WO2000077545A1 - In-situ radioactivity detection - Google Patents
In-situ radioactivity detection Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000077545A1 WO2000077545A1 PCT/US1999/023701 US9923701W WO0077545A1 WO 2000077545 A1 WO2000077545 A1 WO 2000077545A1 US 9923701 W US9923701 W US 9923701W WO 0077545 A1 WO0077545 A1 WO 0077545A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- scintillator
- tape
- radioactive
- detection
- excited
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/20—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors
- G01T1/203—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors the detector being made of plastics
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T7/00—Details of radiation-measuring instruments
Definitions
- the present invention relates to detection materials comprising at least one scintillator material for the in-situ detection of radioactivity. In another aspect, the present invention relates to methods of making and using such detection materials.
- Radioactivity is the emission of energy in the form of alpha, beta, or gamma radiation. Such energy has been harnessed for a number of uses, including scientific research, nuclear power production, and medical procedures. Such radioactive materials, however, are inherently dangerous to living organisms. If accidentally spilled or improperly discarded, radioactive material can negatively impact the ecosystem. Therefore, it is desirable to have methods available to allow for the characterization and quantification of radioactive materials (e.g., contaminants) at a particular location for the proper maintenance, and possible removal, of such biologically hazardous materials.
- radioactive materials e.g., contaminants
- the present invention provides detection material for in-situ detection of radioactive materials (i.e., detection of radioactive materials on a surface and/or in a substrate without removal of the radioactive material or detection material).
- the detection material comprises scintillator material distributed (typically uniformly distributed) in matrix material (typically an adhesive material), wherein the scintillator material, when excited by radioactivity, emits light (i.e., electromagnetic radiation having at least a portion of its spectrum in the range from 10 to 30,000 nanometers) that is detectable externally to the detection material for in-situ detection of radioactive material.
- the detection material comprises two or more different scintillator materials.
- detection material comprises two or more different scintillator materials that emit light when excited by at least two of, more preferably each of, alpha, beta, or gamma radiation.
- the detection material may include one scintillator material that emits light when excited by alpha radiation, and a second scintillator material that emits light when excited by beta radiation.
- the detection material may include a first scintillator material that emits light when excited by gamma radiation, and a second scintillator material that emits light when excited by beta radiation.
- Certain preferred detection materials according to the present invention are flexible.
- some preferred detection materials according to the present invention are sufficiently flexible to be wound once around a 2.5 centimeter (preferably, 1 cm, more preferably, 3 mm, or even 1 mm) diameter rod, and then unwound without cracking or fracturing the detection material.
- One preferred detection material is a tape comprising a backing having a first major surface and a second opposed major surface, adhesive material attached to the first major surface, and a first scintillator material, wherein the first scintillator material, when excited by radioactivity, emits light that is detectable externally to the tape for in-situ detection of radioactive material.
- the adhesive material, the backing, or both may comprise the scintillator material.
- scintillator material may be present as another layer or coating on the tape, and/or as another layer or coating of the tape.
- at least a majority, by weight, of the scintillator material is distributed in either the adhesive material or the backing material.
- the backing material comprises a first scintillator material and the adhesive material has distributed therein a second, different scintillator material.
- the present invention provides a method of in-situ detection of radioactive material comprising: applying a detection material comprising scintillator material distributed in matrix material distributed therein to a surface including radioactive material, wherein the scintillator material emits light when excited by radioactivity that is detectable externally to the detection material for in-situ detection of the radioactive material; and detecting the light emitted from at least a portion of the scintillator material by a light-detecting device for in-situ detection of the radioactive material.
- the present invention provides an assembly for in-situ detection of radioactive material comprising: a substrate having a first major surface that includes radioactive material; and a tape attached to the substrate, the tape comprising a backing having a first major surface and a second, opposed major surface, adhesive material attached to the first major surface, and scintillator material, wherein the scintillator material emits light when excited by radioactivity that is detectable externally to the tape for in-situ detection of the radioactive material.
- Detection materials according to the present invention and methods of making and using the such materials offer a number of advantages over conventional techniques for identifying radioactive contamination.
- embodiments of detection materials according to the present invention allow for the detection of radioactive contamination from solid or vapor states in-situ without collection, dispersion, and concentration of samples.
