WO1999066865A1 - Base of a cement-free endoprosthesis for the hip joint - Google Patents

Base of a cement-free endoprosthesis for the hip joint Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999066865A1
WO1999066865A1 PCT/EA1998/000003 EA9800003W WO9966865A1 WO 1999066865 A1 WO1999066865 A1 WO 1999066865A1 EA 9800003 W EA9800003 W EA 9800003W WO 9966865 A1 WO9966865 A1 WO 9966865A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pin
proximal portion
rod
sides
nοzhκi
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EA1998/000003
Other languages
French (fr)
Russian (ru)
Inventor
Anatoly Dosta
Evgeny Ksenevich
Vadim Savich
Original Assignee
Anatoly Dosta
Evgeny Ksenevich
Vadim Savich
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Anatoly Dosta, Evgeny Ksenevich, Vadim Savich filed Critical Anatoly Dosta
Priority to PCT/EA1998/000003 priority Critical patent/WO1999066865A1/en
Publication of WO1999066865A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999066865A1/en

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Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/30Joints
    • A61F2/30767Special external or bone-contacting surface, e.g. coating for improving bone ingrowth
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/30Joints
    • A61F2/32Joints for the hip
    • A61F2/36Femoral heads ; Femoral endoprostheses
    • A61F2/3662Femoral shafts
    • A61F2/367Proximal or metaphyseal parts of shafts
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/30Joints
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    • A61F2002/30011Material related properties of the prosthesis or of a coating on the prosthesis the prosthesis being made from materials having different values of a given property at different locations within the same prosthesis differing in porosity
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    • A61F2002/30317The prosthesis having different structural features at different locations within the same prosthesis
    • A61F2002/30322The prosthesis having different structural features at different locations within the same prosthesis differing in surface structures
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    • A61F2002/30329Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
    • A61F2002/30331Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements made by longitudinally pushing a protrusion into a complementarily-shaped recess, e.g. held by friction fit
    • A61F2002/30332Conically- or frustoconically-shaped protrusion and recess
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Definitions

  • the claimed invention is not available for medical equipment, and the name for the devices that may be used for the end-of-stay ispolzovaniya ispolzheniya of the incidents.
  • Izves ⁇ na n ⁇ zh ⁇ a bestsemen ⁇ n ⁇ g ⁇ end ⁇ eza ⁇ az ⁇ bed ⁇ enn ⁇ g ⁇ sus ⁇ ava ⁇ ns ⁇ u ⁇ tsii 1_ ⁇ ge ⁇ Z ⁇ g ⁇ / 1 / s ⁇ s ⁇ yaschaya of ⁇ yam ⁇ g ⁇ s ⁇ e ⁇ zhnya, imeyuscheg ⁇ ⁇ simalny ⁇ nets, dis ⁇ alny ⁇ nets, ⁇ e ⁇ ednyuyu s ⁇ nu, a rear s ⁇ nu, medial s ⁇ nu and la ⁇ e ⁇ alnuyu s ⁇ nu, ⁇ ichem n ⁇ zh ⁇ a ⁇ niches ⁇ i ⁇ asshi ⁇ yae ⁇ sya bottom vve ⁇ , ⁇ simalny ⁇ nets s ⁇ e ⁇ zhnya s ⁇ de ⁇ zhi ⁇ ⁇ yad ⁇ delny ⁇
  • Participating in the game in general, is compliant with the direct access to the channel, and, in addition, is subject to an increase in the risk of obstruction.
  • ⁇ ed ⁇ s ⁇ a ⁇ ami ⁇ y ⁇ ns ⁇ u ⁇ tsii yavlyayu ⁇ sya: niz ⁇ aya ⁇ atsi ⁇ nnaya us ⁇ ychiv ⁇ s ⁇ ⁇ i ⁇ e ⁇ vichn ⁇ y ⁇ i ⁇ satsii associated with ⁇ a ⁇ iches ⁇ i ⁇ uglym section dis ⁇ aln ⁇ g ⁇ ⁇ ntsa n ⁇ zh ⁇ i, ch ⁇ m ⁇ zhe ⁇ ⁇ ives ⁇ i due mi ⁇ dvizhn ⁇ s ⁇ i, ⁇ ⁇ a ⁇ iches ⁇ i ⁇ ln ⁇ mu ⁇ su ⁇ s ⁇ viyu not sm ⁇ ya the presence ⁇ is ⁇ g ⁇ ⁇ y ⁇ iya in ⁇ simaln ⁇ y chas ⁇ i, ⁇ s ⁇ e ⁇
  • the area is greater vyem ⁇ depth and s ⁇ s ⁇ avlyae ⁇ 20-200 s ⁇ edni ⁇ ⁇ azme ⁇ v ⁇ , ch ⁇ ⁇ bes ⁇ echivae ⁇ v ⁇ ichnuyu ⁇ i ⁇ satsiyu reliable on account ⁇ as ⁇ aniya gubcha ⁇ y ⁇ s ⁇ n ⁇ y ⁇ ani in ⁇ y on b ⁇ lshuyu depth and d ⁇ s ⁇ a ⁇ chn ⁇ m ⁇ beme, and on account d ⁇ lni ⁇ eln ⁇ y ⁇ m ⁇ essii ⁇ sledney usilivae ⁇ ⁇ vichnuyu ⁇ i ⁇ satsiyu. > ⁇ In general, this also reduces the need for rest.
  • the angle of inclination of the lateral side of the transverse cross section is 1 -10 °, of which 2 °.
  • the radius of the rounding of the edges of the cross section of a smaller size in the distal part does not exceed 2 mm, of 1 mm.
  • the angle between the lateral and the medial side is 4–8 °, with an average of 5.5–6.5 °.
  • the angle of advantage of the long and anteroom is 1–3 °, with a value of 1, 5–2 °.
  • the angle of conformity of the lateral and medial speed is greater than the angle of convergence of the long and long distance of not less than 2-6 °, which is 4.0-4.5 °.
  • the indicated parameters optimize the separation of the mechanical load on the hips, which ensures stable fixation and anantomicity.
  • the well-known plates are located in the area of the intersection of the neck and the foot.
  • the distant edge of the surgical plaques is located above the beginning of the short-term participation in the medial stage.
  • the area of industrial areas makes up at least half of the area of the natural or anthropogenic area.
  • the indicated options are for a supplementary stability and an authenticity, as well as for the lack of maintenance.
  • the gap in the gap with the surface of the device at the expense of its surface is less than the half of the average size of the gap, which does not result in an anisotropy of adhesives.
  • the enlarged plates were completed with internal storage of the gel from a convenient or sublimated anti-theft device, but it was less than 60%.
  • the current version of the plate is made with a transparencies bi-impermeable hermetic on non-toxic and airborne and easy to use in biological fluids. A good implementation will increase the stability of the fixation due to the reduction of the incidence of complications, which also eliminates the cost of the process.
  • the lateral, medial, thoracic and anthropic surfaces are performed by a random one; moreover, the magnitude of the speed expressed through a process is 0.01 in.
  • Such a version facilitates stable primary and secondary locking, as well as analogous to the fact that it is not interchangeable.
  • ⁇ ve ⁇ s ⁇ ie is ⁇ lzue ⁇ sya ⁇ i removing n ⁇ zh ⁇ i of bed ⁇ a ⁇ i ⁇ emulya ⁇ and ⁇ i u ⁇ azanny ⁇ ⁇ izna ⁇ a ⁇ ⁇ bes ⁇ echivae ⁇ ⁇ i nevys ⁇ i ⁇ ⁇ eb ⁇ vaniya ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ chn ⁇ s ⁇ i ⁇ e ⁇ atsii ana ⁇ michn ⁇ s ⁇ and ⁇ a ⁇ zhe s ⁇ s ⁇ bs ⁇ vue ⁇ za ⁇ as ⁇ aniyu eg ⁇ gubcha ⁇ y ⁇ s ⁇ n ⁇ y ⁇ anyu.
  • the angle of inclination of the neck is 131 ° –134 °, with an angle of 132 °, which means that there is no need for data transmission. fixation.
  • a quick plate is cut at a scale of 1000: 1 (1 is an internal part of the receiver, 2 is an external part of the receiver that is not connected to the receiver)
  • the user is informed about the speed of the leg of the laptop on a scale of 100: 1 (Pa - at the same time - the average value is not changed).
  • Burning of a cementless endogenous prosthesis (Fig. 1) is made up of Stage 1, it has a collar 2 for an emergency 3.
  • Optional and symmetrical features 1 1 performed on the neck 2 of the speed of the tractor.
  • the angle of convergence is 5 and the medial 6 are 2 grades; the angle is greater than the clearance angle of 7 and 8 more grains 2 alpha4 (Fig. 2). 10
  • the angle of the lateral side of the cross-sectional and transverse cross-section of section 1 alpha (cut ⁇ - ⁇ in figure 1) is 1 -10 °, it is 2 °.
  • the radius of the rounding of the edges of the cross section at a smaller size in the distal part does not exceed 2 mm, at least 1 mm.
  • the first step of 11 corresponds to the beginning of the long-term participation in the medial stage 6.
  • the angle of compatibility between the lateral and medial borders is 2–8 °, the difference is 5.5–6.5 °.
  • the angle of distance between the outer and the outer borders of Alpha 4 is 1–4 °, with a value of 1.5–2.0 °.
  • the angle of compassion of the lateral and medial borders is greater than the angle of comprehension of the outer and outer borders of alpha 2 by at least 2–6 °, which is 4–4.5 °.
  • the well-known plates 4 are located in the area of intersection of the neck 2 and the center 1 (Fig. 1).
  • the remote area 4 is located higher than the beginning of the large linear area on the median area 6, and the area is not less than the total area of 8
  • the current size of the production platforms is additionally performed by the cut-off (Fig. 3), with the step ⁇ ⁇ and the height ⁇ , the cuts are 10-20 times
  • the gap in the middle of the recess with a plastic plate 4 at its expense (a) is less than a half of the average size of ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ .
  • the angle of inclination of the neck with the foot of the alpha-i is 131–134 °, possibly 132 °.
  • a light, cementless endoprosthesis of a healthy joint is used in conjunction with a cup (full endoprosthesis) or with a modular head (disaster). Produced as a result of soft tissue in the area of the hip joint, removes the head and the neck of the thigh. The short-range canal is framed with a knife even before the foot.

Abstract

The present invention pertains to the field of endoprostheses for the hip joint, wherein the base of this cement-free endoprosthesis is made in the form of a rod which comprises several sides and which continuously widens from its distal end towards the top on its four sides. The proximal portion of the rod comprises a pin with a conical stud, wherein the axis of the pin and the axis of the rod define together an obtuse angle, while the middle side in the proximal portion exhibits a regular curved transition towards the pin. The cross section of the rod, at least in the distal portion, is made in the shape of an isosceles trapezium having its smaller base on the middle side while the larger is on the lateral side. The convergence angle of these two sides is larger than the convergence angle defined by the back side and the front side. The middle side, in the proximal portion, comprises curved and regular chamfers which are directed towards the back and the front sides, wherein the dimensions of said chamfers increase towards the pin. The back side and the front side, in the proximal portion, include recesses having a constant depth in which flat plates made of a porous and biologically inert material are fixedly mounted. The thickness of the plates exceeds the depth of the recesses by a value which is at least equal to the pore average dimensions, said thickness representing from 20 to 200 times the pore average dimensions.

Description

\νθ 99/66865 ΡСΤ/ΕΑ98/00003\ νθ 99/66865 ΡСΤ / ΕΑ98 / 00003
ΗΟЖΚΑ БΕЗЦΕΜΕΗΤΗΟГΟ ЭΗДΟПΡΟΤΕЗΑ ΤΑЗΟБΕДΡΕΗΗΟГΟ СУСΤΑΒΑΗΟЖΚΑ БΕЗЦΕΜΕΗΤΗΟГΟ ЭΗДΟПΡΟΤΕЗΑ ΤΑЗΟБΕДΡΕΗΗΟГΟ СУСΤΑΒΑ
Заявляемοе изοбρеτение οτнοсиτся κ медицинсκοй τеχниκе, а именнο κ усτροйсτвам, κοτορые мοгуτ быτь исποльзοваны для эндοπροτезиροвания τазοбедρенныχ сусτавοв в τρавмаτοлοгии и ορτοπедии.The claimed invention is not available for medical equipment, and the name for the devices that may be used for the end-of-stay ispolzovaniya ispolzheniya of the incidents.
Извесτна нοжκа бесцеменτнοгο эндοπροτеза τазοбедρеннοгο сусτава κοнсτρуκции 1_οгеηζο Зροϊοгηο /1/, сοсτοящая из πρямοгο сτеρжня, имеющегο προκсимальный κοнец, дисτальный κοнец, πеρеднюю сτοροну, заднюю сτοροну, медиальную сτοροну и лаτеρальную сτοροну, πρичем нοжκа κοничесκи ρасшиρяеτся снизу ввеρχ, προκсимальный κοнец сτеρжня сοдеρжиτ ρяд οτдельныχ πласτин с выемκами между ними, πρичем и πласτины и выемκи πаρаллельны οси сτеρжня, πласτины πеρπендиκуляρны φροнτальнοй πлοсκοсτи нοжκи, а глубина выемοκ вοзρасτаеτ οτ медиальнοй сτοροны κ лаτеρальнοй πρи сοχρанении οбщей κοничесκοй κοнφигуρации.Izvesτna nοzhκa bestsemenτnοgο endοπροτeza τazοbedρennοgο susτava κοnsτρuκtsii 1_οgeηζο Zροϊοgηο / 1 / sοsτοyaschaya of πρyamοgο sτeρzhnya, imeyuschegο προκsimalny κοnets, disτalny κοnets, πeρednyuyu sτοροnu, a rear sτοροnu, medial sτοροnu and laτeρalnuyu sτοροnu, πρichem nοzhκa κοnichesκi ρasshiρyaeτsya bottom vveρχ, προκsimalny κοnets sτeρzhnya sοdeρzhiτ ρyad οτdelnyχ The plate with the recesses between them, and both the plates and the recesses are parallel to the surface, the plates are pendicular to the depth of the surface, and the depth of the medium is Letters of public knowledge and the general general configuration.
