WO2001084075A1 - Methods for sensing positions of an actuator moving longitudinally - Google Patents

Methods for sensing positions of an actuator moving longitudinally Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001084075A1
WO2001084075A1 PCT/US2001/013954 US0113954W WO0184075A1 WO 2001084075 A1 WO2001084075 A1 WO 2001084075A1 US 0113954 W US0113954 W US 0113954W WO 0184075 A1 WO0184075 A1 WO 0184075A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
sensors
magnetic source
forming
actuator
adjustments
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2001/013954
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Michael L. Rhodes
Howard B. French
Original Assignee
Honeywell International Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Honeywell International Inc. filed Critical Honeywell International Inc.
Priority to AU2001259284A priority Critical patent/AU2001259284A1/en
Priority to CA002408005A priority patent/CA2408005A1/en
Priority to EP01932783.2A priority patent/EP1279000B1/en
Priority to JP2001581053A priority patent/JP4795609B2/en
Publication of WO2001084075A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001084075A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/12—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means
    • G01D5/14—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage
    • G01D5/142—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage using Hall-effect devices
    • G01D5/145—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage using Hall-effect devices influenced by the relative movement between the Hall device and magnetic fields
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B7/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques
    • G01B7/003—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring position, not involving coordinate determination
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D3/00—Indicating or recording apparatus with provision for the special purposes referred to in the subgroups
    • G01D3/02—Indicating or recording apparatus with provision for the special purposes referred to in the subgroups with provision for altering or correcting the law of variation

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to detecting positions of actuators, and more particularly to sensing magnetic field angles that are indicative of the positions of actuators.
  • An actuator is a mechanical device for moving or controlling another device.
  • An actuator may be used to control a valve such that the flow of liquid, gas, or lose material in bulk may be started, stopped, or regulated by opening, shutting, or partially obstructing one or more passageways.
  • the status of the valve can be inferred from the position of the actuator.
  • One technique to determine the position of the actuator includes the use of an electromagnetic source.
  • This electromagnetic source can be coupled to a side of the actuator. As the actuator moves longitudinally to control a valve, the electromagnetic source radiates an electromagnetic field.
  • a set of sensors can be placed in an opposing position with respect to the electromagnetic source. A subset of the sensors may sense the electromagnetic field. Because the position of the set of sensors is predetermined, the position of the actuator can be calculated from the position of the subset of the sensors that senses the electromagnetic field.
  • the process of manufacturing the set of sensors is not always ideal. As a result, these sensors may be misaligned. Such a misalignment creates undesired effects in the sensing of the electromagnetic field.
  • Imprecision in the calculated position of the actuator renders imprecision in the inferred status of the valve. In certain circumstances, such as the cooling of a nuclear generator or in food processing, such imprecision may lead to catastrophic results.
  • An illustrative aspect includes a system to detect a position of an actuator.
  • the system includes a magnetic source coupled to the actuator radiating a field, at least two sensors to generate a response based on angles of the field, and an analyzer receptive to the response to produce an enhanced position of the magnetic source in the presence of undesired effects arising from misalignment of the at least two sensors.
  • Another illustrative aspect includes a method for detecting a position of an actuator.
  • the method includes interpolating a response of at least two sensors to form a quantity that is indicative of a position of a magnetic source coupled to the actuator.
  • the method further includes adjusting the quantity by selecting one of two compensation techniques.
  • Each compensation technique includes forming at least one adjustment.
  • the act of forming the at least one adjustment includes forming an amplitude component.
  • the act of selecting includes selecting a compensation technique based on correlating a plurality of maximum slopes of the response to a plurality of amplitude components between the magnetic source and the at least two sensors.
  • the act of selecting includes selecting a compensation technique based on correlating a plurality of minimum separations of the response to a plurality of amplitude components between the magnetic source and the at least two sensors.
  • a minimum separation is defined to be a minimum of a plurality of separations. Each separation is defined to be a certain distance between a maximum and a minimum of a cubic fit to the response.
  • Figure 1 overlays a system diagram and a graph according to one aspect of the present invention.
  • Figures 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D show an elevation view, a closed-up view, another elevation view, and a side view, respectively, of a system according to one aspect of the present invention.
  • Figures 3 A, 3B, 3C, 3D, and 3E show graphs according to one aspect of the present invention.
  • Figure 4 shows a process diagram for a method according to one aspect of the present invention.
  • Figure 1 overlays a system diagram and a graph according to one aspect of the present invention.
  • a system 100 is overlaid with a graph 102 for clarity purposes.
  • the system 100 includes an actuator 104.
  • the actuator 104 may move longitudinally in the directions as shown by arrows 101 0 and 10 li to control another device, such as a valve.
  • the system 100 includes a magnetic source 106.
  • the magnetic source 106 is coupled to the actuator 104.
  • the magnetic source 106 radiates a field, which is illustrated by a plurality of field lines 108 0 , 108 1; 108 , 108 3 , 108 4 , 108 5 , 108 6 , 108 7 , 108 9 , 108 10 , 108 ⁇ , and 108 12 .
  • the plurality of field lines may be detected by a set of sensors 110.
  • the set of sensors 110 is opposingly positioned with respect to the magnetic source 106.
  • the set of sensors 110 includes the eight sensors 112 0 , 112 ⁇ , 112 2 , 112 3 , 112 4 , 112 5 , 112 6 , and 112 7 .
  • at least two sensors are used.
  • at least three sensors are used.
  • at least four sensors are used.
  • the set of sensors 110 operates to detect an angle of an incident field line from the plurality of field lines.
  • the position of the set of sensors 110 is predetermined.
  • the magnetic source 106 moves with the actuator 104.
  • the magnetic source 106 radiates at the new position and a subset of the set of sensors 110 will generate a response from sensing the radiated field lines at the new location.
