WO2000022387A1 - Level measurement systems - Google Patents
Level measurement systems Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000022387A1 WO2000022387A1 PCT/GB1999/003365 GB9903365W WO0022387A1 WO 2000022387 A1 WO2000022387 A1 WO 2000022387A1 GB 9903365 W GB9903365 W GB 9903365W WO 0022387 A1 WO0022387 A1 WO 0022387A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- density
- source
- radiation
- detectors
- profiler
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F23/00—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
- G01F23/22—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water
- G01F23/28—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring the variations of parameters of electromagnetic or acoustic waves applied directly to the liquid or fluent solid material
- G01F23/284—Electromagnetic waves
- G01F23/288—X-rays; Gamma rays or other forms of ionising radiation
- G01F23/2885—X-rays; Gamma rays or other forms of ionising radiation for discrete levels
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D17/00—Separation of liquids, not provided for elsewhere, e.g. by thermal diffusion
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D17/00—Separation of liquids, not provided for elsewhere, e.g. by thermal diffusion
- B01D17/02—Separation of non-miscible liquids
- B01D17/0208—Separation of non-miscible liquids by sedimentation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D17/00—Separation of liquids, not provided for elsewhere, e.g. by thermal diffusion
- B01D17/02—Separation of non-miscible liquids
- B01D17/0208—Separation of non-miscible liquids by sedimentation
- B01D17/0211—Separation of non-miscible liquids by sedimentation with baffles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D17/00—Separation of liquids, not provided for elsewhere, e.g. by thermal diffusion
- B01D17/02—Separation of non-miscible liquids
- B01D17/0208—Separation of non-miscible liquids by sedimentation
- B01D17/0214—Separation of non-miscible liquids by sedimentation with removal of one of the phases
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D17/00—Separation of liquids, not provided for elsewhere, e.g. by thermal diffusion
- B01D17/02—Separation of non-miscible liquids
- B01D17/04—Breaking emulsions
- B01D17/047—Breaking emulsions with separation aids
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F23/00—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
- G01F23/22—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water
- G01F23/28—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring the variations of parameters of electromagnetic or acoustic waves applied directly to the liquid or fluent solid material
- G01F23/284—Electromagnetic waves
- G01F23/288—X-rays; Gamma rays or other forms of ionising radiation
Definitions
- This invention relates to measurement systems for determining the boundaries between phases, in particular to such systems in which the boundaries between at least three phases have to be located and especially to the location of gas-oil and oil-water boundaries in separation vessels in oil production installations
- a separation system which may include pre-separation means such as a cyclone to separate much of any gaseous phase present from the liquid phases and which usually includes a separation vessel in which the fluid flow is slowed and rendered less turbulent e g using baffles, and then allowed to separate into layers which are then separately taken from the separation vessel
- the means for removing the respective phases are usually fixed within the separation vessel which typically operates at superambient pressure typically up to several times ambient pressure e g from 2 to 10 bar absolute (0 2 to 1 MPa)
- the fixed positioning of the means for removing the respective phases means that control of the separator to maintain satisfactory operation is by way of controlling the various flow rates (inflow and outflow) so that the levels of the various phases in the separator are maintained suitably to enable their ready removal from the separator
- the separation of the phases may be made difficult in practice by foam formed by liquid and gas phases and dispersions or emulsions of oil and aqueous phases The presence of foam or emulsions makes the inter-phase boundaries less
- the present invention adopts measurements of the absorption or dispersion of ionising radiation as a means of measuring the density of the medium at a number, usually many, levels in a multi-phase mixture, as in an oil separator, thereby enabling a density profile to be established, from which the position of the phase boundaries and, if desired, the thickness of any interphase regions e g of foam or dispersions or emulsions, can be determined
- the present invention provides a density profiler for measuring a density profile of a medium including at least two liquid phases and a gaseous phase which profiler comprises
- each detector being associated in use with a respective one of the said beams of ionising radiation and producing an output signal in response to the incidence of the ionising radiation
- 3 means for analysing the detector output signals to determine the density of the medium traversed by the beams of radiation in passing from the source array to the detector array
