WO2001032961A1 - Electrolytic production of high purity aluminum using inert anodes - Google Patents
Electrolytic production of high purity aluminum using inert anodes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001032961A1 WO2001032961A1 PCT/US2000/029825 US0029825W WO0132961A1 WO 2001032961 A1 WO2001032961 A1 WO 2001032961A1 US 0029825 W US0029825 W US 0029825W WO 0132961 A1 WO0132961 A1 WO 0132961A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- weight percent
- metal
- inert
- aluminum
- inert anode
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C29/00—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides
- C22C29/12—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on oxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
- C25C3/08—Cell construction, e.g. bottoms, walls, cathodes
- C25C3/12—Anodes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells
- C25C7/02—Electrodes; Connections thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells
- C25C7/02—Electrodes; Connections thereof
- C25C7/025—Electrodes; Connections thereof used in cells for the electrolysis of melts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the electrolytic production of aluminum. More particularly, the invention relates to the production of commercial purity aluminum with an electrolytic reduction cell including inert anodes.
- the energy and cost efficiency of aluminum smelting can be significantly reduced with the use of inert, non-consumable and dimensionally stable anodes. Replacement of traditional carbon anodes with inert anodes should allow a highly productive cell design to be utilized, thereby reducing capital costs. Significant environmental benefits are also possible because inert anodes produce no CO 2 or CF 4 emissions.
- the present invention has been developed in view of the foregoing, and to address other deficiencies of the prior art.
- An aspect of the present invention is to provide a process for producing high purity aluminum using inert anodes.
- the method includes the steps of passing current between an inert anode and a cathode through a bath comprising an electrolyte and aluminum oxide, and recovering aluminum comprising a maximum of 0.15 weight percent Fe, 0.1 weight percent Cu, and 0.03 weight percent Ni. Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will occur to persons skilled in the art from the following detailed description thereof.
- Fig. 1 is a partially schematic sectional view of an electrolytic cell with an inert anode that is used to produce commercial purity aluminum in accordance with the present invention.
- Fig. 2 is a ternary phase diagram illustrating amounts of iron, nickel and zinc oxides present in an inert anode that may be used to make commercial purity aluminum in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 3 is a ternary phase diagram illustrating amounts of iron, nickel and cobalt oxides present in an inert anode that may be used to make commercial purity aluminum in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig. 1 schematically illustrates an electrolytic cell for the production of commercial purity aluminum which includes an inert anode in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- the cell includes an inner crucible 10 inside a protection crucible 20.
- a cryolite bath 30 is contained in the inner crucible 10, and a cathode 40 is provided in the bath 30.
- An inert anode 50 is positioned in the bath 30.
- An alumina feed tube 60 extends partially into the inner crucible 10 above the bath 30.
- the cathode 40 and inert anode 50 are separated by a distance 70 known as the anode-cathode distance (ACD).
- ACD anode-cathode distance
- Commercial purity aluminum 80 produced during a run is deposited on the cathode 40 and on the bottom of the crucible 10.
- inert anode means a substantially non- consumable anode which possesses satisfactory corrosion resistance and stability during the aluminum production process.
- the inert anode comprises a cermet material.
- the term "commercial purity aluminum” means aluminum which meets commercial purity standards upon production by an electrolytic reduction process.
- the commercial purity aluminum comprises a maximum of 0.2 weight percent Fe, 0.1 weight percent Cu, and 0.034 weight percent Ni.
- the commercial purity aluminum comprises a maximum of 0.15 weight percent Fe, 0.034 weight percent Cu, and 0.03 weight percent Ni. More preferably, the commercial purity aluminum comprises a maximum of 0.13 weight percent Fe, 0.03 weight percent Cu, and 0.03 weight percent Ni.
- the commercial purity aluminum also meets the following weight percentage standards for other types of impurities: 0.2 maximum Si, 0.03 Zn and 0.03 Co.
- the Si impurity level is more preferably kept below 0.15 or 0.10 weight percent.
- Inert anodes of the present invention preferably have ceramic phase portions and metal phase portions.
- the ceramic phase typically comprises at least 50 weight percent of the anode, preferably from about 70 to about 90 weight percent. It is noted that for every numerical range or limit set forth herein, all numbers with the range or limit including every fraction or decimal between its stated minimum and maximum, are considered to be designated and disclosed by this description.
