WO1999066009A2 - Fuel compositions employing catalyst combustion structure - Google Patents
Fuel compositions employing catalyst combustion structure Download PDFInfo
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- WO1999066009A2 WO1999066009A2 PCT/US1999/013751 US9913751W WO9966009A2 WO 1999066009 A2 WO1999066009 A2 WO 1999066009A2 US 9913751 W US9913751 W US 9913751W WO 9966009 A2 WO9966009 A2 WO 9966009A2
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- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
- C10L1/026—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition
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- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
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- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
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- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1208—Inorganic compounds elements
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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- C10L1/26—Organic compounds containing phosphorus
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- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/30—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes)
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a broad spectrum of pollution reducing, improved combustion performance, and enhanced stability fuel compositions for use in jet, aviation, turbine, diesel, gasoline, and other combustion applications. More particularly, the present invention relates to fuel compositions employing certain co-combustion agents, including trimethoxymethylsilane.
- ECS enhanced combustion structure
- ECS oxygenate a free radical generating oxygenate compound
- ECS metallic a high energy combustible non- lead metallic
- metallic shall mean at least one non-leaded element or derivative organic or inorganic compound containing said non-lead element, selected from the group consisting of 1A, 2A, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, 1 B, 2B, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, or 7A elements of the Periodic Chart of Elements (CAS version), and mixture, wherein said element or derivative compound, is combustible, and optionally has a minimum heating value of 4,000 Kcal/kg, and wherein vapor phase combustion occurs.
- an ECS metallic is a metallic capable of increasing burning velocity and/or reducing combustion temperature. It is any non-lead metallic (or non-metallic) which may be employed in the practice of this invention. Said metallic may be employed with hydrogen or a hydrocarbon fuel, absent an ECS compound.
- ECS metallic can be read as any non-lead metallic (and non-metallic as set forth below), or any organic or inorganic derivative thereof, which accomplishes the vapor phase combustion object of this invention. As set forth in the disclosure below ECS metallic contemplates any metallic or non-metallic accomplishing this object. An ECS metallic need not contain ECS structure (e.g. high kinetic energy free radicals), albeit said ECS structure is preferred. A “non-lead element or derivative" herein shall also be read as “ECS metallic.”
- ECS metallic of the aforementioned PCT applications was manganese, chiefly methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. Due to recent concerns over the neurotoxicity of manganese combustion products, and the potential neurotoxicity of other combustion metal oxides, a need exists to find a high energy, non-manganese, non-neurotoxic replacement ECS metallic or group of metallics capable of achieving vapor phase combustion.
- Said composition optionally containing an organic or inorganic compound containing a non-lead element, selected from the group consisting of 1A, 2A, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, 1 B, 2B, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, or 7A elements of the Periodic Chart of Elements (CAS version), wherein said non-lead derivative compound simultaneously increases combustion burning velocity and/or reduces combustion temperature,
- Applicant generally refers to thermal efficiency in both its chemical and mechanical context, e.g. the efficiency of the chemical reaction and the amount of useful work generated in the system, e.g. free energy.
- thermal efficiency particularly as measured as a function of net useful work generated by the system is increased. Often substantially.
- Applicant's has discovered thermal efficiency improvements over existing unadjusted fuels and combustion systems to be on the order of 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, 4.0%, 5.0% to 20%.
- thermal efficiency improvements can range from 2.0% to 5.0%, 5.0% to 10.0% or higher, with modest improvements ranging from 0.05% to 1.0% to 2.0%. Exceptional improvements will range from 10%, 25% to 40%, 30% to 80%, or more.
- unadjusted fuels mean conventional existing hydrocarbon fuels concurrent to this invention, which have not been adjusted to improve burning velocity, increase latent heats of vaporization, T-90 temperatures, mid range distillation temperatures, aromatic or sulfur contents.
- compositions of Example A containing hydrogen or a hydrocarbon, wherein said composition's burning velocity and/or combustion temperature permit said non-lead derivative compound to replace need for an ECS compound, however, said composition experiencing luminous vapor phase combustion.
- compositions wherein said non-lead derivative is a sodium, potassium, phosphorous, boron, or silicon derivative, including mixture.
- Example D The aforementioned composition, wherein said non-lead derivative is trimethoxymethylsilane or homologue, analogue, isomer or derivative.