  • a graph 102 illustrates a response of a subset of the set of sensors 110.
  • the graph 102 includes a plurality of lines 114 0 , 114 1; 114 2 , 114 3 , 114 5 , 114 6 , and 114 7 to visually couple the graph 102 to the system 100.
  • This plurality of lines serves to visually suggest that data points 116o, II61, 116 2 , 116 3 , 116 4 , II6 5 , 116 6 , and 116 7 are generated by the subset of the set of sensors 110. These data points form a response 117 of the set of sensors 110.
  • This response is graphed on to an ordinate axis 118, which is indicative of positions, and an abscissa axis 120, which is indicative of values of the response, such as voltage.
  • One technique to approximate a position of the magnetic source 106 includes interpolating two data points to form the position of the magnetic source 106.
  • a sinusoidal term may be used to adjust the position to compensate for certain errors.
  • the embodiments of the present invention further enhance such a technique by adjusting the position with additional adjustments to gain more precision.
  • the manufacturing of the set of sensors 110 may lead to a misalignment of at least one sensor of the set of sensors 110.
  • a misalignment introduces undesired effects that cause error in the computation of the response 117.
  • the embodiments of the present invention provide an analyzer (not shown) that is receptive to the response 117 to produce an enhanced position of the magnetic source 106 notwithstanding the presence of undesired effects arising from misalignment of at least one sensor of the set of sensors 110.
  • the enhanced position is a sum of a quantity and three adjustments. Each of the three adjustments is sinusoidal.
  • FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D show an elevation view, a closed-up view, another elevation view, and a side view, respectively, of a system according to one aspect of the present invention. These Figures include elements similar to elements discussed hereinbefore. Such a discussion is incorporated here in full. For clarity purposes, certain numerical references are removed in subsequent Figures so as to focus on portions of interest.
  • FIG. 2A is an elevation view of a system according to one aspect of the present invention.
  • a system 200 includes a magnet 206 mounted on an actuator (not shown). The magnet 206 moves longitudinally along the directions as indicated by arrows 201 0 and 20 ⁇ .
  • a set of sensors 210 senses the field radiated by the magnet 206.
  • the set of sensors 210 includes sensors 212 0 , 212 1; 212 2 , 212 3 , 212 4 , 212 5 ,
  • At least one sensor of the set of sensors 210 is misaligned. Without at least one embodiment of the present invention, such a misalignment introduces error into the calculation of the position of the magnet 206. Because the system 200 benefits from at least one embodiment of the present invention, the calculation of the position of the magnet 206 is enhanced to compensate for the error arising from the misalignment.
  • Figure 2B is a closed-up view of the set of sensors 210 according to one aspect of the present invention.
  • Figure 2B illustrates various types of misalignment that may occur in manufacturing the set of sensors 210.
  • the set of sensors 210 includes a sensor 212o.
  • the sensor 212 0 is not misaligned since it sits in the desired nominal horizontal position 124 0 and the desired nominal vertical position 122.
  • the set of sensors 210 includes a sensor 212 ⁇ .
  • the sensor 212 ⁇ is misaligned in both the desired nominal horizontal position 124 ⁇ and the desired nominal vertical position 122.
  • the set of sensors 210 includes a sensor 212 .
  • the sensor 212 is misaligned rotationally. The embodiments of the present invention compensate for errors arising from the types of misalignment as illustrated in Figure 2B.
  • Figure 2C is an elevation view according to one aspect of the present invention.
  • Figure 2C illustrates run-out misalignment that introduces errors into the calculation of the magnet 206.
  • the magnet 206 travels in the directions as shown by lines 201 0 and 20 l ⁇ such that the gap between the magnet 206 and the set of sensors 210 is non-equidistant from position to position.
  • the embodiments of the present invention compensate for errors arising from run-out as illustrated in Figure 2C.
  • Figure 2D is a side view of a system according to one aspect of the present invention.
  • Figure 2D illustrates skew misalignment that introduces errors into the calculation of the magnet 206.
  • the magnet 206 travels in the directions as shown by lines 225 0 and 225 1 .
  • the desired directions are longitudinal with respect to the set of sensors 210 that includes sensor 212 (in and out of the page).
  • the embodiments of the present invention compensate for errors arising from skew as illustrated in Figure 2D.
  • Figures 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, and 3E show graphs according to one aspect of the present invention.
  • Figure 3 A illustrates a graph 300 of a response curve 310 of sensors sensing the angle of the magnetic field.
  • the response curve 310 is derived from a plurality of data points generated by sensors.
  • the response curve 310 is graphed over an ordinate axis 312, which represents the values of the response, and an abscissa axis 314, which represents the positions of sensors.
  • FIG. 3B illustrates a graph 302 of an error curve 320 that characterizes the undesired effects arising from various manufacturing defects, such as misalignment of sensors, undesired gap distances, run-out, and skew.
  • the error curve 320 is graphed over an ordinate axis 322, which represents the magnitudes of the error, and an abscissa axis 324, which represents fractional values of the calculated position. Therefore, in the embodiment that the error curve 320 is sinusoidal-like, the calculated position defines the period of the error curve 320.
  • the embodiments of the present invention approximate the error curve 320 using a sine curve 328 that has the same period as the error curve 320. Because the sine curve 328 may not approximate the error curve to a desired degree of precision, the embodiments of the present invention further approximate the error curve 320 by adding a sine curve 326, which has half of the period of the error curve 320. Additionally, the embodiments of the present invention further approximate the error curve 320 by a sine curve 330, which has twice the period of the error curve 320. Each sine curve of sine curves 326, 328, and 330 has a magnitude. The calculation of the magnitudes for sine curves 326, 328, and 330 will be discussed hereinafter.
