WO2000072275A1 - Specialised surface - Google Patents

Specialised surface Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000072275A1
WO2000072275A1 PCT/GB2000/001837 GB0001837W WO0072275A1 WO 2000072275 A1 WO2000072275 A1 WO 2000072275A1 GB 0001837 W GB0001837 W GB 0001837W WO 0072275 A1 WO0072275 A1 WO 0072275A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
light
layers
wavelengths
multilayer
pits
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2000/001837
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Christopher Robert Lawrence
Peter Vukusic
John Roy Sambles
Original Assignee
Qinetiq Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Qinetiq Limited filed Critical Qinetiq Limited
Priority to AT00927577T priority Critical patent/ATE250791T1/en
Priority to JP2000620593A priority patent/JP5255741B2/en
Priority to CA2371337A priority patent/CA2371337C/en
Priority to AU45968/00A priority patent/AU764002B2/en
Priority to BR0010918-5A priority patent/BR0010918A/en
Priority to US09/959,616 priority patent/US6753952B1/en
Priority to DE60005508T priority patent/DE60005508T2/en
Priority to GB0125415A priority patent/GB2368310B/en
Priority to EP00927577A priority patent/EP1181673B1/en
Publication of WO2000072275A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000072275A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/06—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using wave or particle radiation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D2033/18—
    • B42D2033/24—

