WO2001031164A1 - Drilling-workover vessel having a drill string extending through at least one swivel - Google Patents

Drilling-workover vessel having a drill string extending through at least one swivel Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001031164A1
WO2001031164A1 PCT/EP2000/010700 EP0010700W WO0131164A1 WO 2001031164 A1 WO2001031164 A1 WO 2001031164A1 EP 0010700 W EP0010700 W EP 0010700W WO 0131164 A1 WO0131164 A1 WO 0131164A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
swivel
drilling
vessel
workover
turret
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2000/010700
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Leendert Poldervaart
René Perratone
Hein Wille
Original Assignee
Single Buoy Moorings Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Single Buoy Moorings Inc. filed Critical Single Buoy Moorings Inc.
Priority to BR0015116-5A priority Critical patent/BR0015116A/en
Priority to US10/111,770 priority patent/US6968899B1/en
Priority to AU15161/01A priority patent/AU1516101A/en
Priority to EP00977443A priority patent/EP1224377B1/en
Publication of WO2001031164A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001031164A1/en
Priority to NO20021996A priority patent/NO20021996D0/en

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B19/00—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables
    • E21B19/002—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables specially adapted for underwater drilling
    • E21B19/004—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables specially adapted for underwater drilling supporting a riser from a drilling or production platform
    • E21B19/006—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables specially adapted for underwater drilling supporting a riser from a drilling or production platform including heave compensators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B21/00—Tying-up; Shifting, towing, or pushing equipment; Anchoring
    • B63B21/50—Anchoring arrangements or methods for special vessels, e.g. for floating drilling platforms or dredgers
    • B63B21/507—Anchoring arrangements or methods for special vessels, e.g. for floating drilling platforms or dredgers with mooring turrets
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B19/00—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables
    • E21B19/002—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables specially adapted for underwater drilling
    • E21B19/004—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables specially adapted for underwater drilling supporting a riser from a drilling or production platform
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
    • E21B7/12—Underwater drilling
    • E21B7/128—Underwater drilling from floating support with independent underwater anchored guide base

