds that modulate (stimulate or inhibit) fransporter activity.
  • the assays typically involve an assay of events in the signal transduction pathway that indicate transporter activity.
  • the transport of a ligand, change in cell membrane potential, activation of a protein, a change in the expression of genes that are up- or down-regulated in response to the transporter protein dependent signal cascade can be assayed.
  • Any of the biological or biochemical functions mediated by the transporter can be used as an endpoint assay.
  • Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates that the transporter proteins of the present invention are expressed in the brain, including fetal brain, as indicated by virtual northern blot analysis.
  • Binding and/or activating compounds can also be screened by using chimeric transporter proteins in which the amino terminal extracellular domain, or parts thereof, the entire transmembrane domain or subregions, such as any of the seven transmembrane segments or any of the intracellular or extracellular loops and the carboxy terminal intracellular domain, or parts thereof, can be replaced by heterologous domains or subregions.
  • a ligand-binding region can be used that interacts with a different ligand then that which is recognized by the native transporter. Accordingly, a different set of signal transduction components is available as an end-point assay for activation. This allows for assays to be performed in other than the specific host cell from which the fransporter is derived.
  • the proteins of the present invention are also useful in competition binding assays in methods designed to discover compounds that interact with the fransporter (e.g. binding partners and/or ligands).
  • a compound is exposed to a transporter polypeptide under conditions that allow the compound to bind or to otherwise interact with the polypeptide.
  • Soluble transporter polypeptide is also added to the mixture. If the test compound interacts with the soluble transporter polypeptide, it decreases the amount of complex formed or activity from the transporter target.
  • This type of assay is particularly useful in cases in which compounds are sought that interact with specific regions of the transporter.
  • the soluble polypeptide that competes with the target fransporter region is designed to contain peptide sequences co ⁇ esponding to the region of interest.
  • a fusion protein can be provided which adds a domain that allows the protein to be bound to a matrix.
  • glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins can be adsorbed onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO) or glutathione derivatized microtifre plates, which are then combined with the cell lysates (e.g., 35 S-labeled) and the candidate compound, and the mixture incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at physiological conditions for salt and pH).
  • the beads are washed to remove any unbound label, and the matrix immobilized and radiolabel determined directly, or in the supernatant after the complexes are dissociated.
  • the complexes can be dissociated from the matrix, separated by SDS-PAGE, and the level of transporter- binding protein found in the bead fraction quantitated from the gel using standard electrophoretic techniques.
  • the polypeptide or its target molecule can be immobilized utilizing conjugation of biotin and streptavidin using techniques well known in the art.
  • antibodies reactive with the protein but which do not interfere with binding of the protein to its target molecule can be derivatized to the wells of the plate, and the protein trapped in the wells by antibody conjugation.
  • Preparations of a transporter-binding protein and a candidate compound are incubated in the transporter protein-presenting wells and the amount of complex trapped in the well can be quantitated.
  • Methods for detecting such complexes include immunodetection of complexes using antibodies reactive with the fransporter protein target molecule, or which are reactive with transporter protein and compete with the target molecule, as well as enzyme-linked assays which rely on detecting an enzymatic activity associated with the target molecule.
  • Agents that modulate one of the fransporters of the present invention can be identified using one or more of the above assays, alone or in combination. It is generally preferable to use a cell-based or cell free system first and then confirm activity in an animal or other model system. Such model systems are well known in the art and can readily be employed in this context.
  • Modulators of fransporter protein activity identified according to these drug screening assays can be used to treat a subject with a disorder mediated by the transporter pathway, by treating cells or tissues that express the transporter.
  • Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain.
  • These methods of treatment include the steps of administering a modulator of transporter activity in a pharmaceutical composition to a subject in need of such treatment, the modulator being identified as described herein.
  • the transporter proteins can be used as "bait proteins" in a two-hybrid assay or three-hybrid assay (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,283,317; Zervos et ⁇ /.
  • transporter-binding proteins are also likely to be involved in the propagation of signals by the transporter proteins or transporter targets as, for example, downstream elements of a transporter-mediated signaling pathway. Alternatively, such transporter-binding proteins are likely to be transporter inhibitors.
  • the two-hybrid system is based on the modular nature of most transcription factors, which consist of separable DNA-binding and activation domains.
  • the assay utilizes two different DNA constracts.
  • the gene that codes for a transporter protein is fused to a gene encoding the DNA binding domain of a known transcription factor (e.g., GAL-4).
  • a DNA sequence, from a library of DNA sequences, that encodes an unidentified protein (“prey" or "sample”) is fused to a gene that codes for the activation domain of the known transcription factor.
  • the DNA-binding and activation domains of the transcription factor are brought into close proximity. This proximity allows transcription of a reporter gene (e.g., LacZ) which is operably linked to a transcriptional regulatory site responsive to the transcription factor. Expression of the reporter gene can be detected and cell colonies containing the functional transcription factor can be isolated and used to obtain the cloned gene which encodes the protein which interacts with the transporter protein.
  • a reporter gene e.g., LacZ
  • Expression of the reporter gene can be detected and cell colonies containing the functional transcription factor can be isolated and used to obtain the cloned gene which encodes the protein which interacts with the transporter protein.
  • This invention further pertains to novel agents identified by the above-described screening assays. Accordingly, it is within the scope of this invention to further use an agent identified as described herein in an appropriate animal model.
  • an agent identified as described herein e.g., a transporter-modulating agent, an antisense transporter nucleic acid molecule, a transporter-specific antibody, or a fransporter-binding partner
  • an agent identified as described herein can be used in an animal or other model to determine the efficacy, toxicity, or side effects of treatment with such an agent.
  • an agent identified as described herein can be used in an animal or other model to determine the mechanism of action of such an agent.
  • this invention pertains to uses of novel agents identified by the above-described screening assays for treatments as described herein.
  • the transporter proteins of the present invention are also useful to provide a target for diagnosing a disease or predisposition to disease mediated by the peptide. Accordingly, the invention provides methods for detecting the presence, or levels of, the protein (or encoding mRNA) in a cell, tissue, or organism. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain. The method involves contacting a biological sample with a compound capable of interacting with the fransporter protein such that the interaction can be detected. Such an assay can be provided in a single detection format or a multi-detection format such as an antibody chip a ⁇ ay.
  • a biological sample includes tissues, cells and biological fluids isolated from a subject, as well as tissues, cells and fluids present within a subject.
  • the peptides of the present invention also provide targets for diagnosing active protein activity, disease, or predisposition to disease, in a patient having a variant peptide, particularly activities and conditions that are known for other members of the family of proteins to which the present one belongs.
  • the peptide can be isolated from a biological sample and assayed for the presence of a genetic mutation that results in abe ⁇ ant peptide. This includes amino acid substitution, deletion, insertion, rea ⁇ angement, (as the result of abe ⁇ ant splicing events), and inappropriate post-translational modification.
  • Analytic methods include altered elecfrophoretic mobility, altered tryptic peptide digest, altered fransporter activity in cell-based or cell-free assay, alteration in ligand or antibody-binding pattern, altered isoelectric point, direct amino acid sequencing, and any other of the known assay techniques useful for detecting mutations in a protein.
  • Such an assay can be provided in a single detection format or a multi-detection format such as an antibody chip a ⁇ ay.
  • In vitro techniques for detection of peptide include enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELIS As), Western blots, immunoprecipitations and immunofluorescence using a detection reagent, such as an antibody or protein binding agent.
  • ELIS As enzyme linked immunosorbent assays
  • Western blots Western blots
  • immunoprecipitations immunofluorescence using a detection reagent, such as an antibody or protein binding agent.
  • the peptide can be detected in vivo in a subject by introducing into the subject a labeled anti-peptide antibody or other types of detection agent.
  • the antibody can be labeled with a radioactive marker whose presence and location in a subject can be detected by standard imaging techniques. Particularly useful are methods that detect the allelic variant of a peptide expressed in a subject and methods which detect fragments of a peptide in a sample.
  • the peptides are also useful in pharmacogenomic analysis.
  • Pharmacogenomics deal with clinically significant hereditary variations in the response to drugs due to altered drug disposition and abnormal action in affected persons. See, e.g., Eichelbaum, M. (Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol 23(10-11):983-985 (1996)), and Linder, M.W. (Clin. Chem. 43(2):254-266 (1997)).
  • the clinical outcomes ofthese variations result in severe toxicity of therapeutic drags in certain individuals or therapeutic failure of drags in certain individuals as a result of individual variation in metabolism.
  • the genotype of the individual can determine the way a therapeutic compound acts on the body or the way the body metabolizes the compound.
  • the activity of drug metabolizing enzymes effects both the intensity and duration of drag action.
  • the pharmacogenomics of the individual permit the selection of effective compounds and effective dosages of such compounds for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment based on the individual's genotype.
  • the discovery of genetic polymorphisms in some drug metabolizing enzymes has explained why some patients do not obtain the expected drag effects, show an exaggerated drug effect, or experience serious toxicity from standard drug dosages. Polymorphisms can be expressed in the phenotype of the extensive metabolizer and the phenotype of the poor metabolizer. Accordingly, genetic polymorphism may lead to allelic protein variants of the transporter protein in which one or more of the transporter functions in one population is different from those in another population.
  • the peptides thus allow a target to ascertain a genetic predisposition that can affect treatment modality.
  • polymorphism may give rise to amino terminal extracellular domains and/or other ligand-binding regions that are more or less active in ligand binding, and transporter activation. Accordingly, ligand dosage would necessarily be modified to maximize the therapeutic effect within a given population containing a polymorphism.
  • specific polymorphic peptides could be identified.
  • the peptides are also useful for treating a disorder characterized by an absence of, inappropriate, or unwanted expression of the protein.
  • Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain. Accordingly, methods for treatment include the use of the transporter protein or fragments.
  • the invention also provides antibodies that selectively bind to one of the peptides of the present invention, a protein comprising such a peptide, as well as variants and fragments thereof.
  • an antibody selectively binds a target peptide when it binds the target peptide and does not significantly bind to unrelated proteins.
  • An antibody is still considered to selectively bind a peptide even if it also binds to other proteins that are not substantially homologous with the target peptide so long as such proteins share homology with a fragment or domain of the peptide target of the antibody. In this case, it would be understood that antibody binding to the peptide is still selective despite some degree of cross-reactivity.
  • an antibody is defined in terms consistent with that recognized within the art: they are multi-subunit proteins produced by a mammalian organism in response to an antigen challenge.
  • the antibodies of the present invention include polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies, as well as fragments of such antibodies, including, but not limited to, Fab or F(ab') , and Fv fragments.
  • Many methods are known for generating and/or identifying antibodies to a given target peptide. Several such methods are described by Harlow, Antibodies, Cold Spring Harbor Press, (1989).
  • an isolated peptide is used as an immunogen and is administered to a mammalian organism, such as a rat, rabbit or mouse.
  • a mammalian organism such as a rat, rabbit or mouse.
  • the full-length protein, an antigenic peptide fragment or a fusion protein can be used.
  • Particularly important fragments are those covering functional domains, such as the domains identified in Figure 2, and domain of sequence homology or divergence amongst the family, such as those that can readily be identified using protein alignment methods and as presented in the Figures.
  • Antibodies are preferably prepared from regions or discrete fragments of the transporter proteins. Antibodies can be prepared from any region of the peptide as described herein. However, prefe ⁇ ed regions will include those involved in function/activity and/or transporter/binding partner interaction. Figure 2 can be used to identify particularly important regions while sequence alignment can be used to identify conserved and unique sequence fragments.
  • An antigenic fragment will typically comprise at least 8 contiguous amino acid residues.
  • the antigenic peptide can comprise, however, at least 10, 12, 14, 16 or more amino acid residues.
  • Such fragments can be selected on a physical property, such as fragments co ⁇ espond to regions that are located on the surface of the protein, e.g., hydrophilic regions or can be selected based on sequence uniqueness (see Figure 2).
  • Detection on an antibody of the present invention can be facilitated by coupling (i.e, physically linking) the antibody to a detectable substance.
  • detectable substances include various enzymes, prosthetic groups, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials, bioluminescent materials, and radioactive materials.
  • suitable enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, ⁇ -galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase;
  • suitable prosthetic group complexes include sfreptavidin/biotin and avidin/biotin;
  • suitable fluorescent materials include umbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin;
  • an example of a luminescent material includes luminol;
  • bioluminescent materials include luciferase, luciferin, and aequorin, and examples of suitable radioactive material include 125 1, 131 I,
  • the antibodies can be used to isolate one of the proteins of the present invention by standard techniques, such as affinity chromatography or immunoprecipitation.
  • the antibodies can facilitate the purification of the natural protein from cells and recombinantly produced protein expressed in host cells.
  • such antibodies are useful to detect the presence of one of the proteins of the present invention in cells or tissues to determine the pattern of expression of the protein among various tissues in an organism and over the course of normal development.
  • Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates that the transporter proteins of the present invention are expressed in the brain, including fetal brain, as indicated by virtual northern blot analysis.
  • such antibodies can be used to detect protein in situ, in vitro, or in a cell lysate or supernatant in order to evaluate the abundance and pattern of expression.
  • antibodies can be used to assess abnormal tissue distribution or abnormal expression during development or progression of a biological condition. Antibody detection of circulating fragments of the full length protein can be used to identify turnover. Further, the antibodies can be used to assess expression in disease states such as in active stages of the disease or in an individual with a predisposition toward disease related to the protein's function. When a disorder is caused by an inappropriate tissue distribution, developmental expression, level of expression of the protein, or expressed/processed form, the antibody can be prepared against the normal protein. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain. If a disorder is characterized by a specific mutation in the protein, antibodies specific for this mutant protein can be used to assay for the presence of the specific mutant protein.
  • the antibodies can also be used to assess normal and abe ⁇ ant subcellular localization of cells in the various tissues in an organism.
  • Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain.
  • the diagnostic uses can be applied, not only in genetic testing, but also in monitoring a treatment modality. Accordingly, where treatment is ultimately aimed at co ⁇ ecting expression level or the presence of abe ⁇ ant sequence and abe ⁇ ant tissue distribution or developmental expression, antibodies directed against the protein or relevant fragments can be used to monitor therapeutic efficacy.
  • antibodies are useful in pharmacogenomic analysis.
  • antibodies prepared against polymorphic proteins can be used to identify individuals that require modified treatment modalities.
  • the antibodies are also useful as diagnostic tools as an immunological marker for abe ⁇ ant protein analyzed by elecfrophoretic mobility, isoelectric point, tryptic peptide digest, and other physical assays known to those in the art.
  • the antibodies are also useful for tissue typing. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain. Thus, where a specific protein has been co ⁇ elated with expression in a specific tissue, antibodies that are specific for this protein can be used to identify a tissue type.
  • the antibodies are also useful for inhibiting protein function, for example, blocking the binding of the transporter peptide to a binding partner such as a ligand or protein binding partner. These uses can also be applied in a therapeutic context in which treatment involves inhibiting the protein's function.
  • An antibody can be used, for example, to block binding, thus modulating (agonizing or antagonizing) the peptides activity.
  • Antibodies can be prepared against specific fragments containing sites required for function or against intact protein that is associated with a cell or cell membrane. See Figure 2 for structural information relating to the proteins of the present invention.
  • the invention also encompasses kits for using antibodies to detect the presence of a protein in a biological sample.
  • the kit can comprise antibodies such as a labeled or labelable antibody and a compound or agent for detecting protein in a biological sample; means for determining the amount of protein in the sample; means for comparing the amount of protein in the sample with a standard; and instructions for use.
  • Such a kit can be supplied to detect a single protein or epitope or can be configured to detect one of a multitude of epitopes, such as in an antibody detection a ⁇ ay. Arrays are described in detail below for nucleic acid arrays and similar methods have been developed for antibody arrays.
  • the present invention further provides isolated nucleic acid molecules that encode a fransporter peptide or protein of the present invention (cDNA, transcript and genomic sequence).
  • nucleic acid molecules will consist of, consist essentially of, or comprise a nucleotide sequence that encodes one of the fransporter peptides of the present invention, an allelic variant thereof, or an ortholog or paralog thereof.
  • an "isolated" nucleic acid molecule is one that is separated from other nucleic acid present in the natural source of the nucleic acid.
  • an “isolated” nucleic acid is free of sequences that naturally flank the nucleic acid (i.e, sequences located at the 5' and 3' ends of the nucleic acid) in the genomic DNA of the organism from which the nucleic acid is derived.
  • flanking nucleotide sequences for example up to about 5KB, 4KB, 3KB, 2KB, or 1KB or less, particularly contiguous peptide encoding sequences and peptide encoding sequences within the same gene but separated by infrons in the genomic sequence.
  • nucleic acid is isolated from remote and unimportant flanking sequences such that it can be subjected to the specific manipulations described herein such as recombinant expression, preparation of probes and primers, and other uses specific to the nucleic acid sequences.
  • an "isolated" nucleic acid molecule such as a transcript/cDNA molecule
  • a transcript/cDNA molecule can be substantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized.
  • the nucleic acid molecule can be fused to other coding or regulatory sequences and still be considered isolated.
  • recombinant DNA molecules contained in a vector are considered isolated.
  • isolated DNA molecules include recombinant DNA molecules maintained in heterologous host cells or purified (partially or substantially) DNA molecules in solution.
  • isolated RNA molecules include in vivo or in vitro RNA transcripts of the isolated DNA molecules of the present invention.
  • Isolated nucleic acid molecules according to the present invention further include such molecules produced synthetically. Accordingly, the present invention provides nucleic acid molecules that consist of the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 1 or 3 (SEQ ID NO: 1, transcript sequence and SEQ ID NO:3, genomic sequence), or any nucleic acid molecule that encodes the protein provided in Figure 2, SEQ ID NO:2.
  • a nucleic acid molecule consists of a nucleotide sequence when the nucleotide sequence is the complete nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid molecule.
  • the present invention further provides nucleic acid molecules that consist essentially of the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 1 or 3 (SEQ ID NO:l, transcript sequence and SEQ ID NO:3, genomic sequence), or any nucleic acid molecule that encodes the protein provided in Figure 2, SEQ ID NO:2.
  • a nucleic acid molecule consists essentially of a nucleotide sequence when such a nucleotide sequence is present with only a few additional nucleic acid residues in the final nucleic acid molecule.
  • the present invention further provides nucleic acid molecules that comprise the nucleotide sequences shown in Figure 1 or 3 (SEQ ID NO:l, transcript sequence and SEQ ID NO:3, genomic sequence), or any nucleic acid molecule that encodes the protein provided in Figure 2, SEQ ID NO:2.
  • a nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence when the nucleotide sequence is at least part of the final nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid molecule.
  • the nucleic acid molecule can be only the nucleotide sequence or have additional nucleic acid residues, such as nucleic acid residues that are naturally associated with it or heterologous nucleotide sequences.
  • Such a nucleic acid molecule can have a few additional nucleotides or can comprise several hundred or more additional nucleotides. A brief description of how various types ofthese nucleic acid molecules can be readily made/isolated is provided below.
  • both coding and non-coding sequences are provided. Because of the source of the present invention, humans genomic sequence ( Figure 3) and cDNA/transcript sequences ( Figure 1), the nucleic acid molecules in the Figures will contain genomic intronic sequences, 5' and 3' non-coding sequences, gene regulatory regions and non-coding intergenic sequences. In general such sequence features are either noted in Figures 1 and 3 or can readily be identified using computational tools known in the art. As discussed below, some of the non-coding regions, particularly gene regulatory elements such as promoters, are useful for a variety of purposes, e.g. control of heterologous gene expression, target for identifying gene activity modulating compounds, and are particularly claimed as fragments of the genomic sequence provided herein.
  • the isolated nucleic acid molecules can encode the mature protein plus additional amino or carboxyl-terminal amino acids, or amino acids interior to the mature peptide (when the mature form has more than one peptide chain, for instance).
  • Such sequences may play a role in processing of a protein from precursor to a mature form, facilitate protein trafficking, prolong or shorten protein half-life or facilitate manipulation of a protein for assay or production, among other things.
  • the additional amino acids may be processed away from the mature protein by cellular enzymes.
  • the isolated nucleic acid molecules include, but are not limited to, the sequence encoding the fransporter peptide alone, the sequence encoding the mature peptide and additional coding sequences, such as a leader or secretory sequence (e.g., a pre-pro or pro- protein sequence), the sequence encoding the mature peptide, with or without the additional coding sequences, plus additional non-coding sequences, for example infrons and non-coding 5' and 3' sequences such as transcribed but non-translated sequences that play a role in transcription, mRNA processing (including splicing and polyadenylation signals), ribosome binding and stability of mRNA.
  • additional coding sequences such as a leader or secretory sequence (e.g., a pre-pro or pro- protein sequence)
  • additional non-coding sequences for example infrons and non-coding 5' and 3' sequences such as transcribed but non-translated sequences that play a role in transcription, mRNA processing (including
  • nucleic acid molecule may be fused to a marker sequence encoding, for example, a peptide that facilitates purification.
  • Isolated nucleic acid molecules can be in the form of RNA, such as mRNA, or in the form DNA, including cDNA and genomic DNA obtained by cloning or produced by chemical synthetic techniques or by a combination thereof.
  • the nucleic acid, especially DNA can be double-stranded or single-stranded. Single-stranded nucleic acid can be the coding strand (sense strand) or the non-coding strand (anti-sense strand).
  • the invention further provides nucleic acid molecules that encode fragments of the peptides of the present invention as well as nucleic acid molecules that encode obvious variants of the transporter proteins of the present invention that are described above.
  • nucleic acid molecules may be naturally occurring, such as allelic variants (same locus), paralogs (different locus), and orthologs (different organism), or may be constructed by recombinant DNA methods or by chemical synthesis.
  • non-naturally occurring variants may be made by mutagenesis techniques, including those applied to nucleic acid molecules, cells, or organisms. Accordingly, as discussed above, the variants can contain nucleotide substitutions, deletions, inversions and insertions. Variation can occur in either or both the coding and non-coding regions.
