WO2001030390A2 - Method - Google Patents

Method Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2001030390A2
WO2001030390A2 PCT/EP2000/010733 EP0010733W WO0130390A2 WO 2001030390 A2 WO2001030390 A2 WO 2001030390A2 EP 0010733 W EP0010733 W EP 0010733W WO 0130390 A2 WO0130390 A2 WO 0130390A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
vaccine
polysaccharide
dose
infant
administered
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2000/010733
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2001030390A3 (en
Inventor
Craig Antony Joseph Laferriere
Jan Poolman
Moncef Mohamed Slaoui
Original Assignee
Smithkline Beecham Biologicals S.A.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Smithkline Beecham Biologicals S.A. filed Critical Smithkline Beecham Biologicals S.A.
Priority to CA002388995A priority Critical patent/CA2388995A1/en
Priority to AU18549/01A priority patent/AU1854901A/en
Priority to EP00981226A priority patent/EP1223987A2/en
Priority to JP2001532807A priority patent/JP2003512440A/en
Publication of WO2001030390A2 publication Critical patent/WO2001030390A2/en
Publication of WO2001030390A3 publication Critical patent/WO2001030390A3/en

Links

Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G01N33/5082Supracellular entities, e.g. tissue, organisms
    • G01N33/5088Supracellular entities, e.g. tissue, organisms of vertebrates
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/02Bacterial antigens
    • A61K39/09Lactobacillales, e.g. aerococcus, enterococcus, lactobacillus, lactococcus, streptococcus
    • A61K39/092Streptococcus
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/62Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being a protein, peptide or polyamino acid
    • A61K47/64Drug-peptide, drug-protein or drug-polyamino acid conjugates, i.e. the modifying agent being a peptide, protein or polyamino acid which is covalently bonded or complexed to a therapeutically active agent
    • A61K47/646Drug-peptide, drug-protein or drug-polyamino acid conjugates, i.e. the modifying agent being a peptide, protein or polyamino acid which is covalently bonded or complexed to a therapeutically active agent the entire peptide or protein drug conjugate elicits an immune response, e.g. conjugate vaccines
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/545Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the dose, timing or administration schedule
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/60Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characteristics by the carrier linked to the antigen
    • A61K2039/6031Proteins
    • A61K2039/6068Other bacterial proteins, e.g. OMP
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2400/00Assays, e.g. immunoassays or enzyme assays, involving carbohydrates
    • G01N2400/10Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • This immunological phenomenon changes (and is made less predictable) when a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine is made (for instance by conjugating the polysaccharide antigen to a peptide or protein which provides T-helper epitopes), as there are now 2 elements to the immune response, a B-cell element related to the polysaccharide, and a T-cell element related to the carrier protein.
  • a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine for instance by conjugating the polysaccharide antigen to a peptide or protein which provides T-helper epitopes
  • the present invention provides method of determining the dose response of a human (preferably humans aged from a few days old to one year) to a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine comprising an immunogenic carrier protein and a bacterial polysaccharide, said method comprising the steps of administering to an infant animal a dose amount of said conjugated vaccine, and determining the immune response of the animal to the bacterial polysaccharide as a measure of the immune response of a human.
  • Preferred modes of administration of vaccine in the model, dose of vaccine tested, time between doses, time of serum harvesting, method of determination of immune response, and type (and age) of infant animal used are all provided.
  • FIG. 1 Geometric Mean IgG Concentration in Costa Rican Infants 1 month after the third injection of a Tetravalent pneumococcal PS-PD vaccine (comprising serotypes 6B, 14, 19F and 23F, and aluminium phosphate adjuvant). Bars indicate the 95% confidence interval.
  • FIG. 1 Geometric Mean IgG Concentration in Infant Rats 1 month after the third injection of a Tetravalent pneumococcal PS-PD vaccine with aluminium phosphate adjuvant. Bars indicate the 95% confidence interval.
  • Figure 4. Geometric Mean IgG Concentration in Infant Rats 2 weeks after the third injection of an 11-valent pneumococcal PS-PD vaccine also containing aluminium phosphate adjuvant. Bars indicate the 95% confidence interval.
  • FIG. 1 Geometric Mean IgG Concentration in Infant mice (first injection when they were 2 days old) 2 weeks after the third injection of an 11-valent pneumococcal PS-PD vaccine also containing aluminium phosphate adjuvant. Bars indicate the 95% confidence interval.
  • FIG. 7 Geometric Mean IgG Concentration in Infant mice (first injection when they were 1 week old) 2 weeks after the third injection of an 11-valent pneumococcal PS-PD vaccine also containing aluminium phosphate adjuvant. Bars indicate the 95% confidence interval.
  • FIG. 1 Geometric Mean IgG Concentration in Infant mice (first injection when they were 2 weeks old) 2 weeks after the third injection of an 11-valent pneumococcal PS-PD vaccine also containing aluminium phosphate adjuvant. Bars indicate the 95% confidence interval.
  • FIG. 9 Geometric Mean IgG Concentration in Infant mice (first injection when they were 4 weeks old) 2 weeks after the third injection of an 11-valent pneumococcal PS-PD vaccine also containing aluminium phosphate adjuvant. Bars indicate the 95% confidence interval.
  • FIG. 10 Geometric Mean IgG Concentration in young mice (first injection when they were 8 weeks old) 2 weeks after the third injection of an 11-valent pneumococcal PS-PD vaccine also containing aluminium phosphate adjuvant. Bars indicate the 95% confidence interval.
  • Figure 11. Geometric Mean IgG Concentration in Infant Rhesus Monkeys 1 month after the third injection of a tetravalent pneumococcal PS-PD vaccine with aluminium phosphate adjuvant. Bars indicate the 95% confidence interval.
  • FIG. 12 Comparisons of anti-pneumococcal PS IgG titre in infant mice (4 weeks old at first injection) injected with the pneumococcal PS conjugate vaccine sub- cutaneously (SC) vs. humans injected intra-muscularly (IM), and in infant mice (4 weeks old at first injection) injected with the pneumococcal PS conjugate vaccine intra-muscularly vs. humans injected intra-muscularly.
  • the vaccine was administered 3 times with 2 weeks between injections. Serum was collected 2 weeks after the third injection.
  • ELISA tests were carried our as described in Examples.
  • a new, improved method in which an animal model can be used to make a predictive correlation between the dosage response in the model and the response in humans.
  • the invention thereby provides an animal model that correctly reflects human immunogenicity to conjugate vaccines.
  • Such a model will be extremely useful for the lot release testing of vaccines. It will also be an important preclinical research tool for designing and evaluating new vaccine compositions (formulations with new combinations of antigens, new dosages of antigens or new excipients or adjuvants) without having to carry out as many human trials as was required previously.
  • the present inventors have found that different animal models give different dose-response curves (the relationship between Geometric Mean Concentration of IgG antibodies against an antigen [the polysaccharide antigen in polysaccharide conjugate vaccines] and the dose of vaccine administered with a given injection schedule) with no clear indication of which animal model is predictive of human data. It was found that only infant animals showed the strong inverse dose-response (high dose tolerance) that was demonstrated later for some serotypes in human infants.
  • the use of infant mice in such experiments matched the human infant data best given a certain correction factor -the dosage giving the maximum response in the infant mouse is at approximately 1/10 the human dosage (the dose-response curves in general also being comparable between infant mice and humans given this corrective factor).
  • one aspect of the present invention provides a method of determining the dose response (as described above) of a human to an antigen, said method comprising the steps of administering to an infant animal a dose amount of said antigen, and determining the immune response of the animal to the antigen as a measure of the immune response of a human (preferably humans from birth to 1 year).
  • antigen e.g. protein, nucleic acid or carbohydrate - or combinations thereof.
  • polysaccharide conjugate vaccines comprising an immunogenic carrier protein and a bacterial polysaccharide because of the especially unpredictable nature of the immune response against these antigens as described above.
  • the response to the polysaccharide portion of the vaccine may be predicted. From this point onwards it should be understood that the methods involving 'polysaccharide conjugate vaccines' are envisaged also to be applicable to any type of antigen.
  • the inventors have found that the polysaccharide conjugate vaccine should advantageously be administered to the infant animals intramuscularly (rather than, for instance, sub-cutaneously), as the relative immunogenicity of the polysaccharide component correlates better still with data from human trials.
  • the dose of vaccine administered to the infant animal should range from 0.001-10 ⁇ g, and most preferably from 0.01-1 ⁇ g.
  • Reference to amounts of polysaccharide conjugate antigen in this specification always refers to the dosage of the polysaccharide component only (independent of amount of carrier). One or more doses may be chosen from this range. The more dosage points chosen, the more information the dose response curve will yield.
  • the vaccine is administered to the infant animal the same number of times as the administration protocol of the human vaccine. Therefore, for a human polysaccharide conjugate vaccine which is to be administered in a three dose schedule, when tested in the model of the invention, each animal should similarly be injected with the vaccine three times. Furthermore, if the human vaccine involves the administration of 2 doses of conjugated polysaccharide and one dose of unconjugated polysaccharide, preferably the test in the model of the invention should be carried out likewise.
  • a serum sample is collected from the infant animals for testing 1-4 weeks after the last dose of vaccine is administered (and most preferably after approximately 2 weeks).
  • a preferred method of determining the response in the animal model to the vaccine is by measuring the concentration of anti-polysaccharide antibody in the infant animal serum per dose of vaccine administered by ELISA. This can be quite accurately done if all ELISA tests are calibrated with purified antibodies (preferably monoclonal antibodies) against the polysaccharide antigen.
  • the method of transposing the infant animal data into a predicted dose response in humans is by using a dose conversion factor.
  • Infant animals (particularly infant mice) will exhibit a similar dose response curve to humans, but at approximately 1/10 of the dose for each measurement.
  • a dose conversion factor for pre-clinical research purposes, it is envisaged that for a given concentration of anti-polysaccharide antibody in the infant animal serum per dose of vaccine administered, approximately the same anti-polysaccharide response is seen in humans (particularly from birth to 1 year) at 5-20 times (preferably about 10 times) the dose administered to the infant animal.
  • human data will have been collected, and a more precise conversion factor can be ascertained from the human data available.
  • the infant animals may be rats, Rhesus monkey, chinchilla, rabbits, guinea pigs or mice.
  • the infant animals may not be humans.
  • the time in which animals are in their infancy can vary, however in general the age of the infant animals at the time of first inoculation should be between 1 day and 12 weeks, more preferably 2 days and 8 weeks, and most preferably 2-4 weeks.
  • the first inoculation should preferably be between 1 day and 6-8 weeks, more preferably between 2 days and 5 weeks, still more preferably between 2-4 weeks, and most preferably around 4 weeks old.
  • the above method is carried out with infant mice. Most preferably Balb/c infant mice. This model has been shown for the first time to be particularly suited to predicting human (preferably from birth to 1 year) dose response curves for polysaccharide conjugate vaccines.