- the ceramic phase portions preferably comprise iron and nickel oxides, and at least one additional oxide such as zinc oxide and/or cobalt oxide.
- the ceramic phase may be of the formula; Ni,. x . y Fe 2 . x M y O; where M is preferably Zn and/or Co; x is from 0 to 0.5; and y is from 0 to 0.6. More preferably X is from 0.05 to 0.2, and y is from 0.01 to 0.5.
- Table 1 lists some ternary Fe-Ni-Zn-O materials that may be suitable for use as the ceramic phase of a cermet inert anode. TABLE 1
- Fig. 2 is a ternary phase diagram illustrating the amounts of Fe 2 O 3 , NiO and ZnO starting materials used to make the compositions listed in Table 1, which may be used as the ceramic phase(s) of cermet inert anodes. Such inert anodes may in turn be used to produce commercial purity aluminum in accordance with the present invention.
- Fe 2 O 3 , NiO and ZnO are used as starting materials for making an inert anode, they are typically mixed together in ratios of 20 to 99.09 mole percent NiO, 0.01 to 51 mole percent Fe 2 O 3 , and zero to 30 mole percent ZnO.
- such starting materials are mixed together in ratios of 45 to 65 mole percent NiO, 20 to 45 mole percent Fe 2 O 3 , and 0.01 to 22 mole percent ZnO.
- Table 2 lists some ternary Fe 2 O 3 /NiO/CoO materials that may be suitable as the ceramic phase.
- Fig. 3 is a ternary phase diagram illustrating the amounts of Fe 2 O 3 , NiO and CoO starting materials used to make the compositions listed in Table 2, which may be used as the ceramic phase(s) of cermet inert anodes. Such inert anodes may in turn be used to produce commercial purity aluminum in accordance with the present invention.
- the cermet inert anodes used in accordance with a preferred aluminum production method of the present invention include at least one metal phase, for example, a base metal and at least one noble metal. Copper and silver are preferred base metals. However, other electrically conductive metals may optionally be used to replace all or part of the copper or silver. Furthermore, additional metals such as Co, Ni, Fe, Al, Sn, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W and the like may be alloyed with the base metal. Such base metals may be provided from individual or alloyed powders of the metals, or as oxides of such metals.
- the noble metal preferably comprises at least one metal selected from Ag, Pd, Pt, Au, Rh, Ru, Ir and Os. More preferably, the noble metal comprises Ag, Pd, Pt, Ag and/or Rh. Most preferably, the noble metal comprises Ag, Pd or a combination thereof.
- the noble metal may be provided from individual or alloyed powders of the metals, or as oxides of such metals, e.g., silver oxide, palladium oxide, etc.
- metal phase(s) of the inert electrode comprises at least about 60 weight percent of the combined base metal and noble metal, more preferably at least about 80 weight percent.
- the presence of base metal/noble metal provides high levels of electrical conductivity through the inert electrodes.
- the base metal/noble metal phase may form either a continuous phase(s) within the inert electrode or a discontinuous phase(s) separated by the oxide phase(s).
- the metal phase of the inert electrode typically comprises from about 50 to about 99.99 weight percent of the base metal, and from about 0.01 to about 50 weight percent of the noble metal(s).
- the metal phase comprises from about 70 to about 99.95 weight percent of the base metal, and from about 0.05 to about 30 weight percent of the noble metal(s).
- the metal phrase comprises from about 90 to about 99.9 weight percent of the base metal, and from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent of the noble metal(s).
- the types and amounts of base and noble metals contained in the metal phase of the inert anode are selected in order to substantially prevent unwanted corrosion, dissolution or reaction of the inert electrodes, and to withstand the high temperatures which the inert electrodes are subjected to during the electrolytic metal reduction process.
- the production cell typically operates at sustained smelting temperatures above 800°C, usually at temperatures of 900-980°C. Accordingly, inert anodes used in such cells should preferably have melting points above 800°C, more preferably above 900°C, and optimally above about 1,000°C.
- the metal phase comprises copper as the base metal and a relatively small amount of silver as the noble metal.
- the silver content is preferably less than about 10 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.2 to about 9 weight percent, and optimally from about 0.5 to about 8 weight percent, remainder copper.
- the melting point of the Cu-Ag alloy phase is significantly increased.