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a transparent surface, which selectively absorbs, reflects and transmits different wavelengths in a determined fashion. It has particular but not exclusive application in the field of anti-counterfeiting (security) devices.
  • the invention comprises a method of determining whether an article is counterfeit comprising; a) providing a textured surface; b) determining the reflection characteristics of the surface; c) matching these up with the expected characteristics to determine whether the surface is counterfeit.
  • the textured surface comprises of a single (preferably metallic) textured surface.
  • the surface is a multilayer consisting of a transparent substrate having at least two thin layers of transparent material deposited on one side thereof, said layers having different refractive indices such that selective wavelengths/colours are transmitted and or reflected.
  • the thin multiple layers applied to a transparent substrate provide constructive and destructive interference effects due to multiple reflections at the interfaces between materials.
  • the layers are fabricated from metal oxide, metal sulphide or polymeric materials. Individual layers will generally be less than or equal to half a wavelength in thickness when compared to the radiation to be utilised (e.g. for visible light each layer will generally be less than 400 nanometres thick).
  • the surface may additionally have a coloured or shaded layer applied to the substrate on the opposite of said side to the thin layers.
  • the substrate preferably a transparent plastic material
  • the invention also consists of a method of determining whether an article is counterfeit comprising: a) providing such a surface as above; b) determining its transmission absorption frequencies/colours characteristics; c) matching these up with the expected characteristics to determine whether the surface is counterfeit.
  • Step (b) may include a comparison of reflected and/or transmitted spectra at different angles of incidence and/or linear polarisation states of the incident radiation.
  • step (b) may further include the detection of changes in the polarisation state of reflected radiation.
  • Figure 1 shows a basic flat multilayer surface.
  • Figure 2 shows an anti-counterfeit tag embodying a surface as in figure 1.
  • Figures 3a shows a multilayer surface having a pitted surface.
  • Figures 3b and 3c show X-sections through pitted surfaces.
  • Figure 4 shows a multilayer having a sinusoidally profiled surface.
  • Figure 5 shows the effect of colour shift of a multilayer surface (as per fig.l) dependant upon the incident angle of applied light.
  • Figure 6 shows the effect of linear polarisation when light is made incident upon a multilayer (or portion of multilayer) at 45 degrees incidence.
  • Figure 1 shows a substrate 1 comprising a glass plate onto which is a multilayer 2 comprising interleaved layers of ZnS, and MgF denoted by reference numerals 3 and 4. These are thermally evaporated onto the glass plate, the ZnS first, and with all layers (eight in total) being 120nm thick.
  • a given multilayer stack will produce a reflectivity profile that can be predicted via Fresnel's equations; it is dictated by both the deposited layers oxide's thickness and refractive index. The profile will vary with both the angle of incidence and the linear polarisation of the illuminating light.
  • the thickness of the layers should be between % and 1 wavelength of the light used in the application. For visible light the thickness should be less than 800nm.
  • the multilayer according to the invention may be used as an anti-counterfeiting device.
  • the multilayer surface may be laid onto any appropriate background (substrate first) such as a black and diffuse-white coded background and/or having coloured inks.
  • the observed colour can be examined against two coloured inks painted onto the coded surface next to the black and white elements.
  • Figure 2a shows a practical embodiment of a security tag.
  • the multilayer 2 is deposited onto one potion of a flexible transparent plastic tag 5; i.e. it acts as a substrate.
  • the other portion has black and (diffusely reflective) white squares, 6 and 7 respectively printed onto it.
  • the tag can then be folded over along fold A-A such that the squares lie underneath the plastic tag. If the blue reflection observed from the multilayer on the black square is not the same hue as the blue ink and/or the orange transmitted colour from the multilayer on the white square is not the same hue as the orange ink, then the multilayer surface is counterfeit.
  • a surface having black/white/coloured background may be permanently stuck to the substrate by different means i.e. the substrate itself may be utilised as part of the pattern if it is of a suitable colour
  • the multilayer is placed over a diffusely-reflective white substrate, and its surface is illuminated and observed at normal incidence (e.g. by two parallel fibres, one of which transmits light whilst the other detects the reflection). If only the normally incident light is measured then the orange transmitted light will be scattered at the substrate and will give a low signal back at the detector, and the blue reflection will dominate. Hence the device will indicate that the surface is blue, whilst by eye the material will appear orange due to ambient light.
  • the angle at which the light strikes a : multilayer influences its reflectivity (and hence transmissivity) profile.
  • the multilayer comprising eight interleaved layers of ZnS and MgF 2 , it is seen that as the angle of incidence of light is increased, the reflected light from the surface shifts to shorter wavelengths, and hence the colour changes from blue to purple (whilst the transmission moves from orange to yellow).
  • TM linearly polarised radiation is taken to be radiation for which the electric vector lies in the plane of incidence of the incoming radiation, whilst for TE radiation the electric vector lies parallel to the surface that is struck. At normal incidence the TE and TM reflectivities are equivalent, but at any other angle their spectra will differ. It is proposed that any non-normal-incidence measurements could discriminate between different polarisations to further distinguish between different multilayers. For example, this could be achieved by placing aligned polaroid sheets over the light source and the detector, limiting all measurements to one linear polarisation. If infrared radiation were to be utilised then wire-grid polarisers could replace the polaroid.
