WO2001029170A1

WO2001029170A1 - Protein-containing granules and granule formulations

Info

Publication number: WO2001029170A1
Application number: PCT/US2000/027888
Authority: WO
Inventors: Mahmood M. Ghani
Original assignee: Genencor International, Inc.
Priority date: 1999-10-15
Filing date: 2000-10-10
Publication date: 2001-04-26
Also published as: ES2348461T3; ATE473265T1; CA2387511A1; EP1632561B1; AU7875800A; EP1220887B1; EP1632561A1; DE60024656T2; ES2249300T3; ATE312162T1; DE60024656D1; JP2003514922A; EP1220887A1; DK1220887T3; DK1632561T3; DE60044652D1; PT1632561E

Abstract

The present invention provides compositions suitable for use in connection with protein-carrying granules, e.g., enzyme granules, and the like. In one embodiment, the composition comprises a mixture including a finely-divided drying agent (e.g., a pigment, such as TiO2), a binding agent (e.g., a sugar or sugar-derivative, such as sucrose), and a polymeric structuring agent (e.g., a polypeptide or polysaccharide, such as starch); together defining a matrix. The matrix can be applied as a coating or layer about a protein-containing region, e.g., a core, of a granule. Preferably, the matrix is effective as a barrier, or physical divider, that slows or prevents the diffusion of substances that can adversely effect the protein or enzyme in the protein-containing region of the granule. Another embodiment of the invention provides a polymeric coating or layer for use in protein-containing granules. Preferably, the coating is substantially free of pigments and the like. The matrix and coating of the present invention can be used separately or, more preferably, in combination in a protein or enzyme granule formulation, with the resultant granules exhibiting good storage stability in detergent formulations.

Description

PROTEIN-CONTAINING GRANULES AND GRANULE FORMULATIONS

Field of the Invention This invention relates to protein-carrying granules, e.g., enzyme granules, and compositions for use therein, as well as processes for producing such granules.

Background of the Invention

The use of proteins such as pharmaceutically important proteins, e.g., hormones, and industrially important proteins, e.g., enzymes, has been rapidly growing in recent years. Today, for example, enzymes find frequent use in the starch, dairy, and detergent industries, among others.

In the detergent industry, in particular, enzymes are often configured in a granular form, with an eye toward achieving one or more desirable storage and/or performance characteristics, depending upon the particular application at hand. In these regards, the industry has offered numerous developments in the granulation and coating of enzymes, several of which are exemplified in the following patents and publications:

U.S. Patent 4,106,991 describes an improved formulation of enzyme granules by including within the composition undergoing granulation, finely divided cellulose fibers in an amount of 2-40% w/w based on the dry weight of the whole composition. In addition, this patent describes that waxy substances can be used to coat the particles of the granulate.

U.S. Patent 4,689,297 describes enzyme containing particles which comprise a particulate, water dispersible core which is 150 - 2,000 microns in its longest dimension, a uniform layer of enzyme around the core particle which amounts to 10%-35% by weight of the weight of the core particle, and a layer of macro-molecular, film-forming, water soluble or dispersible coating agent uniformly surrounding the enzyme layer wherein the combination of enzyme and coating agent is from 25-55% of the weight of the core particle. The core material described in this patent includes clay, a sugar crystal enclosed in layers of corn starch which is coated with a layer of dextrin, agglomerated potato starch, particulate salt, agglomerated trisodium citrate, pan crystallized NaCI flakes, bentonite granules or prills, granules containing bentonite, kaolin and diatomaceous earth or sodium citrate crystals. The film forming material may be a fatty acid ester, an alkoxylated alcohol, a polyvinyl alcohol or an ethoxylated alkylphenol.

U.S. Patent 4,740,469 describes an enzyme granular composition consisting essentially of from 1-35% by weight of an enzyme and from 0.5-30% by weight of a synthetic fibrous material having an average length of from 100-500 micron and a fineness in the range of from 0.05-0.7 denier, with the balance being an extender or filler. The granular composition may further comprise a molten waxy material, such as polyethylene glycol, and optionally a colorant such as titanium dioxide.