Definitions

  • Drilling-workover vessel having a drill string extending through at least one swivel.
  • the invention relates to a vessel comprising a rotatable turret and a supporting structure over or on the turret for supporting a swivel having an inner and outer ring which can rotate with respect to each other and which define at least one fluid distribution path from a geostationary fluid riser connected via piping to one ring, to a product outflow pipe connected to the other ring.
  • a swivel stack is known which is placed out of the path of the drill string whenever drilling or workover activities take place, and which is connected to the risers and product piping via flexible piping.
  • the drilling-workover vessel is characterised in that a rig is mounted above the turret, above or below the swivel, a rigid pipe extending from the rig, through a moonpool of the turret towards the seabed, the rigid pipe being in line with the swivel.
  • a relatively small diameter workover pipe having a diameter varying normally between 5 and 6 inch, extends to the seabed.
  • the compact workover rig can be placed under swivel stack.
  • a relatively large diameter drilling riser having a diameter of about 1 m, including buoyancy, is supported by the rig, the swivel being placed in the path of the drill string which extends through the central parfof the swivel, and which may have a diameter of 4-10 inch.
  • a drilling riser may be situated around the drill string.
  • the drilling riser may form a protective housing for the drill string between a blow out preventor located at seabed level and a diverter at the top of the drilling riser, normally located at the drilling rig support structure level.
  • a protection pipe, or jacket is placed inside the central swivel part for protection of the swivel rings during drilling.
  • the protection pipe it is prevented that the drill string or the drilling riser damages the swivels by inadvertent contact of the drill string or drilling riser with the swivel.
  • a flexible joint such as a ball joint is provided in the drilling riser below or above the swivel stack to divert the drilling riser and the drill string at the required angle with respect to the vertical orientation.
  • the term "vessel” as is used herein, is intended to comprise floating constructions such as ships, barges, buoys, semi-submersibles and the like.
  • Figure 1 shows a drilling-workover vessel, wherein the swivel stack is suspended from a derrick support structure
  • Figure 2 shows an alternative embodiment of a drilling-workover vessel wherein a ball joint is provided near the lower end of the swivel stack
  • Figure 3 shows a longitudinal cross section through a swivel stack according to the present invention
  • Figure 4 shows an embodiment wherein a drilling riser with drill string extends through a swivel stack with an inner diameter, which increases towards the lower end of the drill string.
  • Figure 5 shows an embodiment of the type shown in figure 4, the drilling riser having a ball joint located below the swivel stack,
  • Figure 6 shows an enlarged detail of one half of the swivel stack of figure 1
  • Fig. 7 shows an embodiment of a turret of a workover vessel according to the invention.
  • Fig. 1 shows a drilling-workover vessel 1 , such as a floating production drilling storage and offloading (FPDSO) vessel.
  • a rig or derrick 2 is supported on a derrick supporting deck 3, which is placed on the vessel 1, over the area of a turret 14, supported by axial-radial bearings 15, 15'.
  • a drill string 4 passes through the central hollow part 6 of a swivel stack 5, which in this embodiment comprises multiple swivels.
  • the drill string could be driven by a turntable 12.
  • the swivel stack is hanging from the derrick supporting deck 3, and may additionally, or instead, be supported by second support structure 7 on the turret.
  • the equipment area 10 and the manifold room 11 are located around the second support structure 7 on the turret 14 which is geostationary and around which the vessel 1 can weathervane.
  • a ball joint 9 in a drilling riser 8 for deflecting the drilling riser and drill string at the desired angle, normally up to plus and minus several degrees around the vertical.
  • the drilling riser 8 is maintained in its desired position by tensioners 13,13', which are mounted on the second support structure 7.
  • the ball joint 9 is directly coupled to a protective tube 16 that is placed within the swivel stack 5, but which is decoupled therefrom.
  • the swivel stack 5 comprises inlets 17 which are connected to fluid risers 19 via fluid piping, and an outlet 18 connected to fluid piping on the vessel 1.
  • Fig. 3 shows in detail the swivel stack 5, the central space 6 of which has a large diameter (for instance about 0,5 m, preferably 1,5 m or more) to accommodate in this case the drilling riser 8.
  • the inlets 17 and outlets 18 of the swivels 5 are all located outside of the protective tube 16 that is placed on the inside of the swivels 5, that are defined by inner rings 21, 21' and outer rings 22, 22'.
  • the inner rings 22, 22' are not directly in contact with the protective tube 16 so that the loads from the drilling riser 8 and the ball joint 9 are not transferred to the swivels 5.
  • Figure 4 shows a drilling-workover vessel 30 having a drilling rig 32 located over the turret mooring construction 31.
  • the drilling riser 33 is suspended from a pivot point 34 located above a swivel stack formed by upper swivel 35 and lower swivel 36, the swivels being supported by a swivel support structure directly on the turret.
  • the number of swivels in the stack is not limited to two, but can comprise any number that is necessary for efficient operation of drilling-work over vessel 30.
  • the swivels 35, 36 are mounted around, but not directly connected to, a protective jacket 37 which has a tapering shape such as to allow deflection of the drilling riser 33 through an angle up to 20 degrees, preferably about 10 degrees, without colliding with the inner swivel walls. Thereby it is prevented that the outer buoyancy of drilling riser 33 is damaged or that the swivels are damaged or deformed by contact with the drill string or drilling riser 33.
  • a ball joint 38 is located near the lower, widest part of the jacket 37 for allowing deflection of the drilling riser 33 attached to said ball joint 38. It is obvious that the ball joint 38 could also be placed above the swivelstack.
  • Figure 6 shows the swivels 40, 41, 42 of figure 5 on an enlarged scale. It can clearly be seen that swivels 40, 41, 42 are located at different radial positions along a longitudinal centreline 44, around which the swivels are rotationally symmetric.
  • the inner protective jacket 43 has a tapering configuration which widens towards the lower end of the drill string or drilling riser located therein can be clearly seen from figure 6.
  • the embodiment is the embodiment in which the drilling riser ends under (or near) the swivel stack.
  • the divider which closes the drilling riser at the top, is also placed under the swivel stack and only the drill string is extending through the swivel stack.
  • the swivels could be directly stacked onto each other, could be arranged in an external support frame (stackless swivel configuration) or they could be in a concentric arrangement.
  • figure 7 shows an embodiment of a vessel 50 being moored by means of a rotatable turret 51, through which risers 52 extend to the seabed.
  • a swivel stack 53 is supported on a supporting structure 54 over the turret 51 to be rotatable with the vessel 50 with respect to the turret 51.
  • On a rig supporting structure 55 a relatively small workover rig 56 is placed from which a workover pipe is suspended.
  • the workover rig 56 is of relatively small construction so that it can be accommodated underneath the swivel stack 53, generally in line with said swivel stack.
  • the workover rig can be of such a size that it is integrated in the turret 51.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)