  • ⁇ represents a quantity with a value between 0 and 1; such a quantity represents a normalized interpolation between two data points on a response curve 310.
  • A, B, and C represent magnitudes of the three sinusoidal terms.
  • the magnitudes A, B, and C for sine curves 326, 328, and 330 can be empirically derived for a certain gap between the magnetic source and the sensors from various calibration procedures at the factory. This is possible because the true gap can be readily observed.
  • the gap between the magnetic source and the sensors as installed in the field may be different from the gap during the various calibration procedures at the factory. Such a difference may render the factory-derived magnitudes A, B, and C insufficient to approximate the error curve 320. Because the true gap of the magnetic source may not be known in the field, another technique to derive the magnitudes A, B, and C is used.
  • Figure 3C illustrates a graph 304 that represent a relationship between slopes of the response curve 310 and positions of the magnetic source between two sensors. These two sensors include a sensor positioned at 338 and another sensor positioned at 340.
  • the graph 304 includes the abscissa axis 334 that represents positions of a magnetic source.
  • the ordinate axis 332 represents slopes of the response curve 310.
  • the graph 304 includes a curve 334.
  • the curve 334 represents the slopes of the response curve 310 measured between the two sensors at a first predetermined gap between the magnetic source and the two sensors.
  • the curve 334 includes a maximum 344.
  • the graph 304 includes a curve 336 that represents the slopes of the response curve 310 measured between the two sensors at a second predetermined gap between the magnetic source and the two sensors.
  • the curve 336 includes a maximum 346. Therefore, one observation that can be drawn from the curves 334 and 336 is that there is a correlation between the gap and the maximum slope of the response curve 310. As discussed hereinbefore, the true gap of the magnetic source may not be known in the field. Therefore, the maximum slope of the response curve 310, which can be readily measured in the field, may be used to derive the magnitudes A, B, and C.
  • the graph 304 includes a curve 332.
  • the curve 332 represents slopes of the response curve 310 measured between the two sensors at the second predetermined gap.
  • the response curve 310 was measured in the presence of undesired effects. These undesired effects arise from misalignment of at least one of sensor, run-out, or skew.
  • One observation that can be drawn from the curves 332, 334, and 336 is that there is a correlation between the undesired effects and the maximum slope of the response curve 310. Therefore, the maximum slope of the response curve 310, which can be readily calculated in the field, may be used to derive the magnitudes A, B, and C to compensate for the undesired effects.
  • the maximum slope of the response curve 310 may be used to characterize several pieces of information.
  • the maximum slope can be used to characterize the variations in the gap between a magnetic source and a set of sensors.
  • the maximum slope can be used to characterize the undesired effects arising from misalignment, run-out, or skew. Because the maximum slope can be readily measured in the field, the maximum slope can be used to determine the magnitudes A, B, and C. Recall that these magnitudes are used in at least three sinusoidal terms to adjust an initial estimate of the position of the magnetic source.
  • Figure 3D illustrates a graph 306 that represents a relationship between a cubic fit of the response curve 310 and positions of the magnetic source between two sensors.
  • the graph 306 includes the abscissa axis 368 that represents positions of a magnetic source.
  • the ordinate axis 370 represents distances of a maximum and a minimum of a cubic fit of the response curve 310.
  • the graph 306 includes three curves 352, 354, and 356. These curves are derived from the following process: taking a cubic fit of the response curve 310, determining a maximum of the cubic fit, determining a minimum of the cubic fit, and determining the distances between the maximum and the minimum.
  • Each data point of curves 352, 354, and 356 is derived from the distance between the maximum and the minimum. Hereinafter, this distance is defined as the "separation.”
  • the graph 306 includes a curve 354.
  • the curve 354 was derived from the first predetermined gap between the magnetic source and the set of sensors.
  • the curve 354 includes a minimum separation 364.
  • the graph 304 includes a curve 356 that was derived from the second predetermined gap.
  • the curve 356 includes a minimum separation 366. Therefore, one observation that can be drawn from the curves 354 and 356 is that there is a correlation between the gap and the minimum separation of the response curve 310. As discussed hereinbefore, the true gap of the magnetic source may not be known in the field. Therefore, the minimum separation of the response curve 310, which can be readily measured in the field, may be used to derive the magnitudes A, B, and C.
  • the graph 304 includes a curve 352.
  • the curve 352 includes a minimum separation 362.
  • the response curve 310 was measured in the presence of undesired effects. These undesired effects arise from misalignment of at least one sensor, runout, or skew.
  • One observation that can be drawn from the curves 352, 354, and 356 is that there is a correlation between the undesired effects and the minimum separation of the response curve 310. Therefore, the minimum separation of the response curve 310, which can be readily measured in the field, may be used to derive the magnitudes A, B, and C to compensate for the undesired effects.
  • Figure 3E illustrates a graph 308 that represents a relationship between values of a magnitude (A, B, or C) versus maximum slopes of the response curve.
  • the ordinate axis 376 represents the values of a magnitude.
  • the abscissa axis 374 represents the maximum slopes of the response curve.
  • the graph 308 includes a curve 372. Thus, if a maximum slope is known, a corresponding magnitude can be calculated using the curve 372.
  • the curve 372 is predetermined at a factory for a plurality of gaps for at least two sensors.
  • the maximum slope can be measured and can be fitted onto this curve using a suitable technique, such as a parabolic fitting technique.
  • a suitable technique such as a parabolic fitting technique.
  • a process 400 is a method for detecting a position of an actuator.
  • the process 400 includes an act 402 for forming a position of a magnetic source coupled to the actuator.
  • the act for forming 402 includes forming a quantity that is indicative of the position of the magnetic source.
  • the quantity is formed from a response of at least two sensors based on angles of the field radiated form the magnetic source.
  • the act of forming a quantity includes interpolating two data points of the response.