U.S. Patent 5,324,649 describes enzyme-containing granules having a core, an enzyme layer and an outer coating layer. The enzyme layer and, optionally, the core and 5 outer coating layer contain a vinyl polymer.

WO 91/09941 describes an enzyme containing preparation whereby at least 50% of the enzymatic activity is present in the preparation as enzyme crystals. The preparation can be either a slurry or a granulate.

WO 97/12958 discloses a microgranular enzyme composition. The granules are o made by fluid-bed agglomeration which results in granules with numerous carrier or seed particles coated with enzyme and bound together by a binder.

WO 99/32613 teaches a granular composition including a core comprised of a protein or enzyme mixed with a sugar or sugar alcohol and a structuring agent, such as a polysaccharide or polypeptide. The granular composition can further include a barrier layer 5 formed over the core, as well as an outside coating material. The barrier layer can be comprised of, for example, inorganic salts or organic acids or salts. Exemplary coating materials include, for example, water soluble or dispersible film-forming materials, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), or cellulose derivatives such as methylcellulose. Typically, the outer coating further includes a pigment, such as TiO₂, to 0 impart a desired color to the composition.

Notwithstanding such developments, there is a continuing need for enzyme granules which have additional beneficial or improved characteristics. One such characteristic needed in the enzyme granulation industry are granule formulations having good stability, particularly at high humidity and temperature. Especially desirable, 5 are enzyme granules with good stability during storage in, for example, bleach-containing detergent formulas, such as those containing peroxygen bleaches, e.g., sodium perborate or sodium percarbonate.

It is an object of the present invention to provide compositions which can be used as layers or coatings surrounding enzyme-containing regions, e.g., cores, of granules, resulting o in granules having good storage stability. An additional object of the present invention is to provide granular formulations including such compositions, e.g., as one or more layers or coatings. It is yet a further object hereof to provide a method of making enzyme granules having good storage stability.

5 Summary of the Invention

One aspect of the present invention provides a granule comprising an interior, protein-containing region (e.g., a core), and a matrix layer surrounding the protein- containing region. The matrix layer comprises a mixture that includes a finely divided drying agent, a binding agent, and a polymeric structuring agent. Optionally, the matrix can further include a surfactant or wetting agent, e.g., Neodol. According to one embodiment, the matrix layer is substantially free of enzymes.

A coating can surround the matrix layer. In one such embodiment, the coating forms the outermost region or layer of a granule. Preferably, the coating is comprised of a polymer that is substantially free of pigments.

In one embodiment, the granule is characterized by a low affinity for moisture. For example, the granule in this embodiment, when exposed at 50 degrees C and 70% relative humidity, will pick up less than 10%, and preferably less than 5%, moisture weight gain "at equilibrium", i.e., when the moisture pick-up has generally leveled out. Most preferably, the moisture weight gain levels out at about 2 to 3%.

The drying agent of the matrix can be, for example, substantially water-insoluble, water-dispersible particles having a mean diameter of no greater than about 30 micrometers. In one embodiment, the drying agent is comprised at least in part of a pigment or clay. Exemplary drying agents include TiO₂, talc, calcium carbonate, bentonite, diatomaceous earth, and any mixture thereof. In one particularly preferred embodiment, the drying agent is TiO₂.

The polymeric structuring agent of the matrix can be, for example, a polysaccharide, polypeptide, or a mixture thereof. Exemplary structuring agents include starch, carrageenan, cellulose, gum arabic, acacia gum, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, and guar gum, and any mixtures thereof. In one preferred embodiment, the structuring agent is a substantially water-insoluble polysaccharide, e.g., starch.

The binding agent of the matrix can be, for example, a short-chain polysaccharide (no greater than about 20 subunits in length) and/or a sugar or sugar-derivative (e.g., a sugar alcohol). Exemplary materials include starch hydrolysates, such as maltodextrins and corn syrup solids, as well as glucose, fructose, raffinose, maltose, lactose, trehalose and sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, and any mixtures thereof. In one particularly preferred embodiment, the binding agent is sucrose.

According to one embodiment, the protein-containing region (e.g., core) includes at least one enzyme therein. Preferably, substantially all of the enzyme included in the granule, in this embodiment, is contained within the protein-containing region. Any suitable enzymes can be employed, such as proteases, amylases, lipases and/or celluiases. Another aspect of the present invention provides a granule comprising an enzyme- containing region (e.g., a core), and a substantially pigment-free, polymeric coating surrounding the enzyme-containing region.