- an alloy comprising 95 weight percent Cu and 5 weight percent Ag has a melting point of approximately 1,000°C, while an alloy comprising 90 weight percent Cu and 10 weight percent Ag forms a eutectic having a melting, point of approximately 780°C. This difference in melting points is particularly significant where the alloys are to be used as part of inert anodes in electrolytic aluminum reduction cells, which typically operate at smelting temperatures of greater than 800°C.
- the metal phase comprises copper as the base metal and a relatively small amount of palladium as the noble metal.
- the Pd content is preferably less than about 20 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent.
- the metal phase comprises silver as the base metal and a relatively small amount of palladium as the noble metal.
- the Pd content is preferably less than about 50 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.05 to about 30 weight percent, and optimally from about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent.
- silver may be used alone as the metal phase of the anode.
- the metal phase comprises Cu, Ag and Pd.
- the amounts of Cu, Ag and Pd are preferably selected in order to provide an alloy having a melting point above 800°C, more preferably above 900°C, and optimally above about 1,000°C.
- the silver content is preferably from about 0.5 to about 30 weight percent of the metal phase, while the Pd content is preferably from about 0.01 to about 10 weight percent. More preferably, the Ag content is from about 1 to about 20 weight percent of the metal phase, and the Pd content is from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent.
- the weight ratio of Ag to Pd is preferably from about 2:1 to about 100:1, more preferably from about 5:1 to about 20:1.
- the types and amounts of base and noble metals contained in the metal phase are selected such that the resultant material forms at least one alloy phase having an increased melting point above the eutectic melting point of the particular alloy system.
- the amount of the Ag addition may be controlled in order to substantially increase the melting point above the eutectic melting point of the Cu-Ag alloy.
- Other noble metals, such as Pd and the like, may be added to the binary Cu-Ag alloy system in controlled amounts in order to produce alloys having melting points above the eutectic melting points of the alloy systems.
- alloys may be produced in accordance with the present invention having sufficiently high melting points for use as part of inert electrodes in electrolytic metal production cells.
- the inert anodes may be formed by techniques such as powder sintering, sol-gel processes, slip casting and spray forming.
- the inert electrodes are formed by powder techniques in which powders comprising the oxides and metals are pressed and sintered.
- the inert anode may comprise a monolithic component of such materials, or may comprise a substrate having at least one coating or layer of such material.
- the ceramic powders Prior to combining the ceramic and metal powders, the ceramic powders, such as NiO, Fe 2 O 3 and ZnO or CoO, may be blended in a mixer.
- the blended ceramic powders may be ground to a smaller size before being transferred to a furnace where they are calcined, e.g., for 12 hours at 1,250°C.
- the calcination produces a mixture made from oxide phases, for example, as illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3.
- the mixture may include other oxide powders such as Cr 2 O 3 .
- the oxide mixture may be sent to a ball mill where it is ground to an average particle size of approximately 10 microns.
- the fine oxide particles are blended with a polymeric binder and water to make a slurry in a spray dryer.
- the slurry contains, e.g., about 60 wt.% solids and about 40 wt.% water. Spray drying the slurry produces dry agglomerates of the oxides that may be transferred to a V-blender and mixed with metal powders.
- the metal powders may comprise substantially pure metals and alloys thereof, or may comprise oxides of the base metal and/or noble metal.
- an organic polymeric binder is added to 100 parts by weight of the metal oxide and metal particles.
- suitable binders include polyvinyl alcohol, acrylic polymers, polyglycols, polyvinyl acetate, polyisobutylene, polycarbonates, polystyrene, polyacrylates, and mixtures and copolymers thereof.
- about 3-6 parts by weight of the binder are added to 100 parts by weight of the metal oxides, copper and silver.
- the V-blended mixture of oxide and metal powders may be sent to a press where it is isostatically pressed, for example at 10,000 to 40,000 psi, into anode shapes.
- a pressure of about 20,000 psi is particularly suitable for many applications.
- the pressed shapes may be sintered in a controlled atmosphere furnace supplied with an argon-oxygen gas mixture. Sintering temperatures of
- 1,000-1,400°C may be suitable.
- the furnace is typically operated at 1,350-1,385°C for 2-4 hours.
- the sintering process burns out any polymeric binder from the anode shapes.