  • the variations can produce both conservative and non-conservative amino acid substitutions.
  • the present invention further provides non-coding fragments of the nucleic acid molecules provided in Figures 1 and 3.
  • Prefe ⁇ ed non-coding fragments include, but are not limited to, promoter sequences, enhancer sequences, gene modulating sequences and gene termination sequences. Such fragments are useful in controlling heterologous gene expression and in developing screens to identify gene-modulating agents.
  • a promoter can readily be identified as being 5' to the ATG start site in the genomic sequence provided in Figure 3.
  • a fragment comprises a contiguous nucleotide sequence greater than 12 or more nucleotides. Further, a fragment could at least 30, 40, 50, 100, 250 or 500 nucleotides in length.
  • the length of the fragment will be based on its intended use.
  • the fragment can encode epitope bearing regions of the peptide, or can be useful as DNA probes and primers.
  • Such fragments can be isolated using the known nucleotide sequence to synthesize an oligonucleotide probe.
  • a labeled probe can then be used to screen a cDNA library, genomic DNA library, or mRNA to isolate nucleic acid co ⁇ esponding to the coding region.
  • primers can be used in PCR reactions to clone specific regions of gene.
  • a probe/primer typically comprises substantially a purified oligonucleotide or oligonucleotide pair.
  • the oligonucleotide typically comprises a region of nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to at least about 12, 20, 25, 40, 50 or more consecutive nucleotides.
  • Orthologs, homologs, and allelic variants can be identified using methods well known in the art. As described in the Peptide Section, these variants comprise a nucleotide sequence encoding a peptide that is typically 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%), and more typically at least about 90-95%) or more homologous to the nucleotide sequence shown in the Figure sheets or a fragment of this sequence. Such nucleic acid molecules can readily be identified as being able to hybridize under moderate to stringent conditions, to the nucleotide sequence shown in the Figure sheets or a fragment of the sequence. Allelic variants can readily be determined by genetic locus of the encoding gene.
  • the gene encoding the novel transporter protein of the present invention is located on a genome component that has been mapped to human chromosome 11 (as indicated in Figure 3), which is supported by multiple lines of evidence, such as STS and BAC map data.
  • Figure 3 provides information on SNPs that have been identified at 169 different nucleotide positions in the gene encoding the transporter protein of the present invention.
  • the term "hybridizes under stringent conditions" is intended to describe conditions for hybridization and washing under which nucleotide sequences encoding a peptide at least 60-70% homologous to each other typically remain hybridized to each other.
  • the conditions can be such that sequences at least about 60%, at least about 70%>, or at least about 80%) or more homologous to each other typically remain hybridized to each other.
  • stringent conditions are known to those skilled in the art and can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6.
  • One example of stringent hybridization conditions are hybridization in 6X sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45C, followed by one or more washes in 0.2 X SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50-65C. Examples of moderate to low stringency hybridization conditions are well known in the art.
  • the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention are useful for probes, primers, chemical intermediates, and in biological assays.
  • the nucleic acid molecules are useful as a hybridization probe for messenger RNA, franscript/cDNA and genomic DNA to isolate full- length cDNA and genomic clones encoding the peptide described in Figure 2 and to isolate cDNA and genomic clones that co ⁇ espond to variants (alleles, orthologs, etc.) producing the same or related peptides shown in Figure 2.
  • SNPs were identified at 169 different nucleotide positions.
  • the probe can co ⁇ espond to any sequence along the entire length of the nucleic acid molecules provided in the Figures. Accordingly, it could be derived from 5' noncoding regions, the coding region, and 3' noncoding regions.
  • fragments are not to be construed as encompassing fragments disclosed prior to the present invention.
  • the nucleic acid molecules are also useful as primers for PCR to amplify any given region of a nucleic acid molecule and are useful to synthesize antisense molecules of desired length and sequence.
  • the nucleic acid molecules are also useful for constructing recombinant vectors.
  • Such vectors include expression vectors that express a portion of, or all of, the peptide sequences.
  • Vectors also include insertion vectors, used to integrate into another nucleic acid molecule sequence, such as into the cellular genome, to alter in situ expression of a gene and/or gene product.
  • an endogenous coding sequence can be replaced via homologous recombination with all or part of the coding region containing one or more specifically introduced mutations.
  • the nucleic acid molecules are also useful for expressing antigenic portions of the proteins.
  • the nucleic acid molecules are also useful as probes for determining the chromosomal positions of the nucleic acid molecules by means of in situ hybridization methods.
  • the gene encoding the novel transporter protein of the present invention is located on a genome component that has been mapped to human chromosome 11 (as indicated in Figure 3), which is supported by multiple lines of evidence, such as STS and BAC map data.
  • the nucleic acid molecules are also useful in making vectors containing the gene regulatory regions of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention.
  • the nucleic acid molecules are also useful for designing ribozymes co ⁇ esponding to all, or a part, of the mRNA produced from the nucleic acid molecules described herein.
  • nucleic acid molecules are also useful for making vectors that express part, or all, of the peptides.
  • the nucleic acid molecules are also useful for constructing host cells expressing a part, or all, of the nucleic acid molecules and peptides.
  • the nucleic acid molecules are also useful for constructing transgenic animals expressing all, or a part, of the nucleic acid molecules and peptides.
  • the nucleic acid molecules are also useful as hybridization probes for determining the presence, level, form and distribution of nucleic acid expression.
  • Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates that the transporter proteins of the present invention are expressed in the brain, including fetal brain, as indicated by virtual northern blot analysis.
  • the probes can be used to detect the presence of, or to determine levels of, a specific nucleic acid molecule in cells, tissues, and in organisms.
  • the nucleic acid whose level is determined can be DNA or RNA.
  • probes co ⁇ esponding to the peptides described herein can be used to assess expression and/or gene copy number in a given cell, tissue, or organism. These uses are relevant for diagnosis of disorders involving an increase or decrease in transporter protein expression relative to normal results.
  • In vitro techniques for detection of mRNA include Northern hybridizations and in situ hybridizations.
  • In vitro techniques for detecting DNA include Southern hybridizations and in situ hybridization.
  • Probes can be used as a part of a diagnostic test kit for identifying cells or tissues that express a fransporter protein, such as by measuring a level of a transporter-encoding nucleic acid in a sample of cells from a subject e.g., mRNA or genomic DNA, or determining if a fransporter gene has been mutated.
  • Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates that the transporter proteins of the present invention are expressed in the brain, including fetal brain, as indicated by virtual northern blot analysis.
  • Nucleic acid expression assays are useful for drag screening to identify compounds that modulate transporter nucleic acid expression.
  • the invention thus provides a method for identifying a compound that can be used to treat a disorder associated with nucleic acid expression of the transporter gene, particularly biological and pathological processes that are mediated by the transporter in cells and tissues that express it.
  • Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal bram.
  • the method typically includes assaying the ability of the compound to modulate the expression of the transporter nucleic acid and thus identifying a compound that can be used to treat a disorder characterized by undesired fransporter nucleic acid expression.
  • the assays can be performed in cell-based and cell-free systems.
  • Cell-based assays include cells naturally expressing the transporter nucleic acid or recombinant cells genetically engineered to express specific nucleic acid sequences.
  • the assay for transporter nucleic acid expression can involve direct assay of nucleic acid levels, such as mRNA levels, or on collateral compounds involved in the signal pathway. Further, the expression of genes that are up- or down-regulated in response to the fransporter protein signal pathway can also be assayed. In this embodiment the regulatory regions ofthese genes can be operably linked to a reporter gene such as luciferase.
  • modulators of transporter gene expression can be identified in a method wherein a cell is contacted with a candidate compound and the expression of mRNA determined.
  • the level of expression of transporter mRNA in the presence of the candidate compound is compared to the level of expression of transporter mRNA in the absence of the candidate compound.
  • the candidate compound can then be identified as a modulator of nucleic acid expression based on this comparison and be used, for example to treat a disorder characterized by abe ⁇ ant nucleic acid expression.
  • expression of mRNA is statistically significantly greater in the presence of the candidate compound than in its absence, the candidate compound is identified as a stimulator of nucleic acid expression.
  • nucleic acid expression is statistically significantly less in the presence of the candidate compound than in its absence, the candidate compound is identified as an inhibitor of nucleic acid expression.
  • the invention further provides methods of treatment, with the nucleic acid as a target, using a compound identified through drug screening as a gene modulator to modulate transporter nucleic acid expression in cells and tissues that express the transporter.
  • Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates that the transporter proteins of the present invention are expressed in the brain, including fetal brain, as indicated by virtual northern blot analysis. Modulation includes both up-regulation (i.e. activation or agonization) or down-regulation (suppression or antagonization) or nucleic acid expression.
  • a modulator for fransporter nucleic acid expression can be a small molecule or drag identified using the screening assays described herein as long as the drug or small molecule inhibits the fransporter nucleic acid expression in the cells and tissues that express the protein.
  • Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain.
  • the nucleic acid molecules are also useful for monitoring the effectiveness of modulating compounds on the expression or activity of the transporter gene in clinical trials or in a treatment regimen.
  • the gene expression pattern can serve as a barometer for the continuing effectiveness of treatment with the compound, particularly with compounds to which a patient can develop resistance.
  • the gene expression pattern can also serve as a marker indicative of a physiological response of the affected cells to the compound. Accordingly, such monitoring would allow either increased administration of the compound or the administration of alternative compounds to which the patient has not become resistant. Similarly, if the level of nucleic acid expression falls below a desirable level, administration of the compound could be commensurately decreased.
  • the nucleic acid molecules are also useful in diagnostic assays for qualitative changes in transporter nucleic acid expression, and particularly in qualitative changes that lead to pathology.
  • the nucleic acid molecules can be used to detect mutations in fransporter genes and gene expression products such as mRNA.
  • the nucleic acid molecules can be used as hybridization probes to detect naturally occurring genetic mutations in the fransporter gene and thereby to determine whether a subject with the mutation is at risk for a disorder caused by the mutation. Mutations include deletion, addition, or substitution of one or more nucleotides in the gene, chromosomal rea ⁇ angement, such as inversion or transposition, modification of genomic DNA, such as abe ⁇ ant methylation patterns or changes in gene copy number, such as amplification.
  • Detection of a mutated form of the fransporter gene associated with a dysfunction provides a diagnostic tool for an active disease or susceptibility to disease when the disease results from overexpression, underexpression, or altered expression of a transporter protein.
  • Individuals carrying mutations in the transporter gene can be detected at the nucleic acid level by a variety of techniques.
  • Figure 3 provides information on SNPs that have been identified at 169 different nucleotide positions in the gene encoding the transporter protein of the present invention.
  • the gene encoding the novel transporter protein of the present invention is located on a genome component that has been mapped to human chromosome 11 (as indicated in Figure 3), which is supported by multiple lines of evidence, such as STS and BAC map data.
  • Genomic DNA can be analyzed directly or can be amplified by using PCR prior to analysis.
  • RNA or cDNA can be used in the same way.
  • detection of the mutation involves the use of a probe/primer in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (see, e.g. U.S. Patent Nos.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • This method can include the steps of collecting a sample of cells from a patient, isolating nucleic acid (e.g., genomic, mRNA or both) from the cells of the sample, contacting the nucleic acid sample with one or more primers which specifically hybridize to a gene under conditions such that hybridization and amplification of the gene (if present) occurs, and detecting the presence or absence of an amplification product, or detecting the size of the amplification product and comparing the length to a confrol sample. Deletions and insertions can be detected by a change in size of the amplified product compared to the normal genotype. Point mutations can be identified by hybridizing amplified DNA to normal RNA or antisense DNA sequences.
  • nucleic acid e.g., genomic, mRNA or both
  • mutations in a fransporter gene can be directly identified, for example, by alterations in restriction enzyme digestion patterns determined by gel electrophoresis.
  • sequence-specific ribozymes can be used to score for the presence of specific mutations by development or loss of a ribozyme cleavage site. Perfectly matched sequences can be distinguished from mismatched sequences by nuclease cleavage digestion assays or by differences in melting temperature.
  • Sequence changes at specific locations can also be assessed by nuclease protection assays such as RNase and SI protection or the chemical cleavage method.
  • sequence differences between a mutant fransporter gene and a wild-type gene can be determined by direct DNA sequencing.
  • a variety of automated sequencing procedures can be utilized when performing the diagnostic assays (Naeve, C.W, (1995) Biotechniques 79:448), including sequencing by mass spectrometry (see, e.g., PCT International Publication No. WO 94/16101; Cohen et al, Adv. Chrom ⁇ togr. 36:127-162 (1996); and Griffin etal,Appl Biochem. Biotechnol 55:147-159 (1993)).
  • RNA/RNA or RNA/DNA duplexes Other methods for detecting mutations in the gene include methods in which protection from cleavage agents is used to detect mismatched bases in RNA/RNA or RNA/DNA duplexes (Myers etal, Science 230:1242 (1985)); Cotton et al, PNAS 85:4397 (1988); Saleeba etal, Meth. Enzymol 217:286-295 (1992)), elecfrophoretic mobility of mutant and wild type nucleic acid is compared (Orita et al, PNAS 86:2766 (1989); Cotton et al, Mutat. Res. 255:125-144 (1993); and Hayashi et al, Genet. Anal Tech.
  • the nucleic acid molecules are also useful for testing an individual for a genotype that while not necessarily causing the disease, nevertheless affects the treatment modality.
  • the nucleic acid molecules can be used to study the relationship between an individual's genotype and the individual's response to a compound used for treatment (pharmacogenomic relationship).
  • the nucleic acid molecules described herein can be used to assess the mutation content of the transporter gene in an individual in order to select an appropriate compound or dosage regimen for freatment.
  • Figure 3 provides information on SNPs that have been identified at 169 different nucleotide positions in the gene encoding the fransporter protein of the present invention.
  • nucleic acid molecules displaying genetic variations that affect freatment provide a diagnostic target that can be used to tailor freatment in an individual. Accordingly, the production of recombinant cells and animals containing these polymorphisms allow effective clinical design of treatment compounds and dosage regimens.
  • the nucleic acid molecules are thus useful as antisense constructs to control transporter gene expression in cells, tissues, and organisms.
  • a DNA antisense nucleic acid molecule is designed to be complementary to a region of the gene involved in transcription, preventing transcription and hence production of transporter protein.
  • An antisense RNA or DNA nucleic acid molecule would hybridize to the mRNA and thus block franslation of mRNA into transporter protein.
  • a class of antisense molecules can be used to inactivate mRNA in order to decrease expression of transporter nucleic acid. Accordingly, these molecules can treat a disorder characterized by abnormal or undesired transporter nucleic acid expression.
  • This technique involves cleavage by means of ribozymes containing nucleotide sequences complementary to one or more regions in the mRNA that attenuate the ability of the mRNA to be translated. Possible regions include coding regions and particularly coding regions co ⁇ esponding to the catalytic and other functional activities of the fransporter protein, such as ligand binding.
  • the nucleic acid molecules also provide vectors for gene therapy in patients containing cells that are abe ⁇ ant in fransporter gene expression.
  • recombinant cells which include the patient's cells that have been engineered ex vivo and returned to the patient, are introduced into an individual where the cells produce the desired transporter protein to treat the individual.
  • kits for detecting the presence of a transporter nucleic acid in a biological sample are kits for detecting the presence of a transporter nucleic acid in a biological sample.
  • Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates that the transporter proteins of the present invention are expressed in the brain, including fetal brain, as indicated by virtual northern blot analysis.
  • the kit can comprise reagents such as a labeled or labelable nucleic acid or agent capable of detecting transporter nucleic acid in a biological sample; means for determining the amount of transporter nucleic acid in the sample; and means for comparing the amount of transporter nucleic acid in the sample with a standard.
  • the compound or agent can be packaged in a suitable container.
  • the kit can further comprise instructions for using the kit to detect transporter protein mRNA or DNA.
  • the present invention further provides nucleic acid detection kits, such as a ⁇ ays or microa ⁇ ays of nucleic acid molecules that are based on the sequence information provided in Figures 1 and 3 (SEQ ID NOS:l and 3).
  • a ⁇ ays or “Microarrays” refers to an a ⁇ ay of distinct polynucleotides or oligonucleotides synthesized on a substrate, such as paper, nylon or other type of membrane, filter, chip, glass slide, or any other suitable solid support.
  • the microa ⁇ ay is prepared and used according to the methods described in US Patent 5,837,832, Chee et al, PCT application W095/11995 (Chee et al), Lockhart, D. J. et al. (1996; Nat. Biotech. 14: 1675-1680) and Schena, M. et al. (1996; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93: 10614-10619), all of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.
  • such arrays are produced by the methods described by Brown et al, US Patent No. 5,807,522.
  • the microarray or detection kit is preferably composed of a large number of unique, single-stranded nucleic acid sequences, usually either synthetic antisense oligonucleotides or fragments of cDNAs, fixed to a solid support.
  • the oligonucleotides are preferably about 6-60 nucleotides in length, more preferably 15-30 nucleotides in length, and most preferably about 20-25 nucleotides in length. For a certain type of microa ⁇ ay or detection kit, it may be preferable to use oligonucleotides that are only 7-20 nucleotides in length.
  • the microa ⁇ ay or detection kit may contain oligonucleotides that cover the known 5', or 3', sequence, sequential oligonucleotides that cover the full length sequence; or unique oligonucleotides selected from particular areas along the length of the sequence.
  • Polynucleotides used in the microarray or detection kit may be oligonucleotides that are specific to a gene or genes of interest.
  • the gene(s) of interest or an ORF identified from the contigs of the present invention
  • a computer algorithm which starts at the 5' or at the 3' end of the nucleotide sequence.
  • Typical algorithms will then identify oligomers of defined length that are unique to the gene, have a GC content within a range suitable for hybridization, and lack predicted secondary structure that may interfere with hybridization.
  • pairs of oligonucleotides on a microa ⁇ ay or detection kit.
  • the "pairs" will be identical, except for one nucleotide that preferably is located in the center of the sequence.
  • the second oligonucleotide in the pair serves as a confrol.
  • the number of oligonucleotide pairs may range from two to one million.
  • the oligomers are synthesized at designated areas on a substrate using a light-directed chemical process.
  • the substrate may be paper, nylon or other type of membrane, filter, chip, glass slide or any other suitable solid support.
  • an oligonucleotide may be synthesized on the surface of the substrate by using a chemical coupling procedure and an ink jet application apparatus, as described in PCT application W095/251116 (Baldeschweiler et al.) which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
  • a "gridded" a ⁇ ay analogous to a dot (or slot) blot may be used to a ⁇ ange and link cDNA fragments or oligonucleotides to the surface of a substrate using a vacuum system, thermal, UV, mechanical or chemical bonding procedures.
  • An a ⁇ ay such as those described above, may be produced by hand or by using available devices (slot blot or dot blot apparatus), materials (any suitable solid support), and machines (including robotic instruments), and may contain 8, 24, 96, 384, 1536, 6144 or more oligonucleotides, or any other number between two and one million which lends itself to the efficient use of commercially available instrumentation.
  • RNA or DNA from a biological sample is made into hybridization probes.
  • the mRNA is isolated, and cDNA is produced and used as a template to make antisense RNA (aRNA).
  • aRNA antisense RNA
  • the aRNA is amplified in the presence of fluorescent nucleotides, and labeled probes are incubated with the microa ⁇ ay or detection kit so that the probe sequences hybridize to complementary oligonucleotides of the microa ⁇ ay or detection kit. Incubation conditions are adjusted so that hybridization occurs with precise complementary matches or with various degrees of less complementarity. After removal of nonhybridized probes, a scanner is used to determine the levels and patterns of fluorescence.
  • the scanned images are examined to determine degree of complementarity and the relative abundance of each oligonucleotide sequence on the microa ⁇ ay or detection kit.
  • the biological samples may be obtained from any bodily fluids (such as blood, urine, saliva, phlegm, gastric juices, etc.), cultured cells, biopsies, or other tissue preparations.
  • a detection system may be used to measure the absence, presence, and amount of hybridization for all of the distinct sequences simultaneously. This data may be used for large-scale c ⁇ elation studies on the sequences, expression patterns, mutations, variants, or polymorphisms among samples.
  • the present invention provides methods to identify the expression of the transporter proteins/peptides of the present invention.
  • such methods comprise incubating a test sample with one or more nucleic acid molecules and assaying for binding of the nucleic acid molecule with components within the test sample.
  • assays will typically involve a ⁇ ays comprising many genes, at least one of which is a gene of the present invention and or alleles of the transporter gene of the present invention.
  • Figure 3 provides information on SNPs that have been identified at 169 different nucleotide positions in the gene encoding the transporter protein of the present invention.
  • Incubation conditions depend on the format employed in the assay, the detection methods employed, and the type and nature of the nucleic acid molecule used in the assay.
  • One skilled in the art will recognize that any one of the commonly available hybridization, amplification or a ⁇ ay assay formats can readily be adapted to employ the novel fragments of the Human genome disclosed herein. Examples of such assays can be found in Chard, T, An Introduction to Radioimmunoassay and Related Techniques, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1986); Bullock, G. R. et al, Techniques in Immunocytochemistry, Academic Press, Orlando, FL Vol. 1 (1 982), Vol.
  • test samples of the present invention include cells, protein or membrane extracts of cells.
  • the test sample used in the above-described method will vary based on the assay format, nature of the detection method and the tissues, cells or extracts used as the sample to be assayed. Methods for preparing nucleic acid extracts or of cells are well known in the art and can be readily be adapted in order to obtain a sample that is compatible with the system utilized.
  • kits which contain the necessary reagents to carry out the assays of the present invention.
  • the invention provides a compartmentalized kit to receive, in close confinement, one or more containers which comprises: (a) a first container comprising one of the nucleic acid molecules that can bind to a fragment of the Human genome disclosed herein; and (b) one or more other containers comprising one or more of the following: wash reagents, reagents capable of detecting presence of a bound nucleic acid.