- the invention specifically includes an oil separator which incorporates a density profiler of the invention in which in use an input oil containing stream includes oil, water (aqueous phase) and gas and the density profiler is positioned to measure the density of oil, aqueous and gas phases, a method of measuring the density profile of a medium including oil, aqueous and gas phases in which a density profiler of the invention is positioned in a region of the medium in which the different phases are at least partially separated, a method of controlling an oil separator including a density profiler of the invention, in which the position of the phase boundaries is determined from a density profile measured according to the invention and the inlet flow rate to and/or one or more outlet flow rates from the separator are controlled to maintain the position of the phase boundaries within predetermined limits, a method of controlling an oil separator including a density profiler of the invention, in which the thickness of the interphase regions is determined from a density profile measured according to the invention and the concentration of chemicals added to the separator to reduce the formation of interphases is controlled to maintain the
- the invention further includes a combined radiation source holder and collimator, suitable for use in the density profiler of the invention in which a source holder is a rod having a plurality of, particularly radial, holes adapted to receive radiation sources and, arranged telescopically, desirably substantially coaxially, with the rod, a tube, made of radiation absorbent material, which has transmission holes in it, the rod and tube being moveable, particularly axially moveable, relative to one another so that in a first position each source is in registry with at least one transmission hole aligned to provide a path along which radiation from the source traverses the thickness of the tube to produce a collimated beam of ra ⁇ iation which is projected laterally relative to the rod and tube, and that in a second position each source is masked by a portion of the tube so that no collimated beam of radiation is generated
- Figure 1 is a diagrammatic vertical cross section of part of arrays of sources and detectors of a density profiler of the invention
- Figure 2 is a diagrammatic vertical cross section of an oil separator tank having a density profiler of the invention installed
- 3 is diagrammatic horizontal cross sectional view of sources and detectors of a density profiler of the invention
- Figure 4 is a diagrammatic vertical cross section of part of a source holder and collimator
- the density profiler of the invention is intended for use in equipment such as oil separators and normally, the source and detector arrays will be arranged vertically or near vertically with the collimated beams of radiation between source and detector arrays arranged horizontally or near horizontally (but see below concerning multiple beans from single sources)
- This arrangement generally optimises vertical resolution and compactness of the installation In oil separators there is a flow of the multi-phase medium past or between the source array - detector array comb ⁇ nat ⁇ on(s)
- the profile measurements thus reflect the situation during a continuous process and can thus be used as part of a control feedback loop (see below)
- the limit on the vertical resolution of the density profiler of the invention is determined primarily by the vertical separation of the sources and detectors This is clearly dependent on the sizes of the sources and detectors and the precision of collimation of the radiation beams Generally, the size of the detectors, and thus the ability to space them apart (vertically) represents the main limit on the vertical resolution Particularly in density profiling in oil separators, the main end use envisaged, it is desirable to achieve a vertical resolution of at least as good as 100 mm and more usually at least as good as 50 mm We have successfully made profilers in which the vertical detector separation of between 25 and 30 mm giving a vertical resolution at least this good Of course, increasing the detector separation will reduce the vertical resolution correspondingly By reducing the spacing between detectors, the vertical detector separation can be reduced to 20 mm and by using the techniques mentioned below, the effective detector separation could be reduced to about 5 mm It is possible to process the data from the density profiler to improve the resolution e g using computer based data processing techniques, but we have not found any specific need to improve the basic
- the number of sources and detectors used depends directly on the vertical spacing of the detectors and the depth over which it is desired to measure the density profile
- practical oil separators typically have an operating depth of at least 1 m and sometimes as much as 3 m
- the use of fewer detectors than 10 will not give adequate resolution in practical systems and more usually the minimum number of detectors will be about 20
- the number of detectors will typically be from 30 to 100, more usually 40 to 70
- the detectors generally correspond 1 1 to the collimated beams generated from the sources As is described below, it is possible to obtain multiple collimated beams from single sources so the number of sources may be a fraction of, but not usually less than about half the number of beams and detectors
- the invention is particularly applicable to density profile measurement in oil separators where, typically, there are at least three phases present oil, gas and an aqueous phase (sometimes brine) and often in effect a fourth phase of sand or relatively high molecular weight and density bituminous hydrocarbons commonly called asphaltines which can form a sludge at the bottom of the separator
- a mechanical level sensor but the density profiler of the invention could also do this
- the density profiler will be arranged to be immersed in or traverse all three of the main fluid phases
- emulsions either water in oil or oil in water - are frequently formed (or incompletely separate)
- foams may be formed Using the density profiler of the invention, it is practical both to locate the interphase boundary regions and to estimate the thickness of any interphase emulsion or foam