According to one embodiment, the granule further includes a matrix layer between 5 the protein-containing region and the coating. The matrix layer, in this embodiment, comprises a mixture that includes (a) a finely divided drying agent, (b) a binding agent, and (c) a polymeric structuring agent. Preferably, the matrix is substantially free of enzymes.

In another of its aspects, the present invention provides an enzyme granule comprising: (i) an internal, enzyme-containing region; (ii) a matrix layer surrounding the o enzyme-containing region, with the matrix layer comprising a mixture that includes (a) a pigment, (b) a sugar or sugar alcohol, and (c) a polysaccharide or polypeptide; and (iii) an outer, substantially pigment-free, polymeric coating surrounding the matrix layer. Optionally, the matrix further can further include a surfactant or wetting agent (e.g., Neodol or the like). 5 In one preferred embodiment, the granule is substantially free of layers having a high salt content.

Yet a further aspect of the present invention provides a method for making a granule, such as described herein. In one embodiment, the method includes the steps of (i) providing a protein-carrying particle; and (ii) forming a matrix layer about the particle by o applying a mixture that includes (a) a finely divided drying agent, (b) a binding agent, and (c) a polymeric structuring agent.

In one embodiment, the method further includes the step of applying a coating about the matrix layer.

Exemplary matrix components include: (i) a pigment or clay as the drying agent, (ii) 5 a sugar or sugar alcohol as the binding agent, and (iii) a polysaccharide or polypeptide as the structuring agent. For example, the drying agent can be TiO₂, the binding agent can be sucrose, and the structuring agent can be starch.

According to one embodiment, the coating is formed of a substantially pigment-free, polymeric material (e.g., HPMC). 0 In an exemplary process, the protein-carrying particle is formed by applying an enzyme mixed together with at least one binder selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, carbohydrate derivatives, salts, and any mixtures thereof, onto an inert particulate material. In another exemplary process, the protein-carrying particle is formed by layering an enzyme-containing material over a core material. 5 In yet another of its aspects, the present invention provides a method for stabilizing one or more enzymes configured in particulate form (e.g., enzyme-containing cores). According to one embodiment, the method includes the step of surrounding the enzyme particulate with a barrier matrix. The barrier matrix, in this embodiment, preferably comprises a mixture that includes a finely divided drying agent, a binding agent, and a polymeric structuring agent. Exemplary barrier matrix components include: (i) a pigment or clay as the drying agent, (ii) a sugar or sugar alcohol as the binding agent, and (iii) a polysaccharide or polypeptide as the structuring agent. For example, the drying agent can be TiO₂, the binding agent can be sucrose, and the structuring agent can be starch. For example, the drying agent can be TiO₂, the binding agent can be sucrose, and the structuring agent can be starch.

One embodiment contemplates the additional step of applying a substantially pigment-free polymeric coating (e.g., HPMC) about the barrier matrix.

The granules disclosed herein are particularly well suited for use in detergent formulations, such as laundry and/or dish detergents. The other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, in conjunction with the appended claims.

Detailed Description of the Invention

One aspect of the present invention provides a composition suitable for use in connection with protein-carrying granules, e.g., enzyme granules, and the like. Generally, the composition comprises a mixture including a drying agent, a binding agent, and a structuring agent; together defining a matrix. The matrix is applicable as a coating or layer about a protein-containing region of a granule. For example, the matrix can surround an enzyme-carrying core. Preferably, the matrix is designed to act as a barrier, or physical divider, that slows or prevents the diffusion of substances, such as moisture and bleach, that can adversely effect the protein or enzyme in the protein-containing region of the granule. Accordingly, the matrix is generally referred to herein as a "barrier matrix."