- the instant invention is an improvement to the aforementioned PCT Applications, and simultaneously solves the noted problems. Namely, the invention reduces combustion greenhouse gases of CO2, NOx, ozone, methane, and problematic chlororfluorocarbons and nitrous oxides.
- the invention is particularly able to control and reduce NxO emissions generated post exhaust emissions catalyst.
- the invention also beneficially improves a broad class of combustion systems and emissions in general, while simultaneously improving fuel economy, flight range, thrust and/or power.
- the invention more particularly relates to discovery of a class of non- manganese, non-toxic ECS metal and metalloid compounds, including a combination thereof, capable of achieving vapor phase combustion, but which do not have manganese's associated neurotoxicity problem.
- Metallics of particular interest include alkali/alkali earth metals, sodium, potassium, boron, aluminum, silicon and phosphorus.
- the invention also resides in the combination of metallics, which include combining an ECS metallic with and ECS co-combustion metal, metalloid, or carbon catalyst structurally similar to triemethoxymethylsilane or dimethyl- phosphite. Said catalyst is contemplated in combination with Applicant's ECS metallics to improve vapor phase burning, achieving the objects of this invention.
- the invention further resides in discovery of a means of maintaining stability of fuels containing symmetrical lower dialkyl carbonates, while simultaneously improving the handling of fuels containing alkali/alkali earth metals, which can be highly alkaline.
- the fuel compositions of the present invention exhibits improved stability and handling attributes when the fuel compositions are constructed to a weakly alkaline (7.5 to 11.0 pH), substantially neutral (6.5 to 7.5 pH), or slightly acidic (4.5 to 6.9 pH) environments, whether or not water is present. In such cases there is no handling hazard or hydrolysis problem. Thus, in the case of symmetrical lower dialkyl carbonate containing fuels, long term storage is possible absent any deterioration of stability. Likewise the handling hazards of strongly alkaline compositions due to the presence of alkaline or alkaline earth metals is additionally controlled.
- the free radical generating ECS oxygenates of this invention include C2 - C12 aldehydes (including aldehydic acids), C2 -C12 ethers (including ether acids), C3 to C15 di-ethers, C1 - C15 alcohols, C2 - C12 oxides, C3 - C15 ketones, ketonic acids, C3 - C15 esters (alkyl formates, acetates, diacetates, butyrates, etc.), othroesters, C3 - C12 diesters, C5 -C12 phenols, C3 - C20 glycol ethers, C2 - C12 glycols, C3 - C20 alkyl carbonates, C3 - C20 dialkyl carbonates, C3 - C20 asymmetrical alkyl/dialkyl carbonates, C3 - C20 di-carbonates, C1 to C20 organic and inorganic peroxides, hydroperoxides, carboxylic acids (including formic
- Applicant's ECS oxygenated compounds which include one to ten oxygen atoms are desireable, with to one to three oxygen atoms more desirable. If organic, those oxygenated compounds having carbon atoms of one to 20 atoms are desireable, with one to ten more desireable, with one to five being yet more preferred. Those with three atoms or less are most preferred. Compounds where oxygen represents 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or more, by weight are desired. Specific oxygenated compounds can be found in detail in Organic Chemistry 6th Ed, T.W.G. Solomons, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., (1995), Physical Chemistry, 5th Ed, P.W. Atkins, Oxford University Press, U.K. (1994), Physical Organic Chemistry, 2 Ed, N.S. Issacs, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1995) and Lange's Handbook of Chemistry. 14th Ed, J.A. Dean, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. (1992).
- ECS oxygenates of particular interest include tertiary hydrocarbyl ethers, including but not limited to methyl tertiary butyl ethers (MTBE), ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE), tertiary methyl amyl ether (TAME), tertiary methyl ethyl ether (TEME), ethyl tertiary amyl ether; C1 to C6 aliphatic alcohols, including but not limited to ethanol, methanol; lower diakyl carbonates, including but not limited to dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC); ethers having dual linkage (e.g.
- diethers including but not limited to di-ethers, including methyal (methylene di methyl ether or dimethoxy methane), ethylal (diethoxy methane); carbons having multiple alkyloxy groups, including but not limited to tetramethoxymethane, tetraethoxymethane, anhydrides and hyrodoxy esters of acetic acid, anhydrides, including but not limited to methoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, ethoxy methyl ester of acetic acid.