- the sintered anode may be connected to a suitable electrically conductive support member within an electrolytic metal production cell by means such as welding, brazing, mechanically fastening, cementing and the like.
- the gas supplied during sintering preferably contains about 5-3,000 ppm oxygen, more preferably about 5-700 ppm and most preferably about 10-350 ppm. Lesser concentrations of oxygen result in a product having a larger metal phase than desired, and excessive oxygen results in a product having too much of the phase containing metal oxides (ceramic phase).
- the remainder of the gaseous atmosphere preferably comprises a gas such as argon that is inert to the metal at the reaction temperature.
- Sintering anode compositions in an atmosphere of controlled oxygen content typically lowers the porosity to acceptable levels and avoids bleed out of the metal phase.
- the atmosphere may be predominantly argon, with controlled oxygen contents in the range of 17 to 350 ppm.
- the anodes may be sintered in a tube furnace at 1,30°C for 2 hours. Anode compositions sintered under these conditions typically have less than 0.5% porosity when the compositions are sintered in argon containing 70-150 ppm oxygen. In contrast, when the same anode compositions are sintered for the same time and at the same temperature in an argon atmosphere, porosities are substantially higher and the anodes may show various amounts of bleed out of the metal phase.
- the inert anode may include a cermet as described above successively connected in series to a transition region and a nickel end.
- a nickel or nickel-chromium alloy rod may be welded to the nickel end.
- the transition region for example, may include four layers of graded composition, ranging from 25 wt.%
- the anode compositions and impurity concentrations in aluminum produced by the cell are shown in Table 3.
- the impurity values shown in Table 3 represent the average of four test samples of the produced metal taken at four different locations after the 100 hour test period.
- Inert anodes are particularly useful in electrolytic cells for aluminum production operated at temperatures in the range of about 800-l,000°C.
- a particularly preferred cell operates at a temperature of about 900-980°C, preferably about 930-970°C.
- An electric current is passed between the inert anode and a cathode through a molten salt bath comprising an electrolyte and an oxide of the metal to be collected.
- the electrolyte comprises aluminum fluoride and sodium fluoride and the metal oxide is alumina.
- the weight ratio of sodium fluoride to aluminum fluoride is about 0.7 to 1.25, preferably about 1.0 to 1.20.
- the electrolyte may also contain calcium fluoride, lithium fluoride and/or magnesium fluoride.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (14)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP00975471A EP1230438A1 (en) | 1999-11-01 | 2000-10-27 | Electrolytic production of high purity aluminum using inert anodes |
PL00354657A PL354657A1 (en) | 1999-11-01 | 2000-10-27 | Electrolytic production of high purity aluminum using inert anodes |
CA002389341A CA2389341A1 (en) | 1999-11-01 | 2000-10-27 | Electrolytic production of high purity aluminum using inert anodes |
JP2001535638A JP2004518810A (en) | 1999-11-01 | 2000-10-27 | Electrodeposition of high purity aluminum using inert anode |
HU0203116A HUP0203116A2 (en) | 1999-11-01 | 2000-10-27 | Electrolytic production of high purity aluminium using inert anodes |
BR0015261-7A BR0015261A (en) | 1999-11-01 | 2000-10-27 | Electrolytic production of high purity aluminum using inert anodes |
NZ518796A NZ518796A (en) | 1999-11-01 | 2000-10-27 | Electrolytic production of high purity aluminum using inert anodes |
AU13519/01A AU1351901A (en) | 1999-11-01 | 2000-10-27 | Electrolytic production of high purity aluminum using inert anodes |
IL14934900A IL149349A0 (en) | 1999-11-01 | 2000-10-27 | Electrolytic production of high purity alumnium using inert anodes |
SK614-2002A SK6142002A3 (en) | 1999-11-01 | 2000-10-27 | Electrolytic production of high purity aluminum using inert anodes |
KR1020027005584A KR20020062933A (en) | 1999-11-01 | 2000-10-27 | Electrolytic production of high purity aluminum using inert anodes |