  • the multilayer is textured.
  • the multilayer surface can be produced with a grooved, pitted or waveform profile. In this manner, polarisation effects or effects due to variation of angle of incidence of light can be utilised via normal-incidence measurements.
  • Figure 5 a shows a pitted surface and 5b a cross section through such a surface respectively.
  • the multilayer surface is indented with circular depressions of approximately 5 microns diameter (the smallest preferred size for visible light).
  • Figure 5c shows a pitted surface wherein the substrate 1 itself is indented.
  • the sides of the pits may be perpendicular, and in this case this is equivalent to a substrate having patches of multilayers.
  • the textured surface may be of any suitable shape; they may be bowl shaped or be flat with 45 degree or any other angle sides.
  • Figure 6 shows a textured multilayer surface of waveform shape, having peaks 11 and troughs 12.
  • the distance between peaks (the pitch) is in the order of at least 5 microns and the depth of the troughs is in the order of half the pitch.
  • the diameter of the pits (or distance between peaks in a waveform surface) is important and cannot be too small. If the diameter were far less than the wavelength of the light, the pits wouldn't be seen. If the two values were comparable then diffraction effects would be complex, redirecting light in other directions. Thus a diameter of four or more wavelengths is preferable for the dimensions of such pits.
  • the textured surface When illuminated from directly above, the textured surface presents regions of multilayer at normal incidence (the troughs and peaks of the profile), and others at discrete angles of around 45 degrees (the sloped regions). Light striking the 45 degree regions will be reflected across to the opposite sloped element, and subsequently back towards the light source. This simultaneously produces two components of light of different reflectivity spectra, and hence two colours.
  • textured surfaces such as these could be used to produce two- colour reflections for which the individual elements are too small to resolve with the unaided eye.
  • the colours would then combine to produce a uniform appearance of a single colour, but the covert elements could be viewed by microscope.
  • a further embodiment of the invention is to use flat patches of multilayer on a coloured substrate, as per fig.3b.
  • the normal-incidence reflection from the multilayers could be matched in colour to that of the substrate, making the patches indistinguishable from the substrate until viewed at such an angle that the patches exhibit a different colour in appearance.
  • the effect could be further enhanced by additionally utilising polarisation differences.
  • a further aspect of having a textured surface means that it is possible to rotate the linear polarisation angle through 90 degrees, as is shown in figure 7a to 7c .
  • TM radiation is flipped through 180 degrees whereas TE is not, but in both cases the plane of polarisation is unchanged. However, if equal components of TE and TM are present then the net effect is that the overall plane of polarisation is rotated through 90 degrees.
  • linearly polarised light is made incident upon a textured multilayer at such an angle that the overall plane of the electric vector is rotated through 90 degrees, and that this can be detected by placing orthogonally-aligned polaroids over light source and detector.
  • the usual colours as described above
  • the only light that can be detected will be that which has been converted (e.g. four spots at the edge of a bowl-shaped depression, or - for a ridged structure - the signal will only be detected when the electric vector strikes the ridges at an angle neither parallel or perpendicular to the grooves).
  • the polarisation-conversion signal will be of a different colour to that of the unpolarised case.
  • the multilayer is pitted, the pits having flat 45 degree angled sides as these maximise the amount of light that bounces across and back to an observer at normal incidence, and hence maximise the polarisation conversion signal.
  • the pits must be shaped so that some normal-incidence light is returned by reflection to the source (i.e. retro-reflected).
  • the pit diameter should be sufficiently large so that the light can be specularly reflected (i.e. reflected in a mirror like fashion) and diffractive effects are minimised.
  • the multilayer may comprises a textured surface (i.e. a non-planar surface)
  • various methods of fabrication can be applied.
  • One possible way would be to deposit the multilayers directly onto a textured substrate (e.g. a diffraction grating). It may be necessary to rock the grating during deposition to ensure even layer thicknesses.
  • Another method is to etch into a thick multilayer to produce different multilayer thicknesses (e.g. a ten layer structure that has been etched down to two in certain regions).
  • a further alternative process is to use dielectric features (e.g. hardened photoresist ridges) on the surface of a planar multilayer to redirect (refract) the light in certain regions, hence altering the angle of incidence and the colour observed.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Inspection Of Paper Currency And Valuable Securities (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Polarising Elements (AREA)
  • Spectrometry And Color Measurement (AREA)
  • Credit Cards Or The Like (AREA)
  • Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)
  • Investigating Materials By The Use Of Optical Means Adapted For Particular Applications (AREA)
  • Optical Elements Other Than Lenses (AREA)
  • Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
  • Coils Or Transformers For Communication (AREA)
  • Semiconductor Lasers (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)