- Applicant's ECS oxygenated compounds may be included in weight percent of the final composition in that amount, which results in optimal vapor phase combustion. Concentrations ranging from 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.1 , 2.2, 2.5, 2.7, 3.1 , 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 percent weight by oxygen are contemplated. Other oxygen concentrations range from 0.01 to 3.7, 0.1 to 80.0, 1.0 to 5.0, 1.0 to 10.0, 1.0 to 15.0, 1.0 to 20.0, 1.0 to 30.0, 1.0 to 40.0, 1.0 to 53 percent oxygen by weight in the composition.
- Preferred ECS structure/components e.g.
- oxygenates, metallics, and hydrocarbon base, if any) are characterized as those yielding in precombustion a significant portion of reactive high kinetic energy free radicals (e.g. H, H 2 , O, OO, CO, F, F2, F3, N, B, Be, BO, B2, BF, AL ALO, CH3, NH3, CH, C2H2, C2H5, Li, KO, KOO, ONH, ON, NH, NH2, OCH 3 , OCH, OCH 2 , OH, Cl, CN, OCOO, COOH, C2H5OOC, CH3CO, OCH20, OCHCO, or CONH2), as a weight percent of their total precombustion vapors.
- reactive high kinetic energy free radicals e.g. H, H 2 , O, OO, CO, F, F2, F3, N, B, Be, BO, B2, BF, AL ALO, CH3, NH3, CH, C2H2, C2H5, Li, KO,
- components containing one or more of these radicals is desired.
- Preferred weight percent contributed by the substituent is equal to or greater than 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, of the precombustion vapors.
- Applicant's ECS compounds should contain one or more radicals of same structure.
- the preferred reactive high kinetic energy free radicals of this invention are those radicals that generate laminar bunsen flame velocities in excess of 40, 41 , 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 , 62, 63, 64, 65, 70, 75, 80, 90 or more, cm/sec.
- laminar bunsen burner flame more preferably in excess of 50, 60, 65, or 70 cm/sec, and ideally those having at least one free or unused valency electron; said ideal radical is characterized as being a chain carrier in the main chain reaction of combustion, effectively disassociating and re-associating during combustion.
- flame velocity or propagation is the art definition, which can be defined as the volumetric velocity of the stream of the combustible mixture divided by the surface of the inner cone of a laminar Bunsen flame.
- the preferred ECS oxygenates, metallics, and/or hydrocarbon bases, if any, have higher relative flame velocities.
- flame velocities should equal or exceed 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 , 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 , 62, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150 cm/sec, with those exceeding 40, 41 , 42, 43, 45, 47, or more, preferred.
- ECS oxygenates may have higher burning velocities than individual metallics, compared to hydrocarbon base fuels.
- ESC oxygenate/metallic combinations should have synergistic laminar burning velocities preferably exceeding 48, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, or more cm/sec.
- Preferred latent heats of vaporization of ECS components e.g.
- oxygenates, metallics, and/or hydrocarbon bases) at 60°F are those equal to or greater than 60, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 150, 160, 165, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 270, 290, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500 btu/lb, or more.
- jK mole "1 are desireable, with those no less than 28.0 jK mole "1 , more desireable. The higher the latent heat of vaporatization the better. It is an embodiment of this invention to employ hydrocarbon bases having enhanced LHV's (see below).
- the ECS non-lead metals, metalloids, non-metals are those which are combustible and which having high heating value, exceeding 2,000 to 6,000, 6,500, 7,000, 7,500, 8,000, 8,500, 9,000, 9,500, 10,000, 10,500, 11 ,000, 12,000, or more, Kcal/kg, and which contain at least one element selected from the group consisting of aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth, beryllium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, francium, gallium, germanium, iodine, iron, indium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, phosphorus, potassium, palladium, rubidium, sodium, tin, zinc, praseodymium, rhenium, silicon, vanadium, strontium, barium, radium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, actinium,
- the preferred metals herein have oxides whose heats of formation are negative, and should be equal or exceed (e.g. be more negative) about - 10,000 to -75,000 calories/mole. More preferred are those equal or exceeding -100,000 to -400,000 gr calories/mole, and greater (more negative). Simple oxides containing one or two oxygens may have heats of formation equal or exceeding -50,000 to -200,000, or greater, calories/mole are acceptable.