  • the infant mouse is 2 days to 8 weeks old at the time of first inoculation, and most preferably about 4 weeks old at the time of first inoculation.
  • Any type of bacterial polysaccharide conjugates can be used in the above method - in particular where the bacterial polysaccharide component is selected from a group consisting of: a PRP capsular polysaccharide from H.
  • influenzae type B a capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae; a capsular polysaccharide from Group B Streptococcus; a capsular polysaccharide from Group A Streptococcus; a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup A; a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup Y; a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup W-135; a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup C; and the Ni polysaccharide from Salmonella typhi.
  • the polysaccharide is the capsular polysaccharide from any strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae (most preferably from serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9 ⁇ , 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F, or 33F).
  • the carrier protein used to conjugate the polysaccharide to may be a peptide or a polypeptide, but should be a provider of T-helper epitopes. Any of those commonly used in the art may be used. Typical examples are diphtheria toxoid; CRM197; tetanus toxoid; inactivated or mutant pneumococcal pneumolysin; or meningococcal OMPC.
  • the protein is H. influenzae protein D (see EP 594610-B).
  • a further aspect of the present invention provides a use of infant animals as a method of determining the dose response of a human (preferably from birth to 1 year) to a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine comprising an immunogenic carrier protein and a bacterial polysaccharide (particularly via the methods detailed above).
  • the present inventors have revealed that for many pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugates, the immune response is not directly related to dose, but is bell-shaped - with the highest doses (usually 25 ⁇ g of polysaccharide are used in current unconjugated vaccines) and lowest doses yielding a lesser immune response than intermediate doses.
  • the dose response curve is more of a plateau in nature.
  • the present inventors have tested various doses of pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines to determine which dose is optimal for a particular polysaccharide conjugate.
  • Optimal responses for the various polysaccharide conjugates in the infant mouse model could be converted to optimal human doses.
  • These optimal human doses were found to be at either a low, medium or high dose.
  • a low dose is defined to be between 0.01 ⁇ g and 2.5 ⁇ g, and is preferably between 0.05 and 2 ⁇ g, and most preferably 1 ⁇ g of each conjugate (as mentioned above, reference to amounts of polysaccharide conjugate antigen refers to the dosage of the polysaccharide component only).
  • a medium dose is defined to be between 2.5 ⁇ g and 4.5 ⁇ g, and is preferably between 2.6 and 4 ⁇ g, and most preferably 3 ⁇ g of each conjugate.
  • a high dose is defined to be between 4.5 ⁇ g and 10 ⁇ g, and is preferably between 5 and 8 ⁇ g, and most preferably 6 ⁇ g of each conjugate.
  • eleven valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (which may be conjugated to any immunogenic protein, preferably those described above, and most preferably protein D) the following has been found:
  • PS 1 and 3 have optimal doses between a medium and a high dose.
  • the present inventors have found that by having the correct dose of conjugate in a vaccine, the resulting response can be improved up to 3 times than when the conjugate is dosed at a non-optimal level. Such increases in antibody titre can be related to larger proportions of the immunised population eliciting a protective immune response against the antigen. Properly dosed vaccines are thus highly advantageous.
  • a further aspect of the invention is thus a pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine comprising one or more pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate antigens derived from serotypes 6B, 19F or 23F, and is present at a low dose in the vaccine.
  • pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine comprising one or more pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate antigens derived from serotypes 1, 3, 5, 7F or 18C, and is present at a medium dose in the vaccine.
  • a still further embodiment of the invention is a pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine comprising one or more pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate antigens derived from serotypes 1, 3, 4, 9N or 14, and is present at a high dose in the vaccine.
  • pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines may be combined in a single vaccine, a combination vaccine comprising 2 or more pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate antigens at an optimal concentration for inducing an optimal anti-polysaccharide antibody response when administered to a human is also envisaged.
  • one or more of the pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate antigens is derived from serotypes 6B, 19F or 23F, and is present at a low dose in the vaccine.
  • one or more of the pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate antigens may be derived from serotypes 1, 3, 5, 7F or 18C, and be present at a medium dose in the vaccine.
  • one or more of the pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate antigens may be derived from serotypes 1, 3, 4, 9V or 14, and be present at a high dose in the vaccine.
  • a particularly preferred combination vaccine comprises conjugate antigens derived from serotypes 6B, 19F and 23F present at a low dose, conjugate antigens derived from serotypes 1, 3, 5, 7F and 18C present at a medium dose, and conjugate antigens derived from serotypes 4, 9N and 14 present at a high dose in the vaccine.
  • serotypes 1 and/or 3 may be present in the combination at a high dose.
  • a further embodiment of the invention is a vaccine comprising one of the above pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines of the invention in combination with one or more of the following polysaccharide conjugates where the bacterial polysaccharide component is selected from a group consisting of: a PRP capsular polysaccharide from H.
  • influenzae type B a capsular polysaccharide from Group B Streptococcus; a capsular polysaccharide from Group A Streptococcus; a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup A; a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup Y; a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup W-135; and a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup C.
  • a combination vaccine comprising the pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine of the invention, a PRP conjugate and one or more of the aforementioned meningococcal polysaccharide conjugates is especially advantageous for use as a global vaccine against meningitis.
  • most (and preferably all) of the polysaccharide conjugates are present in the vaccine at their optimal dose (as determinable by the above methods).
  • the above polysaccharide conjugates are conjugated to any of the aforementioned protein carriers, preferably protein D.
  • all polysaccharides may be conjugated to the same carrier, this need not be the case. They may be individually conjugated to different carriers and combined so as to minimise possible carrier immune suppression that is sometimes observed where too much of a single carrier is used in a combination vaccine.
  • the vaccines of the invention are for use in human infants (particularly from birth to 1 year).
  • the vaccine compositions of the invention may be formulated with an adjuvant such as alum or 3D-MPL.
  • an adjuvant such as alum or 3D-MPL.
  • 3D-MPL devoid of aluminium adjuvant is used (as described in WO 00/56358).
  • Other commonly used excipients may also be used.
  • S.pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide The tetravalent vaccine includes the capsular polysaccharides from serotypes 6B, 14, 19F and 23F.
  • the 11 -valent candidate vaccine includes the capsular polysaccharides from serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F which were made essentially as described in EP 72513.
  • Each polysaccharide is activated and derivatised using CDAP chemistry (WO 95/08348) and conjugated to the protein carrier. All the polysaccharides are conjugated in their native form, except for the serotype 3. It was reduced in molecular size.
  • the protein carrier selected is the recombinant protein D (PD) from Non typeable Haemophilus influenzae, expressed in E. coli.
  • PD recombinant protein D
  • Example 2 A review of the literature of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines showed it was not possible to make a clear correlation between the dosage response in animal models and the dosage response in humans. Furthermore, while different trends were reported in the literature for the various pneumococcal conjugates (bell-shaped, decreasing, and flat), the lack of statistical data made it impossible to determine if any of these were significantly different.
  • the data from the dosage-response studies undertaken in 6 animal models with the protein D conjugate vaccine was assessed in order to observe the animal model(s) that best matched the human data from the dosage response study TetraPn005 in infant humans in Costa Rica. The assessment was done by blinding the assessors to the particular animal model. Those tested were adult and infant rat and mouse, infant Rhesus monkey, and adult chinchilla.
  • the ELISA was performed to measure serum IgG using the WHO/CDC consensus procedure for the quantitation of IgG antibody against Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides.
  • purified capsular polysaccharide is coated directly on the microtitre plate.
  • Serum samples are pre-incubated with the cell- wall polysaccharide common to all pneumococcus and which is present in ca. 0.5% in pneumococcal polysaccharides purified according to disclosure (EP72513 Bl).
  • Jackson ImmunoLaboratories Inc. reagents were employed to detect bound IgG.
  • the titration curves were referenced logistic log equation to internal standards (monoclonal antibodies).
  • the calculations were performed using SoftMax Pro software. The maximum absolute error on these results expected to be within a factor of 2. The relative error is less than 30%.
  • Figures 2 to 6, 10 and 11 were analysed to identify which animal model corresponded best with the human dosage response curves (Fig. 2).
  • the animal models were blinded, but included adult and infant rats, adult and infant mice, and infant Rhesus. In addition, adult Chinchilla data were analysed. Mice of 1, 2, and 4 weeks were not included.
  • mice groups were studied which were first immunised (sub- cutaneously) at 2 days old, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of age. Three immunisations took place (at day 0, 14 and 28) with 50 ⁇ l of 11 -valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine containing either 0.01, 0.1 or 0.5 ⁇ g per polysaccharide with 50 ⁇ g aluminium phosphate as adjuvant. A final bleed was taken at day 42. Taking into consideration the 95% confidence intervals, which may hide the true dosage-response curve, the 4 week old mouse has the best match with the human data. This is because the response to 6B is far too low to be realistic in younger mice. Note that sometime between 2 and 4 weeks of age, the mice obtain the ability to mount a higher response to 6B. This reduced immunogenicity to 6B is possibly related to the fact that antibodies to it may cross-react with double stranded DNA.
  • a bell-shaped dosage-response curve has been observed with some pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate serotypes in both humans and animal models. Other serotypes show a plateau dosage response curve. Humans under 1 year have a maximum response at approximately 1-10 ⁇ g, and infant mice have a maximum between 0.1 and 1 ⁇ g. In general the mice appear to respond in a similar way at about 1/10 the human dose.
  • Figure 12 shows comparisons of anti-pneumococcal PS IgG titre in infant mice (4 weeks old at first injection) injected with the 11 valent pneumococcal PS conjugate vaccine sub-cutaneously vs. humans injected intra-muscularly, and in infant mice (4 weeks old at first injection) injected with the 11 valent pneumococcal PS conjugate vaccine intra-muscularly vs. humans injected intra-muscularly.
  • the vaccine was administered 3 times with 2 weeks between injections. Serum was collected 2 weeks after the third injection.
  • ELISA tests were carried our as described above. As can be seen, intra-muscular administration of the vaccine in mice results in a further improvement to the model.