The invention additionally provides a polymeric coating or layer for use in a protein- containing granule. Preferably, the coating is substantially free of pigments and the like. Coatings formulated in accordance with the invention are generally referred to herein as "clear coatings." It should be noted, in this regard, that the term "clear," in the context of the wording "clear coating," is intended to indicate that the coating is free of pigments, and not necessarily that the coating will allow light to pass through. Thus, it should be understood that the wording "clear coating" encompasses transparent coatings, as well as semi- transparent and opaque coatings. The key feature here being that the coating is substantially free of pigments. As discussed more fully below, the matrix and coating of the present invention can be used separately or, more preferably, in combination in an enzyme granule formulation, with the resultant granules exhibiting good stability when challenged with certain destabilizing factors and/or events. Details of the matrix and coating are described next. As previously mentioned, the barrier matrix of the present invention preferably comprises a mixture of components, including a drying agent, a binding agent, and a structuring agent.

Drying agents, contemplated for use in the barrier matrix of the invention, include substantially water-insoluble, water-dispersible materials. Preferably, the drying agent comprises an inorganic material in a finely-divided form, e.g., a particulate material having a mean diameter of no greater than about 30 micrometers, and preferably no greater than about 10 micrometers. In one such embodiment, the drying material has a mean diameter of between about 1-5 micrometers.

Exemplary drying agents include pigments and clays. For example, the drying agent can comprise one or more of the following materials: TiO , talc, calcium carbonate, bentonite, diatomaceous earth, and any mixture thereof. In one particularly preferred embodiment, the drying agent is TiO₂.

Any suitable binding agent(s) can be utilized in the barrier matrix of the invention. For example, short-chain polysaccharides, i.e., no more than about twenty subunits in length, can be utilized as binding agents. In one embodiment, the binding agent is comprised of starch hydrolysates, such as maltodextrin and corn syrup solids. In another embodiment, the binding agent is a sugar or sugar alcohol. Exemplary binding agents include glucose, fructose, raffinose, maltose, lactose, trehalose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, and any mixtures thereof. In one particularly preferred embodiment, the binding agent is sucrose.

The structuring agent of the matrix is preferably a polymeric material. For example, the structuring agent can comprise a polysaccharide, polypeptide, or a mixture thereof. In one embodiment, the structuring agent comprises a polysaccharide selected from the group consisting of starch, carrageenan, cellulose, gum arabic, acacia gum, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, and guar gum, and any mixtures thereof. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the structuring agent is a substantially water-insoluble polysaccharide, such as starch (e.g., unmodified, raw or non-hydrated starch). In another embodiment, the structuring agent is a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of chitosan, gelatin, collagen, casein, polyaspartic acid, polyglutamic acid, and any mixtures thereof. It should be appreciated that the structuring agent can comprise a single type of polypeptide or polysaccharide, or a combination of two or more such materials can be used in the granules of the present invention.

With further regard to the structuring agent, it should be noted that polysaccharides and polypeptides typically have the simultaneous desirable properties of high molecular weight and high water solubility. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the high molecular weight of the structuring agent contributes two important properties which a sugar or sugar alcohol matrix alone would lack: (1 ) providing cohesion and strength to the particle, greatly reducing the tendency of the particle to dust; and (2) serving as a diffusion barrier to water and small molecules by virtue of forming a polymer network or "cage" throughout the matrix structure This greatly improves the stability of the granule. The particular structuring agents chosen — polysaccharides and polypeptides — also typically have an anti-tack characteristic which is helpful in reducing the binder characteristic of the sugar or sugar alcohol, and allowing matrix layers to be built up — for example in fluid- bed coating — at rapid rates without agglomeration. Sugars and sugar alcohols and structuring agents also have high water solubility or dispersibility A matrix formula can be easily prepared which includes a sugar or sugar alcohol, a structuring agent, and a drying agent as a solution or slurry with high total solids concentration. Total solution or slurry solids concentrations of 20-50% w/w or more can be formulated These concentrated mixtures are highly desirable in that they can be formed into granules with a minimal need for evaporating water, an advantage in any granulation and drying process

Optionally, the matrix of the present invention can further include a surfactant or wetting agent The surfactant or wetting agent can be useful, for example, to help keep the drying agent of the maxtix, e.g , TιO₂, in suspension Exemplary materials that can be incorporated into the matrix include Neodol, tallow alcohols, fatty acids, fatty acid salts such as magnesium stearate and fatty acid esters. In one particularly preferred embodiment, Neodol is employed in the matrix.