Abstract

A vessel (1) comprises a rotatable turret (14) and a supporting structure (3) over or on the turret for supporting a swivel (5). The swivel comprising an inner and an outer ring (21, 21'; 22, 22') which can rotate with respect to each other and which define at least one fluid distribution path from a geostationary fluid riser (19) connected to one ring (22, 22') to a product outflow pipe (18) connected to the other ring (21, 21'). A rig (2) is mounted over the turret area above or below the swivel (5), and a substantially rigid pipe extends from the rig, through a moonpool of the turret towards the sea bed, the rigid pipe being in line with the swivel.

Description

Drilling-workover vessel having a drill string extending through at least one swivel.
The invention relates to a vessel comprising a rotatable turret and a supporting structure over or on the turret for supporting a swivel having an inner and outer ring which can rotate with respect to each other and which define at least one fluid distribution path from a geostationary fluid riser connected via piping to one ring, to a product outflow pipe connected to the other ring. From EP 371 668 a swivel stack is known which is placed out of the path of the drill string whenever drilling or workover activities take place, and which is connected to the risers and product piping via flexible piping.
It is an object to provide a drilling and/ or a workover vessel in which free access to the supporting deck of the rig is achieved for pipe handling during drilling or workover and in which the fluid risers and product piping can be interconnected relatively easily while drilling or workover operations are in progress. It is a further object to provide a drilling-workover vessel that combines drilling-workover with an (early) hydrocarbon production system while having semi- or full weathervaning capacities.
Hereto the drilling-workover vessel according to the invention is characterised in that a rig is mounted above the turret, above or below the swivel, a rigid pipe extending from the rig, through a moonpool of the turret towards the seabed, the rigid pipe being in line with the swivel.
In case a workover rig is used, a relatively small diameter workover pipe having a diameter varying normally between 5 and 6 inch, extends to the seabed. The compact workover rig can be placed under swivel stack. In case the rig is formed by drilling rig, a relatively large diameter drilling riser having a diameter of about 1 m, including buoyancy, is supported by the rig, the swivel being placed in the path of the drill string which extends through the central parfof the swivel, and which may have a diameter of 4-10 inch. A drilling riser may be situated around the drill string. The drilling riser may form a protective housing for the drill string between a blow out preventor located at seabed level and a diverter at the top of the drilling riser, normally located at the drilling rig support structure level. By drilling through the swivel, the swivel can remain placed in the optimal position with respect to the vessel weathervaning point. Placing the swivel around the drill string and drilling riser maintains maximal access to the drilling rig supporting deck.
Preferably a protection pipe, or jacket is placed inside the central swivel part for protection of the swivel rings during drilling. By the protection pipe, it is prevented that the drill string or the drilling riser damages the swivels by inadvertent contact of the drill string or drilling riser with the swivel.
A flexible joint, such as a ball joint is provided in the drilling riser below or above the swivel stack to divert the drilling riser and the drill string at the required angle with respect to the vertical orientation. The term "vessel" as is used herein, is intended to comprise floating constructions such as ships, barges, buoys, semi-submersibles and the like.
The invention will be explained in detail under reference to the enclosed figures. Figure 1 shows a drilling-workover vessel, wherein the swivel stack is suspended from a derrick support structure, Figure 2 shows an alternative embodiment of a drilling-workover vessel wherein a ball joint is provided near the lower end of the swivel stack,
Figure 3 shows a longitudinal cross section through a swivel stack according to the present invention,
Figure 4 shows an embodiment wherein a drilling riser with drill string extends through a swivel stack with an inner diameter, which increases towards the lower end of the drill string.
Figure 5 shows an embodiment of the type shown in figure 4, the drilling riser having a ball joint located below the swivel stack,
Figure 6 shows an enlarged detail of one half of the swivel stack of figure 1 , and Fig. 7 shows an embodiment of a turret of a workover vessel according to the invention.