Abstract

The present invention relates to the field of methods of testing a vaccine response in an animal model to obtain information on the response of humans to the same vaccinogen. The present invention provides a method of determining the dose response of a human to a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine comprising an immunogenic carrier protein and a bacterial polysaccharide, said method comprising the steps of administering to an infant animal a dose amount of said conjugated vaccine, and determining the immune response of the animal to the bacterial polysaccharide as a measure of the immune response of a human. Preferred, modes of administration of vaccine in the model, dose of vaccine tested, time between doses, time of serum harvesting, method of determination of immune response, and type (and age) of infant animal used are also all provided.

Description

NOVEL METHOD
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the field of vaccine evaluation. In particular it relates to the field of methods of determining a vaccine response in an animal model to obtain information on the response of humans to the same vaccinogen.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The use of animals as models for the behaviour of materials (such as vaccines) administered to humans is well established.
The immune response to different dosages of T-independent antigens, polysaccharides in particular, has a phenomenon historically called high and low dose tolerance. This immunological phenomenon changes (and is made less predictable) when a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine is made (for instance by conjugating the polysaccharide antigen to a peptide or protein which provides T-helper epitopes), as there are now 2 elements to the immune response, a B-cell element related to the polysaccharide, and a T-cell element related to the carrier protein. To date, there has been no animal model able to correctly predict human immunogenicity of polysaccharide conjugate vaccines (Eby R., Koster M., Hogerman D., Malinoski F. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines In: Naccines. Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press, 1994: 119-123).
In US Patent 5,604,108 a method is disclosed to establish the dosage response of humans to polysaccharide conjugate vaccines by coadministering to the animal unconjugated carrier protein. There is still a need, however, for animal models which are more predicative still of the human response. Such animal models could be advantageously used in potency tests for the lot release of batches of vaccine (to ensure that a related response in humans would be acceptable), and in pre-clinical studies to evaluate the efficacy of new formulations of conjugate without initially having to conduct human trials. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, the present invention provides method of determining the dose response of a human (preferably humans aged from a few days old to one year) to a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine comprising an immunogenic carrier protein and a bacterial polysaccharide, said method comprising the steps of administering to an infant animal a dose amount of said conjugated vaccine, and determining the immune response of the animal to the bacterial polysaccharide as a measure of the immune response of a human. Preferred modes of administration of vaccine in the model, dose of vaccine tested, time between doses, time of serum harvesting, method of determination of immune response, and type (and age) of infant animal used are all provided.
Furthermore, the above model was used in order to develop a combination vaccine comprising 2 or more pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate antigens at an optimal concentration for inducing an optimal anti-polysaccharide antibody response when administered to a human. Said combinations are further aspects of this invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1. Correlation of Opsonophagocytic Titre and [IgG] for Serotype 6B using SB Tetravalent PS-PD in Costa Rican Infant humans.
Figure 2. Geometric Mean IgG Concentration in Costa Rican Infants 1 month after the third injection of a Tetravalent pneumococcal PS-PD vaccine (comprising serotypes 6B, 14, 19F and 23F, and aluminium phosphate adjuvant). Bars indicate the 95% confidence interval.
Figure 3. Geometric Mean IgG Concentration in Infant Rats 1 month after the third injection of a Tetravalent pneumococcal PS-PD vaccine with aluminium phosphate adjuvant. Bars indicate the 95% confidence interval. Figure 4. Geometric Mean IgG Concentration in Infant Rats 2 weeks after the third injection of an 11-valent pneumococcal PS-PD vaccine also containing aluminium phosphate adjuvant. Bars indicate the 95% confidence interval.
Figure 5. Geometric Mean IgG Concentration in Adult Rats 2 weeks after the second injection of an 11-valent pneumococcal PS-PD vaccine also containing aluminium phosphate adjuvant. Bars indicate the 95% confidence interval.
Figure 6. Geometric Mean IgG Concentration in Infant mice (first injection when they were 2 days old) 2 weeks after the third injection of an 11-valent pneumococcal PS-PD vaccine also containing aluminium phosphate adjuvant. Bars indicate the 95% confidence interval.
Figure 7. Geometric Mean IgG Concentration in Infant mice (first injection when they were 1 week old) 2 weeks after the third injection of an 11-valent pneumococcal PS-PD vaccine also containing aluminium phosphate adjuvant. Bars indicate the 95% confidence interval.
Figure 8. Geometric Mean IgG Concentration in Infant mice (first injection when they were 2 weeks old) 2 weeks after the third injection of an 11-valent pneumococcal PS-PD vaccine also containing aluminium phosphate adjuvant. Bars indicate the 95% confidence interval.
Figure 9. Geometric Mean IgG Concentration in Infant mice (first injection when they were 4 weeks old) 2 weeks after the third injection of an 11-valent pneumococcal PS-PD vaccine also containing aluminium phosphate adjuvant. Bars indicate the 95% confidence interval.
Figure 10. Geometric Mean IgG Concentration in young mice (first injection when they were 8 weeks old) 2 weeks after the third injection of an 11-valent pneumococcal PS-PD vaccine also containing aluminium phosphate adjuvant. Bars indicate the 95% confidence interval. Figure 11. Geometric Mean IgG Concentration in Infant Rhesus Monkeys 1 month after the third injection of a tetravalent pneumococcal PS-PD vaccine with aluminium phosphate adjuvant. Bars indicate the 95% confidence interval.
Figure 12. Comparisons of anti-pneumococcal PS IgG titre in infant mice (4 weeks old at first injection) injected with the pneumococcal PS conjugate vaccine sub- cutaneously (SC) vs. humans injected intra-muscularly (IM), and in infant mice (4 weeks old at first injection) injected with the pneumococcal PS conjugate vaccine intra-muscularly vs. humans injected intra-muscularly. The vaccine was administered 3 times with 2 weeks between injections. Serum was collected 2 weeks after the third injection. ELISA tests were carried our as described in Examples.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
According to the present invention, a new, improved method is provided in which an animal model can be used to make a predictive correlation between the dosage response in the model and the response in humans. The invention thereby provides an animal model that correctly reflects human immunogenicity to conjugate vaccines. Such a model will be extremely useful for the lot release testing of vaccines. It will also be an important preclinical research tool for designing and evaluating new vaccine compositions (formulations with new combinations of antigens, new dosages of antigens or new excipients or adjuvants) without having to carry out as many human trials as was required previously. The present inventors have found that different animal models give different dose-response curves (the relationship between Geometric Mean Concentration of IgG antibodies against an antigen [the polysaccharide antigen in polysaccharide conjugate vaccines] and the dose of vaccine administered with a given injection schedule) with no clear indication of which animal model is predictive of human data. It was found that only infant animals showed the strong inverse dose-response (high dose tolerance) that was demonstrated later for some serotypes in human infants. In particular, the use of infant mice in such experiments matched the human infant data best given a certain correction factor -the dosage giving the maximum response in the infant mouse is at approximately 1/10 the human dosage (the dose-response curves in general also being comparable between infant mice and humans given this corrective factor).
Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention provides a method of determining the dose response (as described above) of a human to an antigen, said method comprising the steps of administering to an infant animal a dose amount of said antigen, and determining the immune response of the animal to the antigen as a measure of the immune response of a human (preferably humans from birth to 1 year).
It is envisaged that the above method and all preferred embodiments described below will be useful for any kind of antigen (e.g. protein, nucleic acid or carbohydrate - or combinations thereof). It will be particularly useful for polysaccharide conjugate vaccines comprising an immunogenic carrier protein and a bacterial polysaccharide because of the especially unpredictable nature of the immune response against these antigens as described above. Using the methods of the invention the response to the polysaccharide portion of the vaccine may be predicted. From this point onwards it should be understood that the methods involving 'polysaccharide conjugate vaccines' are envisaged also to be applicable to any type of antigen.
In one embodiment the inventors have found that the polysaccharide conjugate vaccine should advantageously be administered to the infant animals intramuscularly (rather than, for instance, sub-cutaneously), as the relative immunogenicity of the polysaccharide component correlates better still with data from human trials.
In a further embodiment, the dose of vaccine administered to the infant animal should range from 0.001-10 μg, and most preferably from 0.01-1 μg. Reference to amounts of polysaccharide conjugate antigen in this specification always refers to the dosage of the polysaccharide component only (independent of amount of carrier). One or more doses may be chosen from this range. The more dosage points chosen, the more information the dose response curve will yield.