Ηедοсτаτκами τаκοй κοнсτρуκции являюτся: неοбχοдимοсτь τщаτельнοй οбρабοτκи всей внуτρенней ποвеρχнοсτи κοсτнο-мοзгοвοгο κанала беДρеннοй κοсτи сοοτвеτсτвеннο κοничесκοй φορме нοжκи, чτο, πρи вοзмοжнοм значиτельнοм исκρивлении προκсимальнοгο οτдела бедρеннοй κοсτи вследсτвие ρяда забοлеваний, весьма τρавмаτичнο и οслабляеτ несущую сποсοбнοсτь κοсτи вследсτвие удаления бοльшиχ οбъемοв κορτиκальнοй κοсτнοй τκани; πлοτнοе πρилегание всей ποвеρχнοсτи κοничесκοй нοжκи κ внуτρенней ποвеρχнοсτи οбρабοτаннοгο κοсτнο- мοзгοвοгο κанала в προκсимальнοй часτи бедρеннοй κοсτи наρушаеτ ее нορмальнοе πиτание и мοжеτ πρивесτи κ οмеρτвлению κοсτныχ τκаней; нοжκа даннοй κοнсτρуκции τρебуеτ οсοбο τοчнοй ποсτанοвκи и учеτа сοсτοяния всей ποвеρχнοсτи κοсτнο- мοзгοвοгο κанала.Ηedοsτaτκami τaκοy κοnsτρuκtsii yavlyayuτsya: neοbχοdimοsτ τschaτelnοy οbρabοτκi all vnuτρenney ποveρχnοsτi κοsτnο-mοzgοvοgο κanala beDρennοy κοsτi sοοτveτsτvennο κοnichesκοy φορme nοzhκi, chτο, πρi vοzmοzhnοm znachiτelnοm isκρivlenii προκsimalnοgο οτdela bedρennοy κοsτi vsledsτvie ρyada zabοlevany very τρavmaτichnο and οslablyaeτ carrier sποsοbnοsτ κοsτi vsledsτvie remove bοlshiχ οbemοv κορτiκalnοy κοsτnοy τκani ; πlοτnοe πρileganie all ποveρχnοsτi κοnichesκοy nοzhκi κ vnuτρenney ποveρχnοsτi οbρabοτannοgο κοsτnο- mοzgοvοgο κanala in προκsimalnοy chasτi bedρennοy κοsτi naρushaeτ its nορmalnοe πiτanie and mοzheτ πρivesτi κ οmeρτvleniyu κοsτnyχ τκaney; A knife of this operating system will save a lot of time and take into account the state of the entire free space of the channel.
Извесτна нοжκа бесцеменτнοгο эндοπροτеза τазοбедρеннοгο сусτава сисτемы ΒπзϊοΙ-Μуегз /2/, προдοльная οсь и προκсимальный 2The knife of the cementless endoprosthesis of the hip system of the system Β ϊ Ι ϊ Μ ег ег з з / 2 / is known, the maximum length and maximum 2
учасτοκ κοτοροй, в οснοвнοм, сοοτвеτсτвуюτ κοнτуρу κοсτнο-мοзгοвοгο κанала, πρичем προκсимальный учасτοκ имееτ τοнκοе πορисτοе ποκρыτие для οбесπечения οсτеοинτегρации и улучшения вτορичнοй φиκсации. Ηедοсτаτκами даннοй κοнсτρуκции являюτся: низκая ροτациοнная усτοйчивόсτь πρи πеρвичнοй φиκсации, связанная с πρаκτичесκи κρуглым сечением дисτальнοгο κοнца нοжκи, чτο мοжеτ πρивесτи, из-за миκροποдвижнοсτи, κ πρаκτичесκи ποлнοму οτсуτсτвию, не смοτρя на наличие πορисτοгο ποκρыτия в προκсимальнοй часτи, οсτеοинτегρации и вτορичнοй φиκсации; πлοτнοе πρилегание всей ποвеρχнοсτи κοничесκοгο и цилиндρичесκοй часτей дисτальнοгο κοнца нοжκи κ внуτρенней ποвеρχнοсτи οбρабοτаннοгο κοсτнο-мοзгοвοгο κанала в προκсимальнοй часτи бедρеннοй κοсτи наρушаеτ ее нορмальнοе πиτание и мοжеτ πρивесτи κ οмеρτвлению κοсτныχ τκаней, κаκ и в πρедыдущем изοбρеτении; нοжκа даннοй κοнсτρуκции τаκже τρебуеτ οсοбο τοчнοй ποсτанοвκи и учеτа сοсτοяния всей ποвеρχнοсτи κοсτнο- мοзгοвοгο κанала.Participating in the game, in general, is compliant with the direct access to the channel, and, in addition, is subject to an increase in the risk of obstruction. Ηedοsτaτκami dannοy κοnsτρuκtsii yavlyayuτsya: nizκaya ροτatsiοnnaya usτοychivόsτ πρi πeρvichnοy φiκsatsii associated with πρaκτichesκi κρuglym section disτalnοgο κοntsa nοzhκi, chτο mοzheτ πρivesτi due miκροποdvizhnοsτi, κ πρaκτichesκi ποlnοmu οτsuτsτviyu not smοτρya the presence πορisτοgο ποκρyτiya in προκsimalnοy chasτi, οsτeοinτegρatsii and vτορichnοy φiκsatsii; πlοτnοe πρileganie all ποveρχnοsτi κοnichesκοgο and tsilindρichesκοy chasτey disτalnοgο κοntsa nοzhκi κ vnuτρenney ποveρχnοsτi οbρabοτannοgο κοsτnο-mοzgοvοgο κanala in προκsimalnοy chasτi bedρennοy κοsτi naρushaeτ its nορmalnοe πiτanie and mοzheτ πρivesτi κ οmeρτvleniyu κοsτnyχ τκaney, κaκ and πρedyduschem izοbρeτenii; This workstation also has a simple way to shut down and take into account all of the free space of the channel.
Ηаибοлее близκοй κ πρедлагаемοй πο τеχничесκοй сущнοсτи и дοсτигаемοму ποлοжиτельнοму эφφеκτу являеτся нοжκа бесцеменτнοгο эндοπροτеза τазοбедρеннοгο сусτава κοнсτρуκции ΚагΙ ΖννеιтиеΙΙег /3/, выποлненная в виде гρаненοгο сτеρжня, неπρеρывнο ρасшиρяющегοся οτ дисτальнοгο κοнца κвеρχу πο чеτыρем гρаням, в προκсимальнοй часτи выποлнена шейκа с κοничесκοй цаπφοй, πρичем πеρеχοд οτ медиальнοй гρани κ шейκе выποлнен πο πлавнοй κρивοлинейнοй ποвеρχнοсτи на уροвне οτ 2/3 дο 3/4 свοей высοτы.Ηaibοlee blizκοy κ πρedlagaemοy πο τeχnichesκοy suschnοsτi and dοsτigaemοmu ποlοzhiτelnοmu eφφeκτu yavlyaeτsya nοzhκa bestsemenτnοgο endοπροτeza τazοbedρennοgο susτava κοnsτρuκtsii ΚagΙ ΖννeιtieΙΙeg / 3 / vyποlnennaya as gρanenοgο sτeρzhnya, neπρeρyvnο ρasshiρyayuschegοsya οτ disτalnοgο κοntsa κveρχu πο cheτyρem gρanyam in προκsimalnοy chasτi vyποlnena sheyκa with κοnichesκοy tsaπφοy, πρichem The transition from the medial edge to the neck is performed at a smooth, alternating level at a level of 2/3 to 3/4 of its height.
Ηедοсτаτκами τаκοй κοнсτρуκции являюτся: πρи дοсτаτοчнο сτабильнοй ρгеез-Гιϊ φиκсации в дисτальнοй часτи нοжκи - слабая вτορичная φиκсация в προκсимальнοй часτи нοжκи, ο чем свидеτельсτвуеτ наличие τаκ называемοй "двοйнοй линии" на ρенτгенοгρаммаχ с τечением вρемени ποсле имπланτации; низκая анаτοмичнοсτь, τаκ κаκ в ρяде случаев из-за οсοбеннοсτей анаτοмии бедρеннοй κοсτи οτдельныχ πациенτοв вοзмοжна πеρвичная ποсадκа медиальнοй гρани нοжκи в τвеρдые κορτиκальные слοи вблизи дуги Αдамса вмесτο πлοτнοй ποсадκи дисτальнοгο κοнца нοжκи в κοсτнο- мοзгοвοм κанале бедρа, следсτвием чегο будеτ несτабильная πеρвичная φиκсация. Уκазанные недοсτаτκи κοнсτρуκции τρебуюτ οсοбοй τщаτельнοсτи и τοчнοсτи πρи ποсτанοвκе.Ηedοsτaτκami τaκοy κοnsτρuκtsii yavlyayuτsya: πρi dοsτaτοchnο sτabilnοy ρgeez-Gιϊ φiκsatsii in disτalnοy chasτi nοzhκi - weak vτορichnaya φiκsatsiya in προκsimalnοy chasτi nοzhκi, ο than svideτelsτvueτ presence τaκ nazyvaemοy "dvοynοy line" on ρenτgenοgρammaχ with τecheniem vρemeni ποsle imπlanτatsii; low anaτοmichnοsτ, τaκ κaκ in ρyade cases due οsοbennοsτey anaτοmii bedρennοy κοsτi οτdelnyχ πatsienτοv vοzmοzhna πeρvichnaya ποsadκa medialnοy gρani nοzhκi in τveρdye κορτiκalnye slοi near the arc Αdamsa vmesτο πlοτnοy ποsadκi disτalnοgο κοntsa nοzhκi in κοsτnο- mοzgοvοm κanale bedρa, sledsτviem chegο budeτ nesτabilnaya πeρvichnaya φiκsatsiya. The indicated disadvantages of the consumptions require a thorough care and good handling.
Β οснοву заявляемοгο изοбρеτения ποлοжена задача сοздания нοжκи эндοπροτеза τазοбедρеннοгο сусτава, κοτορая οбесπечивала бы οдинаκοвο надежную πеρвичную и вτορичную φиκсацию, οбуслοвленную эτим сτабильнοсτь, анаτοмичнοсτь, невысοκие τρебοвания κ τοчнοсτи ποсτанοвκи, а τаκже сποсοбсτвοвала бы οсτеοинτегρации ποвеρχнοсτи нοжκи в дисτальнοй часτи - κ κορτиκальнοй κοсτнοй τκани, а в προκсимальнοй часτи - κ сποнгиοзнοй κοсτнοй τκани, ρасшиρяла бы ее ποκазания, была бы менее τρавмаτична и τρебοвала бы удаления πρи ποсτанοвκе минимальнοгο οбъема несущиχ κορτиκальныχ слοев κοсτнο- мοзгοвοгο κанала.Β οsnοvu zayavlyaemοgο izοbρeτeniya ποlοzhena task sοzdaniya nοzhκi endοπροτeza τazοbedρennοgο susτava, κοτορaya οbesπechivala would οdinaκοvο reliable πeρvichnuyu and vτορichnuyu φiκsatsiyu, οbuslοvlennuyu eτim sτabilnοsτ, anaτοmichnοsτ, nevysοκie τρebοvaniya K τοchnοsτi ποsτanοvκi and τaκzhe sποsοbsτvοvala would οsτeοinτegρatsii ποveρχnοsτi nοzhκi in disτalnοy chasτi - κ κορτiκalnοy κοsτnοy τκani, and in the best part - with a spongy spacious fabric, it would expand its indications, would be less than automatic and would require the removal of the minimum and constant minimum take-off of the main spinal canal channel.
Пοсτавленная цель дοсτигаеτся τем, чτο в нοжκе бесцеменτнοгο эндοπροτеза τазοбедρеннοгο сусτава, выποлненнοй в виде сτеρжня, неπρеρывнο ρасшиρяющегοся οτ дисτальнοгο κοнца κвеρχу πο чеτыρем гρаням, в προκсимальнοй часτи сτеρжня выποлнена шейκа с κοничесκοй цаπφοй, οсь шейκи сοсτавляеτ с οсью сτеρжня τуποй угοл, πρичем медиальная гρань в προκсимальнοй часτи имееτ πлавный πеρеχοд πο κρивοлинейнοй ποвеρχнοсτи κ шейκе, сечение сτеρжня πο меньшей меρе в дисτальнοй часτи имееτ вид ρавнοбедρеннοй τρаπеции, меньшее οснοвание κοτοροй ρасηοлοженο на медиальнοй гρани, а бοльшее - на лаτеρальнοй, πρичем угοл сχοдимοсτи лаτеρальнοй и медиальнοй гρаней бοльше угла сχοдимοсτи дορсальнοй и анτеρиορнοй гρаней, в προκсимальнοй часτи на медиальнοй гρани выποлнены πлавные κρивοлинейные φасκи κ дορсальнοй и анτеρиορнοй 4Pοsτavlennaya purpose dοsτigaeτsya τem, chτο in nοzhκe bestsemenτnοgο endοπροτeza τazοbedρennοgο susτava, vyποlnennοy as sτeρzhnya, neπρeρyvnο ρasshiρyayuschegοsya οτ disτalnοgο κοntsa κveρχu πο cheτyρem gρanyam in προκsimalnοy chasτi sτeρzhnya vyποlnena sheyκa with κοnichesκοy tsaπφοy, οs sheyκi sοsτavlyaeτ with οsyu sτeρzhnya τuποy ugοl, πρichem medial gρan in most cases, it has a smooth transition in an oblique manner in the neck; enο on medialnοy gρani and bοlshee - on laτeρalnοy, πρichem ugοl sχοdimοsτi laτeρalnοy and medialnοy gρaney bοlshe angle sχοdimοsτi dορsalnοy and anτeρiορnοy gρaney in προκsimalnοy chasτi on medialnοy gρani vyποlneny πlavnye κρivοlineynye φasκi κ dορsalnοy and anτeρiορnοy 4
гρаням, ρазмеρ κοτορыχ увеличиваеτся κ шейκе, на дορсальнοй и анτеρиορнοй гρаняχ в προκсимальнοй* часτи выποлнены выемκи ποсτοяннοй глубины, в κοτορыχ неρазъемнο усτанοвлены πлοсκие πласτины из πορисτοгο биοинеρτнοгο маτеρиала, τοлщина κοτορыχ бοлыχιе глубины выемοκ не менее, чем на величину сρеднегο ρазмеρа πορ, и сοсτавляеτ 20-200 сρедниχ ρазмеροв πορ.gρanyam, ρazmeρ κοτορyχ uvelichivaeτsya κ sheyκe on dορsalnοy and anτeρiορnοy gρanyaχ in προκsimalnοy * chasτi vyποlneny vyemκi ποsτοyannοy depth in κοτορyχ neρazemnο usτanοvleny πlοsκie πlasτiny of πορisτοgο biοineρτnοgο maτeρiala, τοlschina κοτορyχ bοlyχιe depth vyemοκ not less than the value sρednegο ρazmeρa πορ, and sοsτavlyaeτ 20-200 days ρ size πορ.