- embodiments of detection materials according to the present invention (particularly flexible tape and sprayed-on detection materials) allow for the detection of radioactive contamination in and/or on rough surfaces such as concrete or brick.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a layer of a detection material according to the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a tape according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a tape according to the present invention attached to a flat radioactive surface
- FIG. 4 is a side view of a tape according to the present invention attached to a sneaker; and FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a canister spraying a detection material composition onto a potentially radioactive surface.
- Detection materials according to the present invention emit light (i.e., electromagnetic radiation having at least a portion of its spectrum in the range from 10 to
- layer of detection material 31 comprises scintillator material (e.g., particles 35) distributed in matrix material 33.
- detection material 31 includes other components such as plasticizers, fillers, and rheology modifiers.
- matrix material 33 is a pressure sensitive adhesive material that can be applied to a surface via a spray. Layer of detection material 31 preferably is or can be applied or formed over rough, cracked, curved, or otherwise irregular surfaces, although of course it is also useful on smooth or planar surfaces as well.
- tape 40 includes detection layer 41, backing 47, and adhesive material 48.
- Detection layer 41 comprises scintillator material 45 distributed in matrix material 43.
- FIG. 3 shows another tape according to the present invention 50 applied to flat surface 54. Tape 50 comprises backing 51 and detection material 53.
- Radioactive particles 55 are shown emitting radioactivity 57.
- the scintillator material in detection layer 53 is excited by radioactivity 57 and emits light 56 (which is transmitted through translucent (with respect to the wavelength(s) of light emitted by the scintillator material(s) used), preferably transparent, backing 51).
- FIG. 4 illustrates tape 50 may be applied to a curved surface such as the heel of sneaker 61.
- Certain preferred detection material including tape and sprayed-on material according to the present invention are flexible such that they are capable of being wound once around a 2.5 cm (preferably, 1 cm, more preferably, 3 mm, or even 1 mm) diameter rod and then unwound without cracking or fracturing the detection material.
- tapes 40 and 50 are shown to have the scintillator material in one layer of the construction, it should be understood that one or more scintillator materials
- scintillator materials can be present in a different layer and/or multiple layers of a tape construction.
- the scintillator material may be present in the backing itself. It is typically preferred, however, that the tape backings are substantially free of scintillator material, and that an adhesive layer of the tape comprises at least one scintillator material.
- a tape according to the present invention includes two or more adhesive layers.
- detection material according to the present invention may depend, for example, on the particular application, the raw materials used to the detection material and/or the amounts of such raw materials.
- a tape according to the present invention comprises from about 1 to about 90 weight percent scintillator material, based on the combined weight of the matrix material (and/or adhesive material) and scintillator material.
- Matrix material suitable for detection materials according to the present invention include adhesive materials such as pressure sensitive adhesives and hot melt adhesives.
- Pressure sensitive adhesives are normally tacky at room temperature and can be adhered to a surface by application of light pressure.
- the adhesive material has an average 90° peel adhesion value of at least 3 N/dm.
- suitable adhesives useful in the practice of the present invention generally include compositions of thermoplastic elastomeric block copolymers, natural rubber, butyl rubber, polyisobutylene, silicones, polyalphaolefins, polyacrylates, and combinations thereof.
- thermoplastic elastomeric block copolymers include ethylene-propylene-diene polymers and styrene-containing block copolymers such as styrene-isoprene, styrene-isoprene-styrene, styrene-butadiene-styrene, styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene, and styrene-ethylene/propylene-styrene block copolymers.
- adhesive compositions include materials based on polyvinyl ethers; polychloroprenes; butadiene-acrylonitrile polymers; ethylene-containing copolymers such as ethylene vinyl acetate, lower alkyl (meth)acrylates (typically containing 1-8 carbons) homo, co- and ter-polymers; polyurethanes; polyamides; epoxies; polyvinylpyrrolidone and vinylpyrrolidone copolymers; polyesters; and mixtures of the above.
- the matrix material may comprise optional additives, such as coupling agents, fillers, expanding agents, fibers, antistatic agents, tackifiers, plasticizers, fillers, curing agents, suspending agents, photosensitizers, lubricants, wetting agents, surfactants, pigments, dyes, ultraviolet light stabilizers, anti-oxidants , and low boiling solvents (e.g., ethyl acetate).
- additives such as coupling agents, fillers, expanding agents, fibers, antistatic agents, tackifiers, plasticizers, fillers, curing agents, suspending agents, photosensitizers, lubricants, wetting agents, surfactants, pigments, dyes, ultraviolet light stabilizers, anti-oxidants , and low boiling solvents (e.g., ethyl acetate).