Preferably, the vaccine is administered to the infant animal the same number of times as the administration protocol of the human vaccine. Therefore, for a human polysaccharide conjugate vaccine which is to be administered in a three dose schedule, when tested in the model of the invention, each animal should similarly be injected with the vaccine three times. Furthermore, if the human vaccine involves the administration of 2 doses of conjugated polysaccharide and one dose of unconjugated polysaccharide, preferably the test in the model of the invention should be carried out likewise.
Usually in human vaccines, administration is conducted with about 1-2 months (particularly 1 month) between doses (with the first injection usually administered from birth to 1 year). It has been found in the present model that the vaccine should be preferably administered to the infant animal with a time period of 1-3 weeks between doses, and a time period of approximately 2 weeks is most preferred in terms of obtaining the best predictive model for the above human administration schedule. Preferably, a serum sample is collected from the infant animals for testing 1-4 weeks after the last dose of vaccine is administered (and most preferably after approximately 2 weeks).
A preferred method of determining the response in the animal model to the vaccine is by measuring the concentration of anti-polysaccharide antibody in the infant animal serum per dose of vaccine administered by ELISA. This can be quite accurately done if all ELISA tests are calibrated with purified antibodies (preferably monoclonal antibodies) against the polysaccharide antigen.
Preferably, the method of transposing the infant animal data into a predicted dose response in humans is by using a dose conversion factor. Infant animals (particularly infant mice) will exhibit a similar dose response curve to humans, but at approximately 1/10 of the dose for each measurement. For pre-clinical research purposes, it is envisaged that for a given concentration of anti-polysaccharide antibody in the infant animal serum per dose of vaccine administered, approximately the same anti-polysaccharide response is seen in humans (particularly from birth to 1 year) at 5-20 times (preferably about 10 times) the dose administered to the infant animal. For potency studies for vaccine lot release, human data will have been collected, and a more precise conversion factor can be ascertained from the human data available.
In the above method, the infant animals may be rats, Rhesus monkey, chinchilla, rabbits, guinea pigs or mice. The infant animals may not be humans. The time in which animals are in their infancy can vary, however in general the age of the infant animals at the time of first inoculation should be between 1 day and 12 weeks, more preferably 2 days and 8 weeks, and most preferably 2-4 weeks. For mice and rats the first inoculation should preferably be between 1 day and 6-8 weeks, more preferably between 2 days and 5 weeks, still more preferably between 2-4 weeks, and most preferably around 4 weeks old.
In a preferred embodiment, the above method is carried out with infant mice. Most preferably Balb/c infant mice. This model has been shown for the first time to be particularly suited to predicting human (preferably from birth to 1 year) dose response curves for polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. Preferably, the infant mouse is 2 days to 8 weeks old at the time of first inoculation, and most preferably about 4 weeks old at the time of first inoculation. Any type of bacterial polysaccharide conjugates can be used in the above method - in particular where the bacterial polysaccharide component is selected from a group consisting of: a PRP capsular polysaccharide from H. influenzae type B; a capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae; a capsular polysaccharide from Group B Streptococcus; a capsular polysaccharide from Group A Streptococcus; a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup A; a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup Y; a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup W-135; a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup C; and the Ni polysaccharide from Salmonella typhi. Preferably, the polysaccharide is the capsular polysaccharide from any strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae (most preferably from serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9Ν, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F, or 33F).
The carrier protein used to conjugate the polysaccharide to may be a peptide or a polypeptide, but should be a provider of T-helper epitopes. Any of those commonly used in the art may be used. Typical examples are diphtheria toxoid; CRM197; tetanus toxoid; inactivated or mutant pneumococcal pneumolysin; or meningococcal OMPC. Preferably the protein is H. influenzae protein D (see EP 594610-B).
A further aspect of the present invention provides a use of infant animals as a method of determining the dose response of a human (preferably from birth to 1 year) to a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine comprising an immunogenic carrier protein and a bacterial polysaccharide (particularly via the methods detailed above).
Using the above methods and uses, an optimal dose of antigen (particularly for those polysaccharide conjugates detailed above) can be ascertained for a human vaccine to induce an optimal anti-polysaccharide antibody response when administered to a human (preferably humans from birth to 1 year old). By optimal response, usually this will mean the largest antibody titres. Thus in a further aspect, the present invention provides vaccine formulations where the dose of antigen (particularly polysaccharide conjugate antigen) has been optimised by the above method.
As an example, the present inventors have revealed that for many pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugates, the immune response is not directly related to dose, but is bell-shaped - with the highest doses (usually 25 μg of polysaccharide are used in current unconjugated vaccines) and lowest doses yielding a lesser immune response than intermediate doses. For other serotypes, the dose response curve is more of a plateau in nature.
The present inventors have tested various doses of pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines to determine which dose is optimal for a particular polysaccharide conjugate. Optimal responses for the various polysaccharide conjugates in the infant mouse model could be converted to optimal human doses. These optimal human doses were found to be at either a low, medium or high dose. A low dose is defined to be between 0.01 μg and 2.5 μg, and is preferably between 0.05 and 2 μg, and most preferably 1 μg of each conjugate (as mentioned above, reference to amounts of polysaccharide conjugate antigen refers to the dosage of the polysaccharide component only). A medium dose is defined to be between 2.5 μg and 4.5 μg, and is preferably between 2.6 and 4 μg, and most preferably 3 μg of each conjugate. A high dose is defined to be between 4.5 μg and 10 μg, and is preferably between 5 and 8 μg, and most preferably 6 μg of each conjugate. In an eleven valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (which may be conjugated to any immunogenic protein, preferably those described above, and most preferably protein D) the following has been found:
Serotype with optimal Serotype with optimal Serotype with optimal (highest) immune response (highest) immune response (highest) immune response at high dose at medium dose at low dose
A, 9N, 14, [l, 3 , 5, 7F, 18C 6B, 19F, 23F
PS 1 and 3 have optimal doses between a medium and a high dose. The present inventors have found that by having the correct dose of conjugate in a vaccine, the resulting response can be improved up to 3 times than when the conjugate is dosed at a non-optimal level. Such increases in antibody titre can be related to larger proportions of the immunised population eliciting a protective immune response against the antigen. Properly dosed vaccines are thus highly advantageous.
A further aspect of the invention is thus a pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine comprising one or more pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate antigens derived from serotypes 6B, 19F or 23F, and is present at a low dose in the vaccine.
Another embodiment of the invention is a pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine comprising one or more pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate antigens derived from serotypes 1, 3, 5, 7F or 18C, and is present at a medium dose in the vaccine.
A still further embodiment of the invention is a pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine comprising one or more pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate antigens derived from serotypes 1, 3, 4, 9N or 14, and is present at a high dose in the vaccine. As many pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines may be combined in a single vaccine, a combination vaccine comprising 2 or more pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate antigens at an optimal concentration for inducing an optimal anti-polysaccharide antibody response when administered to a human is also envisaged. Preferably, one or more of the pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate antigens is derived from serotypes 6B, 19F or 23F, and is present at a low dose in the vaccine. Alternatively, one or more of the pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate antigens may be derived from serotypes 1, 3, 5, 7F or 18C, and be present at a medium dose in the vaccine. Lastly, one or more of the pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate antigens may be derived from serotypes 1, 3, 4, 9V or 14, and be present at a high dose in the vaccine. Any combinations of the above 3 embodiments are also envisaged - for instance having one of each of a low dose, medium dose, and high dose polysaccharide conjugate comprised within the combination vaccine. A particularly preferred combination vaccine comprises conjugate antigens derived from serotypes 6B, 19F and 23F present at a low dose, conjugate antigens derived from serotypes 1, 3, 5, 7F and 18C present at a medium dose, and conjugate antigens derived from serotypes 4, 9N and 14 present at a high dose in the vaccine. Alternatively, serotypes 1 and/or 3 may be present in the combination at a high dose. A further embodiment of the invention is a vaccine comprising one of the above pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines of the invention in combination with one or more of the following polysaccharide conjugates where the bacterial polysaccharide component is selected from a group consisting of: a PRP capsular polysaccharide from H. influenzae type B; a capsular polysaccharide from Group B Streptococcus; a capsular polysaccharide from Group A Streptococcus; a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup A; a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup Y; a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup W-135; and a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup C. In particular, a combination vaccine comprising the pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine of the invention, a PRP conjugate and one or more of the aforementioned meningococcal polysaccharide conjugates is especially advantageous for use as a global vaccine against meningitis. In a preferred embodiment, most (and preferably all) of the polysaccharide conjugates are present in the vaccine at their optimal dose (as determinable by the above methods).