  • the quantity is a normalized quantity with a value between 0 and 1.
  • the process 400 further includes an act 404 for adjusting the position of the magnetic source using a set of adjustments.
  • Each adjustment includes an amplitude component and a sinusoidal component.
  • the period of the sinusoidal component is related to the quantity.
  • the period is related to a number selected from a group consisting of halving the quantity, the quantity, and doubling the quantity.
  • the act for adjusting 404 includes summing the quantity with each adjustment of the set of adjustments.
  • the set of adjustments includes three adjustments.
  • the act for adjusting 404 includes adjusting each amplitude component of the three adjustments.
  • the act of adjusting each amplitude component includes fitting a maximum slope to a predetermined curve.
  • the predetermined curve defines a range of maximum slopes to a range of magnitudes of an amplitude component.
  • the predetermined curve is defined for a plurality of predetermined gaps between the magnetic source and at least one sensor.
  • the process 400 may include a method for enhancing a calculated position of a magnet.
  • the process 400 includes calculating the calculated position, forming an error function of the calculated position, and adjusting the calculated position to produce an enhanced calculated position.
  • Such an enhanced calculated position is substantially a true position.
  • Such adjustment occurs in the presence of undesired effects arising from misalignment of sensors for sensing the magnet.
  • the act of calculating includes forming an interpolation from a response of the sensors.
  • the act of forming includes decomposing the error function into a sum of at least three compensating functions.
  • the act of decomposing includes determining a magnitude of each compensating function of the at least three compensating functions as a function of a gap between the magnet and the sensors.
  • the act of determining includes determining the function of the gap that is related to a maximum slope of the response.
  • the magnitude of each compensating function is adapted to fit to a plurality of predetermined magnitudes of each compensation function for a plurality of predetermined maximum slopes.
  • the process 400 includes interpolating a response of at least two sensors to form a quantity that is indicative of a position of a magnetic source coupled to the actuator.
  • the process 400 further includes adjusting the quantity by selecting one of two compensation techniques.
  • Each compensation technique includes forming at least one adjustment.
  • the at least one adjustment includes an amplitude component.
  • the act of selecting includes selecting a compensation technique based on correlating a plurality of maximum slopes of the response to a plurality of amplitude components for a plurality of predetermined gaps between the magnetic source and the at least two sensors.
  • the act of selecting includes selecting a compensation technique based on correlating a plurality of minimum separations of the response to a plurality of amplitude components for a plurality of predetermined gaps between the magnetic source and the at least two sensors.
  • the minimum separation is defined to be a minimum of a plurality of separations. Each separation is defined to be a distance between a maximum and a minimum of a cubic fit to the response.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Technology Law (AREA)
  • Transmission And Conversion Of Sensor Element Output (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Length, Angles, Or The Like Using Electric Or Magnetic Means (AREA)

Abstract

Systems and methods are discussed that detect the position of an actuator. One aspect of the present invention includes a system to detect a position of an actuator. The system includes a magnetic source coupled to the actuator radiating a field, at least two sensors to generate a response based on angles of the field, and an analyzer receptive to the response to produce an enhanced position of the magnetic source. Such analysis occurs in the presence of undesired effects arising from misalignment of the at least two sensors. Another aspect of the present invention includes a method for detecting a position of an actuator. The method includes interpolating a response of at least two sensors to form a quantity. The quantity is indicative of a position of a magnetic source coupled to the actuator. The method further includes adjusting the quantity by selecting one of two compensation techniques. One compensation technique is based on maximum slopes of the response curve. Another compensation technique is based on minimum separation of a cubic fit of the response curve.

Description

METHODS FOR SENSING POSITIONS OF AN ACTUATOR MOVING LONGITUDINALLY
Related Applications This application is related to another application with U.S Serial No. filed April 14, 1998, entitled "Position Detection Apparatus and Method of Compensation Nonlinear Sensor Regions."
Technical Field This invention relates generally to detecting positions of actuators, and more particularly to sensing magnetic field angles that are indicative of the positions of actuators.
Background An actuator is a mechanical device for moving or controlling another device. An actuator may be used to control a valve such that the flow of liquid, gas, or lose material in bulk may be started, stopped, or regulated by opening, shutting, or partially obstructing one or more passageways. The status of the valve (open, shut, or partially obstructing) can be inferred from the position of the actuator.
One technique to determine the position of the actuator includes the use of an electromagnetic source. This electromagnetic source can be coupled to a side of the actuator. As the actuator moves longitudinally to control a valve, the electromagnetic source radiates an electromagnetic field. A set of sensors can be placed in an opposing position with respect to the electromagnetic source. A subset of the sensors may sense the electromagnetic field. Because the position of the set of sensors is predetermined, the position of the actuator can be calculated from the position of the subset of the sensors that senses the electromagnetic field. The process of manufacturing the set of sensors is not always ideal. As a result, these sensors may be misaligned. Such a misalignment creates undesired effects in the sensing of the electromagnetic field. Undesired effects impact the calculation of the position of the actuator so that the calculated position may be imprecise. Imprecision in the calculated position of the actuator renders imprecision in the inferred status of the valve. In certain circumstances, such as the cooling of a nuclear generator or in food processing, such imprecision may lead to catastrophic results.
Thus, what is needed are systems and methods to enhance detection of the positions of actuators.
Summary Systems and methods for detecting the position of an actuator are discussed.
An illustrative aspect includes a system to detect a position of an actuator. The system includes a magnetic source coupled to the actuator radiating a field, at least two sensors to generate a response based on angles of the field, and an analyzer receptive to the response to produce an enhanced position of the magnetic source in the presence of undesired effects arising from misalignment of the at least two sensors.