  • a compartmentalized kit includes any kit in which reagents are contained in separate containers.
  • Such containers include small glass containers, plastic containers, strips of plastic, glass or paper, or a ⁇ aying material such as silica.
  • Such containers allows one to efficiently transfer reagents from one compartment to another compartment such that the samples and reagents are not cross-contaminated, and the agents or solutions of each container can be added in a quantitative fashion from one compartment to another.
  • Such containers will include a container which will accept the test sample, a container which contains the nucleic acid probe, containers which contain wash reagents (such as phosphate buffered saline, Tris-buffers, etc.), and containers which contain the reagents used to detect the bound probe.
  • the invention also provides vectors containing the nucleic acid molecules described herein.
  • the tenn "vector” refers to a vehicle, preferably a nucleic acid molecule, which can transport the nucleic acid molecules.
  • the vector is a nucleic acid molecule, the nucleic acid molecules are covalently linked to the vector nucleic acid.
  • the vector includes a plasmid, single or double stranded phage, a single or double stranded RNA or DNA viral vector, or artificial chromosome, such as a BAC, PAC, YAC, OR MAC.
  • a vector can be maintained in the host cell as an extrachromosomal element where it replicates and produces additional copies of the nucleic acid molecules.
  • the vector may integrate into the host cell genome and produce additional copies of the nucleic acid molecules when the host cell replicates.
  • the invention provides vectors for the maintenance (cloning vectors) or vectors for expression (expression vectors) of the nucleic acid molecules.
  • the vectors can function in procaryotic or eukaryotic cells or in both (shuttle vectors).
  • Expression vectors contain cis-acting regulatory regions that are operably linked in the vector to the nucleic acid molecules such that transcription of the nucleic acid molecules is allowed in a host cell.
  • the nucleic acid molecules can be introduced into the host cell with a separate nucleic acid molecule capable of affecting transcription.
  • the second nucleic acid , molecule may provide a frans-acting factor interacting with the cis-regulatory control region to allow transcription of the nucleic acid molecules from the vector.
  • a trans-acting factor may be supplied by the host cell.
  • a frans-acting factor can be produced from the vector itself. It is understood, however, that in some embodiments, transcription and/or translation of the nucleic acid molecules can occur in a cell-free system.
  • the regulatory sequence to which the nucleic acid molecules described herein can be operably linked include promoters for directing mRNA transcription. These include, but are not limited to, the left promoter from bacteriophage ⁇ , the lac, TRP, and TAC promoters from E. coli, the early and late promoters from SV40, the CMV immediate early promoter, the adenovirus early and late promoters, and refroviras long-terminal repeats.
  • expression vectors may also include regions that modulate transcription, such as repressor binding sites and enhancers.
  • expression vectors can also contain sequences necessary for transcription termination and, in the transcribed region a ribosome binding site for translation.
  • Other regulatory control elements for expression include initiation and termination codons as well as polyadenylation signals. The person of ordinary skill in the art would be aware of the numerous regulatory sequences that are useful in expression vectors. Such regulatory sequences are described, for example, in Sambrook et al, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd. ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, (1989).
  • vectors can be used to express a nucleic acid molecule.
  • Such vectors include chromosomal, episomal, and virus-derived vectors, for example vectors derived from bacterial plasmids, from bacteriophage, from yeast episomes, from yeast chromosomal elements, including yeast artificial chromosomes, from viruses such as baculoviruses, papovaviruses such as SV40, Vaccinia viruses, adenovirases, poxvirases, pseudorabies viruses, and retrovirases.
  • Vectors may also be derived from combinations ofthese sources such as those derived from plasmid and bacteriophage genetic elements, e.g. cosmids and phagemids.
  • the regulatory sequence may provide constitutive expression in one or more host cells (i.e. tissue specific) or may provide for inducible expression in one or more cell types such as by temperature, nutrient additive, or exogenous factor such as a hormone or other ligand.
  • host cells i.e. tissue specific
  • inducible expression in one or more cell types such as by temperature, nutrient additive, or exogenous factor such as a hormone or other ligand.
  • a variety of vectors providing for constitutive and inducible expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the nucleic acid molecules can be inserted into the vector nucleic acid by well-known methodology.
  • the DNA sequence that will ultimately be expressed is joined to an expression vector by cleaving the DNA sequence and the expression vector with one or more restriction enzymes and then ligating the fragments together. Procedures for restriction enzyme digestion and ligation are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the vector containing the appropriate nucleic acid molecule can be introduced into an appropriate host cell for propagation or expression using well-known techniques.
  • Bacterial cells include, but are not limited to, E. coli, Streptomyces, and Salmonella typhimurium.
  • Eukaryotic cells include, but are not limited to, yeast, insect cells such as Drosophila, animal cells such as COS and CHO cells, and plant cells. As described herein, it may be desirable to express the peptide as a fusion protein. Accordingly, the invention provides fusion vectors that allow for the production of the peptides.
  • Fusion vectors can increase the expression of a recombinant protein, increase the solubility of the recombinant protein, and aid in the purification of the protein by acting for example as a ligand for affinity purification.
  • a proteolytic cleavage site may be introduced at the junction of the fusion moiety so that the desired peptide can ultimately be separated from the fusion moiety.
  • Proteolytic enzymes include, but are not limited to, factor Xa, thrombin, and enterotransporter.
  • Typical fusion expression vectors include pGEX (Smith et al, Gene 67:31-40 (1988)), pMAL (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA) and pRIT5 (Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ) which fuse glutathione S-transferase (GST), maltose E binding protein, or protein A, respectively, to the target recombinant protein.
  • GST glutathione S-transferase
  • suitable inducible non-fusion E. coli expression vectors include pTrc (Amann et al, Gene (59:301-315 (1988)) and pET 1 Id (Studier et al, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 755:60-89 (1990)).
  • Recombinant protein expression can be maximized in host bacteria by providing a genetic background wherein the host cell has an impaired capacity to proteolytically cleave the recombinant protein.
  • the sequence of the nucleic acid molecule of interest can be altered to provide preferential codon usage for a specific host cell, for example E. coli. (Wada et al. , Nucleic Acids Res. 20:2111 -2118 (1992)).
  • the nucleic acid molecules can also be expressed by expression vectors that are operative in yeast. Examples of vectors for expression in yeast e.g., S.
  • nucleic acid molecules can also be expressed in insect cells using, for example, baculovirus expression vectors.
  • Baculovirus vectors available for expression of proteins in cultured insect cells include the pAc series (Smith et al , Mol. Cell Biol. 5:2156- 2165 (1983)) and the pVL series (Lucklow et al, Virology 770:31-39 (1989)).
  • the nucleic acid molecules described herein are expressed in mammalian cells using mammalian expression vectors.
  • mammalian expression vectors include pCDM8 (Seed, B. Nature 529:840(1987)) and pMT2PC (Kaufman et al, EMBOJ. 6:187-195 (1987)).
  • the expression vectors listed herein are provided by way of example only of the well- known vectors available to those of ordinary skill in the art that would be useful to express the nucleic acid molecules.
  • the person of ordinary skill in the art would be aware of other vectors suitable for maintenance propagation or expression of the nucleic acid molecules described herein. These are found for example in Sambrook, J, Fritsh, E. F, and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1989.
  • the invention also encompasses vectors in which the nucleic acid sequences described herein are cloned into the vector in reverse orientation, but operably linked to a regulatory sequence that permits transcription of antisense RNA.
  • an antisense transcript can be produced to all, or to a portion, of the nucleic acid molecule sequences described herein, including both coding and non-coding regions. Expression of this antisense RNA is subject to each of the parameters described above in relation to expression of the sense RNA (regulatory sequences, constitutive or inducible expression, tissue-specific expression).
  • the invention also relates to recombinant host cells containing the vectors described herein. Host cells therefore include prokaryotic cells, lower eukaryotic cells such as yeast, other eukaryotic cells such as insect cells, and higher eukaryotic cells such as mammalian cells.
  • the recombinant host cells are prepared by introducing the vector constructs described herein into the cells by techniques readily available to the person of ordinary skill in the art. These include, but are not limited to, calcium phosphate fransfection, DEAE-dextran-mediated fransfection, cationic lipid-mediated fransfection, electroporation, transduction, infection, lipofection, and other techniques such as those found in Sambrook, et al (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1989). Host cells can contain more than one vector. Thus, different nucleotide sequences can be introduced on different vectors of the same cell.
  • nucleic acid molecules can be introduced either alone or with other nucleic acid molecules that are not related to the nucleic acid molecules such as those providing trans-acting factors for expression vectors.
  • the vectors can be introduced independently, co- introduced or j oined to the nucleic acid molecule vector.
  • bacteriophage and viral vectors these can be introduced into cells as packaged or encapsulated viras by standard procedures for infection and transduction.
  • Viral vectors can be replication-competent or replication-defective. In the case in which viral replication is defective, replication will occur in host cells providing functions that complement the defects.
  • Vectors generally include selectable markers that enable the selection of the subpopulation of cells that contain the recombinant vector constructs.
  • the marker can be contained in the same vector that contains the nucleic acid molecules described herein or may be on a separate vector. Markers include tetracycline or ampicillin-resistance genes for prokaryotic host cells and dihydrofolate reductase or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic host cells.
  • RNA derived from the DNA constructs described herein can also be used to produce these proteins using RNA derived from the DNA constructs described herein.
  • secretion of the peptide is desired, which is difficult to achieve with multi- transmembrane domain containing proteins such as transporters, appropriate secretion signals are incorporated into the vector.
  • the signal sequence can be endogenous to the peptides or heterologous to these peptides.
  • the protein can be isolated from the host cell by standard disruption procedures, including freeze thaw, sonication, mechanical disruption, use of lysing agents and the like.
  • the peptide can then be recovered and purified by well-known purification methods including ammonium sulfate precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cationic exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic-interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography, lectin chromatography, or high performance liquid chromatography.
  • the peptides can have various glycosylation patterns, depending upon the cell, or maybe non-glycosylated as when produced in bacteria.
  • the peptides may include an initial modified methionine in some cases as a result of a host-mediated process.
  • the recombinant host cells expressing the peptides described herein have a variety of uses.
  • the cells are useful for producing a transporter protein or peptide that can be further purified to produce desired amounts of fransporter protein or fragments.
  • host cells containing expression vectors are useful for peptide production.
  • Host cells are also useful for conducting cell-based assays involving the transporter protein or fransporter protein fragments, such as those described above as well as other formats known in the art.
  • a recombinant host cell expressing a native transporter protein is useful for assaying compounds that stimulate or inhibit fransporter protein function.
  • Host cells are also useful for identifying transporter protein mutants in which these functions are affected. If the mutants naturally occur and give rise to a pathology, host cells containing the mutations are useful to assay compounds that have a desired effect on the mutant fransporter protein (for example, stimulating or inhibiting function) wliich may not be indicated by their effect on the native transporter protein.
  • a fransgenic animal is preferably a mammal, for example a rodent, such as a rat or mouse, in which one or more of the cells of the animal include a transgene.
  • a transgene is exogenous DNA that is integrated into the genome of a cell from which a fransgenic animal develops and which remains in the genome of the mature animal in one or more cell types or tissues of the fransgenic animal. These animals are useful for studying the function of a transporter protein and identifying and evaluating modulators of fransporter protein activity.
  • Other examples of fransgenic animals include non-human primates, sheep, dogs, cows, goats, chickens, and amphibians.
  • a fransgenic animal can be produced by introducing nucleic acid into the male pronuclei of a fertilized oocyte, e.g., by microinjection, retroviral infection, and allowing the oocyte to develop in a pseudopregnant female foster animal.
  • Any of the transporter protein nucleotide sequences can be introduced as a transgene into the genome of a non-human animal, such as a mouse.
  • any of the regulatory or other sequences useful in expression vectors can form part of the fransgenic sequence. This includes infronic sequences and polyadenylation signals, if not already included.
  • a tissue-specific regulatory sequence(s) can be operably linked to the transgene to direct expression of the fransporter protein to particular cells.
  • a fransgenic founder animal can be identified based upon the presence of the transgene in its genome and/or expression of fransgenic mRNA in tissues or cells of the animals. A fransgenic founder animal can then be used to breed additional animals carrying the transgene. Moreover, fransgenic animals carrying a transgene can further be bred to other fransgenic animals carrying other fransgenes. A fransgenic animal also includes animals in which the entire animal or tissues in the animal have been produced using the homologously recombinant host cells described herein.
  • fransgenic non-human animals can be produced which contain selected systems that allow for regulated expression of the transgene.
  • a system is the cre/loxP recombinase system of bacteriophage PI .
  • cre/loxP recombinase system of bacteriophage PI .
  • FLP recombinase system of S. cerevisiae (O'Gorman et al. Science 257:1351-1355 (1991).
  • a cre/loxP recombinase system is used to regulate expression of the fransgene
  • animals containing fransgenes encoding both the Cre recombinase and a selected protein is required.
  • Such animals can be provided through the construction of "double" fransgenic animals, e.g., by mating two fransgenic animals, one containing a fransgene encoding a selected protein and the other containing a fransgene encoding a recombinase.
  • Clones of the non-human fransgenic animals described herein can also be produced according to the methods described in Wilmut, I. et al. Nature 555:810-813 (1997) and PCT International Publication Nos.
  • a cell e.g., a somatic cell
  • the quiescent cell can then be fused, e.g., through the use of electrical pulses, to an enucleated oocyte from an animal of the same species from which the quiescent cell is isolated.
  • the reconstructed oocyte is then cultured such that it develops to morala or blastocyst and then transfe ⁇ ed to pseudopregnant female foster animal.
  • the offspring bom of this female foster animal will be a clone of the animal from which the cell, e.g., the somatic cell, is isolated.
  • Transgenic animals containing recombinant cells that express the peptides described herein are useful to conduct the assays described herein in an in vivo context. Accordingly, the various physiological factors that are present in vivo and that could effect ligand binding, transporter protein activation, and signal transduction, may not be evident from in vitro cell-free or cell-based assays. Accordingly, it is useful to provide non-human transgenic animals to assay in vivo fransporter protein function, including ligand interaction, the effect of specific mutant transporter proteins on transporter protein function and ligand interaction, and the effect of chimeric transporter proteins. It is also possible to assess the effect of null mutations, that is mutations that substantially or completely eliminate one or more fransporter protein functions.

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Abstract

The present invention provides amino acid sequences of peptides that are encoded by genes within the human genome, the transporter peptides of the present invention. The present invention specifically provides isolated peptide and nucleic acid molecules, methods of identifying orthologs and paralogs of the transporter peptides, and methods of identifying modulators of the transoporter peptides.

Description

ISOLATED HUMAN TRANSPORTER PROTEINS, NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES ENCODING HUMAN TRANSPORTER PROTEINS, AND USES THEREOF
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is in the field of transporter proteins that are related to the glutamate receptor subfamily, recombinant DNA molecules, and protein production. The present invention specifically provides novel peptides and proteins that effect ligand transport and nucleic acid molecules encoding such peptide and protein molecules, all of which are useful in the development of human therapeutics and diagnostic compositions and methods.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Transporters
Transporter proteins regulate many different functions of a cell, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and signaling processes, by regulating the flow of molecules such as ions and macromolecules, into and out of cells. Transporters are found in the plasma membranes of virtually every cell in eukaryotic organisms. Transporters mediate a variety of cellular functions including regulation of membrane potentials and absorption and secretion of molecules and ion across cell membranes. When present in intracellular membranes of the Golgi apparatus and endocytic vesicles, transporters, such as chloride channels, also regulate organelle pH. For a review, see Greger, R. (1988) Anna. Rev. Physiol. 50:111-122.
Transporters are generally classified by structure and the type of mode of action. In addition, transporters are sometimes classified by the molecule type that is transported, for example, sugar transporters, chlorine channels, potassium channels, etc. There may be many classes of channels for transporting a single type of molecule (a detailed review of channel types can be found at Alexander, S.P.H. and J.A. Peters: Receptor and transporter nomenclature supplement. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., Elsevier, pp. 65-68 (1997).
The following general classification scheme is known in the art and is followed in the present discoveries.
Channel-type transporters. Transmembrane channel proteins of this class are ubiquitously found in the membranes of all types of organisms from bacteria to higher eukaryotes. Transport systems of this type catalyze facilitated diffusion (by an energy- independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a caπier-mediated mechanism. These channel proteins usually consist largely of a-helical spanners, although b-strands may also be present and may even comprise the channel. However, outer membrane porin-type channel proteins are excluded from this class and are instead included in class 9. Caπier-type transporters. Transport systems are included in this class if they utilize a caπier-mediated process to catalyze uniport (a single species is transported by facilitated diffusion), antiport (two or more species are transported in opposite directions in a tightly coupled process, not coupled to a direct form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy) and/or symport (two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process, not coupled to a direct form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy). Pyrophosphate bond hydrolysis-driven active transporters. Transport systems are included in this class if they hydrolyze pyrophosphate or the terminal pyrophosphate bond in ATP or another nucleoside triphosphate to drive the active uptake and/or extrusion of a solute or solutes. The transport protein may or may not be transiently phosphorylated, but the substrate is not phosphorylated.
PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven group translocators. Transport systems of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system are included in this class. The product of the reaction, derived from extracellular sugar, is a cytoplasmic sugar- phosphate. Decarboxylation-driven active transporters. Transport systems that drive solute (e.g., ion) uptake or extrusion by decarboxylation of a cytoplasmic substrate are included in this class.
Oxidoreduction-driven active transporters. Transport systems that drive transport of a solute (e.g., an ion) energized by the flow of electrons from a reduced substrate to an oxidized substrate are included in this class.
Light-driven active transporters. Transport systems that utilize light energy to drive transport of a solute (e.g., an ion) are included in this class.
Mechanically-driven active transporters. Transport systems are included in this class if they drive movement of a cell or organelle by allowing the flow of ions (or other solutes) through the membrane down their electrochemical gradients.
Outer-membrane porins (of b-structure). These proteins form transmembrane pores or channels that usually allow the energy independent passage of solutes across a membrane. The transmembrane portions ofthese proteins consist exclusively of b-strands that form a b- baπel. These porin-type proteins are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria and eukaryotic plastids.
Methyltransferase-driven active transporters. A single characterized protein cuπently falls into this category, the Na+-transporting methyltetrahydromethanopterin oenzyme M methyltransferase.
Non-ribosome-synthesized channel-forming peptides or peptide-like molecules. These molecules, usually chains of L- and D-amino acids as well as other small molecular building blocks such as lactate, form oligomeric transmembrane ion channels. Voltage may induce channel formation by promoting assembly of the transmembrane channel. These peptides are often made by bacteria and fungi as agents of biological warfare.
Non-Proteinaceous Transport Complexes. Ion conducting substances in biological membranes that do not consist of or are not derived from proteins or peptides fall into this category.
Functionally characterized transporters for which sequence data are lacking. Transporters of particular physiological significance will be included in this category even though a family assignment cannot be made.
Putative transporters in which no family member is an established transporter. Putative transport protein families are grouped under this number and will either be classified elsewhere when the transport function of a member becomes established, or will be eliminated from the TC classification system if the proposed transport function is disproven. These families include a member or members for which a transport function has been suggested, but evidence for such a function is not yet compelling.
Auxiliary transport proteins. Proteins that in some way facilitate transport across one or more biological membranes but do not themselves participate directly in transport are included in this class. These proteins always function in conjunction with one or more transport proteins. They may provide a function connected with energy coupling to transport, play a structural role in complex formation or serve a regulatory function.
Transporters of unknown classification. Transport protein families of unknown classification are grouped under this number and will be classified elsewhere when the transport process and energy coupling mechanism are characterized. These families include at least one member for which a transport function has been established, but either the mode of transport or the energy coupling mechanism is not known. Ion channels
An important type of transporter is the ion channel. Ion channels regulate many different cell proliferation, differentiation, and signaling processes by regulating the flow of ions into and out of cells. Ion channels are found in the plasma membranes of virtually every cell in eukaryotic organisms. Ion channels mediate a variety of cellular functions including regulation of membrane potentials and absoiption and secretion of ion across epithelial membranes. When present in intracellular membranes of the Golgi apparatus and endocytic vesicles, ion channels, such as chloride channels, also regulate organelle pH. For a review, see Greger, R. (198$) Annu. Rev. Physiol. 50:111-122. Ion channels are generally classified by structure and the type of mode of action. For example, extracellular ligand gated channels (ELGs) are comprised of five polypeptide subunits, with each subunit having 4 membrane spanning domains, and are activated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to the channel. In addition, channels are sometimes classified by the ion type that is transported, for example, chlorine channels, potassium channels, etc. There may be many classes of channels for transporting a single type of ion (a detailed review of channel types can be found at Alexander, S.P.H. and J.A. Peters (1997). Receptor and ion channel nomenclature supplement. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., Elsevier, pp. 65-68 and http://www-biology.ucsd.edu/~msaier/transport/toc.html.
There are many types of ion channels based on structure. For example, many ion channels fall within one of the following groups: extracellular ligand-gated channels (ELG), intracellular ligand-gated channels (ILG), inward rectifying channels (INR), intercellular (gap junction) channels, and voltage gated channels (VIC). There are additionally recognized other channel families based on ion-type transported, cellular location and drag sensitivity. Detailed information on each ofthese, their activity, ligand type, ion type, disease association, dragability, and other information pertinent to the present invention, is well known in the art. Extracellular ligand-gated channels, ELGs, are generally comprised of five polypeptide subunits, Unwin, N. (1993), Cell 72: 31-41; Unwin, N. (1995), Nature 373: 37- 43; Hucho, F., et al, (1996) J. Neurochem. 66: 1781-1792; Hucho, F., et al, (1996) Eur. J. Biochem. 239: 539-557; Alexander, S.P.H. and J.A. Peters (1997), Trends Pharmacol. Sci., Elsevier, pp. 4-6; 36-40; 42-44; and Xue, H. (1998) J. Mol. Evol. 47: 323-333. Each subunit has 4 membrane spanning regions: this serves as a means of identifying other members of the ELG family of proteins. ELG bind a ligand and in response modulate the flow of ions. Examples of ELG include most members of the neurotransmitter-receptor family of proteins, e.g., GABAI receptors. Other members of this family of ion channels include glycine receptors, ryandyne receptors, and ligand gated calcium channels.