- the main mechanism by which the collimated beam of ionising radiation is attenuated is Compton scattering, the extent of which is directly related to the density of the medium through which the beam passes and inversely related to beam energy
- the beam length, the linear spacing between each detector and the corresponding collimated source through the medium whose density is being measured or profiled, will generally be chosen depending on the energy and intensity of the collimated beam and the density of the medium
- the minimum and maximum path lengths will also be determined by the operating environment In (in-line) oil separators the minimum beam length will generally be about 2 5 cm to minimise the risk of blockage of the source/detector gap and the maximum beam length is not likely to be more than about 1 5 m or the profiler will be too large for practical use in in-line separators
- the maximum beam length is limited by the need to have a detected signal above the noise floor of the system (dependent on source energy and intensity) and the minimum beam length by obtaining sufficient absorption to resolve density differences adequately (dependent primarily on beam energy)
- the energy of the source radiation is typically not more than about 750 keV and is desirably lower than this
- the source can be a radioactive isotope as is used in conventional (single source/ detector) density gauges where the radiation source is commonly the 661 keV gamma radiation
- the beam length is typically 40 to 100 cm and this is inconveniently long for use in a density profiler to be retrofitted to a pressure vessel through a single port - typical ports in oil separator pressure vessels are from 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 inches) commonly about 15 cm (6 inches) in diameter
- a lower energy source is thus desirable and energies of less than 500 keV, particularly less than 300 keV and optimally less than 100 keV, are desirable in this invention
- the minimum energy of the radiation is about 20 keV, less energetic radiation will generally have too short an effective path length to be useful, and more desirably the
- Potential sources include Ba which is a 356 and 80 keV gamma source and,
- a radioisotope source will be chosen to have a relatively long half life both to give the equipment a satisfactory service life and to reduce the need to recalibrate to take account of reduction in source intensity from source ageing
- the half life of the radioisotope used will be at least 2, and desirably at least 10 years, and not usually more than about 10000, more desirably not more than about 1000, years
- radioisotopes mentioned above are Cs gamma ca 30 years Ba ca 10 years and Am ca 430 years These values, especially for the Ame ⁇ cium, are satisfactory for use in density
- an Am source enables the use of a path length of from 5 to 10 cm so that a profiler can be installed through a single 15 cm port
- Other radioisotope sources can be used if desired, especially those having properties as described above, but other such sources are not generally readily available from commercial sources
- the source radiation could also be X-rays and, although robust compact sources are not easy to engineer, for such sources, intrinsic source half life is not a problem
- the source intensity will be at least about 4x10 , more usually from 4x10 to 4x10 9 , Becquerel (Bq)
- Bq Becquerel
- Am sources having an intensity of g about 1 7x10 Bq are readily commercially available and are suitable for use in this invention
- crosstalk can be reduced by using multiple columns of detectors with detectors in each column being correspondingly more widely spaced and the beams aligned with one column of detectors being radially angularly displaced from those for other detector column(s)
- multiple columns of sources could also be used, but this adds substantially to the precision of manufacture and set up required to maintain resolution
- We have achieved significant gains by using two columns of detectors The use of more than three columns of detectors is not desirable because of the increased risk of physical obstruction of the beam paths and added construction complexity and (radial/honzontal) size
- a further benefit from using multiple detector columns is that where electrically powered detectors are used, the reduction in the number of detectors in each column reduces the power supplied to each column making it easier to comply with safety requirements in
- the invention accordingly includes a density profiler of the invention in which the detector array includes at least two columns of detectors, the columns of detectors being radially angularly displaced from each other
- the beam lengths of the radiation between the sources and the corresponding detectors in the different columns are substantially equal This can readily be achieved by locating the columns of detectors radially substantially equidistant from the source array
- the simplest arrangement of sources and detectors is 1 1 pairwise matching with horizontal collimated beams
- the radiation sources are a significant part of the system cost and this can be reduced by collimating multiple beams from single sources
- Two beams can be collimated from single sources relatively easily with only a minor reduction in the resolution of the system and although it is theoretically possible to collimate more beams from a single source, the savings available are limited and the added complexity and loss of resolution are likely to be significant
- One way of producing pairs of collimated beams from single sources is described in more detail below in connection with the source holder
- the particular detectors used in a density profiler are not in themselves critical although in practice compact devices will usually be chosen