- the amount of these materials is selected to provide the desired application properties, adhesive properties, and stability.
- useful pressure sensitive adhesives include tackified thermoplastic elastomeric block copolymers, tackified silicones, tackified natural rubber, and inherently tacky (meth) acrylate copolymers.
- tackified thermoplastic elastomeric block copolymers tackified silicones, tackified natural rubber, and inherently tacky (meth) acrylate copolymers.
- Such adhesives can be prepared by curing or polymerizing at least one monomer by a variety of polymerization methods to form a material having adhesive characteristics. Heat or radiation in combination with appropriate catalysts and/or photo- initiators may be used to cure such precursors. Radiation curing methods include visible light, ultraviolet radiation, and electron beam. Preferably, the pressure sensitive adhesives are polymerized by using ultraviolet light, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,181,752 (Martens). Scintillator materials produce light when exposed to radioactivity (e.g., when near a source of radioactive particles that is emitting radioactivity). Such scintillator materials may be organic or inorganic in composition.
- the emitted light includes at least a portion of its spectrum in at least one of the ultraviolet range (i.e., 10-390 nanometers), the visible range (i.e., 390-780 nanometers), or the infrared range (i.e., 780-30,000 nanometers).
- Scintillator materials may be present in the detection material as a solute and/or a particulate.
- organic scintillator materials include benzoxazoles (e.g., 1,1 '- biphenyl 4-yl-6-phenyl-benzoxazole, derivatives of the 2-phenylbenzoxazole such as 2- phenylbenzoxazole, 2-(4'-methylphenyl)-benzoxazole, 2-(4'-methylphenyl)-5- methylbenzoxazole, 2-(4'-methylphenyl)-5 -t-buty lbenzoxazole, 2-(4'-t-butylphenyl)- benzoxazole, 2-phenyl-5-t-butyl-benzoxazole, 2-(4'-t-butylphenyl)-5-t-butylbenzoxazole, 2-(4'-biphenylyl)-benzoxazole, 2-(4'-biphenylyl)-5-t-butylbenzoxazole, 2-(4'-biphenylyl)-
- 6-phenyl-benzoxale derivatives of 2-phenylbenzoxazole such as those disclosed in Donald L. Horrocks, Organic Scintillators, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Organic Scintillators, Argonne National Laboratory, p. 406, (1966); oxazoles (e.g., 2-p- biphenylyl-5-phenyloxazole (CAS Registry No., 852-37-9, Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, WI); 2,2' -p-phenylenebis (5-phenyloxazole) (CAS Registry No.: 1806-34-4,
- oxadiazoles e.g., 2,5-diphenyloxadiazole
- 1,3,4- oxadiazole e.g., 2,5-diphenyl-l,3,4-oxadiazole, 2-(4'-t-butylphenyl)-5-phenyl- 1 ,3,4-oxadiazole, 2,5-di-(4'-t-butylphenyl)-l ,3,4-oxadiazole, 2-phenyl-5-(4"-biphenylyl)- 1,3,4-oxadiazole, and 2-(4'-t-butylphenyl)-5-(4"-biphenylyl)-l,3,4-oxadiazole; terphenyls
- phosphoramides e.g., anilinobis (1-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide (CAS Registry No.: 6784-53-8); and thiophenes (e.g., derivatives of the benzoxazalyl- thiophene series such as: 2,5-bis-benzoxazolyl(2')-thiophene; 2,5-bis-[5'- methylbenzoxazolyl(2')]-thiophene, 2,5-bis-[4', 5'-dimethylbenzoxazolyl (2')]-thiophene, 2,5-bis-[4', 5'-dimethylbenzoxazolyl (2')]-3,4-dimethylthiopene, 2,5-bis-[5'- isopropylbenzoxazolyl (2')]-3,4-dimethylthiophene, 2-benzoxazolyl (2')-5-[7'-secbut
- suitable organic scintillator materials for use in the practice of the present invention are disclosed in Donald L. Horrocks, Organic Scintillators. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Organic Scintillators, Argonne National Laboratory, p. 485, (1966).
- suitable inorganic scintillator materials include doped crystalline scintillators (e.g., Nal(Tl), CsI(Tl), and undoped crystalline scintillators (e.g., Cs, I, BaF 2 , CeF 3 , yttrium aluminate, and Bi Ge 3 O] ).
- Preferred inorganic scintillator materials include yittrium aluminate, bismuth germinate, and combinations thereof.