Preferably, the above polysaccharide conjugates are conjugated to any of the aforementioned protein carriers, preferably protein D. Although in combinations of these polysaccharide conjugates, all polysaccharides may be conjugated to the same carrier, this need not be the case. They may be individually conjugated to different carriers and combined so as to minimise possible carrier immune suppression that is sometimes observed where too much of a single carrier is used in a combination vaccine.
Preferably, the vaccines of the invention are for use in human infants (particularly from birth to 1 year). The vaccine compositions of the invention may be formulated with an adjuvant such as alum or 3D-MPL. Preferably 3D-MPL devoid of aluminium adjuvant is used (as described in WO 00/56358). Other commonly used excipients may also be used. The invention will now be illustrated (but not limited) by the following examples.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
S.pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide: The tetravalent vaccine includes the capsular polysaccharides from serotypes 6B, 14, 19F and 23F. The 11 -valent candidate vaccine includes the capsular polysaccharides from serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F which were made essentially as described in EP 72513. Each polysaccharide is activated and derivatised using CDAP chemistry (WO 95/08348) and conjugated to the protein carrier. All the polysaccharides are conjugated in their native form, except for the serotype 3. It was reduced in molecular size.
Protein carrier:
The protein carrier selected is the recombinant protein D (PD) from Non typeable Haemophilus influenzae, expressed in E. coli. For the Expression of protein D, the activation chemistry used to conjugate it to the above polysaccharides, and the characterisation of the conjugates, see WO 00/56360.
Example 2 A review of the literature of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines showed it was not possible to make a clear correlation between the dosage response in animal models and the dosage response in humans. Furthermore, while different trends were reported in the literature for the various pneumococcal conjugates (bell-shaped, decreasing, and flat), the lack of statistical data made it impossible to determine if any of these were significantly different.
The net conclusion was that it was necessary to perform a dosage response study in humans with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (the carrier protein being protein D or "PD").
The data from the dosage-response studies undertaken in 6 animal models with the protein D conjugate vaccine was assessed in order to observe the animal model(s) that best matched the human data from the dosage response study TetraPn005 in infant humans in Costa Rica. The assessment was done by blinding the assessors to the particular animal model. Those tested were adult and infant rat and mouse, infant Rhesus monkey, and adult chinchilla.
The results were that the infant mouse model corresponds best with the human immunogenicity data. It is proposed that future studies will focus on young mice of about 4 weeks of age.
Human Studies compared to Animal Studies.
The results of dosage-response studies with a tetravalent PS-PD (pneumococcal polysaccharide - protein D) conjugate vaccine (serotypes 6B, 14, 19F and 23F) [TetraPn005] are presented in Figures 2, 3, and 11. Eleven valent polysaccharide vaccines were studied in Figures 4-10. Human data was provided by
Pascal Peeters for TetraPN005 in Costa Rica.
Administration Schedule
Figure imgf000014_0001
ELISA data
The ELISA was performed to measure serum IgG using the WHO/CDC consensus procedure for the quantitation of IgG antibody against Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides. In essence, purified capsular polysaccharide is coated directly on the microtitre plate. Serum samples are pre-incubated with the cell- wall polysaccharide common to all pneumococcus and which is present in ca. 0.5% in pneumococcal polysaccharides purified according to disclosure (EP72513 Bl). Jackson ImmunoLaboratories Inc. reagents were employed to detect bound IgG. The titration curves were referenced logistic log equation to internal standards (monoclonal antibodies). The calculations were performed using SoftMax Pro software. The maximum absolute error on these results expected to be within a factor of 2. The relative error is less than 30%.
Bell-Shaped Dosage-Response by Opsonophagocytosis The ELISA method was adapted to use the CBER mHSA protocol
(Concepcion and Frasch, Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology (1998) 5:199) with the Costan Rican Infant Human sera. This new data provided further evidence that the 1.0 μg human dose is significantly more immunogenic than the other dosages. The geometric mean IgG concentrations for seroypte 6B are 0.50, 1.31, and 0.22 μg/ml for the 0.1, 1.0 and 10 μg dosage respectively. Interestingly, the 0.1 μg dosage has a tendency to be more immunogenic than the 10 μg dosage based on the mean of the log transformed IgG concentrations (p- 0.08). These data were compared with opsonophagocytic titres determined using the CDC protocol (Romero and Steiner, Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology (1997) 4:415). The results for serotype 6B are presented in Figure 1 below. The seroconversion to opsonic activity are 6/24, 13/21, and 5/20 respectively (p = 0.02 between the 1 and 10 μg dosage, Fisher's Exact test). The good correlation of IgG concentration with opsonophagocytic titre, and the seroconversion rate to opsonic activity, both confirm the 1.0 μg dosage as more immunogenic. However, it is interesting that even at 0.1 μg a reasonably effective vaccine formulation is obtained. Matching Dosage Response Curves in Different Animal Systems
Figures 2 to 6, 10 and 11 were analysed to identify which animal model corresponded best with the human dosage response curves (Fig. 2). The animal models were blinded, but included adult and infant rats, adult and infant mice, and infant Rhesus. In addition, adult Chinchilla data were analysed. Mice of 1, 2, and 4 weeks were not included.
Although the inverse dose effect was seen generally in all infant animal models, the best results/fit was obtained for the 2 day old mouse model. This was because of the rank of the data, the bell shaped dose response being similar, and the PS 14 conjugate data showing a gradual increase in response with dose. The similarity was greater than for chinchilla (which had a very flat dosage response) and much better than that of infant rat. The similarity was also better than when infant Rhesus monkeys were used - the U-shaped response seen in infant Rhesus with the tetravalent vaccine was not observed in human infants.
Additional Studies on the Mouse Model
Balb/c mice groups were studied which were first immunised (sub- cutaneously) at 2 days old, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of age. Three immunisations took place (at day 0, 14 and 28) with 50 μl of 11 -valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine containing either 0.01, 0.1 or 0.5 μg per polysaccharide with 50 μg aluminium phosphate as adjuvant. A final bleed was taken at day 42. Taking into consideration the 95% confidence intervals, which may hide the true dosage-response curve, the 4 week old mouse has the best match with the human data. This is because the response to 6B is far too low to be realistic in younger mice. Note that sometime between 2 and 4 weeks of age, the mice obtain the ability to mount a higher response to 6B. This reduced immunogenicity to 6B is possibly related to the fact that antibodies to it may cross-react with double stranded DNA.
Discussion A bell-shaped dosage-response curve has been observed with some pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate serotypes in both humans and animal models. Other serotypes show a plateau dosage response curve. Humans under 1 year have a maximum response at approximately 1-10 μg, and infant mice have a maximum between 0.1 and 1 μg. In general the mice appear to respond in a similar way at about 1/10 the human dose.
Most of the valencies in the tetravalent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein D conjugate vaccine shows a Bell-shaped response curve in infants (Figure 2), and it is important to select an animal model which displays these characteristics over a reasonable dosage-range. This is important not only for the potency test, but for research purposes. In this regard, the young mouse displays the desired characteristics. The shape of the dose response in the infant mice (aged 2 days to 2-4 weeks) resembles the results of the human clinical trial shown in Figure 2. Furthermore, for serotypes which exhibit a plateau dosage curve in humans, this is also well predicted by the infant mouse model. Since the response to 6B is too low in 2 day old mice, in addition to handling problems in the animal facilities, it is recommended that 4 week old mice be used for research purposes, and 4 or 8 week old mice be used for the potency test (8 week old mice being easier to handle still, but giving less good predictive results).
Intramuscular versus Sub-cutaneous administration of vaccine
Figure 12 shows comparisons of anti-pneumococcal PS IgG titre in infant mice (4 weeks old at first injection) injected with the 11 valent pneumococcal PS conjugate vaccine sub-cutaneously vs. humans injected intra-muscularly, and in infant mice (4 weeks old at first injection) injected with the 11 valent pneumococcal PS conjugate vaccine intra-muscularly vs. humans injected intra-muscularly. The vaccine was administered 3 times with 2 weeks between injections. Serum was collected 2 weeks after the third injection. ELISA tests were carried our as described above. As can be seen, intra-muscular administration of the vaccine in mice results in a further improvement to the model.