- This invention contemplates a vapor phase form/method of combusting a metallic, wherein said method comprises: introducing kinetic free radicals having enhanced combustion structure (ECS) into a combustion chamber; igniting and combusting a flammable metallic or metal compound in presence of said free radicals at temperature below said metal's oxide boiling point and preferably above said metal or metallic compound's boiling point; combusting said metal wherein accelerated burning occurs, as evidenced by a brilliant luminous reaction zone extending some distance from the metal's surface; wherein metallic oxide particles resulting from combustion are in submicron range and/or remain in a gaseous state.
- ECS enhanced combustion structure
- compositions are tailored to accomplish this objective. Varying compositions and ingredients will necessarily yield differing results. However, in the claims below providing for vapor phase combustion, the ingredients and ranges are at a minimum optimized/arranged to achieve this result.
- NON-TOXIC ECS METALS It is an object of this invention to eliminate neurotoxic manganese or other hazardous metal oxides of combustion, including concentrations thereof deemed to be toxic. It is a principal object of this invention to use metals and metal combinations, whose combustion products, oxides, carbonates, etc., are relatively non-toxic and absent neurotocity. However, it is expressly recognized differing metals, and metallic blends yield different combustion products. Differing ECS metallic applications will results in different combustion products. In some applications and compositions the metal combustion products generated may be toxic. Yet in other compositions, and/or applications, the same metallic or metallics may elicit essentially non-toxic combustion products.
- differing applications of the same metal, or differing metals acting together in combustion may produce non- toxic combustion products, while in other circumstances would produce toxic combustion products.
- certain risk metals generating potentially toxic combustion products may be employed in applications where risk is acceptable, e.g. advanced jet, rocket, or outer space applications.
- metallics hazardous on earth could be employed in space.
- manganese containing metallic may be included in small concentrations in a mixture with non-manganese metallics.
- methylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl may be added in small concentrations, perhaps as an anti-knock enhancer in the case of gasoline. It may be included in other fuels as well.
- alkali/alkali earth metals whose metal oxides are non-toxic are preferred.
- Particularly preferred metals include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, and calcium. More preferred are lithium, sodium, potassium and magnesium.
- non-lead, non-manganese metals whose combustion product is moderately to relatively non-toxic, and desireable in the practice of this invention, include: aluminum, boron, bismuth, cerium, gallium, lithium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, chlorine, indium, iron, copper, zinc, silicon, iodine, cobalt, molybdenum, nitrogen, praseodymium, rhenium, rubidium, fluorine, tin, titanium, chromium, selenium, vanadium, boron, nickel, niobium, germanium, ytterbium, yttrium, zirconium. Blends of these metals, including their derivative compounds are contemplated.
- slightly more desirable metals include: aluminum, boron, bismuth, calcium, cerium, cesium, gallium, lithium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, silicon, indium, molybdenum, nitrogen, potassium, praseodymium, rhenium, rubidium, tin, titanium, selenium, boron, germanium, ytterbium, yttrium, zirconium.
- HP horse power
- Applicant conducted a series of horse power (HP) tests employing an air cooled honda 75 cc, four stroke engine, rated at 2 horse power on a DYNOJET MODEL 100 DYNAMOMETER.
- Increases in HP above the engine's rate HP is an indication the vapor phase burning. Such an indication would also show improvements in emissions, fuel economy, thrust, flight range, and the like, if measured. For purpose of this test only HP was measured. Certain test fuels required blending agents.
- the test was conducted to show changes in rated horse power due only to changes in fuel composition.
- the bike's gasoline tank was disconnected. Tests measurements were performed after the engine had been warmed up. After each test fuel, the carburetor was drained of excess fuel and flushed to avoid fuel contamination After warm up, the test procedure included bringing the warmed bike to a stop (while engine operating), then shifting the bike into first gear and engaging the transmission and rear wheel on the dynamometer, with operator upon the bike. After shifting into second gear, the dynamometer was activated and the throttle was immediately opened to "wide open.” The bike operated under full throttle until it reached a speed of about 30 mph (in second gear), when the test was terminated.