MXPA02004291A MXPA02004291A (en) | 1999-11-01 | 2000-10-27 | Electrolytic production of high purity aluminum using inert anodes. |
IS6361A IS6361A (en) | 1999-11-01 | 2002-04-26 | Manufacture of high quality electrolytic aluminum using non-polar anodes |
NO20022066A NO20022066L (en) | 1999-11-01 | 2002-04-30 | Electrolytic production of high purity aluminum using inert anodes |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/431,756 US6217739B1 (en) | 1997-06-26 | 1999-11-01 | Electrolytic production of high purity aluminum using inert anodes |
US09/431,756 | 1999-11-01 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2001032961A1 true WO2001032961A1 (en) | 2001-05-10 |
Family
ID=23713289
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2000/029825 WO2001032961A1 (en) | 1999-11-01 | 2000-10-27 | Electrolytic production of high purity aluminum using inert anodes |
Country Status (23)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6217739B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1230438A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2004518810A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20020062933A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1387588A (en) |
AR (1) | AR023283A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU1351901A (en) |
BR (1) | BR0015261A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2389341A1 (en) |
CZ (1) | CZ20021511A3 (en) |
EG (1) | EG22600A (en) |
HU (1) | HUP0203116A2 (en) |
IL (1) | IL149349A0 (en) |
IS (1) | IS6361A (en) |
MX (1) | MXPA02004291A (en) |
NO (1) | NO20022066L (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ518796A (en) |
PL (1) | PL354657A1 (en) |
RU (1) | RU2002114352A (en) |
SK (1) | SK6142002A3 (en) |
TR (1) | TR200201173T2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001032961A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA200203409B (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2002083992A2 (en) * | 2001-04-16 | 2002-10-24 | Alcoa Inc. | Electrolytic production of high purity aluminum using ceramic inert anodes |
WO2005052216A2 (en) * | 2003-11-19 | 2005-06-09 | Alcoa Inc. | Stable anodes including iron oxide and use of such anodes in metal production cells |
WO2007119889A1 (en) | 2006-04-18 | 2007-10-25 | Japan Tobacco Inc. | Novel piperazine compound, and use thereof as hcv polymerase inhibitor |
EP2206715A1 (en) | 2004-02-24 | 2010-07-14 | Japan Tobacco, Inc. | Fused heterotetracyclic compounds and use thereof as hcv polymerase inhibitor |
Families Citing this family (22)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6821312B2 (en) * | 1997-06-26 | 2004-11-23 | Alcoa Inc. | Cermet inert anode materials and method of making same |
US7014881B2 (en) * | 1999-11-01 | 2006-03-21 | Alcoa Inc. | Synthesis of multi-element oxides useful for inert anode applications |
AU2001276972B2 (en) | 2000-07-19 | 2007-03-22 | Alcoa Usa Corp. | Insulation assemblies for metal production cells |
US6511590B1 (en) | 2000-10-10 | 2003-01-28 | Alcoa Inc. | Alumina distribution in electrolysis cells including inert anodes using bubble-driven bath circulation |
US6818106B2 (en) * | 2002-01-25 | 2004-11-16 | Alcoa Inc. | Inert anode assembly |
US6723222B2 (en) | 2002-04-22 | 2004-04-20 | Northwest Aluminum Company | Cu-Ni-Fe anodes having improved microstructure |
US7077945B2 (en) * | 2002-03-01 | 2006-07-18 | Northwest Aluminum Technologies | Cu—Ni—Fe anode for use in aluminum producing electrolytic cell |
US6866766B2 (en) * | 2002-08-05 | 2005-03-15 | Alcoa Inc. | Methods and apparatus for reducing sulfur impurities and improving current efficiencies of inert anode aluminum production cells |
WO2004018082A1 (en) * | 2002-08-21 | 2004-03-04 | Pel Technologies Llc | Cast cermet anode for metal oxide electrolytic reduction |
US6758991B2 (en) | 2002-11-08 | 2004-07-06 | Alcoa Inc. | Stable inert anodes including a single-phase oxide of nickel and iron |
US7033469B2 (en) * | 2002-11-08 | 2006-04-25 | Alcoa Inc. | Stable inert anodes including an oxide of nickel, iron and aluminum |
CN100515546C (en) | 2002-11-25 | 2009-07-22 | 阿尔科公司 | Inert anode assembly |
US20040163967A1 (en) * | 2003-02-20 | 2004-08-26 | Lacamera Alfred F. | Inert anode designs for reduced operating voltage of aluminum production cells |
US6805777B1 (en) | 2003-04-02 | 2004-10-19 | Alcoa Inc. | Mechanical attachment of electrical current conductor to inert anodes |