Another illustrative aspect includes a method for detecting a position of an actuator. The method includes interpolating a response of at least two sensors to form a quantity that is indicative of a position of a magnetic source coupled to the actuator. The method further includes adjusting the quantity by selecting one of two compensation techniques. Each compensation technique includes forming at least one adjustment. The act of forming the at least one adjustment includes forming an amplitude component. The act of selecting includes selecting a compensation technique based on correlating a plurality of maximum slopes of the response to a plurality of amplitude components between the magnetic source and the at least two sensors. The act of selecting includes selecting a compensation technique based on correlating a plurality of minimum separations of the response to a plurality of amplitude components between the magnetic source and the at least two sensors. A minimum separation is defined to be a minimum of a plurality of separations. Each separation is defined to be a certain distance between a maximum and a minimum of a cubic fit to the response.
Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 overlays a system diagram and a graph according to one aspect of the present invention.
Figures 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D show an elevation view, a closed-up view, another elevation view, and a side view, respectively, of a system according to one aspect of the present invention. Figures 3 A, 3B, 3C, 3D, and 3E show graphs according to one aspect of the present invention.
Figure 4 shows a process diagram for a method according to one aspect of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which is shown, by way of illustration, specific exemplary embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. In the drawings, like numerals describe substantially similar components throughout the several views. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. Other embodiments may be utilized and structural, logical, electrical, and other changes may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims.
Figure 1 overlays a system diagram and a graph according to one aspect of the present invention. A system 100 is overlaid with a graph 102 for clarity purposes. The system 100 includes an actuator 104. The actuator 104 may move longitudinally in the directions as shown by arrows 1010 and 10 li to control another device, such as a valve. The system 100 includes a magnetic source 106. The magnetic source 106 is coupled to the actuator 104. The magnetic source 106 radiates a field, which is illustrated by a plurality of field lines 1080, 1081; 108 , 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1089, 10810, 108π, and 10812. The plurality of field lines may be detected by a set of sensors 110. The set of sensors 110 is opposingly positioned with respect to the magnetic source 106. The set of sensors 110 includes the eight sensors 1120, 112ι, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, and 1127. In one embodiment, at least two sensors are used. In another embodiment, at least three sensors are used. In yet another embodiment, at least four sensors are used.
The set of sensors 110 operates to detect an angle of an incident field line from the plurality of field lines. The position of the set of sensors 110 is predetermined. When the actuator 104 moves to a new position, the magnetic source 106 moves with the actuator 104. The magnetic source 106 radiates at the new position and a subset of the set of sensors 110 will generate a response from sensing the radiated field lines at the new location.
A graph 102 illustrates a response of a subset of the set of sensors 110. The graph 102 includes a plurality of lines 1140, 1141; 1142, 1143, 1145, 1146, and 1147 to visually couple the graph 102 to the system 100. This plurality of lines serves to visually suggest that data points 116o, II61, 1162, 1163, 1164, II65, 1166, and 1167 are generated by the subset of the set of sensors 110. These data points form a response 117 of the set of sensors 110. This response is graphed on to an ordinate axis 118, which is indicative of positions, and an abscissa axis 120, which is indicative of values of the response, such as voltage. One technique to approximate a position of the magnetic source 106 includes interpolating two data points to form the position of the magnetic source 106. A sinusoidal term may be used to adjust the position to compensate for certain errors. The embodiments of the present invention further enhance such a technique by adjusting the position with additional adjustments to gain more precision.
In certain circumstances, the manufacturing of the set of sensors 110 may lead to a misalignment of at least one sensor of the set of sensors 110. Such a misalignment introduces undesired effects that cause error in the computation of the response 117. The embodiments of the present invention provide an analyzer (not shown) that is receptive to the response 117 to produce an enhanced position of the magnetic source 106 notwithstanding the presence of undesired effects arising from misalignment of at least one sensor of the set of sensors 110. In one embodiment, the enhanced position is a sum of a quantity and three adjustments. Each of the three adjustments is sinusoidal. What has been discussed hereinbefore is that the adjustments afforded by the various embodiments of the present invention not only increase the precision of the calculated position of the magnetic source 107 but also compensate for undesired effects arising from misalignment of sensors. Such adjustments are discussed further hereinafter. Figures 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D show an elevation view, a closed-up view, another elevation view, and a side view, respectively, of a system according to one aspect of the present invention. These Figures include elements similar to elements discussed hereinbefore. Such a discussion is incorporated here in full. For clarity purposes, certain numerical references are removed in subsequent Figures so as to focus on portions of interest.
Figure 2A is an elevation view of a system according to one aspect of the present invention. A system 200 includes a magnet 206 mounted on an actuator (not shown). The magnet 206 moves longitudinally along the directions as indicated by arrows 2010 and 20^. A set of sensors 210 senses the field radiated by the magnet 206. The set of sensors 210 includes sensors 2120, 2121; 2122, 2123, 2124, 2125,
2126, and 2127. At least one sensor of the set of sensors 210 is misaligned. Without at least one embodiment of the present invention, such a misalignment introduces error into the calculation of the position of the magnet 206. Because the system 200 benefits from at least one embodiment of the present invention, the calculation of the position of the magnet 206 is enhanced to compensate for the error arising from the misalignment.
Figure 2B is a closed-up view of the set of sensors 210 according to one aspect of the present invention. Figure 2B illustrates various types of misalignment that may occur in manufacturing the set of sensors 210. The set of sensors 210 includes a sensor 212o. The sensor 2120 is not misaligned since it sits in the desired nominal horizontal position 1240 and the desired nominal vertical position 122. The set of sensors 210 includes a sensor 212ι. The sensor 212ι is misaligned in both the desired nominal horizontal position 124ι and the desired nominal vertical position 122. The set of sensors 210 includes a sensor 212 . The sensor 212 is misaligned rotationally. The embodiments of the present invention compensate for errors arising from the types of misalignment as illustrated in Figure 2B.