The Voltage-gated Ion Channel (VIC) Superfamily
Proteins of the VIC family are ion-selective channel proteins found in a wide range of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Hille, B. (1992), Chapter 9: Structure of channel proteins; Chapter 20: Evolution and diversity. In: Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes, 2nd Ed., . Sinaur Assoc. Inc., Pubs., Sunderland, Massachusetts; Sigworth, F.J. (1993), Quart. Rev. Biophys. 27: 1-40; Salkoff, L. and T. Jegla (1995), Neuron 15: 489-492; Alexander, S.P.H. et al., (1997), Trends Pharmacol. Sci., Elsevier, pp. 76-84; Jan, L.Y. et al., (1997), Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 20: 91-123; Doyle, D.A, et al., (1998) Science 280: 69-77; Terlau, H. and W. Stuhmer (1998), Naturwissenschaften 85: 437-444. They are often homo- or heterooligomeric structures with several dissimilar subunits (e.g., al-a2-d-b Ca2+ channels, abιb2 Na channels or (a)4-b K channels), but the channel and the primary receptor is usually associated with the a (or al) subunit. Functionally characterized members are specific for K+, Na+ or Ca2+. The K+ channels usually consist of homotetrameric structures with each a- subunit possessing six transmembrane spanners (TMSs). The al and a subunits of the Ca and Na channels, respectively, are about four times as large and possess 4 units, each with 6 TMSs separated by a hydrophilic loop, for a total of 24 TMSs. These large channel proteins form heterotetra-unit structures equivalent to the homotetrameric structures of most K+ channels. All four units of the Ca2+ and Na+ channels are homologous to the single unit in the homotetrameric K+ channels. Ion flux via the eukaryotic channels is generally controlled by the transmembrane elecfrical potential (hence the designation, voltage-sensitive) although some are controlled by ligand or receptor binding.
Several putative K+-selective channel proteins of the VIC family have been identified in prokaryotes. The structure of one of them, the KcsA K channel of Streptomyces lividans, has been solved to 3.2 A resolution. The protein possesses four identical subunits, each with two transmembrane helices, aπanged in the shape of an inverted teepee or cone. The cone cradles the "selectivity filter" P domain in its outer end. The naπow selectivity filter is only 12 A long, whereas the remainder of the channel is wider and lined with hydrophobic residues. A large water-filled cavity and helix dipoles stabilize K+ in the pore. The selectivity filter has two bound K ions about 7.5 A apart from each other. Ion conduction is proposed to result from a balance of electrostatic attractive and repulsive forces. In eukaryotes, each VIC family channel type has several subtypes based on pharmacological and electrophysiological data. Thus, there are five types of Ca2+ channels (L, N, P, Q and T). There are at least ten types of K+ channels, each responding in different ways to different stimuli: voltage-sensitive [Ka, Kv, Kvr, Kvs and Ksr], Ca -sensitive [BKca, IKca and SKca] and receptor-coupled [KM and KACI.]- There are at least six types of Na+ channels (I, II, III, μl, HI and PN3). Tetrameric channels from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms are known in which each a-subunit possesses 2 TMSs rather than 6, and these two TMSs are homologous to TMSs 5 and 6 of the six TMS unit found in the voltage-sensitive channel proteins. KcsA of S. lividans is an example of such a 2 TMS channel protein. These channels may include the Kκa (Na+-activated) and Kγ0ι (cell volume-sensitive) K+ channels, as well as distantly related channels such as the Tokl K channel of yeast, the TWIK-1 inward rectifier K+ channel of the mouse and the TREK-1 K channel of the mouse. Because of insufficient sequence similarity with proteins of the VIC family, inward rectifier K+ IRK channels (ATP -regulated; G-protein-activated) which possess a P domain and two flanking TMSs are placed in a distinct family. However, substantial sequence similarity in the P region suggests that they are homologous. The b, g and d subunits of VIC family members, when present, frequently play regulatory roles in channel activation deactivation.
The Epithelial Na+ Channel (ENaC) Family
The ENaC family consists of over twenty-four sequenced proteins (Canessa, CM., et al, (1994), Nature 367: 463-467, Le, T. and M.H. Saier, Jr. (1996), Mol. Membr. Biol. 13: 149-157; Garty, H. and L.G. Palmer (1997), Physiol. Rev. 77: 359-396; Waldmann, R, et al, (1997), Nature 386: 173-177; Darboux, I, et al, (1998), J. Biol. Chem. 273: 9424-9429; Firsov, D, et al, (1998), EMBO J. 17: 344-352; Horisberger, J.-D. (1998). Cuπ. Opin. Struc. Biol. 10: 443-449). All are from animals with no recognizable homologues in other eukaryotes or bacteria. The vertebrate ENaC proteins from epithelial cells cluster tightly together on the phylogenetic tree: voltage-insensitive ENaC homologues are also found in the brain. Eleven sequenced C. elegans proteins, including the degenerins, are distantly related to the vertebrate proteins as well as to each other. At least some ofthese proteins form part of a mechano-transducing complex for touch sensitivity. The homologous Helix aspersa (FMRF- amide)-activated Na channel is the first peptide neurotransmitter-gated ionotropic receptor to be sequenced.
Protein members of this family all exhibit the same apparent topology, each with N-. and C-termini on the inside of the cell, two amphipathic transmembrane spanning segments, and a large extracellular loop. The extracellular domains contain numerous highly conserved cysteine residues. They are proposed to serve a receptor function.
Mammalian ENaC is important for the maintenance of Na balance and the regulation of blood pressure. Three homologous ENaC subunits, alpha, beta, and gamma, have been shown to assemble to form the highly Na +-selective channel. The stoichiometry of the three subunits is alpha2jbetal, gammal in a heterotetrameric architecture.
The Chloride Channel (CIC) Family
The CIC family is a large family consisting of dozens of sequenced proteins derived from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, cyanobacteria, archaea, yeast, plants and animals (Steinmeyer, K, et al, (1991), Nature 354: 301-304; Uchida, S, et al, (1993), J. Biol. Chem. 268: 3821-3824; Huang, M.-E, et al, (1994), J. Mol. Biol. 242: 595-598; Kawasaki, M, et al, (1994), Neuron 12: 597-604; Fisher, W.E, et al, (1995), Genomics. 29:598-606; and Foskett, J.K. (1998), Annu. Rev. Physiol. 60: 689-717). These proteins are essentially ubiquitous, although they are not encoded within genomes of Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Sequenced proteins vary in size from 395 amino acyl residues (M.jannaschii) to 988 residues (man). Several organisms contain multiple CIC family paralogues. For example, Synechocystis has two paralogues, one of 451 residues in length and the other of 899 residues. Arabidopsis thaliana has at least four sequenced paralogues, (775-792 residues), humans also have at least five paralogues (820-988 residues), and C. elegans also has at least five (810-950 residues). There are nine known members in mammals, and mutations in three of the coπesponding genes cause human diseases. E. coli, Methanococcus jannaschii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae only have one CIC family member each. With the exception of the larger Synechocystis paralogue, all bacterial proteins are small (395-492 residues) while all eukaryotic proteins are larger (687-988 residues). These proteins exhibit 10-12 putative transmembrane a-helical spanners (TMSs) and appear to be present in the membrane as homodimers. While one member of the family, Torpedo C1C-O, has been reported to have two channels, one per subunit, others are believed to have just one.
All functionally characterized members of the CIC family transport chloride, some in a voltage-regulated process. These channels serve a variety of physiological functions (cell volume regulation; membrane potential stabilization; signal transduction; transepithelial transport, etc.). Different homologues in humans exhibit differing anion selectivities, i.e, C1C4 and C1C5 share a NO3 " > CI" > Br" > I" conductance sequence, while C1C3 has an I" > CI" selectivity. The C1C4 and C1C5 channels and others exhibit outward rectifying cuπents with cuπents only at voltages more positive than +20mV.
Animal Inward Rectifier K+ Channel (IRK-C) Family
IRK channels possess the "minimal channel-forming structure" with only a P domain, characteristic of the channel proteins of the VIC family, and two flanking transmembrane spanners (Shuck, M.E, et al, (1994), J. Biol. Chem. 269: 24261-24270; Ashen, M.D, et al, (1995), Am. J. Physiol. 268: H506-H511; Salkoff, L. and T. Jegla (1995), Neuron 15: 489- 492; Aguilar-Bryan, L, et al, (1998), Physiol. Rev. 78: 227-245; Ruknudin, A, et al, (1998), J. Biol. Chem. 273: 14165-14171). They may exist in the membrane as homo- or heterooligomers. They have a greater tendency to let K+ flow into the cell than out. Voltage- dependence may be regulated by external K+, by internal Mg2+, by internal ATP and/or by G- proteins. The P domains of IRK channels exhibit limited sequence similarity to those of the VIC family, but this sequence similarity is insufficient to establish homology. Inward rectifiers play a role in setting cellular membrane potentials, and the closing ofthese channels upon depolarization permits the occuπence of long duration action potentials with a plateau phase. Inward rectifiers lack the intrinsic voltage sensing helices found in VIC family channels. In a few cases, those of Kirl .la and Kir6.2, for example, direct interaction with a member of the ABC superfamily has been proposed to confer unique functional and regulatory properties to the heteromeric complex, including sensitivity to ATP. The SUR1 sulfonylurea receptor (spQ09428) is the ABC protein that regulates the Kir6.2 channel in response to ATP, and CFTR may regulate Kir 1.1 a. Mutations in SUR1 are the cause of familial persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in infancy (PHHI), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by unregulated insulin secretion in the pancreas.
ATP-gated Cation Channel (ACC) Family Members of the ACC family (also called P2X receptors) respond to ATP, a functional neurotransmitter released by exocytosis from many types of neurons (North, R.A. (1996), Cuπ. Opin. Cell Biol. 8: 474-483; Soto, F, M. Garcia-Guzman and W. Stuhmer (1997), J. Membr. Biol. 160: 91-100). They have been placed into seven groups (P2Xι - P2X7) based on their pharmacological properties. These channels, which function at neuron-neuron and neuron-smooth muscle junctions, may play roles in the control of blood pressure and pain sensation. They may also function in lymphocyte and platelet physiology. They are found only in animals. The proteins of the ACC family are quite similar in sequence (>35% identity), but they possess 380-1000 amino acyl residues per subunit with variability in length localized primarily to the C-terminal domains. They possess two transmembrane spamiers, one about 30-50 residues from their N-termini, the other near residues 320-340. The extracellular receptor domains between these two spanners (of about 270 residues) are well conserved with numerous conserved glycyl and cysteyl residues. The hydrophilic C-termini vary in length from 25 to 240 residues. They resemble the topologically similar epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) proteins in possessing (a) N- and C-termini localized intracellularly, (b) two putative transmembrane spanners, (c) a large extracellular loop domain, and (d) many conserved extracellular cysteyl residues. ACC family members are, however, not demonstrably homologous with them. ACC channels are probably hetero- or homomultimers and transport small monovalent cations (Me+). Some also transport Ca2+; a few also transport small metabolites.
The Ryanodine-Inositol 1,4.5-triphosphate Receptor Ca2+ Channel (RIR-CaC) Family Ryanodine (Ry)-sensitive and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)-sensitive Ca2+-release channels function in the release of Ca2+ from intracellular storage sites in animal cells and thereby regulate various Ca2+ -dependent physiological processes (Hasan, G. et al, (1992) Development 116: 967-975; Michikawa, T, et al, (1994), J. Biol. Chem. 269: 9184-9189; Tunwell, R.E.A, (1996), Biochem. J. 318: 477-487; Lee, A.G. (1996) Biomembranes, Vol. 6, Transmembrane Receptors and Channels (A.G. Lee, ed.), JAI Press, Denver, CO, pp 291- 326; Mikoshiba, K, et al, (1996) J. Biochem. Biomem. 6: 273-289). Ry receptors occur primarily in muscle cell sarcoplasmic reticular (SR) membranes, and IP3 receptors occur primarily in brain cell endoplasmic reticular (ER) membranes where they effect release of
9+ •
Ca into the cytoplasm upon activation (opening) of the channel. The Ry receptors are activated as a result of the activity of dihydropyridine-sensitive
9+
Ca channels. The latter are members of the voltage-sensitive ion channel (VIC) family. Dihydropyridine-sensitive channels are present in the T-tubular systems of muscle tissues.
Ry receptors are homotetrameric complexes with each subunit exhibiting a molecular size of over 500,000 daltons (about 5,000 amino acyl residues). They possess C-terminal domains with six putative transmembrane a -helical spanners (TMSs). Putative pore-forming sequences occur between the fifth and sixth TMSs as suggested for members of the VIC family. The large N-terminal hydrophilic domains and the small C-teπninal hydrophilic domains are localized to the cytoplasm. Low resolution 3 -dimensional structural data are available. Mammals possess at least three isoforms that probably arose by gene duplication and divergence before divergence of the mammalian species. Homologues are present in humans and Caenorabditis elegans.
IP3 receptors resemble Ry receptors in many respects. (1) They are homotetrameric complexes with each subunit exhibiting a molecular size of over 300,000 daltons (about 2,700 amino acyl residues). (2) They possess C-terminal channel domains that are homologous to those of the Ry receptors. (3) The channel domains possess six putative TMSs and a putative channel lining region between TMSs 5 and 6. (4) Both the large N-terminal domains and the smaller C-terminal tails face the cytoplasm. (5) They possess covalently linked carbohydrate on extracytoplasmic loops of the channel domains. (6) They have three cuπently recognized isoforms (types 1, 2, and 3) in mammals which are subject to differential regulation and have different tissue distributions.
IP3 receptors possess three domains: N-terminal IP3-binding domains, central coupling or regulatory domains and C-terminal channel domains. Channels are activated by IP3 binding, and like the Ry receptors, the activities of the IP3 receptor channels are regulated by phosphorylation of the regulatory domains, catalyzed by various protein kinases. They predominate in the endoplasmic reticular membranes of various cell types in the brain but have also been found in the plasma membranes of some nerve cells derived from a variety of tissues. The channel domains of the Ry and IP3 receptors comprise a coherent family that in spite of apparent structural similarities, do not show appreciable sequence similarity of the proteins of the VIC family. The Ry receptors and the IP3 receptors cluster separately on the RIR-CaC family tree. They both have homologues in Drosophila. Based on the phylogenetic tree for the family, the family probably evolved in the following sequence: (1) A gene duplication event occuπed that gave rise to Ry and IP3 receptors in invertebrates. (2)
Vertebrates evolved from invertebrates. (3) The three isoforms of each receptor arose as a result of two distinct gene duplication events. (4) These isoforms were transmitted to mammals before divergence of the mammalian species.
The Organellar Chloride Channel (O-C1C) Family Proteins of the O-C1C family are voltage-sensitive chloride channels found in intracellular membranes but not the plasma membranes of animal cells (Landry, D, et al, (1993), J. Biol. Chem. 268: 14948-14955; Valenzuela, Set al, (1997), J. Biol. Chem. 272: 12575-12582; and Duncan, R.R, et al, (1997), J. Biol. Chem. 272: 23880-23886). They are found in human nuclear membranes, and the bovine protein targets to the microsomes, but not the plasma membrane, when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. These proteins are thought to function in the regulation of the membrane potential and in transepithelial ion absorption and secretion in the kidney. They possess two putative transmembrane a-helical spanners (TMSs) with cytoplasmic N- and C-termini and a large luminal loop that may be glycosylated. The bovine protein is 437 amino acyl residues in length and has the two putative TMSs at positions 223-239 and 367-385. The human nuclear protein is much smaller (241 residues). A C. elegans homologue is 260 residues long.
The Glutamate- ated Ion Channel (GIC) Family of Neurotransmitter Receptors
Members of the GIC family are heteropentameric complexes in which each of the 5 subunits is of 800-1000 amino acyl residues in length (Nakanishi, N, et al, (1990), Neuron 5: 569-581; Unwin, N. (1993), Cell 72: 31-41; Alexander, S.P.H. and J.A. Peters (1997) Trends Pharmacol. Sci, Elsevier, pp. 36-40). These subunits may span the membrane three or five times as putative a-helices with the N-termini (the glutamate-binding domains) localized exfracellularly and the C-teπnini localized cytoplasmically. They may be distantly related to the ligand-gated ion channels, and if so, they may possess substantial b-structure in their transmembrane regions. However, homology between these two families cannot be established on the basis of sequence comparisons alone. The subunits fall into six subfamilies: a, b, g, d, e and z.
The GIC channels are divided into three types: (1) a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazole propionate (AMP A)-, (2) kainate- and (3) N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-selective glutamate receptors. Subunits of the AMPA and kainate classes exhibit 35-40% identity with each other while subunits of the NMD A receptors exhibit 22-24% identity with the former subunits. They possess large N-terminal, extracellular glutamate-binding domains that are homologous to the periplasmic glutamine and glutamate receptors of ABC-type uptake permeases of Gram-negative bacteria. All known members of the GIC family are from animals. The different channel (receptor) types exhibit distinct ion selectivities and conductance properties. The NMDA-selective large conductance channels are highly permeable to monovalent cations and Ca2+. The AMPA- and kainate-selective ion channels are permeable primarily to monovalent cations with only low permeability to Ca2+. Glutamate receptors
The novel human protein, and encoding gene, provided by the present family is related to the glutamate receptor subfamily in general, and glutamate receptor 4 specifically. In particular, the protein of the present invention is a novel splice form containing a unique exon compared with the art-known glutamate receptor isoforms.
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (GluRs) are ligand-gated ion channels operated by biologically active amines; one ofthese polyamines is glutamate, a neurotransmitter.
Several subunits of GluRs have been identified; GluRl, 2, 3, and 4 form AMPA channels in the synaptic regions. GluR5 is expressed in developing neurons. GluR5 forms homomers in Xenopus oocytes; the in vitro generated channels respond to glutamate, although poorly. Two alternative splicing isoforms, flip and flop, are described for some ofthese receptors. The alternative splice forms, flip and flop, differ in a small peptide segment that precedes the predicted fourth transmembrane region. These isoforms are incorporated into distinct channels expressed in different populations of cells in the hippocampus, particularly in the CAl and CA3 fields of the hippocampus. The flip and flop alternative splice forms impart different pharmacological and kinetic properties on cuπents initiated by L-glutamate or AMPA (Sommer et al, Science 1990 Sept 28;249(4976): 1580-5). This illustrates the importance of alternative splicing in glutamate receptor function. The molecular and functional properties of glutamate receptors can be altered by alternative splicing (Sommer et al, Science 1990 Sept 28;249(4976): 1580-5).
Glutamic receptors are activated (gated) by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA), glutamate and kainate and inhibited by 6,7- dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX).
Glutamic acid receptors are expressed in central nervous system. Some of them are restricted to specific stages of embryonic development and may be involved in neuronal differentiation and synapse maturation. GluR receptors mediate a variety of processes in hypothalamus including hormone secretion. In the chicken, flip isoforms of GluR 1-3 have been found to predominate in forebrain, while flop variants of GluR 1-4 are more prevalent in the cerebellum. This differential regional expression suggests that alternative splicing of AMPA receptor subunits contributes importantly to synaptic diversity in the central nervous system.
Competitive and non-competitive inhibitors derived from kainate and glutamate can be used as drugs affecting glutamate receptor activity. Some of the more obvious clinical uses ofthese modulators of GluR activity would be pain management and treatment of depression, chronic neurodegeneration, Parkinson's disease, drug dependence and schizophrenia. Subtype-selective compounds are of particular interest to pharmacological research; they would allow manipulation of the specific types of GluRs. Novel GluRs contribute to our understanding of the GluR composition and enable development of the group-specific drags. For a review of glutamate receptors related to the present invention, the following references are available: Keinanen et al, Science 1990 Aug 3;249 (4968):556-60, Bettler et al, Neuron 1990 Nov;5(5):583-95, Sommer et al, Science 1990 Sept 28;249(4976): 1580-5, Coquelle et al, Neuroreport 2000 Aug 21 ;11(12):2643-8, Gonzalez et al, JEndocrinol 2000 Sep;166(3):669-675.
Transporter proteins, particularly members of the glutamate receptor subfamily, are a major target for drug action and development. Accordingly, it is valuable to the field of pharmaceutical development to identify and characterize previously unknown transport proteins. The present invention advances the state of the art by providing previously unidentified human transport proteins.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is based in part on the identification of amino acid sequences of human transporter peptides and proteins that are related to the glutamate receptor subfamily, as well as allelic variants and other mammalian orthologs thereof. These unique peptide sequences, and nucleic acid sequences that encode these peptides, can be used as models for the development of human therapeutic targets, aid in the identification of therapeutic proteins, and serve as targets for the development of human therapeutic agents that modulate transporter activity in cells and tissues that express the transporter. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURE SHEETS
FIGURE 1 provides the nucleotide sequence of a transcript sequence that encodes the transporter protein of the present invention. (SEQ ID NO: 1) In addition structure and functional information is provided, such as ATG start, stop and tissue distribution, where available, that allows one to readily determine specific uses of inventions based on this molecular sequence. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain.
FIGURE 2 provides the predicted amino acid sequence of the transporter of the present invention. (SEQ ID NO:2) In addition structure and functional information such as protein family, function, and modification sites is provided where available, allowing one to readily determine specific uses of inventions based on this molecular sequence.