Abstract

A multilayer surface comprising at least two layers, said layers having different refractive indexes such that selective wavelengths/colours are transmitted and or reflected. The layers are preferably laid onto a transparent substrate. The surface can be used as an anti-counterfeit device. A method of determining whether an article is counterfeit comprising: providing such a surface; determining its transmission/absorption characteristics of particular colour(s); matching these up with the expected characteristics to determine whether the surface is counterfeit. This may comprise observing the reflected or transmitted colour at two different angles of incidence or detecting changes in the polarisation state of transmitted light.

Description

Specialised surface
This invention relates to a transparent surface, which selectively absorbs, reflects and transmits different wavelengths in a determined fashion. It has particular but not exclusive application in the field of anti-counterfeiting (security) devices.
In the fight against counterfeiting, there is ever increasing pressure to develop security devices and markings which are difficult to forge i.e. replicate. Moreover it is a requirement that such anti-counterfeiting devices are simple and effective to use without the need for additional, often expensive equipment.
The invention comprises a method of determining whether an article is counterfeit comprising; a) providing a textured surface; b) determining the reflection characteristics of the surface; c) matching these up with the expected characteristics to determine whether the surface is counterfeit.
In the simplest form of the invention the textured surface comprises of a single (preferably metallic) textured surface.
Preferably the surface is a multilayer consisting of a transparent substrate having at least two thin layers of transparent material deposited on one side thereof, said layers having different refractive indices such that selective wavelengths/colours are transmitted and or reflected. The thin multiple layers applied to a transparent substrate provide constructive and destructive interference effects due to multiple reflections at the interfaces between materials. Preferably the layers are fabricated from metal oxide, metal sulphide or polymeric materials. Individual layers will generally be less than or equal to half a wavelength in thickness when compared to the radiation to be utilised (e.g. for visible light each layer will generally be less than 400 nanometres thick).
The surface may additionally have a coloured or shaded layer applied to the substrate on the opposite of said side to the thin layers.
Such surface may be used as security anti/counterfeit tags, the substrate preferably a transparent plastic material
The invention also consists of a method of determining whether an article is counterfeit comprising: a) providing such a surface as above; b) determining its transmission absorption frequencies/colours characteristics; c) matching these up with the expected characteristics to determine whether the surface is counterfeit.
Step (b) may include a comparison of reflected and/or transmitted spectra at different angles of incidence and/or linear polarisation states of the incident radiation.
Where the surfaces are textured step (b) may further include the detection of changes in the polarisation state of reflected radiation.
The invention will now be described by way of example only and with reference to the following figures of which:
Figure 1 shows a basic flat multilayer surface.
Figure 2 shows an anti-counterfeit tag embodying a surface as in figure 1. Figures 3a shows a multilayer surface having a pitted surface. Figures 3b and 3c show X-sections through pitted surfaces.
Figure 4 shows a multilayer having a sinusoidally profiled surface.
Figure 5 shows the effect of colour shift of a multilayer surface (as per fig.l) dependant upon the incident angle of applied light.
Figure 6 shows the effect of linear polarisation when light is made incident upon a multilayer (or portion of multilayer) at 45 degrees incidence.
Simple multilayer embodiment
Figure 1 shows a substrate 1 comprising a glass plate onto which is a multilayer 2 comprising interleaved layers of ZnS, and MgF denoted by reference numerals 3 and 4. These are thermally evaporated onto the glass plate, the ZnS first, and with all layers (eight in total) being 120nm thick.
Other methods of providing the layers are by sputtering, electron beam deposition, or laser oxidation of metals. Other materials well known to those skilled in the art, such as TiO2 or polymers, can be alternatively used as the layers. A given multilayer stack will produce a reflectivity profile that can be predicted via Fresnel's equations; it is dictated by both the deposited layers oxide's thickness and refractive index. The profile will vary with both the angle of incidence and the linear polarisation of the illuminating light.