Figure 2C is an elevation view according to one aspect of the present invention. Figure 2C illustrates run-out misalignment that introduces errors into the calculation of the magnet 206. The magnet 206 travels in the directions as shown by lines 2010 and 20 lι such that the gap between the magnet 206 and the set of sensors 210 is non-equidistant from position to position. The embodiments of the present invention compensate for errors arising from run-out as illustrated in Figure 2C.
Figure 2D is a side view of a system according to one aspect of the present invention. Figure 2D illustrates skew misalignment that introduces errors into the calculation of the magnet 206. The magnet 206 travels in the directions as shown by lines 2250 and 2251. The desired directions are longitudinal with respect to the set of sensors 210 that includes sensor 212 (in and out of the page). The embodiments of the present invention compensate for errors arising from skew as illustrated in Figure 2D.
Figures 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, and 3E show graphs according to one aspect of the present invention. Figure 3 A illustrates a graph 300 of a response curve 310 of sensors sensing the angle of the magnetic field. The response curve 310 is derived from a plurality of data points generated by sensors. The response curve 310 is graphed over an ordinate axis 312, which represents the values of the response, and an abscissa axis 314, which represents the positions of sensors.
To calculate the position of the magnetic source, values of at least two sensors are interpolated, such as value 316 and value 318 of the response curve 310. Because of undesired effects, the calculated position may contain errors. Thus, the calculated position may not accurately represent the actual position of the magnetic source. The embodiments of the present invention compensate for the undesired effects so that the calculated position substantially represents the actual position of the magnetic source. Figure 3B illustrates a graph 302 of an error curve 320 that characterizes the undesired effects arising from various manufacturing defects, such as misalignment of sensors, undesired gap distances, run-out, and skew. The error curve 320 is graphed over an ordinate axis 322, which represents the magnitudes of the error, and an abscissa axis 324, which represents fractional values of the calculated position. Therefore, in the embodiment that the error curve 320 is sinusoidal-like, the calculated position defines the period of the error curve 320.
The embodiments of the present invention approximate the error curve 320 using a sine curve 328 that has the same period as the error curve 320. Because the sine curve 328 may not approximate the error curve to a desired degree of precision, the embodiments of the present invention further approximate the error curve 320 by adding a sine curve 326, which has half of the period of the error curve 320. Additionally, the embodiments of the present invention further approximate the error curve 320 by a sine curve 330, which has twice the period of the error curve 320. Each sine curve of sine curves 326, 328, and 330 has a magnitude. The calculation of the magnitudes for sine curves 326, 328, and 330 will be discussed hereinafter.
Mathematically, the approximation of the error curve 320 using the three sine curves 326, 328, and 330 can be described as = β + A sin(1/2β»2π) + B sin(β»2π) + C sin(2β»2π). represents the enhanced position, β represents a quantity with a value between 0 and 1; such a quantity represents a normalized interpolation between two data points on a response curve 310. A, B, and C represent magnitudes of the three sinusoidal terms.
During manufacturing, the magnitudes A, B, and C for sine curves 326, 328, and 330 can be empirically derived for a certain gap between the magnetic source and the sensors from various calibration procedures at the factory. This is possible because the true gap can be readily observed. The gap between the magnetic source and the sensors as installed in the field may be different from the gap during the various calibration procedures at the factory. Such a difference may render the factory-derived magnitudes A, B, and C insufficient to approximate the error curve 320. Because the true gap of the magnetic source may not be known in the field, another technique to derive the magnitudes A, B, and C is used.
Figure 3C illustrates a graph 304 that represent a relationship between slopes of the response curve 310 and positions of the magnetic source between two sensors. These two sensors include a sensor positioned at 338 and another sensor positioned at 340. The graph 304 includes the abscissa axis 334 that represents positions of a magnetic source. The ordinate axis 332 represents slopes of the response curve 310.
The graph 304 includes a curve 334. The curve 334 represents the slopes of the response curve 310 measured between the two sensors at a first predetermined gap between the magnetic source and the two sensors. The curve 334 includes a maximum 344. The graph 304 includes a curve 336 that represents the slopes of the response curve 310 measured between the two sensors at a second predetermined gap between the magnetic source and the two sensors. The curve 336 includes a maximum 346. Therefore, one observation that can be drawn from the curves 334 and 336 is that there is a correlation between the gap and the maximum slope of the response curve 310. As discussed hereinbefore, the true gap of the magnetic source may not be known in the field. Therefore, the maximum slope of the response curve 310, which can be readily measured in the field, may be used to derive the magnitudes A, B, and C.
The graph 304 includes a curve 332. The curve 332 represents slopes of the response curve 310 measured between the two sensors at the second predetermined gap. The response curve 310 was measured in the presence of undesired effects. These undesired effects arise from misalignment of at least one of sensor, run-out, or skew. One observation that can be drawn from the curves 332, 334, and 336 is that there is a correlation between the undesired effects and the maximum slope of the response curve 310. Therefore, the maximum slope of the response curve 310, which can be readily calculated in the field, may be used to derive the magnitudes A, B, and C to compensate for the undesired effects.