Claims

We claim:
1. A method of determining the dose response of a human to a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine comprising an immunogenic carrier protein and a bacterial polysaccharide, said method comprising the steps of administering to an infant animal a dose amount of said conjugated vaccine, and determining the immune response of the animal to the bacterial polysaccharide as a measure of the immune response of a human.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the vaccine is administered intramuscularly to the infant animal.
3. The method of claims 1-2, wherein the dose of vaccine administered to the infant animal ranges from 0.001-10 μg.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the dose of vaccine administered to the infant animal ranges from 0.01-1 μg.
5. The method of claims 1-4, wherein the vaccine is administered to the infant animal the same number of times as the administration protocol of the human vaccine.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the vaccine is administered three times to the infant animal.
7. The method of claims 5 and 6, wherein the vaccine is administered to the infant animal with a time period of 2 weeks between doses.
8. The method of claims 1-7, wherein a serum sample is collected from the infant animal for testing 2 weeks after the last dose of vaccine is administered.
9. The method of claims 1-8, wherein the concentration of anti-polysaccharide antibody in the infant animal serum per dose of vaccine administered is determined by ELISA.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein for a given dose of vaccine administered, approximately the same anti-polysaccharide response is seen in humans at 5-20 times the dose administered to the infant animal.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein for a given dose of vaccine administered, the same anti-polysaccharide response is seen in humans at approximately 10 times the dose administered to the infant animal.
12. The method of claims 1-11, wherein the infant animal is an infant mouse.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the infant mouse is 2 days to 8 weeks old at the time of first inoculation.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the infant mouse is 4 weeks old at the time of first inoculation.
15. The method of claims 1-14, wherein the bacterial polysaccharide is selected from a group consisting of: a PRP capsular polysaccharide from H. influenzae type B; a capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae; a capsular polysaccharide from Group B Streptococcus; a capsular polysaccharide from Group A Streptococcus; a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup A; a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup Y; a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup W-135; a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup C; and the Ni polysaccharide from Salmonella typhi.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the carrier protein is selected from a group consisting of: diphtheria toxoid; CRM197; tetanus toxoid; inactivated or mutant pneumococcal pneumolysin; meningococcal OMPC; and H. influenzae protein D.
17. A use of infant animals in the method of determining the dose response of a human to a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine of claims 1-16.
18. A combination vaccine comprising 2 or more pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate antigens at an optimal concentration for inducing an optimal anti-polysaccharide antibody response when administered to a human.
19. The combination vaccine of claim 18, wherein one or more of the pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate antigens is derived from serotypes 6B, 19F or 23F, and is present at a low dose in the vaccine.
20. The combination vaccine of claim 18 or 19, wherein one or more of the pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate antigens is derived from serotypes
1, 3, 5, 7F or 18C, and is present at a medium dose in the vaccine.
21. The combination vaccine of claims 18-20, wherein one or more of the pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate antigens is derived from serotypes 4, 9V or 14, and is present at a high dose in the vaccine.
22. The combination vaccine of claims 18-21, wherein the vaccine additionally comprises one or more further bacterial polysaccharide conjugates, said further bacterial polysaccharide being selected from a group consisting of: a PRP capsular polysaccharide from H. influenzae type B; a capsular polysaccharide from Group B Streptococcus; a capsular polysaccharide from Group A Streptococcus; a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup A; a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup Y; a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup W-135; and a capsular polysaccharide from meningococcus serogroup C.
23. The combination vaccine of claim 22, wherein said vaccine comprises at least one of the further bacterial polysaccharide conjugates at an optimal concentration for inducing an optimal anti-polysaccharide antibody response when administered to a human.
24. The combination vaccine of claims 18-23, wherein the polysaccharide conjugate antigens are conjugated to one or more carrier proteins selected from a group consisting of: diphtheria toxoid; CRM197; tetanus toxoid; inactivated or mutant pneumococcal pneumolysin; meningococcal OMPC; and H. influenzae protein D.
25. A method of treating pneumococcal disease in a human host, comprising the step of administering an effective amount of the combination vaccine of claims 18-24 to said human host.
26. Use of the combination vaccine of claims 18-24 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of pneumococcal disease.
PCT/EP2000/010733 1999-10-28 2000-10-27 Method WO2001030390A2 (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA002388995A CA2388995A1 (en) 1999-10-28 2000-10-27 Method
AU18549/01A AU1854901A (en) 1999-10-28 2000-10-27 Novel method
EP00981226A EP1223987A2 (en) 1999-10-28 2000-10-27 Method
JP2001532807A JP2003512440A (en) 1999-10-28 2000-10-27 New method

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9925559.8 1999-10-28
GBGB9925559.8A GB9925559D0 (en) 1999-10-28 1999-10-28 Novel method

Related Child Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10111521 A-371-Of-International 2002-08-02
US10/818,819 Continuation US20040191834A1 (en) 1999-10-28 2004-04-06 Novel method

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2001030390A2 true WO2001030390A2 (en) 2001-05-03
WO2001030390A3 WO2001030390A3 (en) 2002-04-04

Family

ID=10863574

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2000/010733 WO2001030390A2 (en) 1999-10-28 2000-10-27 Method

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1223987A2 (en)
JP (1) JP2003512440A (en)
AU (1) AU1854901A (en)
CA (1) CA2388995A1 (en)
GB (1) GB9925559D0 (en)
WO (1) WO2001030390A2 (en)