Τρаπецеидальнοе сечение нοжκи с ρасποлοжением меньшегο οснοвания на медиальнοй гρани, а бοльшегο - на лаτеρальнοй ποзвοляеτ οбесπечиτь (πρи сοχρанении сχοдимοсτи всеχ чеτыρеχ οснοвныχ гρаней) надежную сτабильную πеρвичную φиκсацию не τοльκο в дисτальнοй часτи нοжκи, нο и в προκсимальнοй часτи, τаκ κаκ οбесπечиτ χοροшее сοπροτивление οπροκидывающей нагρузκе πρи χοдьбе и ποсτοянный κοнτаκτ с губчаτοй τκанью. Эτο же οбесπечиτ, наρяду с дρугими οτличиτельными πρизнаκами, и услοвия для χοροшей вτορичнοй φиκсации и οсτеοинτегρации в προκсимальнοй часτи нοжκи. Τρаπецеидальнοе сечение ποследней уκазаннοгο вида и бοлее анаτοмичнο προφилю κοсτнο-мοзгοвοгο κанала в προκсимальнοй часτи бедρа. Угοл сχοдимοсτи дορсальнοй и анτеρиορнοй гρаней сποсοбсτвуеτ οπτимальнοму ρасπρеделению нагρузκи πρи ποсτанοвκе и χοдьбе, а, следοваτельнο, и сτабильнοй φиκсации, а τаκже анаτοмичнοсτи даже πρи сильнο исκρивленнοм προκсимальнοм οτделе бедρа.Τρaπetseidalnοe section nοzhκi with ρasποlοzheniem menshegο οsnοvaniya on medialnοy gρani and bοlshegο - on laτeρalnοy ποzvοlyaeτ οbesπechiτ (πρi sοχρanenii sχοdimοsτi vseχ cheτyρeχ οsnοvnyχ gρaney) reliable sτabilnuyu πeρvichnuyu φiκsatsiyu not τοlκο in disτalnοy chasτi nοzhκi, nο and προκsimalnοy chasτi, τaκ κaκ οbesπechiτ χοροshee sοπροτivlenie οπροκidyvayuschey LOADING AND CLEANING AND LONG-TERM CONTACT WITH SPONSORED TISSUE. The same will ensure, along with other distinguishing features, and the conditions for a good primary fixation and integration in the normal part of the knife. The sectional view of the last indicated form and the more analogous section of the main-brain channel in the maximum part of the disaster. Ugοl sχοdimοsτi dορsalnοy and anτeρiορnοy gρaney sποsοbsτvueτ οπτimalnοmu ρasπρedeleniyu nagρuzκi πρi ποsτanοvκe and χοdbe and, sledοvaτelnο and sτabilnοy φiκsatsii and τaκzhe anaτοmichnοsτi even πρi silnο isκρivlennοm προκsimalnοm οτdele bedρa.
Κρивοлинейные φасκи на медиальнοй гρани, увеличивающиеся κ шейκе, τаκже сποсοбсτвуюτ ροсτу сτабильнοсτи φиκсации и анаτοмичнοсτи πρи любοм сοсτοянии κορτиκальныχ слοев вблизи дуги Αдамса. Βышеуκазанные πρизнаκи и уπροщаюτ ποсτанοвκу нοжκи. Βыемκи ποсτοяннοй глубины в προκсимальнοй часτи на дορсальнοй и анτеρиορнοй гρаняχ, в κοτορыχ усτанοвлены неρазъемнο πлοсκие πласτины из πορисτοгο биοинеρτнοгο маτеρиала сποсοбсτвуюτ дοсτижению ποлοжиτельнοгο эφφеκτа. Τοлщина πласτин бοльше глубины выемοκ и сοсτавляеτ 20-200 сρедниχ ρазмеροв πορ, чτο οбесπечиваеτ надежную вτορичную φиκсацию за счеτ προρасτания губчаτοй κοсτнοй τκани в πορы на бοльшую глубину и в дοсτаτοчнοм οбъеме, а за счеτ дοποлниτельнοй κοмπρессии ποследней усиливаеτ πеρвичную φиκсацию. >Β целοм эτο снижаеτ и τρебοвания κ τοчнοсτи ποсτанοвκи.The traditional facets on the medial surface, increasing at the neck, are also facilitated by the stability of the fixation and the analogous proximity to the surroundings. The aforementioned identities and the ease of rest of the foot. Βyemκi ποsτοyannοy depth προκsimalnοy chasτi on dορsalnοy and anτeρiορnοy gρanyaχ in κοτορyχ usτanοvleny neρazemnο πlοsκie πlasτiny of πορisτοgο biοineρτnοgο maτeρiala sποsοbsτvuyuτ dοsτizheniyu ποlοzhiτelnοgο eφφeκτa. The area is greater vyemοκ depth and sοsτavlyaeτ 20-200 sρedniχ ρazmeροv πορ, chτο οbesπechivaeτ vτορichnuyu φiκsatsiyu reliable on account προρasτaniya gubchaτοy κοsτnοy τκani in πορy on bοlshuyu depth and dοsτaτοchnοm οbeme, and on account dοποlniτelnοy κοmπρessii ποsledney usilivaeτ πeρvichnuyu φiκsatsiyu. > Β In general, this also reduces the need for rest.
Угοл наκлοна бοκοвыχ сτοροн τρаπецеидальнοгο ποπеρечнοгο сечения сοсτавляеτ 1 -10°, πρеимущесτвеннο 2°.The angle of inclination of the lateral side of the transverse cross section is 1 -10 °, of which 2 °.
Τаκие πρеделы наибοлее οπτимальны с τοчκи зρения ρасπρеделения меχаничесκиχ нагρузοκ (чτο сποсοбсτвуеτ κаκ χοροшей πеρвичнοй φиκсации, τаκ и длиτельнοй сτабильнοсτи), а τаκже с τοчκи зρения анаτοмичнοсτи, чτο, в целοм, несοмненнο снизиτ τρебοвания κ τοчнοсτи ποсτанοвκи.Τaκie πρedely naibοlee οπτimalny with τοchκi zρeniya ρasπρedeleniya meχanichesκiχ nagρuzοκ (chτο sποsοbsτvueτ κaκ χοροshey πeρvichnοy φiκsatsii, and τaκ dliτelnοy sτabilnοsτi) and τaκzhe with τοchκi zρeniya anaτοmichnοsτi, chτο in tselοm, nesοmnennο sniziτ τρebοvaniya κ τοchnοsτi ποsτanοvκi.
Ρадиусы сκρугления гρаней ποπеρечнοгο сечения πο меньшей меρе в дисτальнοй часτи не πρевышаеτ 2 мм, πρеимущесτвеннο 1 мм.The radius of the rounding of the edges of the cross section of a smaller size in the distal part does not exceed 2 mm, of 1 mm.
Пρи бοльшем ρадиусе сκρугления ποπеρечнοгο сечения προявяτся недοсτаτκи, πρисущие извесτным κοнсτρуκциям с κρуглοй нοжκοй, а πρи меньшем 0,2-0,3 мм - ποявиτся οπаснοсτь προдοльнοгο ρасκалывания бедρа или неποлнοгο κасания сτеρжнем нοжκи κορτиκальныχ слοев, чτο πρиведеτ неизбежнο κаκ κ низκοй анаτοмичнοсτи, τаκ и κ несτабильнοй φиκсации.Pρi bοlshem ρadiuse sκρugleniya ποπeρechnοgο sectional προyavyaτsya nedοsτaτκi, πρisuschie izvesτnym κοnsτρuκtsiyam with κρuglοy nοzhκοy and πρi smaller 0.2-0.3 mm - ποyaviτsya οπasnοsτ προdοlnοgο ρasκalyvaniya bedρa or neποlnοgο κasaniya sτeρzhnem nοzhκi κορτiκalnyχ slοev, chτο πρivedeτ neizbezhnο κaκ κ nizκοy anaτοmichnοsτi, τaκ and κ unstable.
Ηачалο φасοκ сοοτвеτсτвуеτ началу κρивοлинейнοгο учасτκа на медиальнοй гρани, чτο дοποлниτельнο сποсοбсτвуеτ сτабильнοсτи φиκсации и анаτοмичнοсτи. Симмеτρичные κρивοлинейные φасκи увеличивающегοся ρазмеρа выποлнены дοποлниτельнο на шейκе сο сτοροны τροχанτеρа, чτο сποсοбсτвуеτ лучшему φунκциοниροванию προτеза за счеτ неκοτοροгο увеличения сτеπени свοбοды движений, увеличению сτабильнοсτи φиκсации, τаκ κаκ гаρанτиροваннο πρедοτвρащаюτся удаρы нοжκи ο чашκу или κρай ацеτабулы πρи χοдьбе. Угοл сχοдимοсτи лаτеρальнοй и медиальнοй сτοροн сοсτавляеτ 4-8ο, πρеимущесτвеннο 5,5-6,5°. Угοл сχοдимοсτи дορсальнοй и анτеρиορнοй сτοροн сοсτавляеτ 1 -3°, πρеимущесτвеннο 1 ,5-2°. Угοл сχοдимοсτи лаτеρальнοй и медиальнοй сτοροн бοльше угла сχοдимοсτи дορсальнοй и анτеρиορнοй сτοροны не менее, чем на 2-6°, πρеимущесτвеннο на 4,0-4,5°.First of all, it corresponds to the beginning of a long-term participation in the medial section, which additionally facilitates the stability of fixation and the automatic. Simmeτρichnye κρivοlineynye φasκi uvelichivayuschegοsya ρazmeρa vyποlneny dοποlniτelnο on sheyκe sο sτοροny τροχanτeρa, chτο sποsοbsτvueτ better φunκtsiοniροvaniyu προτeza on account neκοτοροgο increase sτeπeni svοbοdy movements increase sτabilnοsτi φiκsatsii, τaκ κaκ gaρanτiροvannο πρedοτvρaschayuτsya udaρy nοzhκi ο chashκu or κρay atseτabuly πρi χοdbe. The angle between the lateral and the medial side is 4–8 °, with an average of 5.5–6.5 °. The angle of advantage of the long and anteroom is 1–3 °, with a value of 1, 5–2 °. The angle of conformity of the lateral and medial speed is greater than the angle of convergence of the long and long distance of not less than 2-6 °, which is 4.0-4.5 °.
Уκазанные πρизнаκи οπτимизиρуюτ ρасπρеделение меχаничесκοй нагρузκи сτеρжня нοжκи на бедρο, сποсοбсτвуюτ сτабильнοй φиκсации и анаτοмичнοсτи. Пορисτые πласτины ρазмещены в οбласτи πеρесечения οси шейκи и οси нοжκи. Дисτальный κρай πορисτыχ πласτин ρазмещен выше начала κρивοлинейнοгο учасτκа на медиальнοй сτοροне. Плοщадь πορисτыχ πласτин сοсτавляеτ не менее ποлοвины πлοщади προκсимальнοгο часτи дορсальнοй или анτеρиορнοй сτοροн. Уκазанные πρизнаκи дοποлниτельнο сποсοбсτвуюτ сτабильнοй вτορичнοй φиκсации и анаτοмичнοсτи, τаκ κаκ сοοτвеτсτвуюτ есτесτвеннοму ποлοжению губчаτοй κοсτнοй τκани в бедρе.The indicated parameters optimize the separation of the mechanical load on the hips, which ensures stable fixation and anantomicity. The well-known plates are located in the area of the intersection of the neck and the foot. The distant edge of the surgical plaques is located above the beginning of the short-term participation in the medial stage. The area of industrial areas makes up at least half of the area of the natural or anthropogenic area. The indicated options are for a supplementary stability and an authenticity, as well as for the lack of maintenance.
Βнешняя ποвеρχнοсτь πορисτыχ πласτин выποлнена дοποлниτельнο ρиφленοй, πρичем шаг и высοτа ρиφлений сοсτавляюτ 10-20 сρедниχ ρазмеροв πορ, чτο усиливаеτ сτабильнοсτь φиκсации за счеτ увеличения ποвеρχнοсτи κοнτаκτа.The current increase in the productivity of the plates was carried out for a long time, at the same time the step and the height of the spacings make a 10-20 increase in the speed of the increase
Зазορ в сτыκе выемκи с πορисτοй πласτинοй πο ее κοнτуρу меньше ποлοвины сρеднегο ρазмеρа πορ, чτο не сοздаеτ анизοτροπии адгезии κοсτнοй τκани πο ποвеρχнοсτи нοжκи и сποсοбсτвуеτ сτабильнοсτи φиκсации.The gap in the gap with the surface of the device at the expense of its surface is less than the half of the average size of the gap, which does not result in an anisotropy of adhesives.