Details of the polymeric coating or layer of the present invention will now be described The coating is preferably comprised of a film-forming polymer, such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrro done, cellulose derivatives such as methyicellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxycellulose, ethylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, chitosan, gum arabic, xanthan, carrageenan, or any mixtures thereof As previously mentioned, the polymeric coating is preferably substantially free of pigments and the like. In one particularly preferred embodiment, a clear coating is formed of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), or a combination of HPMC and other polymers. For example, Methocel E15, a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, is commercially available from Dow Chemical Co., Midland Mich. Optionally, the clear coating can include an agent for raising the gellation temperature, such as one or more sugars (e.g., sucrose), and a plasticizer. Suitable piasticizers include, for example, polyols such as sugars, sugar alcohols, or polyethylene glycols (PEGs), urea, glycol, propylene glycol or other known piasticizers such as triethyl citrate, dibutyl or dimethyl phthalate or water. In one preferred embodiment, the plasticizer is polyethylene glycol (e.g., PEG 400 and/or PEG 600).

As discussed above, the barrier matrix and clear coating of the present invention can be used separately or, more preferably, in combination in an enzyme granule formulation. In one preferred arrangement, the clear coating is disposed directly adjacent to the barrier matrix, with the coating being the outermost of the two. It should be noted, however, that one or more intervening layers (i.e., between the matrix and coating) can be included, as well.

A wide variety of protein or enzyme granules can incorporate the matrix and/or coating of the present invention. For example, the barrier matrix and/or clear coating can be embodied in prills, marumes, extrudates, fluidized bed layered granules (e.g., Enzoguard® granules; Genencor International, Inc.), and/or high shear matrix granules (e.g., T-granulates; Novo-Nordisk), among others. In a typical formulation, the granule includes at least one region containing one or more proteins or enzymes about which the matrix can be applied. The protein-containing region can comprise, for example, a core having one or more proteins or enzymes embedded or dispersed therein, and/or coated or layered thereon. Alternatively, or in addition, the protein or enzyme containing region can include an inert particle upon which a protein or enzyme matrix is layered. Or, the protein or enzyme containing region can be substantially homogenous in nature, e.g., a homogenous core. Exemplary granules which can be modified to incorporate the barrier matrix and/or clear coating of the present invention are disclosed in PCT Publication Nos. WO 99/32613, WO 99/32595, and WO 99/32612; as well as in U. S. Pat. Nos. 5,814,501 , 5,324,649, 4,689,297, and 4,106,991 , all of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

Proteins that are within the scope of the present invention include pharmaceutically important proteins such as hormones or other therapeutic proteins, and industrially important proteins such as enzymes.

Any enzyme or combination of enzymes can be used in the present invention. Preferred enzymes include those enzymes capable of hydrolyzing substrates, e.g. stains. Such enzymes, which are known as hydrolases, include, but are not limited to, proteases (bacterial, fungal, acid, neutral or alkaline), amylases (alpha or beta), lipases, cellulases and mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred enzymes are subtilisins and cellulases. Most preferred are subtilisins such as described in U.S. Patent 4,760,025, EP Patent 130 756 B1 and PCT Application WO 91/06637, which are incorporated herein by reference, and cellulases such as Multifect L250™ and Puradax™, commercially available from Genencor International. Other enzymes that can be used in the present invention include oxidases, transferases, dehydratases, reductases, hemicellulases and isomerases.

The granules of the present invention can also comprise one or more additional coatings or layers, e.g., one or more intermediate layers and/or an overcoating. These can serve any of a number of functions in a granular composition, depending on the end use of the granule. For example, coatings may render an enzyme resistant to oxidation by bleach, bring about desirable rates of dissolution upon introduction of the granule into an aqueous medium, and/or reduce the chances of microbial growth within the granule.

The granules described herein may be made by methods known to those skilled in the art of enzyme granulation, including pan-coating, fluid-bed coating, prilling, disc granulation, spray drying, extrusion, centrifugal extrusion, spheronization, drum granulation, high shear agglomeration, or combinations of these techniques.