Fig. 1 shows a drilling-workover vessel 1 , such as a floating production drilling storage and offloading (FPDSO) vessel. A rig or derrick 2 is supported on a derrick supporting deck 3, which is placed on the vessel 1, over the area of a turret 14, supported by axial-radial bearings 15, 15'. A drill string 4 passes through the central hollow part 6 of a swivel stack 5, which in this embodiment comprises multiple swivels. The drill string could be driven by a turntable 12. The swivel stack is hanging from the derrick supporting deck 3, and may additionally, or instead, be supported by second support structure 7 on the turret. The equipment area 10 and the manifold room 11 are located around the second support structure 7 on the turret 14 which is geostationary and around which the vessel 1 can weathervane.
Below the swivel stack 5 is a ball joint 9 in a drilling riser 8, for deflecting the drilling riser and drill string at the desired angle, normally up to plus and minus several degrees around the vertical. The drilling riser 8 is maintained in its desired position by tensioners 13,13', which are mounted on the second support structure 7.
As can be seen in Fig. 2, the ball joint 9 is directly coupled to a protective tube 16 that is placed within the swivel stack 5, but which is decoupled therefrom. The swivel stack 5 comprises inlets 17 which are connected to fluid risers 19 via fluid piping, and an outlet 18 connected to fluid piping on the vessel 1.
Fig. 3 shows in detail the swivel stack 5, the central space 6 of which has a large diameter (for instance about 0,5 m, preferably 1,5 m or more) to accommodate in this case the drilling riser 8. The inlets 17 and outlets 18 of the swivels 5 are all located outside of the protective tube 16 that is placed on the inside of the swivels 5, that are defined by inner rings 21, 21' and outer rings 22, 22'. The inner rings 22, 22' are not directly in contact with the protective tube 16 so that the loads from the drilling riser 8 and the ball joint 9 are not transferred to the swivels 5.
In order to reduce the flow/workover/drilling down time whenever one or more of the swivels must be replaced for maintenance or repair purposes, a complete extra swivel stack can be held standby.
Figure 4 shows a drilling-workover vessel 30 having a drilling rig 32 located over the turret mooring construction 31. In this embodiment the drilling riser 33 is suspended from a pivot point 34 located above a swivel stack formed by upper swivel 35 and lower swivel 36, the swivels being supported by a swivel support structure directly on the turret. The number of swivels in the stack is not limited to two, but can comprise any number that is necessary for efficient operation of drilling-work over vessel 30. The swivels 35, 36 are mounted around, but not directly connected to, a protective jacket 37 which has a tapering shape such as to allow deflection of the drilling riser 33 through an angle up to 20 degrees, preferably about 10 degrees, without colliding with the inner swivel walls. Thereby it is prevented that the outer buoyancy of drilling riser 33 is damaged or that the swivels are damaged or deformed by contact with the drill string or drilling riser 33. In the embodiment shown in figure 5, a ball joint 38 is located near the lower, widest part of the jacket 37 for allowing deflection of the drilling riser 33 attached to said ball joint 38. It is obvious that the ball joint 38 could also be placed above the swivelstack. Figure 6 shows the swivels 40, 41, 42 of figure 5 on an enlarged scale. It can clearly be seen that swivels 40, 41, 42 are located at different radial positions along a longitudinal centreline 44, around which the swivels are rotationally symmetric. The inner protective jacket 43 has a tapering configuration which widens towards the lower end of the drill string or drilling riser located therein can be clearly seen from figure 6. Not shown but within the scope of invention is the embodiment in which the drilling riser ends under (or near) the swivel stack. In this embodiment the divider, which closes the drilling riser at the top, is also placed under the swivel stack and only the drill string is extending through the swivel stack. The swivels could be directly stacked onto each other, could be arranged in an external support frame (stackless swivel configuration) or they could be in a concentric arrangement.
Finally, figure 7 shows an embodiment of a vessel 50 being moored by means of a rotatable turret 51, through which risers 52 extend to the seabed. A swivel stack 53 is supported on a supporting structure 54 over the turret 51 to be rotatable with the vessel 50 with respect to the turret 51. On a rig supporting structure 55 a relatively small workover rig 56 is placed from which a workover pipe is suspended. The workover rig 56 is of relatively small construction so that it can be accommodated underneath the swivel stack 53, generally in line with said swivel stack. The workover rig can be of such a size that it is integrated in the turret 51.