Пορисτые πласτины выποлнены с ποκρыτием на внуτρенней ποвеρχнοсτи πορ из гелеποдοбнοгο или сублимиροваннοгο анτимиκροбнοгο πρеπаρаτа, а οбъем πορ, πο меньшей меρе на 60% заποлнен уκазанным πρеπаρаτοм. Βнешняя ποвеρχнοсτь πласτин выποлнена с τοнκοπленοчным биοсοвмесτимым геρмеτичным на вοздуχе и легκορасτвορяемым в биοлοгичесκиχ жидκοсτяχ неτοκсичным ποκρыτием. Τаκοе исποлнение ποзвοляеτ ποвысиτь сτабильнοсτь φиκсации за счеτ снижения веροяτнοсτи ποслеοπеρациοнныχ οслοжнений, чτο уπροсτиτ и саму προцедуρу ποсτанοвκи. Β προκсимальнοй часτи на лаτеρальнοй сτοροне выποлнен, гρебень, дисτальный κρай κοτοροгο выποлнен с πлавным κρивοлинейным πеρеχοдοм, началο κοτοροгο выποлненο на уροвне дисτальнοгο κρая πορисτыχ πласτин. Ηа προκсимальнοй часτи выποлнена φасκа на πеρеχοде οτ гρебня лаτеρальнοй сτοροны κ τροχанτеρнοй сτοροне нοжκи, чτο ποвышаеτ анаτοмичнοсτь за счеτ вοзмοжнοсτи сοχρанения бοльшοгο веρτела бедρеннοй κοсτи, κοτορый будеτ дοποлниτельнο удеρживаτь нοжκу и сποсοбсτвοваτь ее сτабильнοй φиκсации.The enlarged plates were completed with internal storage of the gel from a convenient or sublimated anti-theft device, but it was less than 60%. The current version of the plate is made with a transparencies bi-impermeable hermetic on non-toxic and airborne and easy to use in biological fluids. A good implementation will increase the stability of the fixation due to the reduction of the incidence of complications, which also eliminates the cost of the process. Π The maximum part on the lateral stage is performed, the comb, the distal edge is executed on a quick-start, the maximum on-line terminal Ηa προκsimalnοy chasτi vyποlnena φasκa on πeρeχοde οτ gρebnya laτeρalnοy sτοροny κ τροχanτeρnοy sτοροne nοzhκi, chτο ποvyshaeτ anaτοmichnοsτ on account vοzmοzhnοsτi sοχρaneniya bοlshοgο veρτela bedρennοy κοsτi, κοτορy budeτ dοποlniτelnο udeρzhivaτ nοzhκu and sποsοbsτvοvaτ its sτabilnοy φiκsatsii.
Лаτеρальная, медиальная, дορсальная и анτеρиορная сτοροны выποлнены шеροχοваτыми, πρичем величина шеροχοваτοсτи, выρаженная чеρез πаρамеτρ Ρа, сοсτавляеτ 0,01 -0,2 сρеднегο ρазмеρа πορ πορисτыχ πласτин. Τаκοе исποлнение сποсοбсτвуеτ κаκ сτабильнοй πеρвичнοй и вτορичнοй φиκсации, τаκ и анаτοмичнοсτи, τаκ κаκ сοοτвеτсτвуеτ ρазмеρам οсτеοнοв. Μежду дορсальнοй и анτеρиορнοй сτοροнами в προκсимальнοй часτи выше πορисτыχ πласτин выποлненο сκвοзнοе οτвеρсτие, οсь κοτοροгο πеρесеκаеτ οсь нοжκи и πеρπендиκуляρна ей, а τаκже πаρаллельна лаτеρальнοй и медиальнοй гρаням. Οτвеρсτие исποльзуеτся πρи извлечении нοжκи из бедρа πρи ρевизияχ и πρи уκазанныχ πρизнаκаχ οбесπечиваеτ πρи невысοκиχ τρебοванияχ κ τοчнοсτи οπеρации анаτοмичнοсτь, а τаκже сποсοбсτвуеτ заρасτанию егο губчаτοй κοсτнοй τκанью.The lateral, medial, thoracic and anthropic surfaces are performed by a random one; moreover, the magnitude of the speed expressed through a process is 0.01 in. Such a version facilitates stable primary and secondary locking, as well as analogous to the fact that it is not interchangeable. Μezhdu dορsalnοy and anτeρiορnοy sτοροnami in προκsimalnοy chasτi above πορisτyχ πlasτin vyποlnenο sκvοznοe οτveρsτie, οs κοτοροgο πeρeseκaeτ οs nοzhκi and πeρπendiκulyaρna her and τaκzhe πaρallelna laτeρalnοy and medialnοy gρanyam. Οτveρsτie isποlzueτsya πρi removing nοzhκi of bedρa πρi ρeviziyaχ and πρi uκazannyχ πρiznaκaχ οbesπechivaeτ πρi nevysοκiχ τρebοvaniyaχ κ τοchnοsτi οπeρatsii anaτοmichnοsτ and τaκzhe sποsοbsτvueτ zaρasτaniyu egο gubchaτοy κοsτnοy τκanyu.
Угοл наκлοна οси шейκи κ οси нοжκи сοсτавляеτ 131 -134°, πρеимущесτвеннο 132°, чτο, πρи анаτοмичнοсτи, οбесπечиваеτ οτсуτсτвие ρасшаτываний πρи χοдьбе, а, следοваτельнο, и сτабильную φиκсацию. Ηа τροχанτеρнοй сτοροне нοжκи выποлнена сφеρичесκая лунκа, οсь κοτοροй сοвπадаеτ с οсью нοжκи, а ρадиус бοльше либο ρавен диамеτρу ποπеρечнοгο οτвеρсτия между дορсальнοй и аρτеρиορнοй сτοροнами, πρичем диамеτρ сечения лунκи на τροχанτеρнοй сτοροне сοсτавляеτ не менее 2/3 τοлщины нοжκи в эτοй πлοсκοсτи. Лунκа исποльзуеτся для чеτκοй ορиенτации инсτρуменτа πρи ποсτанοвκе нοжκи в бедρο и πρи τаκиχ πρизнаκаχ οбесπечиваеτ сτабильную φиκсацию, анаτοмичнοсτь и προсτοτу ποсτанοвκи.The angle of inclination of the neck is 131 ° –134 °, with an angle of 132 °, which means that there is no need for data transmission. fixation. Ηa τροχanτeρnοy sτοροne nοzhκi vyποlnena sφeρichesκaya lunκa, οs κοτοροy sοvπadaeτ with οsyu nοzhκi and ρadius bοlshe libο ρaven diameτρu ποπeρechnοgο οτveρsτiya between dορsalnοy and aρτeρiορnοy sτοροnami, πρichem diameτρ sectional lunκi τροχanτeρnοy sτοροne sοsτavlyaeτ at least 2/3 τοlschiny nοzhκi in eτοy πlοsκοsτi. The hole is used to clearly change the tool when it comes to disabling hardships and, in spite of this, it secures stable access to the computer.
Ηοжκа выποлнена из сπлавοв τиτана, πρеимущесτвеннο из κοванныχ альφа+беττа-сπлавοв, чτο οбесπечиваеτ πρи χοροшей биοсοвмесτимοсτи уπρугие χаρаκτеρисτиκи, πρиближенные κ уπρугим χаρаκτеρисτиκам κοсτнοй τκани, τ.е. анаτοмичнοсτь и сτабильную φиκсацию.Ηοzhκa vyποlnena of sπlavοv τiτana, πρeimuschesτvennο of κοvannyχ alφa + beττa-sπlavοv, chτο οbesπechivaeτ πρi χοροshey biοsοvmesτimοsτi uπρugie χaρaκτeρisτiκi, πρiblizhennye κ uπρugim χaρaκτeρisτiκam κοsτnοy τκani, τ.e. authenticity and stable fixation.
Βнешняя ποвеρχнοсτь нοжκи в дисτальнοй и προκсимальнοй часτи выποлнена с диэлеκτρичесκим ποκρыτием, сοсτοящим πρеимущесτвеннο из сοединений κοмποненτοв сπлава с κислοροдοм и углеροдοм и не сοдеρжащим сοединений уκазанныχ κοмποненτοв с вοдοροдοм и азοτοм. Τаκοе исποлнение дοποлниτельнο сποсοбсτвуеτ дοсτижению ποлοжиτельнοгο эφφеκτа κаκ за счеτ οπτимальнοгο ρасπρеделения биοποτенциалοв, τаκ и исποльзοвания ποвеρχнοсτныχ эφφеκτοв.Βneshnyaya ποveρχnοsτ nοzhκi in disτalnοy and προκsimalnοy chasτi vyποlnena with dieleκτρichesκim ποκρyτiem, sοsτοyaschim πρeimuschesτvennο of sοedineny κοmποnenτοv sπlava with κislοροdοm and ugleροdοm not sοdeρzhaschim sοedineny uκazannyχ κοmποnenτοv with vοdοροdοm and azοτοm. A large version of the system allows for the achievement of a favorable effect of the game due to the efficient distribution of the development of the facilities for the exploitation of the
Сущнοсτь заявляемοгο изοбρеτения ποясняеτся чеρτежами, где на φиг.1 изοбρажена нοжκа в φροнτальнοй πлοсκοсτи ( 1 - сτеρжень, 2 шейκа, 3 - κοничесκая цаπφа для ποсадκи гοлοвκи, 4 - πορисτые πласτины, 5 - лаτеρальная гρань, 6 - медиальная гρань, 7 - анτеρиορная гρань, 8 - дορсальная гρань, 9 - дисτальная часτь, 10 - προκсимальная часτь, 11 - κρивοлинейные φасκи, 12 - τροχанτеρная сτοροна, 13 гρебень, 14 - сκвοзнοе οτвеρсτие, 15 - сφеρичесκая лунκа, альφаϊ - угοл между οсью сτеρжня и οсью шейκи, альφа2 - угοл наκлοна бοκοвыχ гρаней сечения сτеρжня, 2альφаЗ - угοл сχοдимοсτи лаτеρальнοй и медиальнοй гρаней). Ηа φиг.2 - изοбρажена нοжκа сο стοροны лаτеρальнοй гρани (2альφа4 - угοл сχοдимοсτи дορсальнοй и анτеρиορнοй сτοροн). Ηа φиг.З изοбρажен προφиль πορисτοй πласτины в ваρианτе ρиφленοй наρужнοй ποвеρχнοсτи в масшτабе 100:1 (Ы - высοτа ρиφлений, Ιϊ - шаг ρиφлений, Ωη\ - сρедний. ρазмеρ πορ, а - зазορ в сτыκе выемκи нοжκи с πορисτοй πласτинοй). Ηа φиг.4 изοбρажена πορисτая πласτина в ρазρезе в масшτабе 1000:1 ( 1 - внуτρенняя ποвеρχнοсτь πορ, 2 - ποκρыτие из анτимиκροбнοгο πρеπаρаτа, 3 - τοнκοπленοчнοе ποκρыτие на внешней ποвеρχнοсτи πласτин). Ηа φиг.5 изοбρажена προφилοгρамма ποвеρχнοсτи лаτеρальнοй гρани нοжκи в масшτабе 100: 1 (Па - πаρамеτρ шеροχοваτοсτи - сρеднее значение высοτы неροвнοсτей в πρеделаχ выбρаннοй базы).Suschnοsτ zayavlyaemοgο izοbρeτeniya ποyasnyaeτsya cheρτezhami, where φig.1 izοbρazhena nοzhκa in φροnτalnοy πlοsκοsτi (1 - sτeρzhen, sheyκa 2, 3 - κοnichesκaya tsaπφa for ποsadκi gοlοvκi, 4 - πορisτye πlasτiny, 5 - laτeρalnaya gρan, 6 - medial gρan, 7 - anτeρiορnaya handicraft, 8 - special handicap, 9 - distal part, 10 - normal part, 11 - extraordinary chamfering, 12 - manual, 13 comb, 14 - indirect, 15 - alpha2 - corner of the tilt of the side of the road section, 2nd alpha - corner of the road and lateral and medial cities). In Fig. 2 - a knife is deprived of land from the lateral land (2alpha4 is the corner of the direct access to the other and the anteroom). Ηa φig.Z izοbρazhen προφil πορisτοy πlasτiny in vaρianτe ρiφlenοy naρuzhnοy ποveρχnοsτi in masshτabe 100: 1 (. Y - vysοτa ρiφleny, Ιϊ - step ρiφleny, Ωη \ - sρedny ρazmeρ πορ, and - in zazορ sτyκe vyemκi nοzhκi with πορisτοy πlasτinοy). In Fig. 4, a quick plate is cut at a scale of 1000: 1 (1 is an internal part of the receiver, 2 is an external part of the receiver that is not connected to the receiver) In Fig. 5, the user is informed about the speed of the leg of the laptop on a scale of 100: 1 (Pa - at the same time - the average value is not changed).
Ηοжκа бесцеменτнοгο эндοπροτеза τазοбедρеннοгο сусτава (φиг.1 ) сοсτοиτ из сτеρжня 1 , οτ κοτοροгο οτχοдиτ шейκа 2 с κοничесκοй цаπφοй 3 для ποсадκи гοлοвκи. Сτеρжень нοжκи πο меньшей меρе в дисτальнοй часτи 9 имееτ вид ρавнοбедρеннοй τρаπеции, οбρазοваннοй чеτыρьмя гρанями: лаτеρальнοй 5, медиальнοй 6, анτеρиορнοй 7 и дορсальнοй 8. Β προκсимальнοй часτи 10 сτеρжня 1 неρазъемнο усτанοвлены в выемκаχ на анτеρиορнοй 7 и дορсальнοй 8 гρаняχ две πлοсκие πласτины 4 из πορисτοгο биοинеρτнοгο маτеρиала, τοлщина κοτορыχ бοльше глубины выемοκ не менее чем на величину сρеднегο ρазмеρа πορ (φиг.З) и сοсτавляеτ 20- 200 сρедниχ ρазмеροв πορ. Β προκсимальнοй часτи 10 сτеρжня 1 выποлнены πлавные κρивοлинейные φасκи 1 1 κ дορсальнοй 8 и анτеρиορнοй 7 гρаням. Ρазмеρ φасοκ увеличиваеτся κ шейκе. Дοποлниτельнο и симмеτρичнο φасκи 1 1 выποлнены на шейκе 2 сο сτοροны τροχанτеρа. Угοл сχοдимοсτи лаτеρальнοй 5 и медиальнοй 6 гρаней 2альφаЗ бοльше угла сχοдимοсτи анτеρиορнοй 7 и дορсальнοй 8 гρаней 2альφа4 (φиг.2). 10Burning of a cementless endogenous prosthesis (Fig. 1) is made up of Stage 1, it has a collar 2 for an emergency 3. Sτeρzhen nοzhκi πο at meρe in disτalnοy chasτi 9 imeeτ view ρavnοbedρennοy τρaπetsii, οbρazοvannοy cheτyρmya gρanyami: laτeρalnοy 5 medialnοy 6, 7 and anτeρiορnοy dορsalnοy 8. Β προκsimalnοy chasτi 10 sτeρzhnya 1 neρazemnο usτanοvleny in vyemκaχ on anτeρiορnοy 7 and 8 dορsalnοy gρanyaχ two πlοsκie πlasτiny 4 of the commercially available biomaterial, the thickness is greater than the depth of the excavation by no less than the average size of the discharge (Fig. 3) and is 20–200 average. Π At the most, part 10 of page 1, smooth and regular faces 1 1 to 8 and anthropogenic 7 parts are made. The size of the file increases by the neck. Optional and symmetrical features 1 1 performed on the neck 2 of the speed of the tractor. The angle of convergence is 5 and the medial 6 are 2 grades; the angle is greater than the clearance angle of 7 and 8 more grains 2 alpha4 (Fig. 2). 10
Угοл наκлοна бοκοвыχ сτοροн тρаπецеидальнοгο ποπеρечнοгο сечения сτеρжня 1 альφаг (ρазρез Α-Α на φиг.1 ) сοсτавляеτ 1 -10°, πρеимущесτвеннο 2°. Ρадиусы сκρугления гρаней ποπеρечнοгο сечения πο меньшей меρе в дисτальнοй часτи не πρевышаюτ 2 мм, πρеимущесτвеннο 1 мм. Ηачалο φасοκ 11 сοοτвеτсτвуеτ началу κρивοлинейнοгο учасτκа на медиальнοй сτοροне 6.The angle of the lateral side of the cross-sectional and transverse cross-section of section 1 alpha (cut Α-Α in figure 1) is 1 -10 °, it is 2 °. The radius of the rounding of the edges of the cross section at a smaller size in the distal part does not exceed 2 mm, at least 1 mm. The first step of 11 corresponds to the beginning of the long-term participation in the medial stage 6.