One preferred process, contemplated by the present invention, is a fluid-bed spray process. In an exemplary embodiment, the process involves charging fluidizable particles, such as sugar crystals, into a fluid-bed spray apparatus, such as a Vector FL1 fluid bed coater. With the particles fluidized, a first spray can be applied, preferably comprising an aqueous protein or enzyme solution. The first spray can be, for example, a fluid concentrate including a protease, a dissolved sugar and suspended starch. In this way, a first layer or coating can be formed over the fluidized particles. Next, a second spray can be applied, preferably comprising the barrier matrix of the present invention. The second spray can be, for example, a fiuidic mixture including a dissolved sugar in water and suspended starch and titanium dioxide. This suspension can also contain a surfactant/wetting agent, such as Neodol, to help keep titanium dioxide in suspension. Next, a third spray can be applied, preferably forming a clear coating about the barrier matrix. The third spray can be, for example, a solution including HPMC (or a combination of HPMC and other polymers) and, optionally, a sugar (e.g., sucrose) for raising the gellation temperature, and/or a plastisizer, such as PEG 400 or PEG 600.

One particularly preferred granule, which can be made as just described, consists essentially of (i) a core comprised of a sugar crystal having an enzyme matrix layered thereover; (ii) a barrier matrix layered over the enzyme matrix; and (iii) a clear coating formed over the barrier matrix. Without committing to any particular theory, it is believed that the improved stability of such a granule is due to the presence, in the barrier matrix layer, of a pigment (e.g., titanium dioxide) and non-hydrated starch, which act as drying agents and shield the enzyme from moisture. Further, the clear coating is believed to provide a substantially continuous film-like overcoat. The known granulated enzyme products typically have the pigment in the outer coat, thereby creating an overcoat with a weaker structure. Preferred granules, constructed in accordance with the present invention, are characterized by a low affinity for moisture. Thus, such granules are substantially free of layers or coatings having a high affinity for moisture (e.g., salt layers). As used herein, "low affinity for moisture" means that a granule exposed at 50 degrees C and 70% relative humidity will pick up less than 10%, and preferably less than 5%, moisture weight gain "at equilibrium", i.e., when the moisture pick-up has generally leveled out. As can be seen from the results of Example 5 (below), exemplary granule formulations incorporating the matrix of the present invention generally level out at about 2 to 3% moisture weight gain. It is believed that, as a result of such low affinity for moisture, the undesirable intrusion of moisture and associated inactivating substances into the protein-containing region of such granules is significantly reduced. When the barrier matrix and/or clear coating of the invention are embodied in an enzyme granule, the enzymes surrounded thereby typically exhibit very good stability.

The following examples are representative and not intended to be limiting.

EXAMPLES

Example 1 ^• Enzyme Granule Formulation An exemplary formulation for a batch of granules, produced using a fluid-bed spray process, is shown below in Table I. The initial spray in this example was applied to 540.0 gms of sucrose crystals charged into a fluid-bed chamber, and suspended therein The enzyme used was Purafect OxP (Genencor International, Inc.). In this and the following examples, "spray 1" denotes an enzyme matrix formed on a fluidizable particle, "spray 2" denotes the barrier matrix of the present invention, and "spray 3" denotes the clear coating of the present invention. Certain details of the fluid-bed process were substantially as described in Example 2 of WO 99/32613, incorporated herein by reference.

Table I

Example 2 Enzyme Granule Formulations

Several additional exemplary formulations for enzyme granules, also produced using a fluid-bed spray process, are shown below in Tables 2, 3, and 4. As with the previous example, the initial spray for each of the following formulations was applied to 540.0 gms of sucrose crystals charged into a fluid-bed chamber, and suspended therein. The enzyme used in these formulations was Properase (Genencor International, Inc.).

Table 2 - "Lot 80"

Table 3 - "Lot 81"

Table 4 - "Lot 82"

Example 3: Accelerated Stability Tests using a Laundry Detergent Base The granules of Example 2 (Lots 80, 81 , and 82) were analyzed to determine their stability in three day stressed stability tests. The methods for these procedures were substantially as described in Example 3 of WO 99/32613, incorporated herein by reference. In this example, however, a proprietary laundry detergent base was used.