FIGURE 3 provides genomic sequences that span the gene encoding the transporter protein of the present invention. (SEQ ID NO:3) In addition structure and functional information, such as intron/exon structure, promoter location, etc, is provided where available, allowing one to readily determine specific uses of inventions based on this molecular sequence. As illustrated in Figure 3, SNPs were identified at 169 different nucleotide positions.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
General Description
The present invention is based on the sequencing of the human genome. During the sequencing and assembly of the human genome, analysis of the sequence information revealed previously unidentified fragments of the human genome that encode peptides that share structural and/or sequence homology to protein/peptide/domains identified and characterized within the art as being a transporter protein or part of a fransporter protein and are related to the glutamate receptor subfamily. Utilizing these sequences, additional genomic sequences were assembled and transcript and/or cDNA sequences were isolated and characterized. Based on this analysis, the present invention provides amino acid sequences of human transporter peptides and proteins that are related to the glutamate receptor subfamily, nucleic acid sequences in the form of transcript sequences, cDNA sequences and/or genomic sequences that encode these transporter peptides and proteins, nucleic acid variation (allelic information), tissue distribution of expression, and information about the closest art known protein/peptide/domain that has structural or sequence homology to the transporter of the present invention. In addition to being previously unknown, the peptides that are provided in the present invention are selected based on their ability to be used for the development of commercially important products and services. Specifically, the present peptides are selected based on homology and/or structural relatedness to known transporter proteins of the glutamate receptor subfamily and the expression pattern observed. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain.. The art has clearly established the commercial importance of members of this family of proteins and proteins that have expression patterns similar to that of the present gene. Some of the more specific features of the peptides of the present invention, and the uses thereof, are described herein, particularly in the Background of the Invention and in the annotation provided in the Figures, and/or are known within the art for each of the known glutamate receptor family or subfamily of transporter proteins.
Specific Embodiments
Peptide Molecules
The present invention provides nucleic acid sequences that encode protein molecules that have been identified as being members of the transporter family of proteins and are related to the glutamate receptor subfamily (protein sequences are provided in Figure 2, transcript/cDNA sequences are provided in Figures 1 and genomic sequences are provided in Figure 3). The peptide sequences provided in Figure 2, as well as the obvious variants described herein, particularly allelic variants as identified herein and using the information in Figure 3, will be refeπed herein as the fransporter peptides of the present invention, transporter peptides, or peptides/proteins of the present invention.
The present invention provides isolated peptide and protein molecules that consist of, consist essentially of, or comprising the amino acid sequences of the transporter peptides disclosed in the Figure 2, (encoded by the nucleic acid molecule shown in Figure 1, transcript/cDNA or Figure 3, genomic sequence), as well as all obvious variants ofthese peptides that are within the art to make and use. Some ofthese variants are described in detail below.
As used herein, a peptide is said to be "isolated" or "purified" when it is substantially free of cellular material or free of chemical precursors or other chemicals. The peptides of the present invention can be purified to homogeneity or other degrees of purity. The level of purification will be based on the intended use. The critical feature is that the preparation allows for the desired function of the peptide, even if in the presence of considerable amounts of other components (the features of an isolated nucleic acid molecule is discussed below). In some uses, "substantially free of cellular material" includes preparations of the peptide having less than about 30% (by dry weight) other proteins (i.e, contaminating protein), less than about 20%) other proteins, less than about 10%) other proteins, or less than about 5% other proteins. When the peptide is recombinantly produced, it can also be substantially free of culture medium, i.e, culture medium represents less than about 20%> of the volume of the protein preparation.
The language "substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals" includes preparations of the peptide in which it is separated from chemical precursors or other chemicals that are involved in its synthesis. In one embodiment, the language "substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals" includes preparations of the transporter peptide having less than about 30%) (by dry weight) chemical precursors or other chemicals, less than about 20%> chemical precursors or other chemicals, less than about 10%> chemical precursors or other chemicals, or less than about 5%> chemical precursors or other chemicals.
The isolated transporter peptide can be purified from cells that naturally express it, purified from cells that have been altered to express it (recombinant), or synthesized using known protein synthesis methods. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain. For example, a nucleic acid molecule encoding the transporter peptide is cloned into an expression vector, the expression vector introduced into a host cell and the protein expressed in the host cell. The protein can then be isolated from the cells by an appropriate purification scheme using standard protein purification tecliniques. Many ofthese techniques are described in detail below.
Accordingly, the present invention provides proteins that consist of the amino acid sequences provided in Figure 2 (SEQ ID NO:2), for example, proteins encoded by the transcript/cDNA nucleic acid sequences shown in Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and the genomic sequences provided in Figure 3 (SEQ ID NO:3). The amino acid sequence of such a protein is provided in Figure 2. A protein consists of an amino acid sequence when the amino acid sequence is the final amino acid sequence of the protein.
The present invention further provides proteins that consist essentially of the amino acid sequences provided in Figure 2 (SEQ ID NO:2), for example, proteins encoded by the transcript/cDNA nucleic acid sequences shown in Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and the genomic sequences provided in Figure 3 (SEQ ID NO:3). A protein consists essentially of an amino acid sequence when such an amino acid sequence is present with only a few additional amino acid residues, for example from about 1 to about 100 or so additional residues, typically from 1 to about 20 additional residues in the final protein.
The present invention further provides proteins that comprise the amino acid sequences provided in Figure 2 (SEQ ID NO: 2), for example, proteins encoded by the transcript cDNA nucleic acid sequences shown in Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and the genomic sequences provided in Figure 3 (SEQ ID NO:3). A protein comprises an amino acid sequence when the amino acid sequence is at least part of the final amino acid sequence of the protein. In such a fashion, the protein can be only the peptide or have additional amino acid molecules, such as amino acid residues (contiguous encoded sequence) that are naturally associated with it or heterologous amino acid residues/peptide sequences. Such a protein can have a few additional amino acid residues or can comprise several hundred or more additional amino acids. The prefeπed classes of proteins that are comprised of the transporter peptides of the present invention are the naturally occurring mature proteins. A brief description of how various types ofthese proteins can be made/isolated is provided below. The transporter peptides of the present invention can be attached to heterologous sequences to form chimeric or fusion proteins. Such chimeric and fusion proteins comprise a transporter peptide operatively linked to a heterologous protein having an amino acid sequence not substantially homologous to the fransporter peptide. "Operatively linked" indicates that the transporter peptide and the heterologous protein are fused in-frame. The heterologous protein can be fused to the N-terminus or C-terminus of the fransporter peptide.
In some uses, the fusion protein does not affect the activity of the transporter peptide per se. For example, the fusion protein can include, but is not limited to, enzymatic fusion proteins, for example beta-galactosidase fusions, yeast two-hybrid GAL fusions, poly-His fusions, MYC- tagged, Hi-tagged and Ig fusions. Such fusion proteins, particularly poly-His fusions, can facilitate the purification of recombinant fransporter peptide. In certain host cells (e.g., mammalian host cells), expression and/or secretion of a protein can be increased by using a heterologous signal sequence.
A chimeric or fusion protein can be produced by standard recombinant DNA techniques. For example, DNA fragments coding for the different protein sequences are ligated together in- frame in accordance with conventional techniques. In another embodiment, the fusion gene can be synthesized by conventional techniques including automated DNA synthesizers. Alternatively, PCR amplification of gene fragments can be carried out using anchor primers which give rise to complementary overhangs between two consecutive gene fragments which can subsequently be annealed and re-amplified to generate a chimeric gene sequence (see Ausubel et al , Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, 1992). Moreover, many expression vectors are commercially available that already encode a fusion moiety (e.g., a GST protein). A fransporter peptide-encoding nucleic acid can be cloned into such an expression vector such that the fusion moiety is linked in-frame to the transporter peptide.
As mentioned above, the present invention also provides and enables obvious variants of the amino acid sequence of the proteins of the present invention, such as naturally occurring mature forms of the peptide, allelic/sequence variants of the peptides, non-naturally occurring recottibinantly derived variants of the peptides, and orthologs and paralogs of the peptides. Such variants can readily be generated using art-known techniques in the fields of recombinant nucleic acid technology and protein biochemistry. It is understood, however, that variants exclude any amino acid sequences disclosed prior to the invention.
Such variants can readily be identified/made using molecular techniques and the sequence information disclosed herein. Further, such variants can readily be distinguished from other peptides based on sequence and or structural homology to the transporter peptides of the present invention. The degree of homology/identity present will be based primarily on whether the peptide is a functional variant or non-functional variant, the amount of divergence present in the paralog family and the evolutionary distance between the orthologs.
To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences or two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). In a prefeπed embodiment, at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% or more of a reference sequence is aligned for comparison purposes. The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the coπesponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position (as used herein amino acid or nucleic acid "identity" is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid "homology"). The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which- need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity and similarity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. (Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A.M., ed, Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D.W, ed. Academic Press, New York, 1993; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part 1, Griffin, A.M., and Griffin, H.G, eds, Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G, Academic Press, 1987; and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J, eds, M Stockton Press, New York, 1991). In a prefeπed embodiment, the percent identity between two amino acid sequences is determined using the Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. (48):444-453 (1970)) algorithm which has been incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package, using either a Blossom 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In yet another prefeπed embodiment, the percent identity between two nucleotide sequences is determined using the GAP program in the GCG software package (Devereux, J, et al, Nucleic Acids Res. 12(1):3 7 (1984)), using a NWSgapdna.CMP matrix and a gap weight of 40, 50, 60, 70, or 80 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In another embodiment, the percent identity between two amino acid or nucleotide sequences is determined using the algorithm of E. Myers and W. Miller (CABIOS, 4:11-17 (1989)) which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0), using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4.
The nucleic acid and protein sequences of the present invention can further be used as a "query sequence" to perform a search against sequence databases to, for example, identify other family members or related sequences. Such searches can be performed using the NBLAST and XBLAST programs (version 2.0) of Altschul, et al. (J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-10 (1990)). BLAST nucleotide searches can be performed with the NBLAST program, score = 100, wordlength = 12 to obtain nucleotide sequences homologous to the nucleic acid molecules of the invention. BLAST protein searches can be performed with the XBLAST program, score = 50, wordlength = 3 to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to the proteins of the invention. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al. (Nucleic Acids Res. 25(17):3389-3402 (1997)). When utilizing BLAST and gapped BLAST programs, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST) can be used. Full-length pre-processed forms, as well as mature processed forms, of proteins that comprise one of the peptides of the present invention can readily be identified as having complete sequence identity to one of the transporter peptides of the present invention as well as being encoded by the same genetic locus as the transporter peptide provided herein. The gene encoding the novel transporter protein of the present invention is located on a genome component that has been mapped to human chromosome 11 (as indicated in Figure 3), which is supported by multiple lines of evidence, such as STS and BAC map data.
Allelic variants of a fransporter peptide can readily be identified as being a human protein having a high degree (significant) of sequence homology/identity to at least a portion of the transporter peptide as well as being encoded by the same genetic locus as the transporter peptide provided herein. Genetic locus can readily be determined based on the genomic information provided in Figure 3, such as the genomic sequence mapped to the reference human. The gene encoding the novel transporter protein of the present invention is located on a genome component that has been mapped to human chromosome 11 (as indicated in Figure 3), which is supported by multiple lines of evidence, such as STS and BAC map data. As used herein, two proteins (or a region of the proteins) have significant homology when the amino acid sequences are typically at least about 70-80%), 80-90%, and more typically at least about 90- 95%o or more homologous. A significantly homologous amino acid sequence, according to the present invention, will be encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that will hybridize to a transporter peptide encoding nucleic acid molecule under stringent conditions as more fully described below.
Figure 3 provides information on SNPs that have been identified at 169 different nucleotide positions in the gene encoding the transporter protein of the present invention. Paralogs of a transporter peptide can readily be identified as having some degree of significant sequence homology/identity to at least a portion of the transporter peptide, as being encoded by a gene from humans, and as having similar activity or function. Two proteins will typically be considered paralogs when the amino acid sequences are typically at least about 60%) or greater, and more typically at least about 70% or greater homology through a given region or domain. Such paralogs will be encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that will hybridize to a transporter peptide encoding nucleic acid molecule under moderate to stringent conditions as more fully described below.
Orthologs of a transporter peptide can readily be identified as having some degree of significant sequence homology/identity to at least a portion of the transporter peptide as well as being encoded by a gene from another organism. Prefeπed orthologs will be isolated from mammals, preferably primates, for the development of human therapeutic targets and agents. Such orthologs will be encoded by a nucleic acid sequence that will hybridize to a transporter peptide encoding nucleic acid molecule under moderate to stringent conditions, as more fully described below, depending on the degree of relatedness of the two organisms yielding the proteins.
Non-naturally occurring variants of the transporter peptides of the present invention can readily be generated using recombinant techniques. Such variants include, but are not limited to deletions, additions and substitutions in the amino acid sequence of the transporter peptide. For example, one class of substitutions are conserved amino acid substitution. Such substitutions are those that substitute a given amino acid in a transporter peptide by another amino acid of like characteristics. Typically seen as conservative substitutions are the replacements, one for another, among the aliphatic amino acids Ala, Val, Leu, and He; interchange of the hydroxyl residues Ser and Thr; exchange of the acidic residues Asp and Glu; substitution between the amide residues Asn and Gin; exchange of the basic residues Lys and Arg; and replacements among the aromatic residues Phe and Tyr. Guidance concerning which amino acid changes are likely to be phenotypically silent are found in Bowie et al, Science 247:1306-1310 (1990).
Variant transporter peptides can be fully functional or can lack function in one or more activities, e.g. ability to bind ligand, ability to transport ligand, ability to mediate signaling, etc. Fully functional variants typically contain only conservative variation or variation in non-critical residues or in non-critical regions. Figure 2 provides the result of protein analysis and can be used to identify critical domains/regions. Functional variants can also contain substitution of similar amino acids that result in no change or an insignificant change in function. Alternatively, such substitutions may positively or negatively affect function to some degree. Non-function.il variants typically contain one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions, insertions, inversions, or truncation or a substitution, insertion, inversion, or deletion in a critical residue or critical region.
Amino acids that are essential for function can be identified by methods known in the art, such as site-directed mutagenesis or alamne-scanning mutagenesis (Cunningham et al, Science 244:1081-1085 (1989)), particularly using the results provided in Figure 2. The latter procedure introduces single alanine mutations at every residue in the molecule. The resulting mutant molecules are then tested for biological activity such as transporter activity or in assays such as an in vitro prohferative activity. Sites that are critical for binding partner/substrate binding can also be determined by structural analysis such as crystallization, nuclear magnetic resonance or photoaffinity labeling (Smith et al, J. Mol. Biol. 224:899-904 (1992); de Vos et al. Science 255:306-312 (1992)).
The present invention further provides fragments of the transporter peptides, in addition to proteins and peptides that comprise and consist of such fragments, particularly those comprising the residues identified in Figure 2. The fragments to which the invention pertains, however, are not to be construed as encompassing fragments that may be disclosed publicly prior to the present invention.
As used herein, a fragment comprises at least 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, or more contiguous amino acid residues from a fransporter peptide. Such fragments can be chosen based on the ability to retain one or more of the biological activities of the transporter peptide or could be chosen for the ability to perform a function, e.g. bind a substrate or act as an immunogen. Particularly important fragments are biologically active fragments, peptides that are, for example, about 8 or more amino acids in length. Such fragments will typically comprise a domain or motif of the transporter peptide, e.g., active site, a transmembrane domain or a substrate-binding domain.
Further, possible fragments include, but are not limited to, domain or motif containing fragments, soluble peptide fragments, and fragments containing immunogenic structures. Predicted domains and functional sites are readily identifiable by computer programs well known and readily available to those of skill in the art (e.g., PROSITE analysis). The results of one such analysis are provided in Figure 2.
Polypeptides often contain amino acids other than the 20 amino acids commonly refeπed to as the 20 naturally occurring amino acids. Further, many amino acids, including the terminal amino acids, may be modified by natural processes, such as processing and other post- translational modifications, or by chemical modification techniques well known in the art. Common modifications that occur naturally in transporter peptides are described in basic texts, detailed monographs, and the research literature, and they are well known to those of skill in the art (some ofthese features are identified in Figure 2).
Known modifications include, but are not limited to, acetylation, acylation, ADP- ribosylation, amidation, covalent attachment of flavin, covalent attachment of a heme moiety, covalent attachment of a nucleotide or nucleotide derivative, covalent attachment of a lipid or lipid derivative, covalent attachment of phosphotidylinositol, cross-linking, cyclization, disulfide bond formation, demethylation, formation of covalent crosslinks, formation of cystine, formation of pyroglutamate, formylation, gamma carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristoylation, oxidation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation, racemization, selenoylation, sulfation, transfer-RNA mediated addition of amino acids to proteins such as arginylation, and ubiquitination.
Such modifications are well known to those of skill in the art and have been described in great detail in the scientific literature. Several particularly common modifications, glycosylation, lipid attachment, sulfation, gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues, hydroxylation and ADP-ribosylation, for instance, are described in most basic texts, such as Proteins - Structure and Molecular Properties, 2nd Ed, T.E. Creighton, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York (1993). Many detailed reviews are available on this subject, such as by Wold, F, Posttranslational Covalent Modification of Proteins, B.C. Johnson, Ed, Academic Press, New York 1-12 (1983); Seifter et al. (Meth. Enzymol 182: 626-646 (1990)) and Rattan et al. (Ann. NY. Acad. Sci. 663:48-62 (1992)).
Accordingly, the transporter peptides of the present invention also encompass derivatives or analogs in which a substituted amino acid residue is not one encoded by the genetic code, in which a substituent group is included, in which the mature transporter peptide is fused with another compound, such as a compound to increase the half-life of the transporter peptide (for example, polyethylene glycol), or in which the additional amino acids are fused to the mature transporter peptide, such as a leader or secretory sequence or a sequence for purification of the mature transporter peptide or a pro-protein sequence.
Protein/Peptide Uses
The proteins of the present invention can be used in substantial and specific assays related to the functional information provided in the Figures; to raise antibodies or to elicit another immune response; as a reagent (including the labeled reagent) in assays designed to quantitatively determine levels of the protein (or its binding partner or ligand) in biological fluids; and as markers for tissues in which the coπesponding protein is preferentially expressed (either constitutively or at a particular stage of tissue differentiation or development or in a disease state). Where the protein binds or potentially binds to another protein or ligand (such as, for example, in a transporter-effector protein interaction or transporter-ligand interaction), the protein can be used to identify the binding partner/ligand so as to develop a system to identify inhibitors of the binding interaction. Any or all ofthese uses are capable of being developed into reagent grade or kit format for commercialization as commercial products. Methods for performing the uses listed above are well known to those skilled in the art. References disclosing such methods include "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual", 2d ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Sambrook, J, E. F. Fritsch and T. Maniatis eds, 1989, and "Methods in Enzymology: Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques", Academic Press, Berger, S. L. and A. R. Kimmel eds, 1987.
The potential uses of the peptides of the present invention are based primarily on the source of the protein as well as the class/action of the protein. For example, transporters isolated from humans and their human/mammalian orthologs serve as targets for identifying agents for use in mammalian therapeutic applications, e.g. a human drag, particularly in modulating a biological or pathological response in a cell or tissue that expresses the transporter. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates that the transporter proteins of the present invention are expressed in the brain, including fetal brain, as indicated by virtual northern blot analysis. A large percentage of pharmaceutical agents are being developed that modulate the activity of transporter proteins, particularly members of the glutamate receptor subfamily (see Background of the Invention). The structural and functional information provided in the Background and Figures provide specific and substantial uses for the molecules of the present invention, particularly in combination with the expression information provided in Figure 1. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain. Such uses can readily be determined using the information provided herein, that known in the art and routine experimentation. The proteins of the present invention (including variants and fragments that may have been disclosed prior to the present invention) are useful for biological assays related to transporters that are related to members of the glutamate receptor subfamily. Such assays involve any of the known fransporter functions or activities or properties useful for diagnosis and treatment of transporter-related conditions that are specific for the subfamily of transporters that the one of the present invention belongs to, particularly in cells and tissues that express the transporter. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates that the transporter proteins of the present invention are expressed in the brain, including fetal brain, as indicated by virtual northern blot analysis. The proteins of the present invention are also useful in drug screening assays, in cell-based or cell-free systems ((Hodgson, Bio/technology, 1992, Sept
10(9);973-80). Cell-based systems can be native, i.e, cells that normally express the transporter, as a biopsy or expanded in cell culture. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain. In an alternate embodiment, cell-based assays involve recombinant host cells expressing the transporter protein.
The polypeptides can be used to identify compounds that modulate fransporter activity of the protein in its natural state or an altered form that causes a specific disease or pathology associated with the fransporter. Both the fransporters of the present invention and appropriate variants and fragments can be used in high-throughput screens to assay candidate compounds for the ability to bind to the fransporter. These compounds can be further screened against a functional fransporter to determine the effect of the compound on the transporter activity. Further, these compounds can be tested in animal or invertebrate systems to determine activity/effectiveness. Compounds can be identified that activate (agonist) or inactivate (antagonist) the fransporter to a desired degree.
Further, the proteins of the present invention can be used to screen a compound for the ability to stimulate or inhibit interaction between the fransporter protein and a molecule that normally interacts with the transporter protein, e.g. a subsfrate or a component of the signal pathway that the transporter protein normally interacts (for example, another transporter). Such assays typically include the steps of combining the transporter protein with a candidate compound under conditions that allow the transporter protein, or fragment, to interact with the target molecule, and to detect the formation of a complex between the protein and the target or to detect the biochemical consequence of the interaction with the transporter protein and the target, such as any of the associated effects of signal transduction such as changes in membrane potential, protein phosphorylation, cAMP turnover, and adenylate cyclase activation, etc. Candidate compounds include, for example, 1) peptides such as soluble peptides, including Ig-tailed fusion peptides and members of random peptide libraries (see, e.g., Lam et al, Nature 554:82-84 (1991); Houghten et al, Nature 554:84-86 (1991)) and combinatorial chemistry-derived molecular libraries made of D- and/or L- configuration amino acids; 2) phosphopeptides (e.g., members of random and partially degenerate, directed phosphopeptide libraries, see, e.g., Songyang et al, Cell 72:767-778 (1993)); 3) antibodies (e.g., polyclonal, monoclonal, humanized, anti-idiotypic, chimeric, and single chain antibodies as well as Fab, F(ab')2, Fab expression library fragments, and epitope-binding fragments of antibodies); and 4) small organic and inorganic molecules (e.g., molecules obtained from combinatorial and natural product libraries).