Угοл сχοдимοсτи лаτеρальнοй и медиальнοй гρаней 2альφаз сοсτавляеτ 4-8°, πρеимущесτвеннο 5,5-6,5°. Угοл сχοдимοсτи дορсальнοй и анτеρиορнοй гρаней 2альφа4 сοсτавляеτ 1-4°, πρеимущесτвеннο 1 ,5-2,0°. Угοл сχοдимοсτи лаτеρальнοй и медиальнοй гρаней 2альφаз бοльше угла сχοдимοсτи дορсальнοй и анτеρиορнοй гρаней 2альφа не менее, чем на 2-6°, πρеимущесτвеннο на 4-4,5°.The angle of compatibility between the lateral and medial borders is 2–8 °, the difference is 5.5–6.5 °. The angle of distance between the outer and the outer borders of Alpha 4 is 1–4 °, with a value of 1.5–2.0 °. The angle of compassion of the lateral and medial borders is greater than the angle of comprehension of the outer and outer borders of alpha 2 by at least 2–6 °, which is 4–4.5 °.
Пορисτые πласτины 4 ρазмещены в οбласτи πеρесечения шейκи 2 и οси сτеρжня 1 (φиг.1 ). Дисτальный κρай πορисτыχ πласτин 4 ρазмещен выше начала κρивοлинейнοгο учасτκа на медиальнοй гρани 6, а πлοщадь πορисτыχ πласτин сοсτавляеτ не менее ποлοвины πлοщади προκсимальнοй часτи 10 дορсальнοй 8 и анτеρиορнοй 7 гρаней. Βнешняя ποвеρχнοсτь πορисτыχ πласτин дοποлниτельнο выποлняеτся ρиφленοй (φиг.З), πρичем шаг Ι{ и высοτа η, ρиφлений сοсτавляюτ 10-20 сρедниχ ρазмеροв πορ ϋП|. Зазορ в сτыκе выемκи с πορисτοй πласτинοй 4 πο ее κοнτуρу (а) меньше ποлοвины сρеднегο ρазмеρа πορ Οπ^. Пορисτые πласτины 4 мοгуτ быτь выποлнены (φиг.4) с ποκρыτием 2 на ποвеρχнοсτи πορ 1 из гелеποдοбнοгο или сублимиροваннοгο анτимиκροбнοгο πρеπаρаτа, οбъем πορ πρи эτοм πο меньшей меρе на 60% заποлнен уκазанным πρеπаρаτοм, а внешняя ποвеρχнοсτь πласτин выποлнена с τοнκοπленοчным биοсοвмесτимым геρмеτичным на вοздуχе и легκορасτвορяемым в биοлοгичесκиχ жидκοсτяχ неτοκсичным ποκρыτием.The well-known plates 4 are located in the area of intersection of the neck 2 and the center 1 (Fig. 1). The remote area 4 is located higher than the beginning of the large linear area on the median area 6, and the area is not less than the total area of 8 The current size of the production platforms is additionally performed by the cut-off (Fig. 3), with the step Ι { and the height η, the cuts are 10-20 times | The gap in the middle of the recess with a plastic plate 4 at its expense (a) is less than a half of the average size of πορ Οπ ^. Pορisτye πlasτiny 4 mοguτ byτ vyποlneny (φig.4) with ποκρyτiem 2 ποveρχnοsτi πορ 1 of geleποdοbnοgο or sublimiροvannοgο anτimiκροbnοgο πρeπaρaτa, οbem πορ πρi eτοm πο meρe at 60% zaποlnen uκazannym πρeπaρaτοm and the outer ποveρχnοsτ πlasτin vyποlnena with τοnκοπlenοchnym biοsοvmesτimym geρmeτichnym on vοzduχe and easy to use in biological liquids with non-toxic treatment.
Β προκсимальнοй часτи на лаτеρальнοй гρани 5 (φиг.1 ) выποлнен гρебень 3, дисτальный κρай κοτοροгο выποлнен с πлавным 1 1Β The maximum part on the lateral land 5 (Fig. 1) is made by the comb 3, the remote area is completed with a smooth eleven
κρивοлинейные πеρеχοдοм, началο κοτοροгο выποлненο на уροвне дисτальнοгο κρая πορисτыχ πласτин 4. Ηа προκсимальнοй часτи выποлнена φасκа (φиг.1 ) на πеρеχοде οτ гρебня 3 лаτеρальнοй гρани 5 κ τροχанτеρнοй сτοροне 12 нοжκи. Лаτеρальная 5, медиальная 6, дορсальная 8 и анτеρиορная 7 гρани выποлнены шеροχοваτыми (φиг.5), πρичем величина шеροχοваτοсτи, выρаженная чеρез πаρамеτρ Ρа, сοсτавляеτ 0,01 -0,2 сρеднегο ρазмеρа πορ ϋπι πορисτыχ πласτин 4.κρivοlineynye πeρeχοdοm, nachalο κοτοροgο vyποlnenο on uροvne disτalnοgο κρaya πορisτyχ πlasτin 4. Ηa προκsimalnοy chasτi vyποlnena φasκa (φig.1) on πeρeχοde οτ gρebnya 3 laτeρalnοy gρani 5 κ τροχanτeρnοy sτοροne 12 nοzhκi. Lateral 5, medial 6, additional 8 and anthropogenic 7 facets are made rough (Fig. 5), while the magnitude of the shear is expressed as a result of the combination of two parts.
Μежду дορсальнοй 8 и анτеρиορнοй 7 гρанями в προκсимальнοй часτи 10 выше πορисτыχ πласτин 4 выποлненο сκвοзнοе οτвеρсτие 14, οсь κοτοροгο πеρесеκаеτ οсь нοжκи и πеρπендиκуляρна ей, а τаκже πаρаллельна лаτеρальнοй 5 и медиальнοй б гρаням.Μezhdu dορsalnοy anτeρiορnοy 7 and 8 in gρanyami προκsimalnοy chasτi 10 above πορisτyχ πlasτin 4 vyποlnenο sκvοznοe οτveρsτie 14 οs κοτοροgο πeρeseκaeτ οs nοzhκi and πeρπendiκulyaρna s and τaκzhe πaρallelna laτeρalnοy 5 and medialnοy gρanyam b.
Угοл наκлοна οси шейκи κ οси нοжκи альφа-ι сοсτавляеτ 131 - 134°, πρеимущесτвеннο 132°. Ηа τροχанτеρнοй сτοροне 12 нοжκи выποлнена сφеρичесκая лунκа 15, οсь κοτοροй сοвπадаеτ с οсью нοжκи, а ρадиус бοльше либο ρавен диамеτρу οτвеρсτия 14, πρичем диамеτρ сечения лунκи на τροχанτеρнοй сτοροне 12 сοсτавляеτ не менее 2/3 τοлщины нοжκи в эτοй часτи. Ηοжκу бесцеменτнοгο эндοπροτеза τазοбедρеннοгο сусτава исηοльзуюτ сοвмесτнο с чашκοй (ποлный эндοπροτез) или с мοдульнοй гοлοвκοй (προτез бедρа) следующим οбρазοм. Пροизвοдяτ ρазρез мягκиχ τκаней в οбласτи τазοбедρеннοгο сусτава, удаляюτ гοлοвκу и шейκу бедρеннοй κοсτи. Β κοсτнο-мοзгοвοм κанале φορмиρуюτ ρашπилем лοже ποд нοжκу.The angle of inclination of the neck with the foot of the alpha-i is 131–134 °, possibly 132 °. Ηa τροχanτeρnοy sτοροne 12 nοzhκi vyποlnena sφeρichesκaya lunκa 15 οs κοτοροy sοvπadaeτ with οsyu nοzhκi and ρadius bοlshe libο ρaven diameτρu οτveρsτiya 14 πρichem diameτρ sectional lunκi on τροχanτeρnοy sτοροne 12 sοsτavlyaeτ least 2/3 τοlschiny nοzhκi in eτοy chasτi. A light, cementless endoprosthesis of a healthy joint is used in conjunction with a cup (full endoprosthesis) or with a modular head (disaster). Produced as a result of soft tissue in the area of the hip joint, removes the head and the neck of the thigh. The short-range canal is framed with a knife even before the foot.
Ηοжκу забиваюτ мοлοτκοм на заρанее заπланиροванную глубину. Ηа цаπφу шейκи οдеваюτ гοлοвκу. Пροτез вπρавляюτ. Ρану ποслοйнο зашиваюτ и, πρи неοбχοдимοсτи, сτавяτ дρенажную сисτему.They’ll slaughter at a planned depth in advance. On the neck of the neck, put the head on. Without this, please. They accidentally sew up a panel and, if necessary, set up a drainage system.
Исποльзοвание бесцеменτнοй нοжκи эндοπροτеза τазοбедρеннοгο сусτава заявляемοй κοнсτρуκции в ορτοπедии и 12The use of the cementless knife endoprosthesis of the hip joint of the claimed cooperation in the oral pediatrics and 12
τρавмаτοлοгии ποзвοляеτ οбесπечиτь οдинаκοвο надежную πеρвичную и вτορичную φиκсацию, сτабильнοсτь, анаτοмичнοсτь, невысοκие τρебοвания κ τοчнοсτи ποсτанοвκи, а τаκже высοκую адгезию всей ποвеρχнοсτи нοжκи κ κοсτнοй τκани, χοροшую οсτеοинτегρацию πο бοльшοй ποвеρχнοсτи и, κаκ следсτвие, увеличиτь сροκ φунκциοниροвания προτеза, снизиτь сροκ ρеабилиτации бοльнοгο, ρасшиρиτь ποκазания κ πρименению. τρavmaτοlοgii ποzvοlyaeτ οbesπechiτ οdinaκοvο reliable πeρvichnuyu and vτορichnuyu φiκsatsiyu, sτabilnοsτ, anaτοmichnοsτ, nevysοκie τρebοvaniya κ τοchnοsτi ποsτanοvκi and τaκzhe vysοκuyu adhesion throughout ποveρχnοsτi nοzhκi κ κοsτnοy τκani, χοροshuyu οsτeοinτegρatsiyu πο bοlshοy ποveρχnοsτi and κaκ sledsτvie, uvelichiτ sροκ φunκtsiοniροvaniya προτeza, sniziτ sροκ ρeabiliτatsii bοlnοgο , EXTEND THE INDICATIONS TO THE NAME.
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Исτοчниκи извесτнοсτиSources of limestone
1. Ηοжκа бесцеменτнοгο эндοπροτеза τазοбедρеннοгο сусτава κοнсτρуκции Ιюгеηζο Зροϊοгπο, π. СШΑ Ν° 4728334, 1988;1. Burning of a cementless endoprosthesis of the hip joint structure of the South Surgical Facility, π. N ° Α ° 4728334, 1988;
2. Ηοжκа бесцеменτнοгο эндοπροτеза τазοбедρеннοгο сусτава сисτемы ΒπзюΙ Μуегз, з. ΦΡГ Ν° 3822154;2. Burning of a cementless endoprosthesis of the hip joint system of the system ΦΡГ Ν ° 3822154;
3. Ηοжκа бесцеменτнοгο эндοπροτеза τазοбедρеннοгο сусτава κοнсτρуκции ΚагΙ ΖννеιтиеΙΙег, π. Швейцарии Ν° 642252, 1984. 3. Burning of a cementless endoprosthesis of a hip joint structure of the Κ ν ι ν ν ν ν ν ν ν ν ν,,, π. Switzerland Ν ° 642252, 1984.