As discussed in WO 99/32613, the accelerated stability test is designed to aid in the development and screening of granular formulations, as it provides an accelerated means of determining relative granule stability. The conditions of the accelerated stability test (AST) are far more severe than enzyme granules or detergents would encounter in realistic storage or transport. The AST is a "stress test" designed to discriminate differences between formulations which would otherwise not be evident for weeks or months.

The AST results set out in Table 5, below, show the percent activity remaining for each of Lots 80, 81 , and 82, over a three day period.

Table 5 - Percent Activity of the Original

Stability results for two additional Lots, denoted as 74-A and 87-B, are shown in Table 5, as well. These additional lots have the general formulations shown in Table 6, below. It should be noted that these additional formulations were prepared in a fluid-bed spray apparatus, as above, by applying the sprays to sucrose crystals fluidized in a chamber of the apparatus.

Table 6 74-A 87-B

As can be seen from Table 6, Lots 74-A and 87-B are comprised of granules, much like those set forth in Examples 1 and 2, above, except that the granules of Lot 74-A lack a clear coating, and the granules of Lot 87-B lack a barrier matrix layer. While granules having an enzyme core surrounded only by the matrix barrier (e.g., Lot 74-A) or the clear coating (e.g., Lot 87-B) of the present invention show good stability in the accelerated stability tests (see Table 5, above), the granules including both such layers about an enzyme core (e.g., Lots 80, 81 , and 82) exhibit even better stability.

Example 4: Accelerated Stability Tests using an Automatic Dish Detergent Base

The granules of Example 2 (Lots 80, 81 , and 82) were further analyzed in three day stressed stability tests to determine stability in a proprietary automatic dish detergent base. As with the previous example, the methods for these procedures were substantially as described in Example 3 of WO 99/32613, incorporated herein by reference. Here, however, the studies were carried out at 40°C and 70% relative humidity.

Table 7, below, shows the percent activity remaining for each of Lots 80, 81 , and 82, over a three day period. Results for a commercially available protease granule under the same conditions are shown, as well.

Table 7 - Percent Activity of the Original

Example 5: Accelerated Stability Tests using an Automatic Dish Detergent Base

As previously discussed, preferred granules of the present invention have a low affinity for moisture. Thus, such granules (e.g., the granules of Lots 80, 81 , 82, 74-A, 87-B) are substantially free of layers or coatings having a high affinity for moisture (e.g., salt layers). As used herein, "low affinity for moisture" means that a granule exposed at 50 degrees C and 70% relative humidity will pick up less than 10%, and preferably less than 5%, moisture weight gain "at equilibrium", i.e., when the moisture pick-up has generally leveled out. As can be seen from the data of Table 8, below, the exemplary granule formulation of Lot 81 generally leveled out to a moisture weight gain of less than about a 2 to 3%. The commercial protease granule, on the other hand, showed an equilibrium moisture weight gain of at least 17%.

Table 8 - Percent weight Gain

Various other examples and modifications of the foregoing description and examples will be apparent to a person skilled in the art after reading the disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and it is intended that all such examples or modifications be included within the scope of the appended claims. All publications and patents referenced herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Claims

1. A granule comprising (i) an interior, protein-containing region, and (ii) a matrix layer surrounding said protein-containing region; wherein said matrix layer comprises a mixture that includes (a) a finely divided drying agent, (b) a binding agent, and (c) a polymeric structuring agent.

2. The granule of claim 1 , further comprising a polymeric coating surrounding said matrix layer.

3. The granule of claim 2, wherein said coating (i) is an outermost coating of said granule, and (ii) is substantially free of pigments.

4. The granule of claim 1 , wherein said matrix layer is substantially free of enzymes.

5. The granule of claim 2, wherein said granule has a low affinity for moisture.

6. The granule of claim 1 , wherein said drying agent is comprised of substantially water-insoluble, water-dispersible particles having a mean diameter of no greater than about 30 micrometers.

7. The granule of claim 1 , wherein said drying agent is comprised at least in part of a pigment or clay.

8. The granule of claim 7, wherein said drying agent is selected from the group consisting of TiO₂, talc, calcium carbonate, bentonite, diatomaceous earth, and any mixture thereof.