- the detectors as in use immersed in the test medium can be electrically powered e g Geiger-Muller (GM) tubes or scintillation detectors linked with photomultipliers, or unpowered as in simple scintillation devices
- electrically powered detectors GM tubes are particularly convenient, because they are electrically and thermally robust and are available in mechanically robust forms
- unpowered detectors scintillation detectors linked to counters by fibre optic links are particularly useful
- it is desirable that the total electrical energy and power associated with the detectors is sufficiently low as not to be a significant source of ignition in the event of system failure (particularly resulting in direct contact between combustible or explosive materials and any electrically live components)
- Photomultipliers generally require relatively large amounts of electrical power (as
- the counting devices for any of these detectors will usually be electronic and each detector will be associated with a counter which will usually be linked to a device that translates the detection (count) rate to a measure corresponding to density for each detector Using modern electronics it will usually be practical to provide a counter for each detector, but time division multiplexing of counters can be used although with a resultant increase in the time needed for measurement of a density profile
- the source and detector arrays of a density profiler will usually be placed in dip tubes that provide a mechanical (pressure), chemical and, particularly for electrically powered detectors, an electrically insulating barrier between the components of the profiler and the material being profiled
- the material of the dip tubes will be chosen to have sufficient strength and chemical resistance and to be suitably transparent to the ionising radiation Using high energy sources, transparency is not likely to be a problem (and consequently proper safety shielding may be a problem) and materials such as stainless steel can readily be used
- the dip tubes will usually be made of more radiation transparent materials such as titanium, at a thickness of from 1 to 3, particularly about 2, mm or high performance synthetic composites e g fibre (glass or carbon) reinforced PEEK (aromatic poly-ether-ether-ketone) where the wall thickness may be higher e g from about 3 to about 10 mm
- electrically powered detectors are used and the material of the dip tube is metallic a separate
- the radiation sources will normally be retained in a holder which can be removed from the dip tube, to simplify installation and maintenance
- the invention includes a combined source holder and beam collimator which can also act as a source shield
- the source holder is typically a solid rod, e g of stainless steel, typically having a diameter of from 10 to 20 mm, having a plurality of longitudinally spaced radial holes adapted to receive radiation sources
- the collimator is a tube, typically arranged in use to fit coaxially over the source holder, made of radiation absorbent material, which has transmission holes in it which in use are arranged so that each source has aligned with it one or more holes which act to transmit, collimate and direct the radiation towards the detectors
- the rod and tube can be made relatively moveable so that in a first position at least one collimated beam is generated from each source and a second position each source is masked by a portion of the tube so that the bulk of the radiation from the source is absorbed or scattered and no collimated beam of radiation is
- a pair of detector dip tubes (3) each has a support board (4) and detectors (5)
- collimated sources (2) are arranged in an axial (vertical) array and are alternately directed to target detectors in each of the columns of detectors
- source containers (25) include sources (26) held in holes (27) in holder rod (28)
- the source containers are made of radiation absorbent material so that radiation is emitted substantially from the source (radiation open) end of the container
- screen/collimator tube (29) which includes holes (30)
- the holes (30) are positioned opposite the sources and act to produce collimated beams of radiation (31 )
- Relative movement, particularly axial movement, of source holder rod and screen/collimator tube will position 'blank' regions of tube wall opposite the active end of the sources thus substantially preventing the radiation passing through the tube wall
- the upper part of Figure 4 shows a single collimated beam being generated from
- the gas phase as it separates from the oil phase may entrain drops or droplets, e g aerosol droplets, and/or may form a foam interphase with the oil
- Drop(let)s may be encouraged to precipitate from the gas phase by the inclusion of baffles, nets, filters or similar devices in the separator These will usually be positioned in the gas phase, often including adjacent the gas outlet, and frequently extending under the surface of the oil phase to enhance drop(let) precipitation
- the precipitation of oil drop(let)s from the gas phase may also be enhanced by the inclusion of anti-foam chemical agents in the medium This may be used in combination with mechanical devices such as those as described above
- emulsions and/or dispersions water in oil or oil in water, may be formed as an interphase between the oil and aqueous phases, possibly resulting in entrainment of oil in the water or water in the oil
- chemical demulsifier agents to the medium can be used to reduce the extent of such emulsions and dispersions and thus enhance oil/water separation
- the density profiler of this invention enables accurate estimation of the position of the phase boundaries to be made and also an estimation of the thickness of any interphase regions
- the density profiler of the invention can thus be included in a feedback control loop for the oil separator.