Cited By (28)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1296715A2 (en) 2000-06-29 2003-04-02 Smithkline Beecham Biologicals S.A. Multivalent vaccine composition
JP2005535298A (en) * 2002-05-15 2005-11-24 ルシアーノ ポロネリ, Glucan based vaccine
WO2008028956A1 (en) 2006-09-07 2008-03-13 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. Vaccine
WO2009104097A2 (en) 2008-02-21 2009-08-27 Novartis Ag Meningococcal fhbp polypeptides
WO2010070453A2 (en) 2008-12-17 2010-06-24 Novartis Ag Meningococcal vaccines including hemoglobin receptor
EP2258717A2 (en) 2002-11-22 2010-12-08 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l. Variant form of meningococcal NadA
EP2263688A1 (en) 2001-06-20 2010-12-22 Novartis AG Neisseria meningitidis combination vaccines
EP2267036A1 (en) 2003-10-02 2010-12-29 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l. Hypo- and Hyper-Acetylated Meningococcal Capsular Saccharides
EP2277538A1 (en) 2003-10-02 2011-01-26 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l. Combined meningitis vaccines
EP2289546A2 (en) 2003-01-30 2011-03-02 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l. Injectable vaccines against multiple meningococcal serogroups
WO2011024072A2 (en) 2009-08-27 2011-03-03 Novartis Ag Hybrid polypeptides including meningococcal fhbp sequences
WO2011039631A2 (en) 2009-09-30 2011-04-07 Novartis Ag Expression of meningococcal fhbp polypeptides
WO2011051893A1 (en) 2009-10-27 2011-05-05 Novartis Ag Modified meningococcal fhbp polypeptides
EP2336147A3 (en) * 2003-12-17 2011-07-27 Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy A beta immunogenic peptide carrier conjugates and methods of producing same
EP2351579A1 (en) 2002-10-11 2011-08-03 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l. Polypeptide vaccines for broad protection against hypervirulent meningococcal lineages
EP2385126A1 (en) 2005-11-25 2011-11-09 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l. Chimeric, hybrid and tandem polypeptides of meningococcal NMB1870
WO2012032498A2 (en) 2010-09-10 2012-03-15 Novartis Ag Developments in meningococcal outer membrane vesicles
EP2462949A2 (en) 2007-10-19 2012-06-13 Novartis AG Meningococcal vaccine formulations
CN102507924A (en) * 2011-11-17 2012-06-20 成都欧林生物科技股份有限公司 Method for detecting concentration of polysaccharide in zymotic fluid
WO2012153302A1 (en) 2011-05-12 2012-11-15 Novartis Ag Antipyretics to enhance tolerability of vesicle-based vaccines
US8398983B2 (en) 2005-06-27 2013-03-19 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals, S.A. Immunogenic composition
WO2013113917A1 (en) 2012-02-02 2013-08-08 Novartis Ag Promoters for increased protein expression in meningococcus
EP2659912A2 (en) 2007-07-17 2013-11-06 Novartis AG Conjugate purification
EP2682127A1 (en) 2007-05-02 2014-01-08 GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. Vaccine
US8722062B2 (en) 2001-01-23 2014-05-13 Sanofi Pasteur, Inc. Multivalent meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine
EP3017826A1 (en) 2009-03-24 2016-05-11 Novartis AG Combinations of meningococcal factor h binding protein and pneumococcal saccharide conjugates
US10543265B2 (en) 2006-03-22 2020-01-28 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa Regimens for immunisation with meningococcal conjugates
US10828361B2 (en) 2006-03-22 2020-11-10 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa Regimens for immunisation with meningococcal conjugates

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5604108A (en) * 1992-09-14 1997-02-18 Connaught Laboratories, Inc. Test for determining the dose response of a conjugated vaccine
WO1999033488A2 (en) * 1997-12-24 1999-07-08 Smithkline Beecham Biologicals S.A. Adjuvanted vaccine formulation
WO2000056358A2 (en) * 1999-03-19 2000-09-28 Smithkline Beecham Biologicals S.A. Vaccine against streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5604108A (en) * 1992-09-14 1997-02-18 Connaught Laboratories, Inc. Test for determining the dose response of a conjugated vaccine
WO1999033488A2 (en) * 1997-12-24 1999-07-08 Smithkline Beecham Biologicals S.A. Adjuvanted vaccine formulation
WO2000056358A2 (en) * 1999-03-19 2000-09-28 Smithkline Beecham Biologicals S.A. Vaccine against streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides

Non-Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
AKKOYUNLU M ET AL: "The acylated form of protein D of Haemophilus influenzae is more immunogenic than the nonacylated form and elicits an adjuvant effect when it is used as a carrier conjugated to polyribosyl ribitol phosphate." INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, (1997 DEC) 65 (12) 5010-6. , XP001041693 *
DAUM, ROBERT S. ET AL: "Infant immunization with pneumococcal CRM197 vaccines: effect of saccharide size on immunogenicity and interactions with simultaneously administered vaccines" J. INFECT. DIS. (1997), 176(2), 445-455 , XP001041718 *
GUPTA, RAJESH K. ET AL: "Evaluation of a guinea pig model to assess interference in the immunogenicity of different components of a combination vaccine comprising diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine and Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccine" BIOLOGICALS (1999), 27(2), 167-176 , XP001041727 *
MICHON, FRANCIS ET AL: "Multivalent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccines employing genetically detoxified pneumolysin as a carrie protein" VACCINE (1998), 16(18), 1732-1741 , XP001041691 *
ROMERO-STEINER, SANDRA ET AL: "Standardization of an opsonophagocytic assay for the measurement of functional antibody activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae using differentiated HL-60 cells" CLIN. DIAGN. LAB. IMMUNOL. (1997), 4(4), 415-422 , XP001041731 *
SCHNEERSON R ET AL: "Serum antibody responses of juvenile and infant rhesus monkeys injected with Haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcus type 6A capsular polysaccharide -protein conjugates." INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, (1984 SEP) 45 (3) 582-91. , XP001041692 *
See also references of EP1223987A2 *