What has been discussed hereinbefore is that the maximum slope of the response curve 310 may be used to characterize several pieces of information. First, the maximum slope can be used to characterize the variations in the gap between a magnetic source and a set of sensors. Second, the maximum slope can be used to characterize the undesired effects arising from misalignment, run-out, or skew. Because the maximum slope can be readily measured in the field, the maximum slope can be used to determine the magnitudes A, B, and C. Recall that these magnitudes are used in at least three sinusoidal terms to adjust an initial estimate of the position of the magnetic source. Figure 3D illustrates a graph 306 that represents a relationship between a cubic fit of the response curve 310 and positions of the magnetic source between two sensors. These two sensors include a sensor positioned at 338 and another sensor positioned at 340. The graph 306 includes the abscissa axis 368 that represents positions of a magnetic source. The ordinate axis 370 represents distances of a maximum and a minimum of a cubic fit of the response curve 310. The graph 306 includes three curves 352, 354, and 356. These curves are derived from the following process: taking a cubic fit of the response curve 310, determining a maximum of the cubic fit, determining a minimum of the cubic fit, and determining the distances between the maximum and the minimum. Each data point of curves 352, 354, and 356 is derived from the distance between the maximum and the minimum. Hereinafter, this distance is defined as the "separation."
The graph 306 includes a curve 354. The curve 354 was derived from the first predetermined gap between the magnetic source and the set of sensors. The curve 354 includes a minimum separation 364. The graph 304 includes a curve 356 that was derived from the second predetermined gap. The curve 356 includes a minimum separation 366. Therefore, one observation that can be drawn from the curves 354 and 356 is that there is a correlation between the gap and the minimum separation of the response curve 310. As discussed hereinbefore, the true gap of the magnetic source may not be known in the field. Therefore, the minimum separation of the response curve 310, which can be readily measured in the field, may be used to derive the magnitudes A, B, and C.
The graph 304 includes a curve 352. The curve 352 includes a minimum separation 362. The response curve 310 was measured in the presence of undesired effects. These undesired effects arise from misalignment of at least one sensor, runout, or skew. One observation that can be drawn from the curves 352, 354, and 356 is that there is a correlation between the undesired effects and the minimum separation of the response curve 310. Therefore, the minimum separation of the response curve 310, which can be readily measured in the field, may be used to derive the magnitudes A, B, and C to compensate for the undesired effects.
What has been discussed hereinbefore is that the minimum separation of the response curve 310 is another technique that may be used to characterize pieces of information that were discussed relating to the maximum slope. Such a discussion is incorporated here in full.
Figure 3E illustrates a graph 308 that represents a relationship between values of a magnitude (A, B, or C) versus maximum slopes of the response curve. The ordinate axis 376 represents the values of a magnitude. The abscissa axis 374 represents the maximum slopes of the response curve. The graph 308 includes a curve 372. Thus, if a maximum slope is known, a corresponding magnitude can be calculated using the curve 372.
In one embodiment, the curve 372 is predetermined at a factory for a plurality of gaps for at least two sensors. In the field, the maximum slope can be measured and can be fitted onto this curve using a suitable technique, such as a parabolic fitting technique. The foregoing discussion is related to maximum slopes, but such a discussion is equally applicable to minimum separations with appropriate changes.
Figure 4 shows a process diagram for a method according to one aspect of the present invention. A process 400 is a method for detecting a position of an actuator. The process 400 includes an act 402 for forming a position of a magnetic source coupled to the actuator. The act for forming 402 includes forming a quantity that is indicative of the position of the magnetic source. The quantity is formed from a response of at least two sensors based on angles of the field radiated form the magnetic source. The act of forming a quantity includes interpolating two data points of the response. In one embodiment, the quantity is a normalized quantity with a value between 0 and 1.
The process 400 further includes an act 404 for adjusting the position of the magnetic source using a set of adjustments. Each adjustment includes an amplitude component and a sinusoidal component. In one embodiment, the period of the sinusoidal component is related to the quantity. In another embodiment, the period is related to a number selected from a group consisting of halving the quantity, the quantity, and doubling the quantity. The act for adjusting 404 includes summing the quantity with each adjustment of the set of adjustments. In one embodiment, the set of adjustments includes three adjustments. The act for adjusting 404 includes adjusting each amplitude component of the three adjustments. The act of adjusting each amplitude component includes fitting a maximum slope to a predetermined curve. The predetermined curve defines a range of maximum slopes to a range of magnitudes of an amplitude component. The predetermined curve is defined for a plurality of predetermined gaps between the magnetic source and at least one sensor.
In another embodiment, the process 400 may include a method for enhancing a calculated position of a magnet. The process 400 includes calculating the calculated position, forming an error function of the calculated position, and adjusting the calculated position to produce an enhanced calculated position. Such an enhanced calculated position is substantially a true position. Such adjustment occurs in the presence of undesired effects arising from misalignment of sensors for sensing the magnet. The act of calculating includes forming an interpolation from a response of the sensors. The act of forming includes decomposing the error function into a sum of at least three compensating functions. The act of decomposing includes determining a magnitude of each compensating function of the at least three compensating functions as a function of a gap between the magnet and the sensors. The act of determining includes determining the function of the gap that is related to a maximum slope of the response. The magnitude of each compensating function is adapted to fit to a plurality of predetermined magnitudes of each compensation function for a plurality of predetermined maximum slopes.
In another embodiment, the process 400 includes interpolating a response of at least two sensors to form a quantity that is indicative of a position of a magnetic source coupled to the actuator. The process 400 further includes adjusting the quantity by selecting one of two compensation techniques. Each compensation technique includes forming at least one adjustment. The at least one adjustment includes an amplitude component.
The act of selecting includes selecting a compensation technique based on correlating a plurality of maximum slopes of the response to a plurality of amplitude components for a plurality of predetermined gaps between the magnetic source and the at least two sensors. The act of selecting includes selecting a compensation technique based on correlating a plurality of minimum separations of the response to a plurality of amplitude components for a plurality of predetermined gaps between the magnetic source and the at least two sensors. The minimum separation is defined to be a minimum of a plurality of separations. Each separation is defined to be a distance between a maximum and a minimum of a cubic fit to the response.