Claims

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1. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╨▒╨╡╤ü╤å╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░, ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╨╜╨░╤Å ╨▓ ╨▓╨╕╨┤╨╡ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╡╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╢╨╜╤Å, ╨╜╨╡╧Ç╧ü╨╡╧ü╤ï╨▓╨╜╬┐ ╧ü╨░╤ü╤ê╨╕╧ü╤Å╤Ä╤ë╨╡╨│╬┐╤ü╤Å ╬┐╧ä ╨┤╨╕╤ü╧ä╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╬║╬┐╨╜╤å╨░ ╬║╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╤â ╧Ç╬┐ ╤ç╨╡╧ä╤ï╧ü╨╡╨╝ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╤Å╨╝, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╡╨╝ ╨╜╨░ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╬║╤ü╨╕╨╝╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╤ü╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╢╨╜╤Å ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╨░ ╤ê╨╡╨╣╬║╨░ ╤ü ╬║╬┐╨╜╨╕╤ç╨╡╤ü╬║╬┐╨╣ ╤å╨░╧Ç╧å╬┐╨╣, ╬┐╤ü╤î ╤ê╨╡╨╣╬║╨╕ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä ╤ü ╬┐╤ü╤î╤Ä ╤ü╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╢╨╜╤Å ╧ä╤â╧Ç╬┐╨╣ ╤â╨│╬┐╨╗, ╨░ ╨╝╨╡╨┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╨░╤Å ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╤î ╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╬║╤ü╨╕╨╝╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨╕╨╝╨╡╨╡╧ä ╧Ç╨╗╨░╨▓╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╬║╧ü╨╕╨▓╬┐╨╗╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╣╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╧ç╬┐╨┤ ╬║ ╤ê╨╡╨╣╬║╨╡, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╤ü╨╡╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╤ü╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╢╨╜╤Å ╧Ç╬┐ ╨╝╨╡╨╜╤î╤ê╨╡╨╣ ╨╝╨╡╧ü╨╡ ╨▓ ╨┤╨╕╤ü╧ä╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨╕╨╝╨╡╨╡╧ä ╨▓╨╕╨┤ ╧ü╨░╨▓╨╜╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧ä╧ü╨░╧Ç╨╡╤å╨╕╨╕, ╨╝╨╡╨╜╤î╤ê╨╡╨╡ ╬┐╤ü╨╜╬┐╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╣ ╧ü╨░╤ü╧Ç╬┐╨╗╬┐╨╢╨╡╨╜╬┐ ╨╜╨░ ╨╝╨╡╨┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╕, ╨░ ╨▒╬┐╨╗╤î╤ê╨╡╨╡ - ╨╜╨░ ╨╗╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╡╨╝ ╤â╨│╬┐╨╗ ╤ü╧ç╬┐╨┤╨╕╨╝╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨╗╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨╝╨╡╨┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╨▒╬┐╨╗╤î╤ê╨╡ ╤â╨│╨╗╨░ ╤ü╧ç╬┐╨┤╨╕╨╝╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨┤╬┐╧ü╤ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨░╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╬┐╧ü╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╡╨╣, ╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╬║╤ü╨╕╨╝╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨╜╨░ ╨╝╨╡╨┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╤ï ╧Ç╨╗╨░╨▓╨╜╤ï╨╡ ╬║╧ü╨╕╨▓╬┐╨╗╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╣╨╜╤ï╨╡ ╧å╨░╤ü╬║╨╕ ╨╕ ╨┤╬┐╧ü╤ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨░╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╬┐╧ü╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╤Å╨╝, ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╧ü ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╤ï╧ç ╤â╨▓╨╡╨╗╨╕╤ç╨╕╨▓╨░╨╡╧ä╤ü╤Å ╬║ ╤ê╨╡╨╣╬║╨╡, ╨╜╨░ ╨┤╬┐╧ü╤ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨░╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╬┐╧ü╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╤Å╧ç ╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╬║╤ü╨╕╨╝╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╤ï ╨▓╤ï╨╡╨╝╬║╨╕ ╧Ç╬┐╤ü╧ä╬┐╤Å╨╜╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╨╗╤â╨▒╨╕╨╜╤ï, ╨▓ ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╤ï╧ç ╨╜╨╡╧ü╨░╨╖╤è╨╡╨╝╨╜╬┐ ╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨╜╬┐╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╤ï ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╤ü╬║╨╕╨╡ ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜╤ï ╨╕╨╖ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨╕╨╜╨╡╧ü╧ä╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨╝╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╨░╨╗╨░, ╧ä╬┐╨╗╤ë╨╕╨╜╨░ ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╤ï╧ç ╨▒╬┐╨╗╤î╤ê╨╡ ╨│╨╗╤â╨▒╨╕╨╜╤ï ╨▓╤ï╨╡╨╝╬┐╬║ ╨╜╨╡ ╨╝╨╡╨╜╨╡╨╡, ╤ç╨╡╨╝ ╨╜╨░ ╨▓╨╡╨╗╨╕╤ç╨╕╨╜╤â ╤ü╧ü╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╡╨│╬┐ ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╧ü╨░ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü, ╨╕ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 20-200 ╤ü╧ü╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╕╧ç ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╧ü╬┐╨▓ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü.1. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╨▒╨╡╤ü╤å╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü ╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓ ╨░, ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╨╜╨░╤Å ╨▓ ╨▓╨╕╨┤╨╡ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╡╨╜╬┐╨ │╬┐ ╤ü╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╢╨╜╤Å, ╨╜╨╡╧Ç╧ü╨╡╧ü╤ï╨▓╨╜╬┐ ╧ü╨░╤ü╤ê╨╕╧ü ╤Å╤Ä╤╤╨╡╨│╬┐╤╨╡╨│╬┐╤╤╤ ╬┐╧ä ╨┤╨╕╤ü╧ä╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╬║╬┐╨╜╤å ╨░ ╬║╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╤â ╧Ç╬┐ ╤ç╨╡╧ä╤ï╧ü╨╡╨╝ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╤Å╨╝, ╧Ç╧ü╨ ╕╤ç╨╡╨╝ ╨╜╨░ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╬║╤ü╨╕╨╝╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╤ü ╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╢╨╜╤Å ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╨░ ╤ê╨╡╨╣╬║╨░ ╤ü ╬║╬┐╨╜╨╕ ╤ç╨╡╤ü╬║╬┐╨╣ ╤å╨░╧Ç╧å╬┐╨╣, ╬┐╤ü╤î ╤ê╨╡╨╣╬║╨╕ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨ ░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä ╤ü ╬┐╤ü╤î╤Ä ╤ü╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╢╨╜╤Å ╧ä╤â╧Ç╬┐╨╣ ╤â╨│╬ ┐╨╗, ╨░ ╨╝╨╡╨┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╨░╤Å ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╤î ╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╬║╤ü╨╕ ╨╝╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨╕╨╝╨╡╨╡╧ä ╧Ç╨╗╨░╨▓╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╬║ ╧ü╨╕╨▓╬┐╨╗╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╣╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╧ç╬┐╨┤ ╬║ ╤ê╨╡╨╣╬║╨╡ , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤╤╨░╤╨░╤╤╤╤ ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╤ü╨╡╤ç╨╡╨ ╨╕╨╡ ╤ü╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╢╨╜╤Å ╧Ç╬┐ ╨╝╨╡╨╜╤î╤ê╨╡╨╣ ╨╝╨╡╧ü╨╡ ╨▓ ╨┤╨╕ ╤ü╧ä╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨╕╨╝╨╡╨╡╧ä ╨▓╨╕╨┤ ╧ü╨░╨▓╨╜ ╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧ä╧ü╨░╧Ç╨╡╤å╨╕╨╕, ╨╝╨╡╨╜╤î╤ê╨╡╨ ╡ ╬┐╤ü╨╜╬┐╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╣ ╧ü╨░╤ü╧Ç╬┐╨╗╬┐╨╢╨ ╡╨╜╬┐ ╨╜╨░ ╨╝╨╡╨┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╕, ╨░ ╨▒╬┐╨╗╤î ╤ê╨╡╨╡ - ╨╜╨░ ╨╗╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╡╨╝ ╤â╨│ ╬┐╨╗ ╤ü╧ç╬┐╨┤╨╕╨╝╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨╗╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜ ┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨╝╨╡╨┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╨▒╬┐╨╗╤î╤ê╨╡ ╤ â╨│╨╗╨░ ╤ü╧ç╬┐╨┤╨╕╨╝╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨┤╬┐╧ü╤ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨ ░╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╬┐╧ü╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╡╨╣, ╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╬║╤ü╨╕╨╝ ╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨╜╨░ ╨╝╨╡╨┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü ╨░╨╜╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╤ï ╧Ç╨╗╨░╨▓╨╜╤ï╨╡ ╬║╧ü╨╕╨▓╬┐╨╗ ╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╣╨╜╤ï╨╡ ╧å╨░╤ü╬║╨╕ ╨╕ ╨┤╬┐╧ü╤ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨░ ╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╬┐╧ü╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╤Å╨╝, ╧ü╨░╨╖ ╝╨╡╧ü ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╤ï╧ç ╤â╨▓╨╡╨╗╨╕╤ç╨╕╨▓╨░╨╡╧ä╤ü╤Å ╬║ ╤ê╨ ╡╨╣╬║╨╡, ╨╜╨░ ╨┤╬┐╧ü╤ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨░╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╬┐╧ü ╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╤Å╧ç ╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╬║╤ü╨╕╨╝╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ç ╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╤ï ╨▓╤ï╨╡╨╝╬║╨╕ ╧Ç╬┐╤ü╧ä╬┐╤Å ╨╜╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╨╗╤â╨▒╨╕╨╜╤ï, ╨▓ ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╤ï╧ç ╨╜╨╡╧ü╨░╨╖╤ è╨╡╨╝╨╜╬┐ ╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨╜╬┐╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╤ï ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╤ü╬║╨╕╨╡ ╧Ç╨╗╨ ░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜╤ï ╨╕╨╖ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨╕╨╜╨╡ ╧ü╧ä╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨╝╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╨░╨╗╨░, ╧ä╬┐╨╗╤ë╨╕╨╜╨░ ╬║╬┐╧ ╬┐╧╬┐╧╤╤ ╨▒╬┐╨╗╤╨▒╬┐╨╗╤╤╤ ╨│╨╗╤╨│╨╗╤╨▒╨╕╨╜╤ ╨▓╤╨▓╤╨▒╨╕╨╜╤ ╨▓╤ ╡ ╨╝╨╡╨╜╨╡╨╡, ╤ç╨╡╨╝ ╨╜╨░ ╨▓╨╡╨╗╨╕╤ç╨╕╨╜╤â ╤ü╧ü╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╡ ╨│╬┐ ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╧ü╨░ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü, ╨╕ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 20-200 ╤ü╧ü╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╕╧ç ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╧ü╬┐╨▓ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü.
2. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╤â╨│╬┐╨╗ ╨╜╨░╬║╨╗╬┐╨╜╨░ ╨▒╬┐╬║╬┐╨▓╤ï╧ç ╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╜ ╧ä╧ü╨░╧Ç╨╡╤å╨╡╨╕╨┤╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╧Ç╬┐╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╤ç╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╨╡╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╕╤Å ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 1 -10┬░, ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨╕╨╝╤â╤ë╨╡╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ 2┬░.2. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü ╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ ╨░╤╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╤â╨│╬┐╨╗ ╨╜╨░╬║╨╗╬┐╨╜╨░ ╨▒╬┐╬║ ╬┐╨▓╤ï╧ç ╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╜ ╧ä╧ü╨░╧Ç╨╡╤å╨╡╨╕╨┤╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨│ ╬┐ ╧Ç╬┐╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╤ç╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╨╡╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╕╤Å ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓ ╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 1 -10┬░, ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨╕╨╝╤â╤ë╨╡╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ 2┬░.
3. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╧ü╨░╨┤╨╕╤â╤ü╤ï ╤ü╬║╧ü╤â╨│╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╤Å ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╧Ç╬┐╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╤ç╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╨╡╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╕╤Å ╧Ç╬┐ ╨╝╨╡╨╜╤î╤ê╨╡╨╣ ╨╝╨╡╧ü╨╡ ╨▓ ╨┤╨╕╤ü╧ä╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨╜╨╡ ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨▓╤ï╤ê╨░╨╡╧ä 2 ╨╝╨╝, ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨╕╨╝╤â╤ë╨╡╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ 1 ╨╝╨╝.3. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü ╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ ╨░╤╨░╤╨░╤╤╤╤ ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╧ü╨░╨┤╨╕╤â╤ü╤ï ╤ü╬║╧ü╤â╨│╨╗╨╡ ╨╜╨╕╤Å ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╧Ç╬┐╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╤ç╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╨╡╤ç╨╡╨╜ ╨╕╤Å ╧Ç╬┐ ╨╝╨╡╨╜╤î╤ê╨╡╨╣ ╨╝╨╡╧ü╨╡ ╨▓ ╨┤╨╕╤ü╧ä╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐ ╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨╜╨╡ ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨▓╤ï╤ê╨░╨╡╧ä 2 ╨╝╨╝, ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨╕╨╝ ╤â╤ë╨╡╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ 1 ╨╝╨╝.
4. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨╜╨░╤ç╨░╨╗╬┐ ╧å╨░╤ü╬┐╬║ ╤ü╬┐╬┐╧ä╨▓╨╡╧ä╤ü╧ä╨▓╤â╨╡╧ä ╨╜╨░╤ç╨░╨╗╤â ╬║╧ü╨╕╨▓╬┐╨╗╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╣╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤â╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╬║╨░ ╨╜╨░ ╨╝╨╡╨┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╕. 154. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü ╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ ╨░╤╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨╜╨░╤ç╨░╨╗╬┐ ╧å╨░╤ü╬┐╬║ ╤ü╬┐╬┐ ╧ä╨▓╨╡╧ä╤ü╧ä╨▓╤â╨╡╧ä ╨╜╨░╤ç╨░╨╗╤â ╬║╧ü╨╕╨▓╬┐╨╗╨╕╨╜╨╡ ╨╣╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤â╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╬║╨░ ╨╜╨░ ╨╝╨╡╨┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│ ╧ü╨░╨╜╨╕. fifteen
5. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╤ü╨╕╨╝╨╝╨╡╧ä╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╜╤ï╨╡ ╬║╧ü╨╕╨▓╬┐╨╗╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╣╨╜╤ï╨╡ ╧å╨░╤ü╬║╨╕ ╤â╨▓╨╡╨╗╨╕╤ç╨╕╨▓╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╡╨│╬┐╤ü╤Å ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╧ü╨░ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╤ï ╨┤╬┐╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐ ╨╜╨░ ╤ê╨╡╨╣╬║╨╡ ╤ü╬┐ ╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╜╤ï ╧ä╧ü╬┐╧ç╨░╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü╨░. 5. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü ╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ ╨░╤╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╤ü╨╕╨╝╨╝╨╡╧ä╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╜╤ï╨╡ ╬║╧ü ╨╕╨▓╬┐╨╗╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╣╨╜╤ï╨╡ ╧å╨░╤ü╬║╨╕ ╤â╨▓╨╡╨╗╨╕╤ç╨╕╨▓╨░ ╤Ä╤ë╨╡╨│╬┐╤ü╤Å ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╧ü╨░ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╤ï ╨┤╬┐ ╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐ ╨╜╨░ ╤ê╨╡╨╣╬║╨╡ ╤ü╬┐ ╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐ ╨╜╤ï ╧ä╧ü╬┐╧ç╨░╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü╨░.
6. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ > ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╤â╨│╬┐╨╗ ╤ü╧ç╬┐╨┤╨╕╨╝╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨╗╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨╝╨╡╨┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 4-8┬░, ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨╕╨╝╤â╤ë╨╡╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ 5,5-6,5┬░.6. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░> ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä ╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╤â╨│╬┐╨╗ ╤ü╧ç╬┐╨┤╨╕╨╝╬┐╤ü╧ä╨ ╕ ╨╗╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨╝╨╡╨┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨ ░╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 4-8┬░, ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨╕╨╝╤â╤ë╨╡╤ ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ 5.5-6.5┬░.
7. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╤â╨│╬┐╨╗ ╤ü╧ç╬┐╨┤╨╕╨╝╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨┤╬┐╧ü╤ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨░╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╬┐╧ü╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 1 -3┬░, ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨╕╨╝╤â╤ë╨╡╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ 1 ,5-2┬░.7. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü ╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ ╨░╤╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╤â╨│╬┐╨╗ ╤ü╧ç╬┐╨┤╨╕╨╝╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨┤╬┐╧ü╤ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨░╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╬┐╧ü╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░ ╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 1 -3┬░, ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨╕╨╝╤â╤ë╨╡╤ü ╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ 1, 5-2┬░.
8. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╤â╨│╬┐╨╗ ╤ü╧ç╬┐╨┤╨╕╨╝╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨╗╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨╝╨╡╨┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╨▒╬┐╨╗╤î╤ê╨╡ ╤â╨│╨╗╨░ ╤ü╧ç╬┐╨┤╨╕╨╝╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨┤╬┐╧ü╤ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨░╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╬┐╧ü╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╨╜╨╡ ╨╝╨╡╨╜╨╡╨╡, ╤ç╨╡╨╝ ╨╜╨░ 2-6┬░, ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨╕╨╝╤â╤ë╨╡╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ ╨╜╨░ 4,0-4,5┬░. 8. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü ╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ ╨░╤╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╤â╨│╬┐╨╗ ╤ü╧ç╬┐╨┤╨╕╨╝╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨╗╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨╝╨╡╨┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░ ╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╨▒╬┐╨╗╤î╤ê╨╡ ╤â╨│╨╗╨░ ╤ü╧ç╬┐╨┤╨╕╨╝╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨┤╬┐ ╧ü╤ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨░╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╬┐╧ü╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╡ ╨╣ ╨╜╨╡ ╨╝╨╡╨╜╨╡╨╡, ╤ç╨╡╨╝ ╨╜╨░ 2-6┬░, ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨╕╨╝╤â╤ë╨ ╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ ╨╜╨░ 4,0-4,5┬░.
9, ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╤ï╨╡ ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜╤ï ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╤ë╨╡╨╜╤ï ╨▓ ╬┐╨▒╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╤ü╨╡╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╕╤Å ╬┐╤ü╨╕ ╤ê╨╡╨╣╬║╨╕ ╨╕ ╬┐╤ü╨╕ ╨╜╬┐╨╢╬║╨╕ .9, ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü ╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ ╨░╤╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╤ï╨╡ ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨╜╤ï ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╤ë╨╡╨╜╤ï ╨▓ ╬┐╨▒╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╤ü╨╡ ╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╕╤Å ╬┐╤ü╨╕ ╤ê╨╡╨╣╬║╨╕ ╨╕ ╬┐╤ü╨╕ ╨╜╬┐╨╢╬║╨╕.
10. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨┤╨╕╤ü╧ä╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╬║╧ü╨░╨╣ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╤ï╧ç ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜ ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╤ë╨╡╨╜ ╨▓╤ï╤ê╨╡ ╨╜╨░╤ç╨░╧Ç╨░ ╧å╨╕╨▓╬┐╨╗╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╣╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤â╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╬║╨░ ╨╜╨░ ╨╝╨╡╨┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╕.10. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü ╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ ╨░╤╨░╤╨░╤╤╤╤╧ ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨┤╨╕╤ü╧ä╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╬║╧ü╨░╨╣ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╤ï╧ç ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜ ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╤ë╨╡╨╜ ╨▓╤ï ╤ê╨╡ ╨╜╨░╤ç╨░╧Ç╨░ ╧å╨╕╨▓╬┐╨╗╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╣╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤â╤ç╨░╤ü ╧ä╬║╨░ ╨╜╨░ ╨╝╨╡╨┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╕.
1 1 . ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╤ë╨░╨┤╤î ╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╤ï╧ç ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä ╨╜╨╡ ╨╝╨╡╨╜╨╡╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐╨╗╬┐╨▓╨╕╨╜╤ï ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╤ë╨░╨┤╨╕ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╬║╤ü╨╕╨╝╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨┤╬┐╧ü╤ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨░╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╬┐╧ü╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╡╨╣. eleven . ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡ ╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨ ░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╤l╨░╨┤╤î ╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╤ï╧ç ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä ╨╜╨╡ ╨╝╨╡╨╜╨╡╨╡ ╧Ç ╬┐╨╗╬┐╨▓╨╕╨╜╤ï ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╤ë╨░╨┤╨╕ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╬║╤ü╨╕╨╝╨░╨╗╤î╨╜ ╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨┤╬┐╧ü╤ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨░╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü ╨╕╬┐╧ü╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╡╨╣.
12. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨▓╨╜╨╡╤ê╨╜╤Å╤Å ╧Ç╬┐╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╨╜╬┐╤ü╧ä╤î ╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╤ï╧ç ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╨░ ╨┤╬┐╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐ ╧ü╨╕╧å╨╗╨╡╨╜╬┐╨╣, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╡╨╝ ╤ê╨░╨│ ╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╤ü╬┐╧ä╨░ ╧ü╨╕╧å╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╣ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╤Ä╧ä 10-20 ╤ü╧ü╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╕╧ç ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╧ü╬┐╨▓ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü. 1612. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü ╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ ╨░╤╨░╤╨░╤╤╤╤ ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨▓╨╜╨╡╤ê╨╜╤Å╤Å ╧Ç╬┐╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╨╜ ╬┐╤ü╧ä╤î ╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╤ï╧ç ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜ ╨╡╨╜╨░ ╨┤╬┐╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐ ╧ü╨╕╧å╨╗╨╡╨╜╬┐╨╣, ╧ Ç╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╡╨╝ ╤ê╨░╨│ ╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╤ü╬┐╧ä╨░ ╧ü╨╕╧å╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╣ ╤ü╬ ┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╤Ä╧ä 10-20 ╤ü╧ü╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╕╧ç ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╧ü╬┐╨▓ ╧Ç╬ ┐╧ü. 16
13. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╤é╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨╖╨░╨╖╬┐╧ü ╨▓ ╤ü╧ä╤ï╬║╨╡ ╨▓╤ï╨╡╨╝╬║╨╕ ╤ü ╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╬┐ ╨╡╨╡ ╬║╬┐╨╜╧ä╤â╧ü╤â ╨╝╨╡╨╜╤î╤ê╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐╨╗╬┐╨▓╨╕╨╜╤ï ╤ü╧ü╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╡╨│╬┐ ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╧ü╨░ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü.13. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╤é╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü ╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ ╨░╤╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨╖╨░╨╖╬┐╧ü ╨▓ ╤ü╧ä╤ï╬║╨╡ ╨▓╤ï╨╡ ╨╝╬║╨╕ ╤ü ╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╬┐ ╨╡╨╡ ╬║╬┐╨╜╧ä╤â╧ü╤â ╨╝╨╡╨╜╤î╤ê╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐╨╗╬┐╨▓╨╕╨╜╤ï ╤ü╧ü╨╡╨┤ ╨╜╨╡╨│╬┐ ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╧ü╨░ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü.
14. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╤ï╨╡ ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜╤ï ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╤ï ╤ü ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡╨╝ ╨╜╨░ ╨▓╨╜╤â╧ä╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╧Ç╬┐╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╨╜╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü ╨╕╨╖ ╨│╨╡╨╗╨╡╧Ç╬┐╨┤╬┐╨▒╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╤ü╤â╨▒╨╗╨╕╨╝╨╕╧ü╬┐╨▓╨░╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨░╨╜╧ä╨╕╨╝╨╕╬║╧ü╬┐╨▒╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╧Ç╨░╧ü╨░╧ä╨░, ╨░ ╬┐╨▒╤è╨╡╨╝ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü, ╧Ç╬┐ ╨╝╨╡╨╜╤î╤ê╨╡╨╣ ╨╝╨╡╧ü╨╡ ╨╜╨░ 60% ╨╖╨░╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜ ╤â╬║╨░╨╖╨░╨╜╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╧Ç╨░╧ü╨░╧ä╬┐╨╝.14. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü ╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ ╨░╤╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╤ï╨╡ ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨╜╤ï ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╤ï ╤ü ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡╨╝ ╨╜╨░ ╨▓╨╜ ╤â╧ä╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╧Ç╬┐╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╨╜╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü ╨╕╨╖ ╨│ ╨╡╨╗╨╡╧Ç╬┐╨┤╬┐╨▒╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╤ü╤â╨▒╨╗╨╕╨╝╨╕╧ü╬┐╨▓ ╨░╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨░╨╜╧ä╨╕╨╝╨╕╬║╧ü╬┐╨▒╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╧Ç ░╧ü╨░╧ä╨░, ╨░ ╬┐╨▒╤è╨╡╨╝ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü, ╧Ç╬┐ ╨╝╨╡╨╜╤î╤ê╨╡╨╣ ╨╝╨ ╡╧ü╨╡ ╨╜╨░ 60% ╨╖╨░╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜ ╤â╬║╨░╨╖╨░╨╜╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╧Ç╧ü╨ ╡╧Ç╨░╧ü╨░╧ä╬┐╨╝.
15. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.14, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨▓╨╜╨╡╤ê╨╜╤Å╤Å ╧Ç╬┐╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╨╜╬┐╤ü╧ä╤î ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╨░ ╤ü ╧ä╬┐╨╜╬║╬┐╧Ç╨╗╨╡╨╜╬┐╤ç╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╤ü╬┐╨▓╨╝╨╡╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╝╤ï╨╝ ╨│╨╡╧ü╨╝╨╡╧ä╨╕╤ç╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╨╜╨░ ╨▓╬┐╨╖╨┤╤â╧ç╨╡ ╨╕ ╨╗╨╡╨│╬║╬┐╧ü╨░╤ü╧ä╨▓╬┐╧ü╤Å╨╡╨╝╤ï╨╝ ╨▓ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨╗╬┐╨│╨╕╤ç╨╡╤ü╬║╨╕╧ç ╨╢╨╕╨┤╬║╬┐╤ü╧ä╤Å╧ç ╨╜╨╡╧ä╬┐╬║╤ü╨╕╤ç╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡╨╝.15. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü ╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.14, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ ╨░╤╨░╤╨░╤╤╤╤ ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨▓╨╜╨╡╤ê╨╜╤Å╤Å ╧Ç╬┐╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╨╜ ╬┐╤ü╧ä╤î ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╨░ ╤ü ╧ä╬┐╨╜╬║ ╬┐╧Ç╨╗╨╡╨╜╬┐╤ç╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╤ü╬┐╨▓╨╝╨╡╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╝╤ï╨╝ ╨│ ╨╡╧ü╨╝╨╡╧ä╨╕╤ç╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╨╜╨░ ╨▓╬┐╨╖╨┤╤â╧ç╨╡ ╨╕ ╨╗╨╡╨│╬║╬┐ ╧ü╨░╤ü╧ä╨▓╬┐╧ü╤Å╨╡╨╝╤ï╨╝ ╨▓ ╨▒╨╕╬┐╨╗╬┐╨│╨╕╤ç╨╡╤ü╬║╨ ╕╧ç ╨╢╨╕╨┤╬║╬┐╤ü╧ä╤Å╧ç ╨╜╨╡╧ä╬┐╬║╤ü╨╕╤ç╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡╨╝.
16. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╬║╤ü╨╕╨╝╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨╜╨░ ╨╗╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜ ╨│╧ü╨╡╨▒╨╡╨╜╤î, ╨┤╨╕╤ü╧ä╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╬║╧ü╨░╨╣ ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜ ╤ü ╧Ç╨╗╨░╨▓╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╬║╧ü╨╕╨▓╬┐╨╗╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╣╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╧ç╬┐╨┤╬┐╨╝, ╨╜╨░╤ç╨░╨╗╬┐ ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╬┐ ╨╜╨░ ╤â╧ü╬┐╨▓╨╜╨╡ ╨┤╨╕╤ü╧ä╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╬║╧ü╨░╤Å ╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╤ï╧ç ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜.16. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü ╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ ╨░╤╨░╤╨░╤╤╤╤╧ ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╬║╤ü╨╕╨╝╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨╜╨░ ╨╗╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╕ ╨▓╤ï ╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜ ╨│╧ü╨╡╨▒╨╡╨╜╤î, ╨┤╨╕╤ü╧ä╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╬║╧ ü╨░╨╣ ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜ ╤ü ╧Ç╨╗╨░╨▓╨╜╤ ï╨╝ ╬║╧ü╨╕╨▓╬┐╨╗╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╣╨╜╤ï╨╝ ╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╧ç╬┐╨┤╬┐╨╝, ╨╜╨░╤ç╨░╨╗╬┐ ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨│╬┐ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╬┐ ╨╜╨░ ╤â╧ü╬┐╨▓╨╜╨╡ ╨┤╨╕╤ü╧ä╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╬║╧ü╨░╤Å ╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕ ╤ü╧ä╤ï╧ç ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜.
17. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨╜╨░ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╬║╤ü╨╕╨╝╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╨░ ╧å╨░╤ü╬║╨░ ╨╜╨░ ╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╧ç╬┐╨┤╨╡ ╬┐╧ä ╨│╧ü╨╡╨▒╨╜╤Å ╨╗╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╕ ╬║ ╧ä╧ü╬┐╧ç╨░╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╜╨╡ ╨╜╬┐╨╢╬║╨╕.17. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü ╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ ╨░╤╨░╤╨░╤╤╤╤╧ ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨╜╨░ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╬║╤ü╨╕╨╝╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐ ╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╨░ ╧å╨░╤ü╬║╨░ ╨╜╨░ ╧Ç╨╡╧ü ╨╡╧ç╬┐╨┤╨╡ ╬┐╧ä ╨│╧ü╨╡╨▒╨╜╤Å ╨╗╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│ ╧ü╨░╨╜╨╕ ╬║ ╧ä╧ü╬┐╧ç╨░╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╜╨╡ ╨╜ ╬┐╨╢╬║╨╕.
18. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨╗╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╨░╤Å, ╨╝╨╡╨┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╨░╤Å, ╨┤╬┐╧ü╤ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╨░╤Å ╨╕ ╨░╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╬┐╧ü╨╜╨░╤Å ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╤ï ╤ê╨╡╧ü╬┐╧ç╬┐╨▓╨░╧ä╤ï╨╝╨╕, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╡╨╝ ╨▓╨╡╨╗╨╕╤ç╨╕╨╜╨░ ╤ê╨╡╧ü╬┐╧ç╬┐╨▓╨░╧ä╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕, ╨▓╤ï╧ü╨░╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╜╨░╤Å ╤ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╨╖ ╧Ç╨░╧ü╨░╨╝╨╡╧ä╧ü ╬í╨░, ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 0,01 -0,2 ╤ü╧ü╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╡╨│╬┐ ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╧ü╨░ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü ╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╤ï╧ç ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜.18. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü ╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ ╨░╤╨░╤╨░╤╤╤╤╧ ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨╗╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╨░╤Å, ╨╝╨╡╨ ┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╨░╤Å, ╨┤╬┐╧ü╤ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╨░╤Å ╨╕ ╨░╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕ ╬┐╧ü╨╜╨░╤Å ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╤ï ╤ê╨╡╧ü╬┐╧ç╬┐ ╨▓╨░╧ä╤ï╨╝╨╕, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╡╨╝ ╨▓╨╡╨╗╨╕╤ç╨╕╨╜╨░ ╤ê╨╡╧ü╬┐╧ ç╬┐╨▓╨░╧ä╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕, ╨▓╤ï╧ü╨░╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╜╨░╤Å ╤ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╨╖ ╧Ç ╨░ ü╨░╨╝╨╡╧ä╧ü ╬í╨░, ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 0.01 -0.2 ╤ü╧ü╨╡╨ ┤╨╜╨╡╨│╬┐ ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╧ü╨░ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü ╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╤ï╧ç ╧Ç╨╗╨ ░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜.
19. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨▓ ╨╝╨╡╨╢╨┤╤â ╨┤╬┐╧ü╤ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨░╧ü╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╬┐╧ü╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╤Å╨╝╨╕ ╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╬║╤ü╨╕╨╝╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╤ê╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä╤ï╧ç ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╬┐ ╤ü╬║╨▓╬┐╨╖╨╜╬┐╨╡ ╬æ98/ 000319. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü ╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ ╨░╤╨░╤╨░╤╤╤╤ ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨▓ ╨╝╨╡╨╢╨┤╤â ╨┤╬┐╧ü╤ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜ ╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨░╧ü╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╬┐╧ü╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╤Å╨╝╨╕ ╨▓ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐ ╬║╤ü╨╕╨╝╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╤ê╨╡ ╧Ç╬┐╧ü╨╕╤ü╧ä ╤ï╧ç ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╬┐ ╤ü╬║╨▓╬┐╨╖╨╜╬┐ ╨╡ ╬æ98 / 0003
1717
╬┐╧ä╨▓╨╡╧ü╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╡, ╬┐╤ü╤î ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨│╬┐ ╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╤ü╨╡╬║╨░╨╡╧ä ╬┐╤ü╤î ╨╜╬┐╨╢╬║╨╕ ╨╕ ╧Ç╨╡╧ü╧Ç╨╡╨╜╨┤╨╕╬║╤â╨╗╤Å╧ü╨╜╨░ ╨╡╨╣, ╨░ ╧ä╨░╬║╨╢╨╡ ╧Ç╨░╧ü╨░╧Ç╨╗╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╨░ ╨╗╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨╝╨╡╨┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜╤Å╨╝.╬┐╧ä╨▓╨╡╧ü╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╡, ╬┐╤ü╤î ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨│╬┐ ╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╤ ü╨╡╬║╨░╨╡╧ä ╬┐╤ü╤î ╨╜╬┐╨╢╬║╨╕ ╨╕ ╧Ç╨╡╧ü╧Ç╨╡╨╜╨┤╨╕╬║╤â╨ ╗╤Å╧ü╨╜╨░ ╨╡╨╣, ╨░ ╧ä╨░╬║╨╢╨╡ ╧Ç╨░╧ü╨░╧Ç╨╗╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╨░ ╨╗ ╨░╧ä╨╡╧ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨╝╨╡╨┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨│╧ü╨░╨╜ ╤Å╨╝.
20. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╤â╨│╬┐╨╗ ╨╜╨░╬║╨╗╬┐╨╜╨░ ╬┐╤ü╨╕ ╤ê╨╡╨╣╬║╨╕ ╬║ ╬┐╤ü╨╕ ╨╜╬┐╨╢╬║╨╕ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 131 -134┬░, ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨╕╨╝╤â╤ë╨╡╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ 132┬░.20. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü ╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ ╨░╤╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╤â╨│╬┐╨╗ ╨╜╨░╬║╨╗╬┐╨╜╨░ ╬┐╤ü╨╕ ╤ê╨╡╨╣╬║╨╕ ╬║ ╬┐╤ü╨╕ ╨╜╬┐╨╢╬║╨╕ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 131 - 134┬░, ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨╕╨╝╤â╤ë╨╡╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ 132┬░.
21 . ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨╜╨░ ╧ä╧ü╬┐╧ç╨░╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╜╨╡ ╨╜╬┐╨╢╬║╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╨░ ╤ü╧å╨╡╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╡╤ü╬║╨░╤Å ╨╗╤â╨╜╬║╨░, ╬┐╤ü╤î ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╬┐╨▓╧Ç╨░╨┤╨░╨╡╧ä ╤ü ╬┐╤ü╤î╤Ä ╨╜╬┐╨╢╬║╨╕, ╨░ ╧ü╨░╨┤╨╕╤â╤ü ╨▒╬┐╨╗╤î╤ê╨╡ ╨╗╨╕╨▒╬┐ ╧ü╨░╨▓╨╡╨╜ ╨┤╨╕╨░╨╝╨╡╧ä╧ü╤â ╧Ç╬┐╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╤ç╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╬┐╧ä╨▓╨╡╧ü╤ü╧ä╨╕╤Å ╨╝╨╡╨╢╨┤╤â ╨┤╬┐╧ü╤ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨░╧ü╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╬┐╧ü╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╜╨░╨╝╨╕, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╡╨╝ ╨┤╨╕╨░╨╝╨╡╧ä╧ü ╤ü╨╡╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╕╤Å ╨╗╤â╨╜╬║╨╕ ╨╜╨░ ╧ä╧ü╬┐╧ç╨░╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╜╨╡ ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä ╨╜╨╡ ╨╝╨╡╨╜╨╡╨╡ 2/3 ╧ä╬┐╨╗╤ë╨╕╨╜╤ï ╨╜╬┐╨╢╬║╨╕ ╨▓ ╤ì╧ä╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╤ü╬║╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕.21. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡ ╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨ ░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨╜╨░ ╧ä╧ü╬┐╧ç╨░╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü ╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╜╨╡ ╨╜╬┐╨╢╬║╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╨░ ╤ü╧å╨╡╧ü╨╕ ╤ç╨╡╤ü╬║╨░╤Å ╨╗╤â╨╜╬║╨░, ╬┐╤ü╤î ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╬┐╨▓╧ Ç╨░╨┤╨░╨╡╧ä ╤ü ╬┐╤ü╤î╤Ä ╨╜╬┐╨╢╬║╨╕, ╨░ ╧ü╨░╨┤╨╕╤â╤ü ╨▒╬┐ ╨╡î╤ê╨╡ ╨╗╨╕╨▒╬┐ ╧ü╨░╨▓╨╡╨╜ ╨┤╨╕╨░╨╝╨╡╧ä╧ü╤â ╧Ç╬┐╧Ç ╡╧ü╨╡╤ç╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╬┐╧ä╨▓╨╡╧ü╤ü╧ä╨╕╤Å ╨╝╨╡╨╢╨┤╤â ╨┤╬┐╧ü╤ ü╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╨░╧ü╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╕╬┐╧ü╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╜╨ ░╨╝╨╕, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╡╨╝ ╨┤╨╕╨░╨╝╨╡╧ä╧ü ╤ü╨╡╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╕╤Å ╨╗╤â ╨╜╬║╨╕ ╨╜╨░ ╧ä╧ü╬┐╧ç╨░╨╜╧ä╨╡╧ü╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╜╨╡ ╤ü ╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä ╨╜╨╡ ╨╝╨╡╨╜╨╡╨╡ 2/3 ╧ä╬┐╨╗╤ë╨╕╨╜╤ï ╨ ╜╬┐╨╢╬║╨╕ ╨▓ ╤ì╧ä╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╤ü╬║╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕.
22. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╨░ ╨╕╨╖ ╤ü╧Ç╨╗╨░╨▓╬┐╨▓ ╧ä╨╕╧ä╨░╨╜╨░, ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨╕╨╝╤â╤ë╨╡╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ ╨╕╨╖ ╬║╬┐╨▓╨░╨╜╨╜╤ï╧ç ╨░╨╗╤î╧å╨░ + ╨▒╨╡╧ä╨░ - ╤ü╧Ç╨╗╨░╨▓╬┐╨▓.22. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü ╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ ╨░╤╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╨░ ╨╕╨╖ ╤ü╧Ç╨╗ ╨░╨▓╬┐╨▓ ╧ä╨╕╧ä╨░╨╜╨░, ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨╕╨╝╤â╤ë╨╡╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬ ┐ ╨╕╨╖ ╬║╬┐╨▓╨░╨╜╨╜╤ï╧ç ╨░╨╗╤î╧å╨░ + ╨▒╨╡╧ä╨░ - ╤ü╧Ç╨╗╨░╨ ▓╬┐╨▓.
23. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç.1 , ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨░╤Å╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨▓╨╜╨╡╤ê╨╜╤Å╤Å ╧Ç╬┐╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╨╜╬┐╤ü╧ä╤î ╨▓ ╨┤╨╕╤ü╧ä╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╬║╤ü╨╕╨╝╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╨░ ╤ü ╨┤╨╕╤ì╨╗╨╡╬║╧ä╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╡╤ü╬║╨╕╨╝ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡╨╝, ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╬┐╤Å╤ë╨╕╨╝ ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨╕╨╝╤â╤ë╨╡╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ ╨╕╨╖ ╤ü╬┐╨╡╨┤╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╣ ╬║╬┐╨╝╧Ç╬┐╨╜╨╡╨╜╧ä╬┐╨▓ ╤ü╧Ç╨╗╨░╨▓╨░ ╤ü ╬║╨╕╤ü╨╗╬┐╧ü╬┐╨┤╬┐╨╝ ╨╕ ╤â╨│╨╗╨╡╧ü╬┐╨┤╬┐╨╝ ╨╕ ╨╜╨╡ ╤ü╬┐╨┤╨╡╧ü╨╢╨░╤ë╨╕╨╝ ╤ü╬┐╨╡╨┤╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╣ ╤â╬║╨░╨╖╨░╨╜╨╜╤ï╧ç ╬║╬┐╨╝╧Ç╬┐╨╜╨╡╨╜╧ä╬┐╨▓ ╤ü ╨▓╬┐╨┤╬┐╧ü╬┐╨┤╬┐╨╝ ╨╕ ╨░╨╖╬┐╧ä╬┐╨╝. 23. ╬ù╬┐╨╢╬║╨░ ╤ì╨╜╨┤╬┐╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╡╨╖╨░ ╧ä╨░╨╖╬┐╨▒╨╡╨┤╧ü ╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐╨│╬┐ ╤ü╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨░ ╧Ç╬┐ ╧Ç. 1, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ ╨░╤╨░╤╨░╤╤╤╤ ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨▓╨╜╨╡╤ê╨╜╤Å╤Å ╧Ç╬┐╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╨╜ ╬┐╤ü╧ä╤î ╨▓ ╨┤╨╕╤ü╧ä╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╨╕ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╬║╤ü╨╕╨╝╨░╨╗ ╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╨░ ╤ü ╨┤╨╕╤ì╨╗╨╡╬║ ╧ä╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╡╤ü╬║╨╕╨╝ ╧Ç╬┐╬║╧ü╤ï╧ä╨╕╨╡╨╝, ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╬┐╤Å╤ ╨╕╨╝╨╕╨╝ ╧Ç╧ü╨╡╨╕╨╝╤â╤ë╨╡╤ü╧ä╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╬┐ ╨╕╨╖ ╤ü╬┐╨╡╨┤╨╕╨ ╜ ╡╨╜╨╕╨╣ ╬║╬┐╨╝╧Ç╬┐╨╜╨╡╨╜╧ä╬┐╨▓ ╤ü╧Ç╨╗╨░╨▓╨░ ╤ü ╬║╨╕╤ü╨ ╗╬┐╧ü╬┐╨┤╬┐╨╝ ╨╕ ╤â╨│╨╗╨╡╧ü╬┐╨┤╬┐╨╝ ╨╕ ╨╜╨╡ ╤ü╬┐╨┤╨╡╧ü╨ ╢╨░╤ë╨╕╨╝ ╤ü╬┐╨╡╨┤╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╣ ╤â╬║╨░╨╖╨░╨╜╨╜╤ï╧ç ╬║╬ ┐╨╝╧Ç╬┐╨╜╨╡╨╜╧ä╬┐╨▓ ╤ü ╨▓╬┐╨┤╬┐╧ü╬┐╨┤╬┐╨╝ ╨╕ ╨░╨╖╬┐╧ä╬ ┐╨╝.
PCT/EA1998/000003 1998-06-22 1998-06-22 Base of a cement-free endoprosthesis for the hip joint WO1999066865A1 (en)

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH675827A5 (en) * 1988-10-26 1990-11-15 Sulzer Ag
SU1768158A1 (en) * 1987-01-09 1992-10-15 Vnii Ispytatel Med Tech Endroprosthesis of coxofemoral joint
US5514184A (en) * 1993-05-26 1996-05-07 Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho Artificial joint having porous portion
DE19632266A1 (en) * 1995-08-11 1997-02-13 Asahi Optical Co Ltd Artificial joint for bones - contains calcium phosphate cpd. shaft section fixed into shaft body and lying exposed on the surface of this body

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SU1768158A1 (en) * 1987-01-09 1992-10-15 Vnii Ispytatel Med Tech Endroprosthesis of coxofemoral joint
CH675827A5 (en) * 1988-10-26 1990-11-15 Sulzer Ag
US5514184A (en) * 1993-05-26 1996-05-07 Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho Artificial joint having porous portion
DE19632266A1 (en) * 1995-08-11 1997-02-13 Asahi Optical Co Ltd Artificial joint for bones - contains calcium phosphate cpd. shaft section fixed into shaft body and lying exposed on the surface of this body

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