One candidate compound is a soluble fragment of the receptor that competes for ligand binding. Other candidate compounds include mutant fransporters or appropriate fragments containing mutations that affect transporter function and thus compete for ligand. Accordingly, a fragment that competes for ligand, for example with a higher affinity, or a fragment that binds ligand but does not allow release, is encompassed by the invention.
The invention further includes other end point assays to identify compounds that modulate (stimulate or inhibit) fransporter activity. The assays typically involve an assay of events in the signal transduction pathway that indicate transporter activity. Thus, the transport of a ligand, change in cell membrane potential, activation of a protein, a change in the expression of genes that are up- or down-regulated in response to the transporter protein dependent signal cascade can be assayed. Any of the biological or biochemical functions mediated by the transporter can be used as an endpoint assay. These include all of the biochemical or biochemical/biological events described herein, in the references cited herein, incorporated by reference for these endpoint assay targets, and other functions known to those of ordinary skill in the art or that can be readily identified using the information provided in the Figures, particularly Figure 2. Specifically, a biological function of a cell or tissues that expresses the transporter can be assayed.
Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates that the transporter proteins of the present invention are expressed in the brain, including fetal brain, as indicated by virtual northern blot analysis.
Binding and/or activating compounds can also be screened by using chimeric transporter proteins in which the amino terminal extracellular domain, or parts thereof, the entire transmembrane domain or subregions, such as any of the seven transmembrane segments or any of the intracellular or extracellular loops and the carboxy terminal intracellular domain, or parts thereof, can be replaced by heterologous domains or subregions. For example, a ligand-binding region can be used that interacts with a different ligand then that which is recognized by the native transporter. Accordingly, a different set of signal transduction components is available as an end-point assay for activation. This allows for assays to be performed in other than the specific host cell from which the fransporter is derived.
The proteins of the present invention are also useful in competition binding assays in methods designed to discover compounds that interact with the fransporter (e.g. binding partners and/or ligands). Thus, a compound is exposed to a transporter polypeptide under conditions that allow the compound to bind or to otherwise interact with the polypeptide. Soluble transporter polypeptide is also added to the mixture. If the test compound interacts with the soluble transporter polypeptide, it decreases the amount of complex formed or activity from the transporter target. This type of assay is particularly useful in cases in which compounds are sought that interact with specific regions of the transporter. Thus, the soluble polypeptide that competes with the target fransporter region is designed to contain peptide sequences coπesponding to the region of interest. To perform cell free drug screening assays, it is sometimes desirable to immobilize either the transporter protein, or fragment, or its target molecule to facilitate separation of complexes from uncomplexed forms of one or both of the proteins, as well as to accommodate automation of the assay.
Techniques for immobilizing proteins on matrices can be used in the drug screening assays. In one embodiment, a fusion protein can be provided which adds a domain that allows the protein to be bound to a matrix. For example, glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins can be adsorbed onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO) or glutathione derivatized microtifre plates, which are then combined with the cell lysates (e.g., 35S-labeled) and the candidate compound, and the mixture incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at physiological conditions for salt and pH). Following incubation, the beads are washed to remove any unbound label, and the matrix immobilized and radiolabel determined directly, or in the supernatant after the complexes are dissociated. Alternatively, the complexes can be dissociated from the matrix, separated by SDS-PAGE, and the level of transporter- binding protein found in the bead fraction quantitated from the gel using standard electrophoretic techniques. For example, either the polypeptide or its target molecule can be immobilized utilizing conjugation of biotin and streptavidin using techniques well known in the art. Alternatively, antibodies reactive with the protein but which do not interfere with binding of the protein to its target molecule can be derivatized to the wells of the plate, and the protein trapped in the wells by antibody conjugation. Preparations of a transporter-binding protein and a candidate compound are incubated in the transporter protein-presenting wells and the amount of complex trapped in the well can be quantitated. Methods for detecting such complexes, in addition to those described above for the GST-immobilized complexes, include immunodetection of complexes using antibodies reactive with the fransporter protein target molecule, or which are reactive with transporter protein and compete with the target molecule, as well as enzyme-linked assays which rely on detecting an enzymatic activity associated with the target molecule.
Agents that modulate one of the fransporters of the present invention can be identified using one or more of the above assays, alone or in combination. It is generally preferable to use a cell-based or cell free system first and then confirm activity in an animal or other model system. Such model systems are well known in the art and can readily be employed in this context.
Modulators of fransporter protein activity identified according to these drug screening assays can be used to treat a subject with a disorder mediated by the transporter pathway, by treating cells or tissues that express the transporter. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain. These methods of treatment include the steps of administering a modulator of transporter activity in a pharmaceutical composition to a subject in need of such treatment, the modulator being identified as described herein. In yet another aspect of the invention, the transporter proteins can be used as "bait proteins" in a two-hybrid assay or three-hybrid assay (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,283,317; Zervos et α/. (1993) Cell 72:223-232; Madura et al. (1993) J Biol. Chem. 268:12046-12054; Bartel et al. (1993) Biotechniques 14:920-924; Iwabuchi et al. (1993) Oncogene 8:1693- 1696; and Brent WO94/10300), to identify other proteins, which bind to or interact with the fransporter and are involved in transporter activity. Such transporter-binding proteins are also likely to be involved in the propagation of signals by the transporter proteins or transporter targets as, for example, downstream elements of a transporter-mediated signaling pathway. Alternatively, such transporter-binding proteins are likely to be transporter inhibitors.
The two-hybrid system is based on the modular nature of most transcription factors, which consist of separable DNA-binding and activation domains. Briefly, the assay utilizes two different DNA constracts. In one construct, the gene that codes for a transporter protein is fused to a gene encoding the DNA binding domain of a known transcription factor (e.g., GAL-4). In the other construct, a DNA sequence, from a library of DNA sequences, that encodes an unidentified protein ("prey" or "sample") is fused to a gene that codes for the activation domain of the known transcription factor. If the "bait" and the "prey" proteins are able to interact, in vivo, forming a transporter-dependent complex, the DNA-binding and activation domains of the transcription factor are brought into close proximity. This proximity allows transcription of a reporter gene (e.g., LacZ) which is operably linked to a transcriptional regulatory site responsive to the transcription factor. Expression of the reporter gene can be detected and cell colonies containing the functional transcription factor can be isolated and used to obtain the cloned gene which encodes the protein which interacts with the transporter protein. This invention further pertains to novel agents identified by the above-described screening assays. Accordingly, it is within the scope of this invention to further use an agent identified as described herein in an appropriate animal model. For example, an agent identified as described herein (e.g., a transporter-modulating agent, an antisense transporter nucleic acid molecule, a transporter-specific antibody, or a fransporter-binding partner) can be used in an animal or other model to determine the efficacy, toxicity, or side effects of treatment with such an agent. Alternatively, an agent identified as described herein can be used in an animal or other model to determine the mechanism of action of such an agent. Furthermore, this invention pertains to uses of novel agents identified by the above-described screening assays for treatments as described herein.
The transporter proteins of the present invention are also useful to provide a target for diagnosing a disease or predisposition to disease mediated by the peptide. Accordingly, the invention provides methods for detecting the presence, or levels of, the protein (or encoding mRNA) in a cell, tissue, or organism. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain. The method involves contacting a biological sample with a compound capable of interacting with the fransporter protein such that the interaction can be detected. Such an assay can be provided in a single detection format or a multi-detection format such as an antibody chip aπay.
One agent for detecting a protein in a sample is an antibody capable of selectively binding to protein. A biological sample includes tissues, cells and biological fluids isolated from a subject, as well as tissues, cells and fluids present within a subject.
The peptides of the present invention also provide targets for diagnosing active protein activity, disease, or predisposition to disease, in a patient having a variant peptide, particularly activities and conditions that are known for other members of the family of proteins to which the present one belongs. Thus, the peptide can be isolated from a biological sample and assayed for the presence of a genetic mutation that results in abeπant peptide. This includes amino acid substitution, deletion, insertion, reaπangement, (as the result of abeπant splicing events), and inappropriate post-translational modification. Analytic methods include altered elecfrophoretic mobility, altered tryptic peptide digest, altered fransporter activity in cell-based or cell-free assay, alteration in ligand or antibody-binding pattern, altered isoelectric point, direct amino acid sequencing, and any other of the known assay techniques useful for detecting mutations in a protein. Such an assay can be provided in a single detection format or a multi-detection format such as an antibody chip aπay. In vitro techniques for detection of peptide include enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELIS As), Western blots, immunoprecipitations and immunofluorescence using a detection reagent, such as an antibody or protein binding agent. Alternatively, the peptide can be detected in vivo in a subject by introducing into the subject a labeled anti-peptide antibody or other types of detection agent. For example, the antibody can be labeled with a radioactive marker whose presence and location in a subject can be detected by standard imaging techniques. Particularly useful are methods that detect the allelic variant of a peptide expressed in a subject and methods which detect fragments of a peptide in a sample.
The peptides are also useful in pharmacogenomic analysis. Pharmacogenomics deal with clinically significant hereditary variations in the response to drugs due to altered drug disposition and abnormal action in affected persons. See, e.g., Eichelbaum, M. (Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol 23(10-11):983-985 (1996)), and Linder, M.W. (Clin. Chem. 43(2):254-266 (1997)). The clinical outcomes ofthese variations result in severe toxicity of therapeutic drags in certain individuals or therapeutic failure of drags in certain individuals as a result of individual variation in metabolism. Thus, the genotype of the individual can determine the way a therapeutic compound acts on the body or the way the body metabolizes the compound. Further, the activity of drug metabolizing enzymes effects both the intensity and duration of drag action. Thus, the pharmacogenomics of the individual permit the selection of effective compounds and effective dosages of such compounds for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment based on the individual's genotype. The discovery of genetic polymorphisms in some drug metabolizing enzymes has explained why some patients do not obtain the expected drag effects, show an exaggerated drug effect, or experience serious toxicity from standard drug dosages. Polymorphisms can be expressed in the phenotype of the extensive metabolizer and the phenotype of the poor metabolizer. Accordingly, genetic polymorphism may lead to allelic protein variants of the transporter protein in which one or more of the transporter functions in one population is different from those in another population. The peptides thus allow a target to ascertain a genetic predisposition that can affect treatment modality. Thus, in a ligand-based treatment, polymorphism may give rise to amino terminal extracellular domains and/or other ligand-binding regions that are more or less active in ligand binding, and transporter activation. Accordingly, ligand dosage would necessarily be modified to maximize the therapeutic effect within a given population containing a polymorphism. As an alternative to genotyping, specific polymorphic peptides could be identified. The peptides are also useful for treating a disorder characterized by an absence of, inappropriate, or unwanted expression of the protein. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain. Accordingly, methods for treatment include the use of the transporter protein or fragments.
Antibodies
The invention also provides antibodies that selectively bind to one of the peptides of the present invention, a protein comprising such a peptide, as well as variants and fragments thereof. As used herein, an antibody selectively binds a target peptide when it binds the target peptide and does not significantly bind to unrelated proteins. An antibody is still considered to selectively bind a peptide even if it also binds to other proteins that are not substantially homologous with the target peptide so long as such proteins share homology with a fragment or domain of the peptide target of the antibody. In this case, it would be understood that antibody binding to the peptide is still selective despite some degree of cross-reactivity. As used herein, an antibody is defined in terms consistent with that recognized within the art: they are multi-subunit proteins produced by a mammalian organism in response to an antigen challenge. The antibodies of the present invention include polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies, as well as fragments of such antibodies, including, but not limited to, Fab or F(ab') , and Fv fragments. Many methods are known for generating and/or identifying antibodies to a given target peptide. Several such methods are described by Harlow, Antibodies, Cold Spring Harbor Press, (1989).
In general, to generate antibodies, an isolated peptide is used as an immunogen and is administered to a mammalian organism, such as a rat, rabbit or mouse. The full-length protein, an antigenic peptide fragment or a fusion protein can be used. Particularly important fragments are those covering functional domains, such as the domains identified in Figure 2, and domain of sequence homology or divergence amongst the family, such as those that can readily be identified using protein alignment methods and as presented in the Figures.
Antibodies are preferably prepared from regions or discrete fragments of the transporter proteins. Antibodies can be prepared from any region of the peptide as described herein. However, prefeπed regions will include those involved in function/activity and/or transporter/binding partner interaction. Figure 2 can be used to identify particularly important regions while sequence alignment can be used to identify conserved and unique sequence fragments.
An antigenic fragment will typically comprise at least 8 contiguous amino acid residues.
The antigenic peptide can comprise, however, at least 10, 12, 14, 16 or more amino acid residues. Such fragments can be selected on a physical property, such as fragments coπespond to regions that are located on the surface of the protein, e.g., hydrophilic regions or can be selected based on sequence uniqueness (see Figure 2).
Detection on an antibody of the present invention can be facilitated by coupling (i.e, physically linking) the antibody to a detectable substance. Examples of detectable substances include various enzymes, prosthetic groups, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials, bioluminescent materials, and radioactive materials. Examples of suitable enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, β-galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase; examples of suitable prosthetic group complexes include sfreptavidin/biotin and avidin/biotin; examples of suitable fluorescent materials include umbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin; an example of a luminescent material includes luminol; examples of bioluminescent materials include luciferase, luciferin, and aequorin, and examples of suitable radioactive material include 1251, 131I,
35S or 3H.
Antibody Uses
The antibodies can be used to isolate one of the proteins of the present invention by standard techniques, such as affinity chromatography or immunoprecipitation. The antibodies can facilitate the purification of the natural protein from cells and recombinantly produced protein expressed in host cells. In addition, such antibodies are useful to detect the presence of one of the proteins of the present invention in cells or tissues to determine the pattern of expression of the protein among various tissues in an organism and over the course of normal development. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates that the transporter proteins of the present invention are expressed in the brain, including fetal brain, as indicated by virtual northern blot analysis. Further, such antibodies can be used to detect protein in situ, in vitro, or in a cell lysate or supernatant in order to evaluate the abundance and pattern of expression. Also, such antibodies can be used to assess abnormal tissue distribution or abnormal expression during development or progression of a biological condition. Antibody detection of circulating fragments of the full length protein can be used to identify turnover. Further, the antibodies can be used to assess expression in disease states such as in active stages of the disease or in an individual with a predisposition toward disease related to the protein's function. When a disorder is caused by an inappropriate tissue distribution, developmental expression, level of expression of the protein, or expressed/processed form, the antibody can be prepared against the normal protein. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain. If a disorder is characterized by a specific mutation in the protein, antibodies specific for this mutant protein can be used to assay for the presence of the specific mutant protein.
The antibodies can also be used to assess normal and abeπant subcellular localization of cells in the various tissues in an organism. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain. The diagnostic uses can be applied, not only in genetic testing, but also in monitoring a treatment modality. Accordingly, where treatment is ultimately aimed at coπecting expression level or the presence of abeπant sequence and abeπant tissue distribution or developmental expression, antibodies directed against the protein or relevant fragments can be used to monitor therapeutic efficacy.
Additionally, antibodies are useful in pharmacogenomic analysis. Thus, antibodies prepared against polymorphic proteins can be used to identify individuals that require modified treatment modalities. The antibodies are also useful as diagnostic tools as an immunological marker for abeπant protein analyzed by elecfrophoretic mobility, isoelectric point, tryptic peptide digest, and other physical assays known to those in the art.
The antibodies are also useful for tissue typing. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain. Thus, where a specific protein has been coπelated with expression in a specific tissue, antibodies that are specific for this protein can be used to identify a tissue type. The antibodies are also useful for inhibiting protein function, for example, blocking the binding of the transporter peptide to a binding partner such as a ligand or protein binding partner. These uses can also be applied in a therapeutic context in which treatment involves inhibiting the protein's function. An antibody can be used, for example, to block binding, thus modulating (agonizing or antagonizing) the peptides activity. Antibodies can be prepared against specific fragments containing sites required for function or against intact protein that is associated with a cell or cell membrane. See Figure 2 for structural information relating to the proteins of the present invention. The invention also encompasses kits for using antibodies to detect the presence of a protein in a biological sample. The kit can comprise antibodies such as a labeled or labelable antibody and a compound or agent for detecting protein in a biological sample; means for determining the amount of protein in the sample; means for comparing the amount of protein in the sample with a standard; and instructions for use. Such a kit can be supplied to detect a single protein or epitope or can be configured to detect one of a multitude of epitopes, such as in an antibody detection aπay. Arrays are described in detail below for nucleic acid arrays and similar methods have been developed for antibody arrays.
Nucleic Acid Molecules
The present invention further provides isolated nucleic acid molecules that encode a fransporter peptide or protein of the present invention (cDNA, transcript and genomic sequence). Such nucleic acid molecules will consist of, consist essentially of, or comprise a nucleotide sequence that encodes one of the fransporter peptides of the present invention, an allelic variant thereof, or an ortholog or paralog thereof.
As used herein, an "isolated" nucleic acid molecule is one that is separated from other nucleic acid present in the natural source of the nucleic acid. Preferably, an "isolated" nucleic acid is free of sequences that naturally flank the nucleic acid (i.e, sequences located at the 5' and 3' ends of the nucleic acid) in the genomic DNA of the organism from which the nucleic acid is derived. However, there can be some flanking nucleotide sequences, for example up to about 5KB, 4KB, 3KB, 2KB, or 1KB or less, particularly contiguous peptide encoding sequences and peptide encoding sequences within the same gene but separated by infrons in the genomic sequence. The important point is that the nucleic acid is isolated from remote and unimportant flanking sequences such that it can be subjected to the specific manipulations described herein such as recombinant expression, preparation of probes and primers, and other uses specific to the nucleic acid sequences.
Moreover, an "isolated" nucleic acid molecule, such as a transcript/cDNA molecule, can be substantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. However, the nucleic acid molecule can be fused to other coding or regulatory sequences and still be considered isolated.
For example, recombinant DNA molecules contained in a vector are considered isolated. Further examples of isolated DNA molecules include recombinant DNA molecules maintained in heterologous host cells or purified (partially or substantially) DNA molecules in solution. Isolated RNA molecules include in vivo or in vitro RNA transcripts of the isolated DNA molecules of the present invention. Isolated nucleic acid molecules according to the present invention further include such molecules produced synthetically. Accordingly, the present invention provides nucleic acid molecules that consist of the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 1 or 3 (SEQ ID NO: 1, transcript sequence and SEQ ID NO:3, genomic sequence), or any nucleic acid molecule that encodes the protein provided in Figure 2, SEQ ID NO:2. A nucleic acid molecule consists of a nucleotide sequence when the nucleotide sequence is the complete nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid molecule. The present invention further provides nucleic acid molecules that consist essentially of the nucleotide sequence shown in Figure 1 or 3 (SEQ ID NO:l, transcript sequence and SEQ ID NO:3, genomic sequence), or any nucleic acid molecule that encodes the protein provided in Figure 2, SEQ ID NO:2. A nucleic acid molecule consists essentially of a nucleotide sequence when such a nucleotide sequence is present with only a few additional nucleic acid residues in the final nucleic acid molecule.
The present invention further provides nucleic acid molecules that comprise the nucleotide sequences shown in Figure 1 or 3 (SEQ ID NO:l, transcript sequence and SEQ ID NO:3, genomic sequence), or any nucleic acid molecule that encodes the protein provided in Figure 2, SEQ ID NO:2. A nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence when the nucleotide sequence is at least part of the final nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid molecule. In such a fashion, the nucleic acid molecule can be only the nucleotide sequence or have additional nucleic acid residues, such as nucleic acid residues that are naturally associated with it or heterologous nucleotide sequences. Such a nucleic acid molecule can have a few additional nucleotides or can comprise several hundred or more additional nucleotides. A brief description of how various types ofthese nucleic acid molecules can be readily made/isolated is provided below.
In Figures 1 and 3, both coding and non-coding sequences are provided. Because of the source of the present invention, humans genomic sequence (Figure 3) and cDNA/transcript sequences (Figure 1), the nucleic acid molecules in the Figures will contain genomic intronic sequences, 5' and 3' non-coding sequences, gene regulatory regions and non-coding intergenic sequences. In general such sequence features are either noted in Figures 1 and 3 or can readily be identified using computational tools known in the art. As discussed below, some of the non-coding regions, particularly gene regulatory elements such as promoters, are useful for a variety of purposes, e.g. control of heterologous gene expression, target for identifying gene activity modulating compounds, and are particularly claimed as fragments of the genomic sequence provided herein.
The isolated nucleic acid molecules can encode the mature protein plus additional amino or carboxyl-terminal amino acids, or amino acids interior to the mature peptide (when the mature form has more than one peptide chain, for instance). Such sequences may play a role in processing of a protein from precursor to a mature form, facilitate protein trafficking, prolong or shorten protein half-life or facilitate manipulation of a protein for assay or production, among other things. As generally is the case in situ, the additional amino acids may be processed away from the mature protein by cellular enzymes.