9. The granule of claim 8, wherein said drying agent is TiO₂.

10. The granule of claim 1 , wherein said polymeric structuring agent is comprised at least in part of a polysaccharide, polypeptide, or a mixture thereof.

11. The granule of claim 10, wherein said structuring agent includes a polysaccharide selected from the group consisting of starch, carrageenan, cellulose, gum arabic, acacia gum, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, and guar gum, and any mixtures thereof.

12. The granule of claim 10, wherein said structuring agent includes a substantially water-insoluble polysaccharide.

13. The granule of claim 12, wherein said substantially water-insoluble polysaccharide is starch.

14. The granule of claim 1 , wherein said binding agent is a short-chain polysaccharide.

15. The granule of claim 14, wherein said binding agent includes one or more starch hydrolysates, such as maltodextrins and corn syrup solids.

16. The granule of claim 1 , wherein said binding agent is a sugar or sugar alcohol.

17. The granule of claim 16, wherein said binding agent is selected from the group consisting of glucose, fructose, raffinose, maltose, lactose, trehalose and sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, and any mixtures thereof.

18. The granule of claim 17, wherein said binding agent is sucrose.

19. The granule of claim 1 , wherein said mixture further includes a surfactant or wetting agent.

20. The granule of claim 19, wherein said surfactant or wetting agent is Neodol.

21. The granule of claim 1 , wherein said protein-containing region includes at least one enzyme therein.

22. The granule of claim 21 , wherein substantially all of the enzyme included in said granule is contained within said protein-containing region.

23. The granule of claim 21 , wherein said enzyme is selected from the group consisting of protease, amylase, lipase and cellulase.

24. A granule comprising (i) an enzyme-containing region, and (ii) a substantially pigment-free, polymeric coating surrounding said enzyme-containing region.

25. The granule of claim 24, further comprising a matrix layer between said protein-containing region and said coating, said matrix layer comprising a mixture that includes (a) a finely divided drying agent, (b) a binding agent, and (c) a polymeric structuring agent.

26. The granule of claim 25, wherein said matrix is substantially free of enzymes.

27. A granule comprising:

(i) an internal, enzyme-containing region;

(ii) a matrix layer surrounding said enzyme-containing region, said matrix layer comprising a mixture that includes (a) a pigment, (b) a sugar or sugar alcohol, and (c) a polysaccharide or polypeptide; and

(iii) an outer, substantially pigment-free, polymeric coating surrounding said matrix layer.

28. The granule of claim 27, wherein said granule is substantially free of salts.

29. The granule of claim 28, wherein said matrix further includes a surfactant or wetting agent.

30. A method for making a granule, comprising: (i) providing a protein-carrying particle; and

(ii) forming a matrix layer about the particle by applying a mixture that includes (a) a finely divided drying agent, (b) a binding agent, and (c) a polymeric structuring agent.

31. The method of claim 30, further comprising the step of applying a coating about said matrix layer.

32. The method of claim 30, wherein said drying agent comprises a pigment or clay, said binding agent comprises a sugar or sugar alcohol, and said structuring agent comprises a polysaccharide or polypeptide.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein said drying agent comprises TiO₂, said binding agent comprises sucrose, and said structuring agent comprises starch.

34. The method of claim 31 , wherein said coating is formed of a substantially pigment-free, polymeric material.

35. The method of claim 30, wherein said protein-carrying particle is formed by applying an enzyme mixed together with at least one binder selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, carbohydrate derivatives, salts, and any mixtures thereof, onto an inert particulate material.

36. The method of claim 30, wherein said protein-carrying particle is formed by layering an enzyme-containing material over a core material.

37. A method for stabilizing one or more enzymes configured in particulate form, comprising: surrounding said enzyme particulate with a barrier matrix, said barrier matrix comprising a mixture that includes a finely divided drying agent, a binding agent, and a polymeric structuring agent.

38. The method of claim 37, wherein said drying agent comprises a pigment or clay, said binding agent comprises a sugar or sugar alcohol, and said structuring agent comprises a polysaccharide or polypeptide.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein said drying agent comprises TiO₂, said binding agent comprises sucrose, and said structuring agent comprises starch.

40. The method of claim 37, further comprising the step of applying a substantially pigment-free polymeric coating about said barrier matrix.