Claims

Claims
1. Vessel (1) comprising a rotatable turret (14) and a supporting structure (3) over or on the turret for supporting a swivel (5) having an inner and outer ring (21,21022,22') which can rotate with respect to each other and which define at least one fluid distribution path from a geostationary fluid riser (19) connected via piping to one ring (22,22'), to a product outflow pipe (18) connected to the other ring (21,21 '), characterised in that a rig (2) is mounted over the turret area above or below the swivel (5), a substantially rigid pipe extending from the rig, through a moonpool of the turret towards the sea bed, the rigid pipe being in line with the swivel.
2. Drilling-workover vessel (1) according to claim 1 , the rig (2) being supported on the structure (3), the pipe (4) extending from the rig (2) through the moonpool in the turret towards the seabed characterised in that the swivel (5) is placed below the rig in the path of the pipe (4), the pipe extending through the central part (6) of the swivel.
3. Drilling-workover vessel (1) according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the swivel (5) is suspended from the supporting structure (3).
4. Drilling-workover vessel (1) according to claim 2 or 3, characterised in that the swivel (5) is supported on a swivel supporting structure (7) below the rig supporting structure (3).
5. Drilling-workover vessel (1) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that at least two swivels are interconnected to form a swivel stack.
6. Drilling-workover vessel (1) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that a protection pipe (16) is placed inside the central swivel part (6) for protection of the swivel rings during drilling or workover and/or riser deployment.
7. Drilling-workover vessel (1) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the drilling riser (8) extends through the swivelstack and comprises a flexible joint (9) located near the lower end of the swivel (5).
8. Drilling workover vessel (1) according to any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the drilling riser (8) extends through the swivel stack and comprises a joint (9) located below the swivel (5).
9. Drilling-workover vessel (1) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the drilling riser (8) is connected to tensioning means (13,13') placed on the turret supporting structure (7).
10. Drilling-workover vessel (1) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the inner diameter of the inner ring (21,21') of the swivel is at least 50 cm, preferably at least 2 meters.
11. Drilling-workover vessel (1) according to any of the preceding claims, a fluid inlet (17) and a fluid outlet (18) of the swivel being both located outside the central space (6).
12. Drilling-workover vessel (1) according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that it comprises a complete extra swivel stack for change out purposes.
13. Drilling-workover vessel (30) according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the drill string (4) extends through the central part (6) of a swivel stack of at least two swivels (35, 36), the upper swivel (35) being of smaller inner diameter than the lower swivel (36).
14. Drilling-workover vessel (30) according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the substantially rigid pipe (33) extends through the swivel stack and can pivot around a pivot point (34) near or above the topmost swivel (35) of a swivel stack of at least two swivels (35, 36), the upper swivel (35) being of smaller inner diameter than the lower swivel (36) for allowing the rigid pipe (33) to pivot around the pivot point (34).
15. Drilling-workover vessel (30) according to claim 14, wherein the swivels are placed around a protection jacket (37) which has a larger diameter near the lower swivel (36) than near the upper swivel (34).
PCT/EP2000/010700 1999-10-27 2000-10-26 Drilling-workover vessel having a drill string extending through at least one swivel WO2001031164A1 (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BR0015116-5A BR0015116A (en) 1999-10-27 2000-10-26 Floating construction
US10/111,770 US6968899B1 (en) 1999-10-27 2000-10-26 Drilling-workover vessel having a drill string extending through at least one swivel
AU15161/01A AU1516101A (en) 1999-10-27 2000-10-26 Drilling-workover vessel having a drill string extending through at least one swivel
EP00977443A EP1224377B1 (en) 1999-10-27 2000-10-26 Drilling-workover vessel having a drill string extending through at least one swivel
NO20021996A NO20021996D0 (en) 1999-10-27 2002-04-26 Drilling and overhauling vessels, with a drill string running through at least one swivel

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP99203535.2 1999-10-27
EP99203535 1999-10-27
EP00201573 2000-05-01
EP00201573.3 2000-05-01

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2001031164A1 true WO2001031164A1 (en) 2001-05-03

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PCT/EP2000/010700 WO2001031164A1 (en) 1999-10-27 2000-10-26 Drilling-workover vessel having a drill string extending through at least one swivel

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US6968899B1 (en)
EP (1) EP1224377B1 (en)
AU (1) AU1516101A (en)
BR (1) BR0015116A (en)
NO (1) NO20021996D0 (en)
WO (1) WO2001031164A1 (en)

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US6968899B1 (en) 2005-11-29
AU1516101A (en) 2001-05-08
EP1224377B1 (en) 2005-09-07
EP1224377A1 (en) 2002-07-24
NO20021996L (en) 2002-04-26
NO20021996D0 (en) 2002-04-26
BR0015116A (en) 2002-06-25

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