In the example of figure 1, when white light is made incident upon the multilayer surface at normal incidence the reflected light is blue in colour, and the transmission colour is orange. If the surface is placed substrate-first onto a black background then only blue will be seen (the transmitted orange light is absorbed). If the background is smooth and highly reflective (gloss white or metallic) then all of the transmitted orange light is reflected back through the film and the surface will appear white or very slightly coloured. If a white and roughened (i.e. diffusely scattering) background is placed behind (substrate first) the multilayer surface, then the surface will appear orange because the transmitted colour will dominate. This is because the only blue light that reaches the eye will be from specular (i.e. mirror-like) reflections from the multilayer, whereas all light transmitted through the layer will be diffusely reflected back through it, whatever its angle of incidence (see figure A). Hence in all but highly directional lighting conditions the orange light will dominate.
The thickness of the layers should be between % and 1 wavelength of the light used in the application. For visible light the thickness should be less than 800nm.
Anti-counterfeit device embodiment
The multilayer according to the invention may be used as an anti-counterfeiting device. The multilayer surface may be laid onto any appropriate background (substrate first) such as a black and diffuse-white coded background and/or having coloured inks. The observed colour can be examined against two coloured inks painted onto the coded surface next to the black and white elements.
Figure 2a shows a practical embodiment of a security tag. The multilayer 2 is deposited onto one potion of a flexible transparent plastic tag 5; i.e. it acts as a substrate. The other portion has black and (diffusely reflective) white squares, 6 and 7 respectively printed onto it. Also printed onto it are orange 8 and blue 9 inked squares having particular hues. The tag can then be folded over along fold A-A such that the squares lie underneath the plastic tag. If the blue reflection observed from the multilayer on the black square is not the same hue as the blue ink and/or the orange transmitted colour from the multilayer on the white square is not the same hue as the orange ink, then the multilayer surface is counterfeit.
In an alternative embodiment a surface having black/white/coloured background may be permanently stuck to the substrate by different means i.e. the substrate itself may be utilised as part of the pattern if it is of a suitable colour In another embodiment, the multilayer is placed over a diffusely-reflective white substrate, and its surface is illuminated and observed at normal incidence (e.g. by two parallel fibres, one of which transmits light whilst the other detects the reflection). If only the normally incident light is measured then the orange transmitted light will be scattered at the substrate and will give a low signal back at the detector, and the blue reflection will dominate. Hence the device will indicate that the surface is blue, whilst by eye the material will appear orange due to ambient light.
Effect of angle of incidence
As shown in fig.3, the angle at which the light strikes a:multilayer influences its reflectivity (and hence transmissivity) profile. Using the above example of the multilayer comprising eight interleaved layers of ZnS and MgF2 , it is seen that as the angle of incidence of light is increased, the reflected light from the surface shifts to shorter wavelengths, and hence the colour changes from blue to purple (whilst the transmission moves from orange to yellow).
It is proposed that the angle-dependance of colour from a planar multilayer could be utilised via a device that simultaneously obtained reflectivity or transmissivity spectra at different angles, and compared these to expected values.
Effect of polarisation
As shown in figure 4, the polarisation of the light will influence the reflectivity (and hence transmissivity) spectra of multilayers. In the diagram, TM linearly polarised radiation is taken to be radiation for which the electric vector lies in the plane of incidence of the incoming radiation, whilst for TE radiation the electric vector lies parallel to the surface that is struck. At normal incidence the TE and TM reflectivities are equivalent, but at any other angle their spectra will differ. It is proposed that any non-normal-incidence measurements could discriminate between different polarisations to further distinguish between different multilayers. For example, this could be achieved by placing aligned polaroid sheets over the light source and the detector, limiting all measurements to one linear polarisation. If infrared radiation were to be utilised then wire-grid polarisers could replace the polaroid.
Textured Substrate/Laver Embodiment
In an alternative embodiment the multilayer is textured. For example the multilayer surface can be produced with a grooved, pitted or waveform profile. In this manner, polarisation effects or effects due to variation of angle of incidence of light can be utilised via normal-incidence measurements.
Figure 5 a shows a pitted surface and 5b a cross section through such a surface respectively. The multilayer surface is indented with circular depressions of approximately 5 microns diameter (the smallest preferred size for visible light).
Figure 5c shows a pitted surface wherein the substrate 1 itself is indented. Alternatively the sides of the pits may be perpendicular, and in this case this is equivalent to a substrate having patches of multilayers.
The textured surface may be of any suitable shape; they may be bowl shaped or be flat with 45 degree or any other angle sides.
Figure 6 shows a textured multilayer surface of waveform shape, having peaks 11 and troughs 12. The distance between peaks (the pitch) is in the order of at least 5 microns and the depth of the troughs is in the order of half the pitch.