CN1332069C (en) * | 2003-12-06 | 2007-08-15 | 包头铝业股份有限公司 | Method for producing refined aluminum by cryolite-alumina fused salt electrolysis process |
US7169270B2 (en) | 2004-03-09 | 2007-01-30 | Alcoa, Inc. | Inert anode electrical connection |
US20110100834A1 (en) * | 2004-06-03 | 2011-05-05 | Vittorio De Nora | High stability flow-through non-carbon anodes for aluminium electrowinning |
US20090236233A1 (en) * | 2008-03-24 | 2009-09-24 | Alcoa Inc. | Aluminum electrolysis cell electrolyte containment systems and apparatus and methods relating to the same |
CN103668343B (en) * | 2013-12-03 | 2016-08-17 | 中南大学 | A kind of method improving conductivity of inert anode surface compact layer of metal ceramic |
CN103820817A (en) * | 2014-01-17 | 2014-05-28 | 饶云福 | Inner-cooling inert anode for electrolytic aluminum |
CN111549359B (en) | 2015-02-11 | 2022-10-11 | 美铝美国公司 | System and method for purifying aluminum |
JP2017057426A (en) * | 2015-09-14 | 2017-03-23 | Tdk株式会社 | Method for producing electrode for electrolysis |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4455211A (en) * | 1983-04-11 | 1984-06-19 | Aluminum Company Of America | Composition suitable for inert electrode |
US4552630A (en) * | 1979-12-06 | 1985-11-12 | Eltech Systems Corporation | Ceramic oxide electrodes for molten salt electrolysis |
WO2000044952A1 (en) * | 1997-06-26 | 2000-08-03 | Alcoa Inc. | Inert electrode containing metal oxides, copper and noble metal |
Family Cites Families (22)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
IT978528B (en) | 1973-01-26 | 1974-09-20 | Oronzio De Nora Impianti | METALLIC ELECTRODES AND PROCEDURE FOR THEIR ACTIVATION |
US3996117A (en) | 1974-03-27 | 1976-12-07 | Aluminum Company Of America | Process for producing aluminum |
GB2069529A (en) | 1980-01-17 | 1981-08-26 | Diamond Shamrock Corp | Cermet anode for electrowinning metals from fused salts |
US4478693A (en) * | 1980-11-10 | 1984-10-23 | Aluminum Company Of America | Inert electrode compositions |
US4399008A (en) | 1980-11-10 | 1983-08-16 | Aluminum Company Of America | Composition for inert electrodes |
US4374050A (en) | 1980-11-10 | 1983-02-15 | Aluminum Company Of America | Inert electrode compositions |
US4374761A (en) | 1980-11-10 | 1983-02-22 | Aluminum Company Of America | Inert electrode formulations |
US4584172A (en) | 1982-09-27 | 1986-04-22 | Aluminum Company Of America | Method of making composition suitable for use as inert electrode having good electrical conductivity and mechanical properties |
US4582585A (en) | 1982-09-27 | 1986-04-15 | Aluminum Company Of America | Inert electrode composition having agent for controlling oxide growth on electrode made therefrom |
US4472258A (en) | 1983-05-03 | 1984-09-18 | Great Lakes Carbon Corporation | Anode for molten salt electrolysis |
US4620905A (en) | 1985-04-25 | 1986-11-04 | Aluminum Company Of America | Electrolytic production of metals using a resistant anode |
ES2053523T3 (en) | 1986-08-21 | 1994-08-01 | Moltech Invent Sa | ELECTRODE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF METALS IN CAST SALTS, ITS METHOD AND CELL FOR THE SAME. |
WO1989001992A1 (en) | 1987-09-02 | 1989-03-09 | Moltech Invent S.A. | A composite ceramic/metal material |
US4871438A (en) | 1987-11-03 | 1989-10-03 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Cermet anode compositions with high content alloy phase |
US4871437A (en) | 1987-11-03 | 1989-10-03 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Cermet anode with continuously dispersed alloy phase and process for making |
US5279715A (en) | 1991-09-17 | 1994-01-18 | Aluminum Company Of America | Process and apparatus for low temperature electrolysis of oxides |
US5378325A (en) | 1991-09-17 | 1995-01-03 | Aluminum Company Of America | Process for low temperature electrolysis of metals in a chloride salt bath |
US5254232A (en) | 1992-02-07 | 1993-10-19 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Apparatus for the electrolytic production of metals |
US5284562A (en) | 1992-04-17 | 1994-02-08 | Electrochemical Technology Corp. | Non-consumable anode and lining for aluminum electrolytic reduction cell |
US6030518A (en) * | 1997-06-26 | 2000-02-29 | Aluminum Company Of America | Reduced temperature aluminum production in an electrolytic cell having an inert anode |