- Other inorganic scintillator materials suitable for use in the present invention are disclosed in Scintillator and Phosphor Materials, Material Research Society Symposium Proceedings,
- Detection materials according to the present invention can be made by any of a number of techniques, including techniques disclosed herein, as well as by techniques, which may be apparent to those skilled in the art, after they review the disclosure of the present invention.
- Detection material according to the present invention can be made, for example, by combining curable material(s) with scintillator material(s), applying the resulting mixture to a substrate as desired (e.g., coating the mixture into a tape backing), and then curing the curable material.
- a curing agent e.g., a photo-initiator or a catalyst
- Certain preferred methods for making detection material according to the present invention may comprise the steps of partially curing the curable material(s) to form a pre-polymer syrup, uniformly dispersing the scintillator material in the syrup, and then completing the cure of the matrix material.
- the detection material comprises in the range of about 1 to about 90 percent by weight scintillator material, based on the combined weight of the matrix and scintillator materials.
- Tapes according to the present invention can be made using the general teachings in the art for making tapes except the tapes of the present invention also include scintillator materials present in the tape to allow for the in-situ detection of radioactive material.
- a layer(s) of detection material according to the present invention can also be made in-situ by, for example, spraying or brushing a sprayable or brushable composition comprising curable material and scintillator material onto a desired surface and then curing the curable material.
- the sprayable or brushable composition can be sprayed, for example, using an aerosol canister (including a can or a bottle) system or a mechanical pump (e.g., a finger pump) canister system.
- sprayable composition 71 is shown being sprayed from canister 77 onto surface 73.
- the material sprayed from canister 71 includes curable matrix material (e.g., an adhesive material), scintillator material, and propellant.
- Suitable propellants should be apparent to those skilled in the art and may include fluorocholorohydrocarbons; chlorofluorocarbons; a mixed system of propane and butane (liquefied natural gas); dimethyl ether and the like.
- the matrix material by preparing a liquid mixture that when dried or the liquid therein is evaporated provides the matrix material.
- the liquid mixture can be a solution or dispersion.
- such a liquid mixture can be utilized in preparing a sprayed-on detection material.
- a light enhancing material e.g., light enhancement film
- a light enhancement film may be placed on top of, or incorporated into, a detection material to focus the light emitted from scintillator material present in the detection material.
- a tape according to the present invention may utilize light enhancing film as a backing material.
- Examples of light enhancement materials or devices include light redirecting sheet material such as that available under the trade designations "3M IMAGE DIRECTING FILM (IDF) II", “3M TRANSMISSIVE RIGHT ANGLE FILM (TRAF) II", and “3M BRIGHTNESS ENHANCEMENT FILM (BEF) II” from the 3M Company of St. Paul, MN.
- Other suitable light redirecting sheet material may be apparent to those skilled in the art after reviewing the disclosure of the present application.
- detection materials according to the present invention may be used in conjunction with sorptive and/or containment media suitable for handling radioactive materials.
- sorptive powder materials may be incorporated directly into matrix materials along with the scintillator materials to provide a containment constructions capable of also detecting the presence of radioactive material (e.g., radioactive contamination).
- radioactive material e.g., radioactive contamination
- higher sorptive capacities can be provided by laminating sheets of sorptive media to detection materials according to the present invention.
- Suitable sorptive media sheets can comprise, for example, fibrous cellulosic materials, fibrous nonwoven polymeric webs of polyolefins, (e.g.
- sorptive fibrous materials suitable for use in the practice of the present invention are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,506 (Goken, et. al.).
- apertured or discontinuous sorptive sheets in such laminate constructions can facilitate observation of scintillation events associated with the presence of radioactive material (e.g., radioactive contamination) which might otherwise be obscured from one side of the construction by an opaque sorptive sheet.
- radioactive material e.g., radioactive contamination
- detection materials according to the present invention are attached to, or otherwise placed near, an area suspected to contain radioactivity.
- a device capable of measuring and/or quantifying light emissions can then be placed over the tape and the amount of light emitted from the detection material or tape can then be determined.
- Suitable light measuring devices preferably contain an optical radiation detector such as a photomultiplier tube, charge coupled device, or a photodiode array. Other types of photoelectric cells or light-sensing devices may also be used to detect and quantify scintillator material light output.
- PSA pressure sensitive adhesive
- scintillator material containing PSA tape constructions according to the present invention was evaluated by subjecting tape samples to a variety of different radioactive sources, and measuring the resulting luminescence.