The diameter of the pits (or distance between peaks in a waveform surface) is important and cannot be too small. If the diameter were far less than the wavelength of the light, the pits wouldn't be seen. If the two values were comparable then diffraction effects would be complex, redirecting light in other directions. Thus a diameter of four or more wavelengths is preferable for the dimensions of such pits.
When illuminated from directly above, the textured surface presents regions of multilayer at normal incidence (the troughs and peaks of the profile), and others at discrete angles of around 45 degrees (the sloped regions). Light striking the 45 degree regions will be reflected across to the opposite sloped element, and subsequently back towards the light source. This simultaneously produces two components of light of different reflectivity spectra, and hence two colours.
It is proposed that textured surfaces such as these could be used to produce two- colour reflections for which the individual elements are too small to resolve with the unaided eye. The colours would then combine to produce a uniform appearance of a single colour, but the covert elements could be viewed by microscope.
It is further proposed that the polarisation-dependence of reflectivity could be used to further distinguish a given structure, since the colours reflected by the sloped elements will exhibit some polarisation dependence.
A further embodiment of the invention is to use flat patches of multilayer on a coloured substrate, as per fig.3b. The normal-incidence reflection from the multilayers could be matched in colour to that of the substrate, making the patches indistinguishable from the substrate until viewed at such an angle that the patches exhibit a different colour in appearance. The effect could be further enhanced by additionally utilising polarisation differences.
Polarisation-conversion
A further aspect of having a textured surface means that it is possible to rotate the linear polarisation angle through 90 degrees, as is shown in figure 7a to 7c . TM radiation is flipped through 180 degrees whereas TE is not, but in both cases the plane of polarisation is unchanged. However, if equal components of TE and TM are present then the net effect is that the overall plane of polarisation is rotated through 90 degrees.
Take the example of a circular cavity, labelling its circumference as a clock-face. Suppose that light strikes the left hand side (9 o'clock) with the electric vector parallel to the side (i.e. TE polarisation). If all of the photons striking the cavity have parallel electric vectors then light bouncing from 12 o'clock to 6 o'clock must strike the walls as TM polarised light. However, light striking the side halfway between 9 and 12 will be of mixed polarisation, half TM and half TE.
It is therefore proposed that linearly polarised light is made incident upon a textured multilayer at such an angle that the overall plane of the electric vector is rotated through 90 degrees, and that this can be detected by placing orthogonally-aligned polaroids over light source and detector. Without these polaroids the usual colours (as described above) can be observed, but when the polaroids are in place the only light that can be detected will be that which has been converted (e.g. four spots at the edge of a bowl-shaped depression, or - for a ridged structure - the signal will only be detected when the electric vector strikes the ridges at an angle neither parallel or perpendicular to the grooves). Furthermore, since the reflection spectrum of light striking the edges is different from that which strikes the bottom of the depression, the polarisation-conversion signal will be of a different colour to that of the unpolarised case.
In the preferred embodiment the multilayer is pitted, the pits having flat 45 degree angled sides as these maximise the amount of light that bounces across and back to an observer at normal incidence, and hence maximise the polarisation conversion signal. Generally the pits must be shaped so that some normal-incidence light is returned by reflection to the source (i.e. retro-reflected). The pit diameter should be sufficiently large so that the light can be specularly reflected (i.e. reflected in a mirror like fashion) and diffractive effects are minimised. Manufacture of texture
Where the multilayer may comprises a textured surface (i.e. a non-planar surface), various methods of fabrication can be applied. One possible way would be to deposit the multilayers directly onto a textured substrate (e.g. a diffraction grating). It may be necessary to rock the grating during deposition to ensure even layer thicknesses. Another method is to etch into a thick multilayer to produce different multilayer thicknesses (e.g. a ten layer structure that has been etched down to two in certain regions). A further alternative process is to use dielectric features (e.g. hardened photoresist ridges) on the surface of a planar multilayer to redirect (refract) the light in certain regions, hence altering the angle of incidence and the colour observed.
Although the invention has been discussed predominantly with respect to absorption transmission of visible wavelengths (colours) it should be noted that it is not limited to the visible spectrum and could be used with radiation of other frequencies provided the correct magnitude of dimensions are selected.