US5794112A (en) | 1997-06-26 | 1998-08-11 | Aluminum Company Of America | Controlled atmosphere for fabrication of cermet electrodes |
US5938914A (en) | 1997-09-19 | 1999-08-17 | Aluminum Company Of America | Molten salt bath circulation design for an electrolytic cell |
-
1999
- 1999-11-01 US US09/431,756 patent/US6217739B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2000
- 2000-10-27 SK SK614-2002A patent/SK6142002A3/en unknown
- 2000-10-27 KR KR1020027005584A patent/KR20020062933A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-10-27 PL PL00354657A patent/PL354657A1/en unknown
- 2000-10-27 IL IL14934900A patent/IL149349A0/en unknown
- 2000-10-27 TR TR2002/01173T patent/TR200201173T2/en unknown
- 2000-10-27 NZ NZ518796A patent/NZ518796A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-10-27 HU HU0203116A patent/HUP0203116A2/en unknown
- 2000-10-27 WO PCT/US2000/029825 patent/WO2001032961A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-10-27 MX MXPA02004291A patent/MXPA02004291A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-10-27 AU AU13519/01A patent/AU1351901A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-10-27 CA CA002389341A patent/CA2389341A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-10-27 CZ CZ20021511A patent/CZ20021511A3/en unknown
- 2000-10-27 BR BR0015261-7A patent/BR0015261A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-10-27 EP EP00975471A patent/EP1230438A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-10-27 CN CN00815035A patent/CN1387588A/en active Pending
- 2000-10-27 JP JP2001535638A patent/JP2004518810A/en active Pending
- 2000-10-27 RU RU2002114352/02A patent/RU2002114352A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-10-30 EG EG20001370A patent/EG22600A/en active
- 2000-10-31 AR ARP000105740A patent/AR023283A1/en active IP Right Grant
-
2002
- 2002-04-26 IS IS6361A patent/IS6361A/en unknown
- 2002-04-29 ZA ZA200203409A patent/ZA200203409B/en unknown
- 2002-04-30 NO NO20022066A patent/NO20022066L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4552630A (en) * | 1979-12-06 | 1985-11-12 | Eltech Systems Corporation | Ceramic oxide electrodes for molten salt electrolysis |
US4455211A (en) * | 1983-04-11 | 1984-06-19 | Aluminum Company Of America | Composition suitable for inert electrode |
WO2000044952A1 (en) * | 1997-06-26 | 2000-08-03 | Alcoa Inc. | Inert electrode containing metal oxides, copper and noble metal |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2002083992A2 (en) * | 2001-04-16 | 2002-10-24 | Alcoa Inc. | Electrolytic production of high purity aluminum using ceramic inert anodes |
WO2002083992A3 (en) * | 2001-04-16 | 2003-08-07 | Alcoa Inc | Electrolytic production of high purity aluminum using ceramic inert anodes |
WO2005052216A2 (en) * | 2003-11-19 | 2005-06-09 | Alcoa Inc. | Stable anodes including iron oxide and use of such anodes in metal production cells |
WO2005052216A3 (en) * | 2003-11-19 | 2005-09-01 | Alcoa Inc | Stable anodes including iron oxide and use of such anodes in metal production cells |
NO20062874L (en) * | 2003-11-19 | 2006-08-17 | Alcoa Inc | Stable anode comprising iron oxide for use in an electrolytic metal making cell and use of anodes for aluminum production. |
US7235161B2 (en) | 2003-11-19 | 2007-06-26 | Alcoa Inc. | Stable anodes including iron oxide and use of such anodes in metal production cells |
US7507322B2 (en) | 2003-11-19 | 2009-03-24 | Alcoa Inc. | Stable anodes including iron oxide and use of such anodes in metal production cells |
NO343911B1 (en) * | 2003-11-19 | 2019-07-08 | Alcoa Usa Corp | A process for producing aluminum and a stable anode comprising iron oxide for use in an electrolytic metal making cell |
EP2206715A1 (en) | 2004-02-24 | 2010-07-14 | Japan Tobacco, Inc. | Fused heterotetracyclic compounds and use thereof as hcv polymerase inhibitor |
WO2007119889A1 (en) | 2006-04-18 | 2007-10-25 | Japan Tobacco Inc. | Novel piperazine compound, and use thereof as hcv polymerase inhibitor |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AR023283A1 (en) | 2002-09-04 |
CZ20021511A3 (en) | 2003-03-12 |
US6217739B1 (en) | 2001-04-17 |
IS6361A (en) | 2002-04-26 |
PL354657A1 (en) | 2004-02-09 |
JP2004518810A (en) | 2004-06-24 |