Cited By (74)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2277541A1 (en) * 2000-06-29 2011-01-26 SmithKline Beecham Biologicals S.A. Multivalent vaccine composition
EP1296715A2 (en) 2000-06-29 2003-04-02 Smithkline Beecham Biologicals S.A. Multivalent vaccine composition
US9844601B2 (en) 2001-01-23 2017-12-19 Sanofi Pasteur Inc. Multivalent meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine
US9173955B2 (en) 2001-01-23 2015-11-03 Sanofi Pasteur Inc. Multivalent meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine
US8999354B2 (en) 2001-01-23 2015-04-07 Sanofi Pasteur Inc. Multivalent meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine
US8741314B2 (en) 2001-01-23 2014-06-03 Sanofi Pasteur, Inc. Multivalent meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine
US8734813B2 (en) 2001-01-23 2014-05-27 Sanofi Pasteur, Inc. Multivalent meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine
US8722062B2 (en) 2001-01-23 2014-05-13 Sanofi Pasteur, Inc. Multivalent meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine
US10143757B2 (en) 2001-01-23 2018-12-04 Sanofi Pasteur Inc. Multivalent meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine
US10617766B2 (en) 2001-01-23 2020-04-14 Sanofi Pasteur Inc. Multivalent meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine
US8889152B2 (en) 2001-06-20 2014-11-18 Novartis Ag Capsular polysaccharides solubilisation and combination vaccines
EP2277537A2 (en) 2001-06-20 2011-01-26 Novartis AG Neisseria meningitidis conjugate combination vaccine
EP2277539A2 (en) 2001-06-20 2011-01-26 Novartis AG Neisseria meningitidis conjugate combination vaccine
US9782467B2 (en) 2001-06-20 2017-10-10 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa Capsular polysaccharide solubilisation and combination vaccines
US8852606B2 (en) 2001-06-20 2014-10-07 Novartis Ag Capsular polysaccharide solubilisation and combination vaccines
US9782466B2 (en) 2001-06-20 2017-10-10 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa Capsular polysaccharide solubilisation and combination vaccines
US10716841B2 (en) 2001-06-20 2020-07-21 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa Capsular polysaccharide solubilisation and combination vaccines
US8753651B2 (en) 2001-06-20 2014-06-17 Novartis Ag Capsular polysaccharide solubilisation and combination vaccines
US9358278B2 (en) 2001-06-20 2016-06-07 Novartis Ag Capsular polysaccharide solubilisation and combination vaccines
US9452207B2 (en) 2001-06-20 2016-09-27 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa Capsular polysaccharide solubilisation and combination vaccines
EP2263688A1 (en) 2001-06-20 2010-12-22 Novartis AG Neisseria meningitidis combination vaccines
EP2277536A2 (en) 2001-06-20 2011-01-26 Novartis AG Purification of bacterial capsular polysaccharides
JP2005535298A (en) * 2002-05-15 2005-11-24 ルシアーノ ポロネリ, Glucan based vaccine
EP2351579A1 (en) 2002-10-11 2011-08-03 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l. Polypeptide vaccines for broad protection against hypervirulent meningococcal lineages
EP2353608A1 (en) 2002-10-11 2011-08-10 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l. Polypeptide-vaccines for broad protection against hypervirulent meningococcal lineages
EP2258717A2 (en) 2002-11-22 2010-12-08 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l. Variant form of meningococcal NadA
EP2258716A2 (en) 2002-11-22 2010-12-08 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l. Multiple variants of meningococcal protein NMB1870
EP2261239A2 (en) 2002-11-22 2010-12-15 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l. Multiple variants of meningococcal protein NMB1870
US10272147B2 (en) 2003-01-30 2019-04-30 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. Injectable vaccines against multiple meningococcal serogroups
EP2289546A2 (en) 2003-01-30 2011-03-02 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l. Injectable vaccines against multiple meningococcal serogroups
US9981031B2 (en) 2003-01-30 2018-05-29 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa Injectable vaccines against multiple meningococcal serogroups
EP2277538A1 (en) 2003-10-02 2011-01-26 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l. Combined meningitis vaccines
EP2267036A1 (en) 2003-10-02 2010-12-29 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l. Hypo- and Hyper-Acetylated Meningococcal Capsular Saccharides
US8227403B2 (en) 2003-12-17 2012-07-24 Wyeth Llc A-β immunogenic peptide carrier conjugates and methods of producing same
US9125847B2 (en) 2003-12-17 2015-09-08 Janssen Sciences Ireland Uc A-β immunogenic peptide carrier conjugates and methods of producing same
EP2336147A3 (en) * 2003-12-17 2011-07-27 Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy A beta immunogenic peptide carrier conjugates and methods of producing same
US9095536B2 (en) 2003-12-17 2015-08-04 Janssen Sciences Ireland Uc Aβ immunogenic peptide carrier conjugates and methods of producing same
US9089510B2 (en) 2003-12-17 2015-07-28 Janssen Sciences Ireland Uc A-β immunogenic peptide carrier conjugates and methods of producing same
EP2479184A3 (en) * 2003-12-17 2013-09-04 Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Beta immunogenic peptide carrier conjugates and methods of producing the same
US10245317B2 (en) 2005-06-27 2019-04-02 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. Immunogenic composition
US10166287B2 (en) 2005-06-27 2019-01-01 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. Immunogenic composition
US8883163B2 (en) 2005-06-27 2014-11-11 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. Immunogenic composition
US9486515B2 (en) 2005-06-27 2016-11-08 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. Immunogenic composition
US9789179B2 (en) 2005-06-27 2017-10-17 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. Immunogenic composition
US9931397B2 (en) 2005-06-27 2018-04-03 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. Immunogenic composition
US8398983B2 (en) 2005-06-27 2013-03-19 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals, S.A. Immunogenic composition
US8431136B2 (en) 2005-06-27 2013-04-30 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. Immunogenic composition
US11241495B2 (en) 2005-06-27 2022-02-08 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. Immunogenic composition
EP2385126A1 (en) 2005-11-25 2011-11-09 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l. Chimeric, hybrid and tandem polypeptides of meningococcal NMB1870
EP3346009A1 (en) 2005-11-25 2018-07-11 GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. Chimeric, hybrid and tandem polypeptides of meningococcal nmb1870
EP2385127A1 (en) 2005-11-25 2011-11-09 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l. Chimeric, hybrid and tandem polypeptides of meningococcal NMB1870
US10881721B2 (en) 2006-03-22 2021-01-05 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa Regimens for immunisation with meningococcal conjugates
US10543265B2 (en) 2006-03-22 2020-01-28 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa Regimens for immunisation with meningococcal conjugates
US10828361B2 (en) 2006-03-22 2020-11-10 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa Regimens for immunisation with meningococcal conjugates
WO2008028956A1 (en) 2006-09-07 2008-03-13 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals S.A. Vaccine
EP2682127A1 (en) 2007-05-02 2014-01-08 GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. Vaccine
US9463250B2 (en) 2007-07-17 2016-10-11 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa Conjugate purification
EP2659912A2 (en) 2007-07-17 2013-11-06 Novartis AG Conjugate purification
EP2462949A2 (en) 2007-10-19 2012-06-13 Novartis AG Meningococcal vaccine formulations
EP3263591A1 (en) 2008-02-21 2018-01-03 GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. Meningococcal fhbp polypeptides
EP2886551A2 (en) 2008-02-21 2015-06-24 Novartis AG Meningococcal fhbp polypeptides
WO2009104097A2 (en) 2008-02-21 2009-08-27 Novartis Ag Meningococcal fhbp polypeptides
WO2010070453A2 (en) 2008-12-17 2010-06-24 Novartis Ag Meningococcal vaccines including hemoglobin receptor
EP3017826A1 (en) 2009-03-24 2016-05-11 Novartis AG Combinations of meningococcal factor h binding protein and pneumococcal saccharide conjugates
EP3017828A1 (en) 2009-08-27 2016-05-11 GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA Hybrid polypeptides including meningococcal fhbp sequences
WO2011024072A2 (en) 2009-08-27 2011-03-03 Novartis Ag Hybrid polypeptides including meningococcal fhbp sequences
WO2011039631A2 (en) 2009-09-30 2011-04-07 Novartis Ag Expression of meningococcal fhbp polypeptides
WO2011051893A1 (en) 2009-10-27 2011-05-05 Novartis Ag Modified meningococcal fhbp polypeptides
WO2012032498A2 (en) 2010-09-10 2012-03-15 Novartis Ag Developments in meningococcal outer membrane vesicles
WO2012153302A1 (en) 2011-05-12 2012-11-15 Novartis Ag Antipyretics to enhance tolerability of vesicle-based vaccines
CN102507924A (en) * 2011-11-17 2012-06-20 成都欧林生物科技股份有限公司 Method for detecting concentration of polysaccharide in zymotic fluid
CN102507924B (en) * 2011-11-17 2014-06-18 成都欧林生物科技股份有限公司 Method for detecting concentration of polysaccharide in zymotic fluid
US9657297B2 (en) 2012-02-02 2017-05-23 Glaxosmithkline Biologicals Sa Promoters for increased protein expression in meningococcus
WO2013113917A1 (en) 2012-02-02 2013-08-08 Novartis Ag Promoters for increased protein expression in meningococcus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1223987A2 (en) 2002-07-24
GB9925559D0 (en) 1999-12-29
AU1854901A (en) 2001-05-08
JP2003512440A (en) 2003-04-02
CA2388995A1 (en) 2001-05-03
WO2001030390A3 (en) 2002-04-04

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
WO2001030390A2 (en) Method
TWI477283B (en) Immunogenic composition
JP3989951B2 (en) Combined meningitis vaccine
Lesinski et al. Vaccines against polysaccharide antigens
JP4162267B2 (en) Neisseria meningitidis serotype B glycoconjugate and use thereof
Shelly et al. Comparison of pneumococcal polysaccharide and CRM197-conjugated pneumococcal oligosaccharide vaccines in young and elderly adults
JP4754689B2 (en) Bacterial meningitis vaccine with multiple oligosaccharide glycoconjugates
US6224880B1 (en) Immunization against Streptococcus pneumoniae using conjugated and unconjugated pneumoccocal polysaccharide vaccines
US20220118072A1 (en) Neisseria meningitidis compositions and methods thereof
Hennessey Jr et al. Lessons learned and future challenges in the design and manufacture of glycoconjugate vaccines
US6413520B1 (en) Methods of immunizing adults using anti-meningococcal vaccine compositions
US20040191834A1 (en) Novel method
Nurkka et al. Salivary antibody response to vaccination with meningococcal A/C polysaccharide vaccine in previously vaccinated and unvaccinated Gambian children
Simonsen et al. Immunogenicity of a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in Brazilian elderly
Koskela et al. Enzyme immunoassay for detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA antibodies against type 6B pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide and cell wall C polysaccharide in chinchilla serum
US20220387614A1 (en) Dosage and administration of a bacterial saccharide glycoconjugate vaccine
AU2012203419B2 (en) Immunogenic composition
Vella et al. Biological activity of Hib conjugates
Guirola et al. Comparison of three ELISA protocols to measure antibody responses elicited against serogroup C meningococcal polysaccharide in mouse, monkey and human sera
DE LA SANTE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE PRODUCTION & CONTROL OF PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINES
Ruijne et al. Understanding the Immune Responses to
JPH11503525A (en) Method for binding monosaccharide, oligosaccharide or polysaccharide to solid phase

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY BZ CA CH CN CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EE ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NO NZ PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK SL TJ TM TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VN YU ZA ZW

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GW ML MR NE SN TD TG

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
DFPE Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101)
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A3

Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY BZ CA CH CN CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EE ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NO NZ PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK SL TJ TM TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VN YU ZA ZW

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A3

Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GW ML MR NE SN TD TG

ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref country code: JP

Ref document number: 2001 532807

Kind code of ref document: A

Format of ref document f/p: F

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2388995

Country of ref document: CA

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2000981226

Country of ref document: EP

WWP Wipo information: published in national office

Ref document number: 2000981226

Country of ref document: EP

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 10111521

Country of ref document: US

REG Reference to national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: 8642

WWW Wipo information: withdrawn in national office

Ref document number: 2000981226

Country of ref document: EP