Claims

Claims
1. A method of determining whether an article is counterfeit comprising; a) providing a textured surface; b) determining the reflection characteristics of the surface; c) matching these up with the expected characteristics to determine whether the surface is counterfeit.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said reflection is due to a single reflection at normal incidence from a facet of said surface and/or retroreflection from multiple facets.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein step b) comprises determining the wavelength-dependence of the reflections
4. A method as claimed in claims 3 wherein step (b) comprises observing the reflected colour at two different angles of incidence.
5. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein step (b) comprises detecting changes in the polarisation state of reflected light.
6. A method as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the textured surface comprises a transparent or absorbing substrate having at least two layers deposited on one side thereof, said layers having different refractive indexes such that selective wavelengths/colours are transmitted and or reflected.
8. A method as claimed in claims 6 or 7 wherein said texturing comprises pits or wells of sinusoidal waveform.
9. A method as claimed in claim 8 wherein the diameter of the pits or wells or the distance between the peaks of said waveform is greater than 4 wavelengths and less than 200 wavelengths of light.
10. A textured surface comprising a transparent substrate having at least two layers deposited on one side thereof, said layers having different refractive indexes and the layers or substrate having texturing such that selective wavelengths/colours are transmitted and wherein said texturing comprises pits or wells or is sinusoidal waveform, and wherein the diameter of the pits or wells or the distance between the peaks of said waveform is greater than 4 wavelengths, and less than 200 wavelengths of light.
11. A textured surface as claimed in claim 10 wherein the diameter of the pits or wells or the distance between the peaks of said waveform is less than 200 wavelengths of light.
11. A security device comprising a surface as claimed in claim 10.
PCT/GB2000/001837 1999-05-25 2000-05-19 Specialised surface WO2000072275A1 (en)

Priority Applications (9)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT00927577T ATE250791T1 (en) 1999-05-25 2000-05-19 SPECIAL SURFACE
JP2000620593A JP5255741B2 (en) 1999-05-25 2000-05-19 Special purpose surface
CA2371337A CA2371337C (en) 1999-05-25 2000-05-19 Specialised surface
AU45968/00A AU764002B2 (en) 1999-05-25 2000-05-19 Specialised surface
BR0010918-5A BR0010918A (en) 1999-05-25 2000-05-19 Process for determining whether an item is counterfeit, surface textured, and security device
US09/959,616 US6753952B1 (en) 1999-05-25 2000-05-19 Specialised surface
DE60005508T DE60005508T2 (en) 1999-05-25 2000-05-19 SPECIAL SURFACE
GB0125415A GB2368310B (en) 1999-05-25 2000-05-19 Specialised surface
EP00927577A EP1181673B1 (en) 1999-05-25 2000-05-19 Specialised surface

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9912081.8 1999-05-25
GBGB9912081.8A GB9912081D0 (en) 1999-05-25 1999-05-25 Multilayer surface

Publications (1)

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WO2000072275A1 true WO2000072275A1 (en) 2000-11-30

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US (1) US6753952B1 (en)
EP (1) EP1181673B1 (en)
JP (1) JP5255741B2 (en)
KR (1) KR100703579B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1363075A (en)
AT (1) ATE250791T1 (en)
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EP1923229A1 (en) 2006-11-18 2008-05-21 European Central Bank Security document
WO2012069163A1 (en) * 2010-11-26 2012-05-31 Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh Reflective security element for security papers, value documents or the like
US9188716B2 (en) 2010-11-26 2015-11-17 Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh Reflective security element for security papers, value documents or the like
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WO2013124607A1 (en) 2012-02-24 2013-08-29 Qinetiq Limited Optical multilayer
US10310152B2 (en) 2015-03-31 2019-06-04 Andrew Richard Parker Optical effect structures
US11373076B2 (en) 2017-02-20 2022-06-28 3M Innovative Properties Company Optical articles and systems interacting with the same
US11651179B2 (en) 2017-02-20 2023-05-16 3M Innovative Properties Company Optical articles and systems interacting with the same
US11314971B2 (en) 2017-09-27 2022-04-26 3M Innovative Properties Company Personal protective equipment management system using optical patterns for equipment and safety monitoring
US11682185B2 (en) 2017-09-27 2023-06-20 3M Innovative Properties Company Personal protective equipment management system using optical patterns for equipment and safety monitoring
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CA2371337A1 (en) 2000-11-30
KR20020035480A (en) 2002-05-11

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