- a Ludlum Model 182 Sample Counter with a photomultiplier tube, (available from Ludlum Measurements, Inc., Sweetwater, TX) was used to detect light emitted from the tape.
- a Ludlum Model 2000 sealer (available from Ludlum Measurements, Inc.), operating at 820 volts, was used to count the detected light events. Detected light count events were corrected for a background luminescence of about 400 counts per minute.
- Radioactive isotopes used in this evaluation included a sealed Tc-99 source (technetium, 11.89 nCi, obtained from Isotope Products Laboratory, Burbank, CA), and three laboratory-prepared sources. These sources were prepared by applying a 0.5 ml, 0.2 ml, and 0.1 ml aliqouts of a diluted aqueous Tc-99 standard (obtained from Isotope Products Laboratory, Burbank, CA) to stainless steel planchets (5.08 cm X 5.08 cm, available from A.F. Murphy Die & Machine Co., Inc., North Quincy, MA) and air drying the coating. The dried sources respectively displayed activities of 47.1 nCi of Tc-99 (942-
- a pre-polymer syrup was prepared from a mixture of 94 parts isooctyl acrylate, 6 parts acrylic acid (obtained from Aldrich Chemical, Milwaukee, WI), and 0.04 part benzil dimethyl ketal (a photoinitator obtained under the designation "KB-1" from Sartomer Co., Exton, PA).
- the mixture was placed in a container, purged with nitrogen, sealed in the container under a nitrogen atmosphere, and then irradiated under an ultraviolet black light (obtained under the trade designation "GE F15T8 BL” from General Electric Co., Farfield, CT) until the resulting pre-polymer syrup had a visually estimated viscosity of approximately 3,000 centipoise.
- 0.1 part benzil dimethyl ketal was added to the syrup. The mixture was stirred to produce a uniform solution. The resulting solution was stored in the dark under nitrogen atmosphere.
- Scintillating PSA tape constructions according to the present invention were prepared by coating scintillator containing pre-polymer mixtures on a polyester backing and then curing the resulting coating.
- Coatable, curable scintillator containing compositions were prepared by adding scintillator material to the pre-polymer syrup (described above) in the proportions indicated in Table 1 , below, and stirring to produce a uniform mixture. Table 1
- the pre-polymer mixture was knife coated (0.10 millimeter thick coating) onto a biaxially oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) film (0.05 millimeter thick) and covered with a silicon release agent coated poly(ethylene terephthalate) film.
- the coated syrup was cured by passing the film sandwich between two banks of fluorescent black lamps (obtained from General Electric Co., Farfield, CT), one above and one below the film sandwich.
- the black lamps had 90% of their emission spectra between 300 and 400 nm, with a maximum at about 350 nm.
- the black lamps had a light intensity of 2.2 mVvVcm ⁇ for 3.5 minute exposure.
- the data in Table 1 illustrates that scintillator PSA tape constructions can be prepared that retain good adhesive properties with up to 80 weight percent scintillator material in the adhesive. It is believed, for example, that scintillator materials having densities greater than that of bismuth germinate can be used to construct PSA tape compositions having greater than 80 weight percent scintillator material.
- the ability of PSA scintillator compositions according to the present invention to detect radiation is believed to be influenced, for example, by the amount of scintillator material in the adhesive composition, as is illustrated, for example, by the average net count data presented in Table 2, below, for Examples 1-4.