As mentioned above, the isolated nucleic acid molecules include, but are not limited to, the sequence encoding the fransporter peptide alone, the sequence encoding the mature peptide and additional coding sequences, such as a leader or secretory sequence (e.g., a pre-pro or pro- protein sequence), the sequence encoding the mature peptide, with or without the additional coding sequences, plus additional non-coding sequences, for example infrons and non-coding 5' and 3' sequences such as transcribed but non-translated sequences that play a role in transcription, mRNA processing (including splicing and polyadenylation signals), ribosome binding and stability of mRNA. In addition, the nucleic acid molecule may be fused to a marker sequence encoding, for example, a peptide that facilitates purification. Isolated nucleic acid molecules can be in the form of RNA, such as mRNA, or in the form DNA, including cDNA and genomic DNA obtained by cloning or produced by chemical synthetic techniques or by a combination thereof. The nucleic acid, especially DNA, can be double-stranded or single-stranded. Single-stranded nucleic acid can be the coding strand (sense strand) or the non-coding strand (anti-sense strand). The invention further provides nucleic acid molecules that encode fragments of the peptides of the present invention as well as nucleic acid molecules that encode obvious variants of the transporter proteins of the present invention that are described above. Such nucleic acid molecules may be naturally occurring, such as allelic variants (same locus), paralogs (different locus), and orthologs (different organism), or may be constructed by recombinant DNA methods or by chemical synthesis. Such non-naturally occurring variants may be made by mutagenesis techniques, including those applied to nucleic acid molecules, cells, or organisms. Accordingly, as discussed above, the variants can contain nucleotide substitutions, deletions, inversions and insertions. Variation can occur in either or both the coding and non-coding regions. The variations can produce both conservative and non-conservative amino acid substitutions. The present invention further provides non-coding fragments of the nucleic acid molecules provided in Figures 1 and 3. Prefeπed non-coding fragments include, but are not limited to, promoter sequences, enhancer sequences, gene modulating sequences and gene termination sequences. Such fragments are useful in controlling heterologous gene expression and in developing screens to identify gene-modulating agents. A promoter can readily be identified as being 5' to the ATG start site in the genomic sequence provided in Figure 3. A fragment comprises a contiguous nucleotide sequence greater than 12 or more nucleotides. Further, a fragment could at least 30, 40, 50, 100, 250 or 500 nucleotides in length. The length of the fragment will be based on its intended use. For example, the fragment can encode epitope bearing regions of the peptide, or can be useful as DNA probes and primers. Such fragments can be isolated using the known nucleotide sequence to synthesize an oligonucleotide probe. A labeled probe can then be used to screen a cDNA library, genomic DNA library, or mRNA to isolate nucleic acid coπesponding to the coding region. Further, primers can be used in PCR reactions to clone specific regions of gene.
A probe/primer typically comprises substantially a purified oligonucleotide or oligonucleotide pair. The oligonucleotide typically comprises a region of nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to at least about 12, 20, 25, 40, 50 or more consecutive nucleotides.
Orthologs, homologs, and allelic variants can be identified using methods well known in the art. As described in the Peptide Section, these variants comprise a nucleotide sequence encoding a peptide that is typically 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%), and more typically at least about 90-95%) or more homologous to the nucleotide sequence shown in the Figure sheets or a fragment of this sequence. Such nucleic acid molecules can readily be identified as being able to hybridize under moderate to stringent conditions, to the nucleotide sequence shown in the Figure sheets or a fragment of the sequence. Allelic variants can readily be determined by genetic locus of the encoding gene. The gene encoding the novel transporter protein of the present invention is located on a genome component that has been mapped to human chromosome 11 (as indicated in Figure 3), which is supported by multiple lines of evidence, such as STS and BAC map data. Figure 3 provides information on SNPs that have been identified at 169 different nucleotide positions in the gene encoding the transporter protein of the present invention. As used herein, the term "hybridizes under stringent conditions" is intended to describe conditions for hybridization and washing under which nucleotide sequences encoding a peptide at least 60-70% homologous to each other typically remain hybridized to each other. The conditions can be such that sequences at least about 60%, at least about 70%>, or at least about 80%) or more homologous to each other typically remain hybridized to each other. Such stringent conditions are known to those skilled in the art and can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6. One example of stringent hybridization conditions are hybridization in 6X sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45C, followed by one or more washes in 0.2 X SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50-65C. Examples of moderate to low stringency hybridization conditions are well known in the art.
Nucleic Acid Molecule Uses
The nucleic acid molecules of the present invention are useful for probes, primers, chemical intermediates, and in biological assays. The nucleic acid molecules are useful as a hybridization probe for messenger RNA, franscript/cDNA and genomic DNA to isolate full- length cDNA and genomic clones encoding the peptide described in Figure 2 and to isolate cDNA and genomic clones that coπespond to variants (alleles, orthologs, etc.) producing the same or related peptides shown in Figure 2. As illusfrated in Figure 3, SNPs were identified at 169 different nucleotide positions. The probe can coπespond to any sequence along the entire length of the nucleic acid molecules provided in the Figures. Accordingly, it could be derived from 5' noncoding regions, the coding region, and 3' noncoding regions. However, as discussed, fragments are not to be construed as encompassing fragments disclosed prior to the present invention.
The nucleic acid molecules are also useful as primers for PCR to amplify any given region of a nucleic acid molecule and are useful to synthesize antisense molecules of desired length and sequence.
The nucleic acid molecules are also useful for constructing recombinant vectors. Such vectors include expression vectors that express a portion of, or all of, the peptide sequences. Vectors also include insertion vectors, used to integrate into another nucleic acid molecule sequence, such as into the cellular genome, to alter in situ expression of a gene and/or gene product. For example, an endogenous coding sequence can be replaced via homologous recombination with all or part of the coding region containing one or more specifically introduced mutations. The nucleic acid molecules are also useful for expressing antigenic portions of the proteins.
The nucleic acid molecules are also useful as probes for determining the chromosomal positions of the nucleic acid molecules by means of in situ hybridization methods. The gene encoding the novel transporter protein of the present invention is located on a genome component that has been mapped to human chromosome 11 (as indicated in Figure 3), which is supported by multiple lines of evidence, such as STS and BAC map data.
The nucleic acid molecules are also useful in making vectors containing the gene regulatory regions of the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention. The nucleic acid molecules are also useful for designing ribozymes coπesponding to all, or a part, of the mRNA produced from the nucleic acid molecules described herein.
The nucleic acid molecules are also useful for making vectors that express part, or all, of the peptides.
The nucleic acid molecules are also useful for constructing host cells expressing a part, or all, of the nucleic acid molecules and peptides.
The nucleic acid molecules are also useful for constructing transgenic animals expressing all, or a part, of the nucleic acid molecules and peptides.
The nucleic acid molecules are also useful as hybridization probes for determining the presence, level, form and distribution of nucleic acid expression. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates that the transporter proteins of the present invention are expressed in the brain, including fetal brain, as indicated by virtual northern blot analysis.
Accordingly, the probes can be used to detect the presence of, or to determine levels of, a specific nucleic acid molecule in cells, tissues, and in organisms. The nucleic acid whose level is determined can be DNA or RNA. Accordingly, probes coπesponding to the peptides described herein can be used to assess expression and/or gene copy number in a given cell, tissue, or organism. These uses are relevant for diagnosis of disorders involving an increase or decrease in transporter protein expression relative to normal results.
In vitro techniques for detection of mRNA include Northern hybridizations and in situ hybridizations. In vitro techniques for detecting DNA include Southern hybridizations and in situ hybridization.
Probes can be used as a part of a diagnostic test kit for identifying cells or tissues that express a fransporter protein, such as by measuring a level of a transporter-encoding nucleic acid in a sample of cells from a subject e.g., mRNA or genomic DNA, or determining if a fransporter gene has been mutated. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates that the transporter proteins of the present invention are expressed in the brain, including fetal brain, as indicated by virtual northern blot analysis.
Nucleic acid expression assays are useful for drag screening to identify compounds that modulate transporter nucleic acid expression.
The invention thus provides a method for identifying a compound that can be used to treat a disorder associated with nucleic acid expression of the transporter gene, particularly biological and pathological processes that are mediated by the transporter in cells and tissues that express it. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal bram. The method typically includes assaying the ability of the compound to modulate the expression of the transporter nucleic acid and thus identifying a compound that can be used to treat a disorder characterized by undesired fransporter nucleic acid expression. The assays can be performed in cell-based and cell-free systems. Cell-based assays include cells naturally expressing the transporter nucleic acid or recombinant cells genetically engineered to express specific nucleic acid sequences.
The assay for transporter nucleic acid expression can involve direct assay of nucleic acid levels, such as mRNA levels, or on collateral compounds involved in the signal pathway. Further, the expression of genes that are up- or down-regulated in response to the fransporter protein signal pathway can also be assayed. In this embodiment the regulatory regions ofthese genes can be operably linked to a reporter gene such as luciferase.
Thus, modulators of transporter gene expression can be identified in a method wherein a cell is contacted with a candidate compound and the expression of mRNA determined. The level of expression of transporter mRNA in the presence of the candidate compound is compared to the level of expression of transporter mRNA in the absence of the candidate compound. The candidate compound can then be identified as a modulator of nucleic acid expression based on this comparison and be used, for example to treat a disorder characterized by abeπant nucleic acid expression. When expression of mRNA is statistically significantly greater in the presence of the candidate compound than in its absence, the candidate compound is identified as a stimulator of nucleic acid expression. When nucleic acid expression is statistically significantly less in the presence of the candidate compound than in its absence, the candidate compound is identified as an inhibitor of nucleic acid expression.
The invention further provides methods of treatment, with the nucleic acid as a target, using a compound identified through drug screening as a gene modulator to modulate transporter nucleic acid expression in cells and tissues that express the transporter. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates that the transporter proteins of the present invention are expressed in the brain, including fetal brain, as indicated by virtual northern blot analysis. Modulation includes both up-regulation (i.e. activation or agonization) or down-regulation (suppression or antagonization) or nucleic acid expression.
Alternatively, a modulator for fransporter nucleic acid expression can be a small molecule or drag identified using the screening assays described herein as long as the drug or small molecule inhibits the fransporter nucleic acid expression in the cells and tissues that express the protein. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates expression in the brain, including fetal brain.
The nucleic acid molecules are also useful for monitoring the effectiveness of modulating compounds on the expression or activity of the transporter gene in clinical trials or in a treatment regimen. Thus, the gene expression pattern can serve as a barometer for the continuing effectiveness of treatment with the compound, particularly with compounds to which a patient can develop resistance. The gene expression pattern can also serve as a marker indicative of a physiological response of the affected cells to the compound. Accordingly, such monitoring would allow either increased administration of the compound or the administration of alternative compounds to which the patient has not become resistant. Similarly, if the level of nucleic acid expression falls below a desirable level, administration of the compound could be commensurately decreased.
The nucleic acid molecules are also useful in diagnostic assays for qualitative changes in transporter nucleic acid expression, and particularly in qualitative changes that lead to pathology. The nucleic acid molecules can be used to detect mutations in fransporter genes and gene expression products such as mRNA. The nucleic acid molecules can be used as hybridization probes to detect naturally occurring genetic mutations in the fransporter gene and thereby to determine whether a subject with the mutation is at risk for a disorder caused by the mutation. Mutations include deletion, addition, or substitution of one or more nucleotides in the gene, chromosomal reaπangement, such as inversion or transposition, modification of genomic DNA, such as abeπant methylation patterns or changes in gene copy number, such as amplification. Detection of a mutated form of the fransporter gene associated with a dysfunction provides a diagnostic tool for an active disease or susceptibility to disease when the disease results from overexpression, underexpression, or altered expression of a transporter protein. Individuals carrying mutations in the transporter gene can be detected at the nucleic acid level by a variety of techniques. Figure 3 provides information on SNPs that have been identified at 169 different nucleotide positions in the gene encoding the transporter protein of the present invention. The gene encoding the novel transporter protein of the present invention is located on a genome component that has been mapped to human chromosome 11 (as indicated in Figure 3), which is supported by multiple lines of evidence, such as STS and BAC map data. Genomic DNA can be analyzed directly or can be amplified by using PCR prior to analysis. RNA or cDNA can be used in the same way. In some uses, detection of the mutation involves the use of a probe/primer in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (see, e.g. U.S. Patent Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202), such as anchor PCR or RACE PCR, or, alternatively, in a ligation chain reaction (LCR) (see, e.g., Landegran et al, Science 247:1077-1080 (1988); and Nakazawa et al, PNAS 97:360-364 (1994)), the latter of which can be particularly useful for detecting point mutations in the gene (see Abravaya et α/. , Nucleic Acids Res. 25:675-682 (1995)). This method can include the steps of collecting a sample of cells from a patient, isolating nucleic acid (e.g., genomic, mRNA or both) from the cells of the sample, contacting the nucleic acid sample with one or more primers which specifically hybridize to a gene under conditions such that hybridization and amplification of the gene (if present) occurs, and detecting the presence or absence of an amplification product, or detecting the size of the amplification product and comparing the length to a confrol sample. Deletions and insertions can be detected by a change in size of the amplified product compared to the normal genotype. Point mutations can be identified by hybridizing amplified DNA to normal RNA or antisense DNA sequences.
Alternatively, mutations in a fransporter gene can be directly identified, for example, by alterations in restriction enzyme digestion patterns determined by gel electrophoresis.
Further, sequence-specific ribozymes (U.S. Patent No. 5,498,531) can be used to score for the presence of specific mutations by development or loss of a ribozyme cleavage site. Perfectly matched sequences can be distinguished from mismatched sequences by nuclease cleavage digestion assays or by differences in melting temperature.
Sequence changes at specific locations can also be assessed by nuclease protection assays such as RNase and SI protection or the chemical cleavage method. Furthermore, sequence differences between a mutant fransporter gene and a wild-type gene can be determined by direct DNA sequencing. A variety of automated sequencing procedures can be utilized when performing the diagnostic assays (Naeve, C.W, (1995) Biotechniques 79:448), including sequencing by mass spectrometry (see, e.g., PCT International Publication No. WO 94/16101; Cohen et al, Adv. Chromάtogr. 36:127-162 (1996); and Griffin etal,Appl Biochem. Biotechnol 55:147-159 (1993)).
Other methods for detecting mutations in the gene include methods in which protection from cleavage agents is used to detect mismatched bases in RNA/RNA or RNA/DNA duplexes (Myers etal, Science 230:1242 (1985)); Cotton et al, PNAS 85:4397 (1988); Saleeba etal, Meth. Enzymol 217:286-295 (1992)), elecfrophoretic mobility of mutant and wild type nucleic acid is compared (Orita et al, PNAS 86:2766 (1989); Cotton et al, Mutat. Res. 255:125-144 (1993); and Hayashi et al, Genet. Anal Tech. Appl 9:73-79 (1992)), and movement of mutant or wild-type fragments in polyacrylamide gels containing a gradient of denaturant is assayed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (Myers et al, Nature 575:495 (1985)). Examples of other techniques for detecting point mutations include selective oligonucleotide hybridization, selective amplification, and selective primer extension.
The nucleic acid molecules are also useful for testing an individual for a genotype that while not necessarily causing the disease, nevertheless affects the treatment modality. Thus, the nucleic acid molecules can be used to study the relationship between an individual's genotype and the individual's response to a compound used for treatment (pharmacogenomic relationship). Accordingly, the nucleic acid molecules described herein can be used to assess the mutation content of the transporter gene in an individual in order to select an appropriate compound or dosage regimen for freatment. Figure 3 provides information on SNPs that have been identified at 169 different nucleotide positions in the gene encoding the fransporter protein of the present invention.
Thus nucleic acid molecules displaying genetic variations that affect freatment provide a diagnostic target that can be used to tailor freatment in an individual. Accordingly, the production of recombinant cells and animals containing these polymorphisms allow effective clinical design of treatment compounds and dosage regimens.
The nucleic acid molecules are thus useful as antisense constructs to control transporter gene expression in cells, tissues, and organisms. A DNA antisense nucleic acid molecule is designed to be complementary to a region of the gene involved in transcription, preventing transcription and hence production of transporter protein. An antisense RNA or DNA nucleic acid molecule would hybridize to the mRNA and thus block franslation of mRNA into transporter protein.
Alternatively, a class of antisense molecules can be used to inactivate mRNA in order to decrease expression of transporter nucleic acid. Accordingly, these molecules can treat a disorder characterized by abnormal or undesired transporter nucleic acid expression. This technique involves cleavage by means of ribozymes containing nucleotide sequences complementary to one or more regions in the mRNA that attenuate the ability of the mRNA to be translated. Possible regions include coding regions and particularly coding regions coπesponding to the catalytic and other functional activities of the fransporter protein, such as ligand binding.
The nucleic acid molecules also provide vectors for gene therapy in patients containing cells that are abeπant in fransporter gene expression. Thus, recombinant cells, which include the patient's cells that have been engineered ex vivo and returned to the patient, are introduced into an individual where the cells produce the desired transporter protein to treat the individual.
The invention also encompasses kits for detecting the presence of a transporter nucleic acid in a biological sample. Experimental data as provided in Figure 1 indicates that the transporter proteins of the present invention are expressed in the brain, including fetal brain, as indicated by virtual northern blot analysis. For example, the kit can comprise reagents such as a labeled or labelable nucleic acid or agent capable of detecting transporter nucleic acid in a biological sample; means for determining the amount of transporter nucleic acid in the sample; and means for comparing the amount of transporter nucleic acid in the sample with a standard. The compound or agent can be packaged in a suitable container. The kit can further comprise instructions for using the kit to detect transporter protein mRNA or DNA.
Nucleic Acid Aπays
The present invention further provides nucleic acid detection kits, such as aπays or microaπays of nucleic acid molecules that are based on the sequence information provided in Figures 1 and 3 (SEQ ID NOS:l and 3). As used herein "Aπays" or "Microarrays" refers to an aπay of distinct polynucleotides or oligonucleotides synthesized on a substrate, such as paper, nylon or other type of membrane, filter, chip, glass slide, or any other suitable solid support. In one embodiment, the microaπay is prepared and used according to the methods described in US Patent 5,837,832, Chee et al, PCT application W095/11995 (Chee et al), Lockhart, D. J. et al. (1996; Nat. Biotech. 14: 1675-1680) and Schena, M. et al. (1996; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93: 10614-10619), all of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. In other embodiments, such arrays are produced by the methods described by Brown et al, US Patent No. 5,807,522. The microarray or detection kit is preferably composed of a large number of unique, single-stranded nucleic acid sequences, usually either synthetic antisense oligonucleotides or fragments of cDNAs, fixed to a solid support. The oligonucleotides are preferably about 6-60 nucleotides in length, more preferably 15-30 nucleotides in length, and most preferably about 20-25 nucleotides in length. For a certain type of microaπay or detection kit, it may be preferable to use oligonucleotides that are only 7-20 nucleotides in length. The microaπay or detection kit may contain oligonucleotides that cover the known 5', or 3', sequence, sequential oligonucleotides that cover the full length sequence; or unique oligonucleotides selected from particular areas along the length of the sequence. Polynucleotides used in the microarray or detection kit may be oligonucleotides that are specific to a gene or genes of interest. In order to produce oligonucleotides to a known sequence for a microaπay or detection kit, the gene(s) of interest (or an ORF identified from the contigs of the present invention) is typically examined using a computer algorithm which starts at the 5' or at the 3' end of the nucleotide sequence. Typical algorithms will then identify oligomers of defined length that are unique to the gene, have a GC content within a range suitable for hybridization, and lack predicted secondary structure that may interfere with hybridization. In certain situations it may be appropriate to use pairs of oligonucleotides on a microaπay or detection kit. The "pairs" will be identical, except for one nucleotide that preferably is located in the center of the sequence. The second oligonucleotide in the pair (mismatched by one) serves as a confrol. The number of oligonucleotide pairs may range from two to one million. The oligomers are synthesized at designated areas on a substrate using a light-directed chemical process. The substrate may be paper, nylon or other type of membrane, filter, chip, glass slide or any other suitable solid support.
In another aspect, an oligonucleotide may be synthesized on the surface of the substrate by using a chemical coupling procedure and an ink jet application apparatus, as described in PCT application W095/251116 (Baldeschweiler et al.) which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. In another aspect, a "gridded" aπay analogous to a dot (or slot) blot may be used to aπange and link cDNA fragments or oligonucleotides to the surface of a substrate using a vacuum system, thermal, UV, mechanical or chemical bonding procedures. An aπay, such as those described above, may be produced by hand or by using available devices (slot blot or dot blot apparatus), materials (any suitable solid support), and machines (including robotic instruments), and may contain 8, 24, 96, 384, 1536, 6144 or more oligonucleotides, or any other number between two and one million which lends itself to the efficient use of commercially available instrumentation.
In order to conduct sample analysis using a microaπay or detection kit, the RNA or DNA from a biological sample is made into hybridization probes. The mRNA is isolated, and cDNA is produced and used as a template to make antisense RNA (aRNA). The aRNA is amplified in the presence of fluorescent nucleotides, and labeled probes are incubated with the microaπay or detection kit so that the probe sequences hybridize to complementary oligonucleotides of the microaπay or detection kit. Incubation conditions are adjusted so that hybridization occurs with precise complementary matches or with various degrees of less complementarity. After removal of nonhybridized probes, a scanner is used to determine the levels and patterns of fluorescence. The scanned images are examined to determine degree of complementarity and the relative abundance of each oligonucleotide sequence on the microaπay or detection kit. The biological samples may be obtained from any bodily fluids (such as blood, urine, saliva, phlegm, gastric juices, etc.), cultured cells, biopsies, or other tissue preparations. A detection system may be used to measure the absence, presence, and amount of hybridization for all of the distinct sequences simultaneously. This data may be used for large-scale cόπelation studies on the sequences, expression patterns, mutations, variants, or polymorphisms among samples.
Using such aπays, the present invention provides methods to identify the expression of the transporter proteins/peptides of the present invention. In detail, such methods comprise incubating a test sample with one or more nucleic acid molecules and assaying for binding of the nucleic acid molecule with components within the test sample. Such assays will typically involve aπays comprising many genes, at least one of which is a gene of the present invention and or alleles of the transporter gene of the present invention. Figure 3 provides information on SNPs that have been identified at 169 different nucleotide positions in the gene encoding the transporter protein of the present invention.