IL149349A0 (en) | 2002-11-10 |
NO20022066D0 (en) | 2002-04-30 |
NZ518796A (en) | 2004-02-27 |
TR200201173T2 (en) | 2002-08-21 |
ZA200203409B (en) | 2003-08-26 |
EP1230438A1 (en) | 2002-08-14 |
NO20022066L (en) | 2002-06-24 |
CN1387588A (en) | 2002-12-25 |
MXPA02004291A (en) | 2003-04-10 |
AU1351901A (en) | 2001-05-14 |
HUP0203116A2 (en) | 2002-12-28 |
CA2389341A1 (en) | 2001-05-10 |
SK6142002A3 (en) | 2003-06-03 |
EG22600A (en) | 2003-04-30 |
KR20020062933A (en) | 2002-07-31 |
BR0015261A (en) | 2002-06-18 |
RU2002114352A (en) | 2003-12-20 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US6372119B1 (en) | Inert anode containing oxides of nickel iron and cobalt useful for the electrolytic production of metals | |
WO2001032961A1 (en) | Electrolytic production of high purity aluminum using inert anodes | |
US6416649B1 (en) | Electrolytic production of high purity aluminum using ceramic inert anodes | |
US6423204B1 (en) | For cermet inert anode containing oxide and metal phases useful for the electrolytic production of metals | |
US6332969B1 (en) | Inert electrode containing metal oxides, copper and noble metal | |
AU2002338623A1 (en) | Electrolytic production of high purity aluminum using ceramic inert anodes | |
EP1230437B1 (en) | Inert anode containing oxides of nickel, iron and zinc useful for the electrolytic production of metal | |
US6162334A (en) | Inert anode containing base metal and noble metal useful for the electrolytic production of aluminum | |
ZA200604572B (en) | Stable anodes including iron oxide and use of such anodes in metal production cells | |
US7033469B2 (en) | Stable inert anodes including an oxide of nickel, iron and aluminum | |
US6758991B2 (en) | Stable inert anodes including a single-phase oxide of nickel and iron |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: P-320/02 Country of ref document: YU |
|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY BZ CA CH CN CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EE ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NO NZ PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK SL TJ TM TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VN YU ZA ZW |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GW ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
DFPE | Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101) | ||
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 149349 Country of ref document: IL |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2389341 Country of ref document: CA |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 008150354 Country of ref document: CN |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 200203409 Country of ref document: ZA Ref document number: PA/a/2002/004291 Country of ref document: MX Ref document number: PV2002-1511 Country of ref document: CZ Ref document number: IN/PCT/2002/00435/DE Country of ref document: IN |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2001 535638 Country of ref document: JP Kind code of ref document: A |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 1020027005584 Country of ref document: KR Ref document number: 6142002 Country of ref document: SK Ref document number: 2002/01173 Country of ref document: TR |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 13519/01 Country of ref document: AU |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 518796 Country of ref document: NZ |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2000975471 Country of ref document: EP |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2002 2002114352 Country of ref document: RU Kind code of ref document: A |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 1020027005584 Country of ref document: KR |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 2000975471 Country of ref document: EP |
|
REG | Reference to national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: 8642 |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: PV2002-1511 Country of ref document: CZ |
|
WWR | Wipo information: refused in national office |
Ref document number: PV2002-1511 Country of ref document: CZ |
|
WWW | Wipo information: withdrawn in national office |
Ref document number: 2000975471 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 518796 Country of ref document: NZ |