- the control loop can include manual setting of control valves of additive feed rates in response to measured density profiles or can (at least in principle) be included in automatic control systems.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Measuring Volume Flow (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
- Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
- Measurement Of Levels Of Liquids Or Fluent Solid Materials (AREA)
- Measurement Of Current Or Voltage (AREA)
- Removal Of Floating Material (AREA)
- Length-Measuring Devices Using Wave Or Particle Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BRPI9914402A BRPI9914402B8 (en) | 1998-10-14 | 1999-10-12 | density profiling device for measuring a density profile of a medium, combined radiation source support and collimator for use in the density profiling device, oil separator containing oil, gas and aqueous phases and method of controlling the oil separator |
EP99949201.0A EP1119745B1 (en) | 1998-10-14 | 1999-10-12 | Level measurement systems |
AU62179/99A AU760199B2 (en) | 1998-10-14 | 1999-10-12 | Level measurement systems |
CA2346489A CA2346489C (en) | 1998-10-14 | 1999-10-12 | A multiphase density profiler |
NO20011740A NO336081B1 (en) | 1998-10-14 | 2001-04-06 | Level Measuring System |
US09/833,659 US6633625B2 (en) | 1998-10-14 | 2001-04-13 | Density profiler for measuring density profile of a medium and method and apparatus using same |
NO20141433A NO336709B1 (en) | 1998-10-14 | 2014-11-28 | Level Measuring System |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GBGB9822301.9A GB9822301D0 (en) | 1998-10-14 | 1998-10-14 | Level measurement systems |
GB9822301.9 | 1998-10-14 |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/833,659 Continuation US6633625B2 (en) | 1998-10-14 | 2001-04-13 | Density profiler for measuring density profile of a medium and method and apparatus using same |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2000022387A1 true WO2000022387A1 (en) | 2000-04-20 |
Family
ID=10840472
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB1999/003365 WO2000022387A1 (en) | 1998-10-14 | 1999-10-12 | Level measurement systems |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6633625B2 (en) |
EP (2) | EP1119745B1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU760199B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI9914402B8 (en) |
CA (2) | CA2715553C (en) |
ES (1) | ES2689731T3 (en) |
GB (1) | GB9822301D0 (en) |
GC (1) | GC0000111A (en) |
ID (1) | ID29449A (en) |
NO (2) | NO336081B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000022387A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA200102345B (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2346489A1 (en) | 2000-04-20 |
NO336709B1 (en) | 2015-10-26 |
EP1119745A1 (en) | 2001-08-01 |
US20010047680A1 (en) | 2001-12-06 |
BR9914402B1 (en) | 2013-02-19 |
NO20011740D0 (en) | 2001-04-06 |
EP2282183A1 (en) | 2011-02-09 |
BR9914402A (en) | 2001-06-26 |
CA2715553C (en) | 2013-11-26 |
EP1119745B1 (en) | 2018-12-05 |
ZA200102345B (en) | 2002-03-20 |
NO20011740L (en) | 2001-04-06 |
GB9822301D0 (en) | 1998-12-09 |
US6633625B2 (en) | 2003-10-14 |
BRPI9914402B8 (en) | 2016-05-31 |
NO20141433L (en) | 2001-04-06 |
NO336081B1 (en) | 2015-05-04 |
EP2282183B1 (en) | 2018-07-04 |
AU6217999A (en) | 2000-05-01 |
ES2689731T3 (en) | 2018-11-15 |
GC0000111A (en) | 2005-06-29 |
CA2715553A1 (en) | 2000-04-20 |
ID29449A (en) | 2001-08-30 |
CA2346489C (en) | 2012-10-02 |
AU760199B2 (en) | 2003-05-08 |
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