Conditions for incubating a nucleic acid molecule with a test sample vary. Incubation conditions depend on the format employed in the assay, the detection methods employed, and the type and nature of the nucleic acid molecule used in the assay. One skilled in the art will recognize that any one of the commonly available hybridization, amplification or aπay assay formats can readily be adapted to employ the novel fragments of the Human genome disclosed herein. Examples of such assays can be found in Chard, T, An Introduction to Radioimmunoassay and Related Techniques, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1986); Bullock, G. R. et al, Techniques in Immunocytochemistry, Academic Press, Orlando, FL Vol. 1 (1 982), Vol. 2 (1983), Vol. 3 (1985); Tijssen, P, Practice and Theory of Enzyme Immunoassays: Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1985). The test samples of the present invention include cells, protein or membrane extracts of cells. The test sample used in the above-described method will vary based on the assay format, nature of the detection method and the tissues, cells or extracts used as the sample to be assayed. Methods for preparing nucleic acid extracts or of cells are well known in the art and can be readily be adapted in order to obtain a sample that is compatible with the system utilized.
In another embodiment of the present invention, kits are provided which contain the necessary reagents to carry out the assays of the present invention.
Specifically, the invention provides a compartmentalized kit to receive, in close confinement, one or more containers which comprises: (a) a first container comprising one of the nucleic acid molecules that can bind to a fragment of the Human genome disclosed herein; and (b) one or more other containers comprising one or more of the following: wash reagents, reagents capable of detecting presence of a bound nucleic acid.
In detail, a compartmentalized kit includes any kit in which reagents are contained in separate containers. Such containers include small glass containers, plastic containers, strips of plastic, glass or paper, or aπaying material such as silica. Such containers allows one to efficiently transfer reagents from one compartment to another compartment such that the samples and reagents are not cross-contaminated, and the agents or solutions of each container can be added in a quantitative fashion from one compartment to another. Such containers will include a container which will accept the test sample, a container which contains the nucleic acid probe, containers which contain wash reagents (such as phosphate buffered saline, Tris-buffers, etc.), and containers which contain the reagents used to detect the bound probe. One skilled in the art will readily recognize that the previously unidentified transporter gene of the present invention can be routinely identified using the sequence information disclosed herein can be readily incorporated into one of the established kit formats which are well known in the art, particularly expression aπays. Vectors/host cells
The invention also provides vectors containing the nucleic acid molecules described herein. The tenn "vector" refers to a vehicle, preferably a nucleic acid molecule, which can transport the nucleic acid molecules. When the vector is a nucleic acid molecule, the nucleic acid molecules are covalently linked to the vector nucleic acid. With this aspect of the invention, the vector includes a plasmid, single or double stranded phage, a single or double stranded RNA or DNA viral vector, or artificial chromosome, such as a BAC, PAC, YAC, OR MAC.
A vector can be maintained in the host cell as an extrachromosomal element where it replicates and produces additional copies of the nucleic acid molecules. Alternatively, the vector may integrate into the host cell genome and produce additional copies of the nucleic acid molecules when the host cell replicates.
The invention provides vectors for the maintenance (cloning vectors) or vectors for expression (expression vectors) of the nucleic acid molecules. The vectors can function in procaryotic or eukaryotic cells or in both (shuttle vectors). Expression vectors contain cis-acting regulatory regions that are operably linked in the vector to the nucleic acid molecules such that transcription of the nucleic acid molecules is allowed in a host cell. The nucleic acid molecules can be introduced into the host cell with a separate nucleic acid molecule capable of affecting transcription. Thus, the second nucleic acid , molecule may provide a frans-acting factor interacting with the cis-regulatory control region to allow transcription of the nucleic acid molecules from the vector. Alternatively, a trans-acting factor may be supplied by the host cell. Finally, a frans-acting factor can be produced from the vector itself. It is understood, however, that in some embodiments, transcription and/or translation of the nucleic acid molecules can occur in a cell-free system.
The regulatory sequence to which the nucleic acid molecules described herein can be operably linked include promoters for directing mRNA transcription. These include, but are not limited to, the left promoter from bacteriophage λ, the lac, TRP, and TAC promoters from E. coli, the early and late promoters from SV40, the CMV immediate early promoter, the adenovirus early and late promoters, and refroviras long-terminal repeats.
In addition to confrol regions that promote transcription, expression vectors may also include regions that modulate transcription, such as repressor binding sites and enhancers.
Examples include the SV40 enhancer, the cytomegaloviras immediate early enhancer, polyoma enhancer, adenovirus enhancers, and refroviras LTR enhancers. In addition to containing sites for transcription initiation and control, expression vectors can also contain sequences necessary for transcription termination and, in the transcribed region a ribosome binding site for translation. Other regulatory control elements for expression include initiation and termination codons as well as polyadenylation signals. The person of ordinary skill in the art would be aware of the numerous regulatory sequences that are useful in expression vectors. Such regulatory sequences are described, for example, in Sambrook et al, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd. ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, (1989).
A variety of expression vectors can be used to express a nucleic acid molecule. Such vectors include chromosomal, episomal, and virus-derived vectors, for example vectors derived from bacterial plasmids, from bacteriophage, from yeast episomes, from yeast chromosomal elements, including yeast artificial chromosomes, from viruses such as baculoviruses, papovaviruses such as SV40, Vaccinia viruses, adenovirases, poxvirases, pseudorabies viruses, and retrovirases. Vectors may also be derived from combinations ofthese sources such as those derived from plasmid and bacteriophage genetic elements, e.g. cosmids and phagemids.
Appropriate cloning and expression vectors for prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts are described in Sambrook et al, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd. ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, (1989).
The regulatory sequence may provide constitutive expression in one or more host cells (i.e. tissue specific) or may provide for inducible expression in one or more cell types such as by temperature, nutrient additive, or exogenous factor such as a hormone or other ligand. A variety of vectors providing for constitutive and inducible expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
The nucleic acid molecules can be inserted into the vector nucleic acid by well-known methodology. Generally, the DNA sequence that will ultimately be expressed is joined to an expression vector by cleaving the DNA sequence and the expression vector with one or more restriction enzymes and then ligating the fragments together. Procedures for restriction enzyme digestion and ligation are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
The vector containing the appropriate nucleic acid molecule can be introduced into an appropriate host cell for propagation or expression using well-known techniques. Bacterial cells include, but are not limited to, E. coli, Streptomyces, and Salmonella typhimurium. Eukaryotic cells include, but are not limited to, yeast, insect cells such as Drosophila, animal cells such as COS and CHO cells, and plant cells. As described herein, it may be desirable to express the peptide as a fusion protein. Accordingly, the invention provides fusion vectors that allow for the production of the peptides. Fusion vectors can increase the expression of a recombinant protein, increase the solubility of the recombinant protein, and aid in the purification of the protein by acting for example as a ligand for affinity purification. A proteolytic cleavage site may be introduced at the junction of the fusion moiety so that the desired peptide can ultimately be separated from the fusion moiety. Proteolytic enzymes include, but are not limited to, factor Xa, thrombin, and enterotransporter. Typical fusion expression vectors include pGEX (Smith et al, Gene 67:31-40 (1988)), pMAL (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA) and pRIT5 (Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ) which fuse glutathione S-transferase (GST), maltose E binding protein, or protein A, respectively, to the target recombinant protein. Examples of suitable inducible non-fusion E. coli expression vectors include pTrc (Amann et al, Gene (59:301-315 (1988)) and pET 1 Id (Studier et al, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 755:60-89 (1990)).
Recombinant protein expression can be maximized in host bacteria by providing a genetic background wherein the host cell has an impaired capacity to proteolytically cleave the recombinant protein. (Gottesman, S, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, California (1990) 119-128). Alternatively, the sequence of the nucleic acid molecule of interest can be altered to provide preferential codon usage for a specific host cell, for example E. coli. (Wada et al. , Nucleic Acids Res. 20:2111 -2118 (1992)). The nucleic acid molecules can also be expressed by expression vectors that are operative in yeast. Examples of vectors for expression in yeast e.g., S. cerevisiae include pYepSecl (Baldari, et al, EMBOJ. (5:229-234 (1987)), pMFa (Kurjan et al, Cell 50:933-943(1982)), pJRY88 (Schultz et al, Gene 54:113-123 (1987)), and pYES2 (Invifrogen Coφoration, San Diego, CA). The nucleic acid molecules can also be expressed in insect cells using, for example, baculovirus expression vectors. Baculovirus vectors available for expression of proteins in cultured insect cells (e.g., Sf 9 cells) include the pAc series (Smith et al , Mol. Cell Biol. 5:2156- 2165 (1983)) and the pVL series (Lucklow et al, Virology 770:31-39 (1989)).
In certain embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acid molecules described herein are expressed in mammalian cells using mammalian expression vectors. Examples of mammalian expression vectors include pCDM8 (Seed, B. Nature 529:840(1987)) and pMT2PC (Kaufman et al, EMBOJ. 6:187-195 (1987)). The expression vectors listed herein are provided by way of example only of the well- known vectors available to those of ordinary skill in the art that would be useful to express the nucleic acid molecules. The person of ordinary skill in the art would be aware of other vectors suitable for maintenance propagation or expression of the nucleic acid molecules described herein. These are found for example in Sambrook, J, Fritsh, E. F, and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1989.
The invention also encompasses vectors in which the nucleic acid sequences described herein are cloned into the vector in reverse orientation, but operably linked to a regulatory sequence that permits transcription of antisense RNA. Thus, an antisense transcript can be produced to all, or to a portion, of the nucleic acid molecule sequences described herein, including both coding and non-coding regions. Expression of this antisense RNA is subject to each of the parameters described above in relation to expression of the sense RNA (regulatory sequences, constitutive or inducible expression, tissue-specific expression). The invention also relates to recombinant host cells containing the vectors described herein. Host cells therefore include prokaryotic cells, lower eukaryotic cells such as yeast, other eukaryotic cells such as insect cells, and higher eukaryotic cells such as mammalian cells.
The recombinant host cells are prepared by introducing the vector constructs described herein into the cells by techniques readily available to the person of ordinary skill in the art. These include, but are not limited to, calcium phosphate fransfection, DEAE-dextran-mediated fransfection, cationic lipid-mediated fransfection, electroporation, transduction, infection, lipofection, and other techniques such as those found in Sambrook, et al (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1989). Host cells can contain more than one vector. Thus, different nucleotide sequences can be introduced on different vectors of the same cell. Similarly, the nucleic acid molecules can be introduced either alone or with other nucleic acid molecules that are not related to the nucleic acid molecules such as those providing trans-acting factors for expression vectors. When more than one vector is introduced into a cell, the vectors can be introduced independently, co- introduced or j oined to the nucleic acid molecule vector.
In the case of bacteriophage and viral vectors, these can be introduced into cells as packaged or encapsulated viras by standard procedures for infection and transduction. Viral vectors can be replication-competent or replication-defective. In the case in which viral replication is defective, replication will occur in host cells providing functions that complement the defects.
Vectors generally include selectable markers that enable the selection of the subpopulation of cells that contain the recombinant vector constructs. The marker can be contained in the same vector that contains the nucleic acid molecules described herein or may be on a separate vector. Markers include tetracycline or ampicillin-resistance genes for prokaryotic host cells and dihydrofolate reductase or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic host cells.
However, any marker that provides selection for a phenotypic trait will be effective.
While the mature proteins can be produced in bacteria, yeast, mammalian cells, and other cells under the control of the appropriate regulatory sequences, cell- free transcription and translation systems can also be used to produce these proteins using RNA derived from the DNA constructs described herein.
Where secretion of the peptide is desired, which is difficult to achieve with multi- transmembrane domain containing proteins such as transporters, appropriate secretion signals are incorporated into the vector. The signal sequence can be endogenous to the peptides or heterologous to these peptides.
Where the peptide is not secreted into the medium, which is typically the case with transporters, the protein can be isolated from the host cell by standard disruption procedures, including freeze thaw, sonication, mechanical disruption, use of lysing agents and the like. The peptide can then be recovered and purified by well-known purification methods including ammonium sulfate precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cationic exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic-interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography, lectin chromatography, or high performance liquid chromatography. It is also understood that depending upon the host cell in recombinant production of the peptides described herein, the peptides can have various glycosylation patterns, depending upon the cell, or maybe non-glycosylated as when produced in bacteria. In addition, the peptides may include an initial modified methionine in some cases as a result of a host-mediated process.
Uses of vectors and host cells
The recombinant host cells expressing the peptides described herein have a variety of uses. First, the cells are useful for producing a transporter protein or peptide that can be further purified to produce desired amounts of fransporter protein or fragments. Thus, host cells containing expression vectors are useful for peptide production.
Host cells are also useful for conducting cell-based assays involving the transporter protein or fransporter protein fragments, such as those described above as well as other formats known in the art. Thus, a recombinant host cell expressing a native transporter protein is useful for assaying compounds that stimulate or inhibit fransporter protein function.
Host cells are also useful for identifying transporter protein mutants in which these functions are affected. If the mutants naturally occur and give rise to a pathology, host cells containing the mutations are useful to assay compounds that have a desired effect on the mutant fransporter protein (for example, stimulating or inhibiting function) wliich may not be indicated by their effect on the native transporter protein.
Genetically engineered host cells can be further used to produce non-human fransgenic animals. A fransgenic animal is preferably a mammal, for example a rodent, such as a rat or mouse, in which one or more of the cells of the animal include a transgene. A transgene is exogenous DNA that is integrated into the genome of a cell from which a fransgenic animal develops and which remains in the genome of the mature animal in one or more cell types or tissues of the fransgenic animal. These animals are useful for studying the function of a transporter protein and identifying and evaluating modulators of fransporter protein activity. Other examples of fransgenic animals include non-human primates, sheep, dogs, cows, goats, chickens, and amphibians.
A fransgenic animal can be produced by introducing nucleic acid into the male pronuclei of a fertilized oocyte, e.g., by microinjection, retroviral infection, and allowing the oocyte to develop in a pseudopregnant female foster animal. Any of the transporter protein nucleotide sequences can be introduced as a transgene into the genome of a non-human animal, such as a mouse.
Any of the regulatory or other sequences useful in expression vectors can form part of the fransgenic sequence. This includes infronic sequences and polyadenylation signals, if not already included. A tissue-specific regulatory sequence(s) can be operably linked to the transgene to direct expression of the fransporter protein to particular cells. Methods for generating fransgenic animals via embryo manipulation and microinjection, particularly animals such as mice, have become conventional in the art and are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,736,866 and 4,870,009, both by Leder et al, U.S. Patent No. 4,873,191 by Wagner et al. and in Hogan, B, Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y, 1986). Similar methods are used for production of other fransgenic animals. A fransgenic founder animal can be identified based upon the presence of the transgene in its genome and/or expression of fransgenic mRNA in tissues or cells of the animals. A fransgenic founder animal can then be used to breed additional animals carrying the transgene. Moreover, fransgenic animals carrying a transgene can further be bred to other fransgenic animals carrying other fransgenes. A fransgenic animal also includes animals in which the entire animal or tissues in the animal have been produced using the homologously recombinant host cells described herein.
In another embodiment, fransgenic non-human animals can be produced which contain selected systems that allow for regulated expression of the transgene. One example of such a system is the cre/loxP recombinase system of bacteriophage PI . For a description of the cre/loxP recombinase system, see, e.g., Lakso et al. PNAS 89:6232-6236 (1992). Another example of a recombinase system is the FLP recombinase system of S. cerevisiae (O'Gorman et al. Science 257:1351-1355 (1991). If a cre/loxP recombinase system is used to regulate expression of the fransgene, animals containing fransgenes encoding both the Cre recombinase and a selected protein is required. Such animals can be provided through the construction of "double" fransgenic animals, e.g., by mating two fransgenic animals, one containing a fransgene encoding a selected protein and the other containing a fransgene encoding a recombinase. Clones of the non-human fransgenic animals described herein can also be produced according to the methods described in Wilmut, I. et al. Nature 555:810-813 (1997) and PCT International Publication Nos. WO 97/07668 and WO 97/07669. In brief, a cell, e.g., a somatic cell, from the fransgenic animal can be isolated and induced to exit the growth cycle and enter G0 phase. The quiescent cell can then be fused, e.g., through the use of electrical pulses, to an enucleated oocyte from an animal of the same species from which the quiescent cell is isolated. The reconstructed oocyte is then cultured such that it develops to morala or blastocyst and then transfeπed to pseudopregnant female foster animal. The offspring bom of this female foster animal will be a clone of the animal from which the cell, e.g., the somatic cell, is isolated.
Transgenic animals containing recombinant cells that express the peptides described herein are useful to conduct the assays described herein in an in vivo context. Accordingly, the various physiological factors that are present in vivo and that could effect ligand binding, transporter protein activation, and signal transduction, may not be evident from in vitro cell-free or cell-based assays. Accordingly, it is useful to provide non-human transgenic animals to assay in vivo fransporter protein function, including ligand interaction, the effect of specific mutant transporter proteins on transporter protein function and ligand interaction, and the effect of chimeric transporter proteins. It is also possible to assess the effect of null mutations, that is mutations that substantially or completely eliminate one or more fransporter protein functions. All publications and patents mentioned in the above specification are herein incorporated by reference. Various modifications and variations of the described method and system of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the above-described modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled in the field of molecular biology or related fields are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

ClaimsThat which is claimed is:
1. An isolated peptide consisting of an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
(a) an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2;
(b) an amino acid sequence of an allelic variant of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said allelic variant is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the opposite sfrand of a nucleic acid molecule shown in SEQ ID NOS:l or 3;
(c) an amino acid sequence of an ortholog of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said ortholog is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the opposite strand of a nucleic acid molecule shown in SEQ ID NOS:l or 3; and
(d) a fragment of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said fragment comprises at least 10 contiguous amino acids.
2. An isolated peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
(a) an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2;
(b) an amino acid sequence of an allelic variant of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said allelic variant is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the opposite sfrand of a nucleic acid molecule shown in SEQ ID NOS:l or 3;
(c) an amino acid sequence of an ortholog of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said ortholog is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the opposite strand of a nucleic acid molecule shown in SEQ ID NOS:l or 3; and
(d) a fragment of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said fragment comprises at least 10 contiguous amino acids.
3. An isolated antibody that selectively binds to a peptide of claim 2.
4. An isolated nucleic acid molecule consisting of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
(a) a nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO.2;
(b) a nucleotide sequence that encodes of an allelic variant of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said nucleotide sequence hybridizes under sfringent conditions to the opposite strand of a nucleic acid molecule shown in SEQ ID NOS:l or 3;
(c) a nucleotide sequence that encodes an ortholog of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said nucleotide sequence hybridizes under stringent conditions to the opposite sfrand of a nucleic acid molecule shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1 or 3;
(d) a nucleotide sequence that encodes a fragment of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said fragment comprises at least 10 contiguous amino acids; and
(e) a nucleotide sequence that is the complement of a nucleotide sequence of (a)-(d).
5. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:
(a) a nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO.2;
(b) a nucleotide sequence that encodes of an allelic variant of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said nucleotide sequence hybridizes under stringent conditions to the opposite strand of a nucleic acid molecule shown in SEQ ID NOS:l or 3;
(c) a nucleotide sequence that encodes an ortholog of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said nucleotide sequence hybridizes under stringent conditions to the opposite strand of a nucleic acid molecule shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1 or 3;
(d) a nucleotide sequence that encodes a fragment of an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said fragment comprises at least 10 contiguous amino acids; and
(e) a nucleotide sequence that is the complement of a nucleotide sequence of (a)-(d).
6. A gene chip comprising a nucleic acid molecule of claim 5.
7. A transgenic non-human animal comprising a nucleic acid molecule of claim 5.
8. A nucleic acid vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule of claim 5.
9. A host cell containing the vector of claim 8.
10. A method for producing any of the peptides of claim 1 comprising introducing a nucleotide sequence encoding any of the amino acid sequences in (a)-(d) into a host cell, and culturing the host cell under conditions in which the peptides are expressed from the nucleotide sequence.
11. A method for producing any of the peptides of claim 2 comprising introducing a nucleotide sequence encoding any of the amino acid sequences in (a)-(d) into a host cell, and culturing the host cell under conditions in which the peptides are expressed from the nucleotide sequence.
12. A method for detecting the presence of any of the peptides of claim 2 in a sample, said method comprising contacting said sample with a detection agent that specifically allows detection of the presence of the peptide in the sample and then detecting the presence of the peptide.
13. A method for detecting the presence of a nucleic acid molecule of claim 5 in a sample, said method comprising contacting the sample with an oligonucleotide that hybridizes to said nucleic acid molecule under stringent conditions and determining whether the oligonucleotide binds to said nucleic acid molecule in the sample.
14. A method for identifying a modulator of a peptide of claim 2, said method comprising contacting said peptide with an agent and determining if said agent has modulated the function or activity of said peptide.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein said agent is administered to a host cell comprising an expression vector that expresses said peptide.
16. A method for identifying an agent that binds to any of the peptides of claim 2, said method comprising contacting the peptide with an agent and assaying the contacted mixture to determine whether a complex is formed with the agent bound to the peptide.
17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an agent identified by the method of claim 16 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor.
18. A method for treating a disease or condition mediated by a human transporter protein, said method comprising administering to a patient a pharmaceutically effective amount of an agent identified by the method of claim 16.
19. A method for identifying a modulator of the expression of a peptide of claim 2, said method comprising contacting a cell expressing said peptide with an agent, and determining if said agent has modulated the expression of said peptide.
20. An isolated human transporter peptide having an amino acid sequence that shares at least 70% homology with an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2.
21. A peptide according to claim 20 that shares at least 90 percent homology with an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2.
22. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a human transporter peptide, said nucleic acid molecule sharing at least 80 percent homology with a nucleic acid molecule shown in SEQ ID NOS:l or 3.
23. A nucleic acid molecule according to claim 22 that shares at least 90 percent homology with a nucleic acid molecule shown in SEQ ID NOS:l or 3.
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US5643785A (en) * 1992-08-05 1997-07-01 Allelix Biopharmaceuticals Inc. Polynucleotides encoding AMPA-binding human GluR4 receptors

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