- Table 3 shows that increasing the amount of inorganic scintillator material in an adhesive layer of the tapes resulted in an increase in the measured counts detected by the counting device. As the source activity of the radioactivity decreased, the measured counts detected by the counting device also decreased for each tape. The data suggests a correlation between the concentration of radioactive particles within a radioactive source and light detected by the detection device.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2001503547A JP2003502647A (en) | 1999-06-14 | 1999-10-08 | In-Situ radioactivity detection |
EP99963839A EP1183554A1 (en) | 1999-06-14 | 1999-10-08 | In-situ radioactivity detection |
NO20016056A NO20016056L (en) | 1999-06-14 | 2001-12-11 | On-site radioactivity detection system |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US33269799A | 1999-06-14 | 1999-06-14 | |
US09/332,697 | 1999-06-14 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2000077545A1 true WO2000077545A1 (en) | 2000-12-21 |
Family
ID=23299452
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1999/023701 WO2000077545A1 (en) | 1999-06-14 | 1999-10-08 | In-situ radioactivity detection |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1183554A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2003502647A (en) |
NO (1) | NO20016056L (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000077545A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1681584A3 (en) * | 2005-01-13 | 2006-08-16 | Aloka Co., Ltd. | Scintillator member and manufacturing method thereof, and radiation measuring device |
JP2016033515A (en) * | 2009-12-07 | 2016-03-10 | ケアストリーム ヘルス インク | Digital radiographic detector with bonded phosphor layer |
US10145963B2 (en) | 2015-02-12 | 2018-12-04 | National University Corporation Hokkaido University | Scintillator and radiation dosimeter using same |
US11249201B2 (en) | 2017-10-13 | 2022-02-15 | Koito Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Scintillator material and radiation detector |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP4299310B2 (en) * | 2006-02-16 | 2009-07-22 | アロカ株式会社 | Manufacturing method of radiation measuring apparatus and manufacturing method of scintillator member |
EP2177932B1 (en) | 2007-08-14 | 2013-10-09 | Hitachi Aloka Medical, Ltd. | Radiation measuring instrument |
JP4778540B2 (en) * | 2008-06-05 | 2011-09-21 | 日立アロカメディカル株式会社 | Manufacturing method of radiation measuring apparatus and manufacturing method of scintillator member |
EP2816376A1 (en) * | 2013-06-19 | 2014-12-24 | cynora GmbH | Method for the detection of radiation |
JP7019298B2 (en) * | 2017-02-13 | 2022-02-15 | 東京インキ株式会社 | Sheets or pellets for plastic scintillators |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3678271A (en) * | 1969-10-09 | 1972-07-18 | Caterpillar Tractor Co | Marking and detection of subsurface defects in multi-layer hose structures |
US3952204A (en) * | 1975-01-14 | 1976-04-20 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Energy Research And Development Administration | Film holder for radiographing tubing |
US5496502A (en) * | 1992-06-22 | 1996-03-05 | Packard Instrument, B.V. | Adhesive plastic scintillator |
US5583343A (en) * | 1995-07-25 | 1996-12-10 | Associated Universities, Inc. | Flexible nuclear medicine camera and method of using |
JPH1039034A (en) * | 1996-07-19 | 1998-02-13 | Haruo Fujii | Scintillator sheet for measurement of radiation |
-
1999
- 1999-10-08 WO PCT/US1999/023701 patent/WO2000077545A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-10-08 JP JP2001503547A patent/JP2003502647A/en active Pending
- 1999-10-08 EP EP99963839A patent/EP1183554A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2001
- 2001-12-11 NO NO20016056A patent/NO20016056L/en unknown
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3678271A (en) * | 1969-10-09 | 1972-07-18 | Caterpillar Tractor Co | Marking and detection of subsurface defects in multi-layer hose structures |
US3952204A (en) * | 1975-01-14 | 1976-04-20 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Energy Research And Development Administration | Film holder for radiographing tubing |
US5496502A (en) * | 1992-06-22 | 1996-03-05 | Packard Instrument, B.V. | Adhesive plastic scintillator |
US5583343A (en) * | 1995-07-25 | 1996-12-10 | Associated Universities, Inc. | Flexible nuclear medicine camera and method of using |
JPH1039034A (en) * | 1996-07-19 | 1998-02-13 | Haruo Fujii | Scintillator sheet for measurement of radiation |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 1998, no. 06 30 April 1998 (1998-04-30) * |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1681584A3 (en) * | 2005-01-13 | 2006-08-16 | Aloka Co., Ltd. | Scintillator member and manufacturing method thereof, and radiation measuring device |
US7402809B2 (en) | 2005-01-13 | 2008-07-22 | Aloka Co., Ltd. | Scintillator member and manufacturing method thereof, and radiation measuring device |
JP2016033515A (en) * | 2009-12-07 | 2016-03-10 | ケアストリーム ヘルス インク | Digital radiographic detector with bonded phosphor layer |
US10145963B2 (en) | 2015-02-12 | 2018-12-04 | National University Corporation Hokkaido University | Scintillator and radiation dosimeter using same |
US11249201B2 (en) | 2017-10-13 | 2022-02-15 | Koito Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Scintillator material and radiation detector |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2003502647A (en) | 2003-01-21 |
NO20016056L (en) | 2002-02-14 |
NO20016056D0 (en) | 2001-12-11 |
EP1183554A1 (en) | 2002-03-06 |
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