Conclusion
Systems and methods have been discussed to detect the position of an actuator. Various embodiments of the present invention compensate for undesired effects that may arise from undesired gap distances, misalignment of sensors, runout, and skew. Various embodiments of the present invention abstract the undesired effects by using techniques that can be used in the field, such as maximum slopes or minimum separations of responses of sensors. Although various embodiments of the present invention use one, two, or three terms to approximate the error function, additional terms can be used to obtain additional precision.
Although the specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that any arrangement which is calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the present invention. It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Combinations of the above embodiments and other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The scope of the invention includes any other applications in which the above structures and fabrication methods are used. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should only be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

Claims

We claim:
1. A system to detect a position of an actuator, comprising: a magnetic source coupled to the actuator radiating a field;
at least two sensors to generate a response based on angles of the field; and
an analyzer receptive to the response to produce an enhanced position of the
magnetic source in the presence of undesired effects arising from misalignment of
the at least two sensors.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the misalignment is selected from a group
consisting of a horizontal misalignment, a vertical misalignment, and a rotational
misalignment.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the magnetic source is coupled to the
actuator such that the at least two sensors are opposingly positioned with respect to
the magnetic source.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least two sensors includes eight
sensors.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the enhanced position is a sum of a quantity
and three adjustments, wherein each of the three adjustments is sinusoidal.
6. A method for detecting a position of an actuator, comprising:
forming a position of a magnetic source coupled to the actuator; and
adjusting the position of the magnetic source using a set of adjustments.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein forming includes forming a quantity that is indicative of the position of the magnetic source.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein forming includes forming the quantity from
a response of at least two sensors based on angles of the field radiated from the
magnetic source.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein forming the quantity includes interpolating
two data points of the response.
10. The method of claim 7, wherein adjusting includes using a set of
adjustments, wherein each adjustment of the set of adjustments includes an
amplitude component and a sinusoidal component.
11. A method for detecting a position of an actuator, comprising:
forming a position of a magnetic source coupled to the actuator; and
adjusting the position of the magnetic source using a set of adjustments, wherein each adjustment of the set of adjustments includes an amplitude component and a sinusoidal component.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein forming includes forming a quantity that is indicative of the position of the magnetic source.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein adjusting includes summing the quantity
with each adjustment of the set of adjustments.
14. The method of claim 12, wherein adjusting includes using a set of
adjustments, wherein the period of each sinusoidal component of the set of
adjustments is related to the quantity.
15. The method of claim 12, wherein adjusting includes using a set of
adjustments, wherein the period of each sinusoidal component of the set of
adjustments is related to a number selected from a group consisting of halving the
quantity, the quantity, and doubling the quantity.
16. A method for detecting a position of an actuator, comprising:
forming a position of a magnetic source coupled to the actuator; and
adjusting the position of the magnetic source using three adjustments,
wherein each adjustment of the three adjustments includes an amplitude component and a sinusoidal component.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein forming includes forming a quantity that is indicative of the position of the magnetic source.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein adjusting includes adjusting each
amplitude component of the three adjustments.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein adjusting each amplitude component
includes fitting a maximum slope to a predetermined curve.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein adjusting includes fitting, wherein the
predetermined curve defines a range of maximum slopes to a range of magnitudes of
an amplitude component.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein adjusting includes fitting, wherein the predetermined curve is defined for a plurality of predetermined gaps between the
magnetic source and at least one sensor.
22. A method for enhancing a calculated position of a magnet, comprising:
calculating the calculated position; forming an error function of the calculated position; and adjusting the calculated position to produce an enhanced calculated position that is substantially a true position in the presence of undesired effects arising from misalignment of sensors for sensing the magnet.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein calculating includes forming an interpolation from a response of the sensors.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein forming includes decomposing the error function into a sum of at least three compensating functions.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein decomposing includes determining a magnitude of each compensation function of the at least three compensating functions as a function of a gap between the magnet and the sensors.
26. The method of claim 24, wherein determining includes determining the function of the gap that is related to a maximum slope of the response.
27. The method of claim 25, wherein determining includes determining a magnitude, wherein the magnitude of each compensation function is adapted to fit to a plurality of predetermined magnitudes of each compensation function for a plurality of predetermined maximum slopes.
28. A method for detecting a position of an actuator, comprising: interpolating a response of at least two sensors to form a quantity that is
indicative of a position of a magnetic source coupled to the actuator; and
adjusting the quantity by selecting one of two compensation techniques, wherein each of the two compensation techniques includes forming at least one
adjustment, wherein forming the at least one adjustment includes forming an
amplitude component.
29. The method of claim 28, wherein selecting includes selecting a
compensation technique based on correlating a plurality of maximum slopes of the
response to a plurality of amplitude components for a plurality of predetermined
gaps between the magnetic source and the at least two sensors.
30. The method of claim 28, wherein selecting includes selecting a
compensation technique based on correlating a plurality of minimum separations of
the response to a plurality of amplitude components for a plurality of predetermined
gaps between the magnetic source and the at least two sensors.
31. The method of claim 30, wherein correlating includes forming a minimum
separation, wherein the minimum separation is defined to be a minimum of a
plurality of separations, wherein each separation is defined to be a distance between
a maximum and a minimum of a cubic fit to the response.
32. The method of claim 30, wherein forming includes forming a minimum
separation, wherein the minimum separation is indicative of undesired effects.
PCT/US2001/013954 2000-05-01 2001-05-01 Methods for sensing positions of an actuator moving longitudinally WO2001084075A1 (en)

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EP01932783.2A EP1279000B1 (en) 2000-05-01 2001-05-01 System and method for sensing positions of an actuator moving longitudinally
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JP4795609B2 (en) 2011-10-19
AU2001259284A1 (en) 2001-11-12
US6509732B1 (en) 2003-01-21
CA2408005A1 (en) 2001-11-08

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