- A the speed (mph) which the engine achieved its rated 2 hp.
- B the speed at which the highest rated HP was achieved.
- C the highest rated hp.
- D the speed at which horse power descended back to rated 2 hp.
- E Horse Power Factor [(D-A) x C].
- Base gasoline with 17.5 21 2.50hp 27.5 25.0 19.0 0.0625% wt potassium ethoxide, 2.5 vol% DMC 5 Base gasoline with 16.5 21.5 2.55hp 27.5 28.0 22.0
- Base gasoline with 16.5 21.5 2.65hp 27.5 29.2 23.2 0.03125% wt potassium phenoxide, 0.03125vol% dimethyl phosphite, 2.2% O2 wt MTBE 9
- Base gasoline with 17.0 22 2.60hp 26.5 24.7 18.7 0.03125% wt potassium tert-butoxide, 0.003125vol% dimethyl phosphite, 1.5% O2 wt MTBE ANALYSIS OF TEST DATA
- Test 3 shows gasoline with 2.5% 02 wt DMC to have an F value of 1 , where
- Test 11 a combination of 0.03125% wt. trimethoxymethylsilane and
- O2 wt DMC in gasoline has an F value of 19.0, or about 10 F numbers greater than Test 8, which shows a synergism between trimethoxymethylsilane and DMC. Similar data show similar results with dimethylphosphite.
- [2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, hexamethyldisilane, potassium ethoxide, potassium phenoxide, dimethylphosphite, and trimethoxymethylsilane generally show improvement alone in gasoline, but better improvement with MTBE, DMC and Ethanol, and still better improvement when either dimethylphosphite and trimethoxymethylsilane are used with the other metallics.
- HP data generally shows Ethanol, MTBE and DMC are generally interchangeable achieving similar results. Trimethoxymethylsilane and dimethoxyphosphite also appear to be similar. It appears [2-
- a non-toxic vapor phase combustion composition comprising: 1 ) an ECS oxygenate (preferably selected from a hydrocarbyl ether, an alcohol, carbonate, or methylal/ethylal), 2) an ECS metallic, preferably a non- neurotoxic ECS alkali/alkali earth metallic derivative (preferably an alkyloxide of potassium or a potassium ferricyanide), or a derivative of lithium, boron, silicon, or aluminum, optionally; 3) a hydrocarbon, and/or optionally a 4) a co- combustion catalyst (preferably a silicon alkyloxy derivative, like trimethoxymethylsilane, or an alkyl/dialkyl phosphite like dimethylphosphite),
- Example 2 The above examples, wherein the composition constructed to have a pH ranging from 4.5 to 11.5, more preferably 5.5 to 9.5, even more preferably 6.5 to 6.9.
- Example 3 The above examples, wherein the ECS metallic is an alkali/alkali earth metal (a non-limiting example, potassium ethoxide) and the co-combustion agent is a phosphorus derivative (non-limiting example dimethyl or diethyl phosphite), wherein the composition has a pH equal or less than 10.5, 9.5, 8.5, 7.5, but greater than 4.5, 5.5, or 6.0, (substantially neutral is preferred).
- the ECS metallic is an alkali/alkali earth metal (a non-limiting example, potassium ethoxide)
- the co-combustion agent is a phosphorus derivative (non-limiting example dimethyl or diethyl phosphite)
- the composition has a pH equal or less than 10.5, 9.5, 8.5, 7.5, but greater than 4.5, 5.5, or 6.0, (substantially neutral is preferred).
- the ECS metallic is selected from alkyl metal and alkyl earth metal salts, naptha's, ferricyanides, organo-metallics (optionally containing oxygen and/or nitrogen) and derivative compound, including potassium alkanols, potassium alkyl oxides, e.g. potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide, potassium propoxide, potassium isopropoxide, potassium butoxide, potassium sec-butoxide, potassium tert- butoxide, potassium pentoxide, potassium tert-pentoxide, potassium phenoxide, etc.
- potassium alkanols potassium alkyl oxides, e.g. potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide, potassium propoxide, potassium isopropoxide, potassium butoxide, potassium sec-butoxide, potassium tert- butoxide, potassium pentoxide, potassium tert-pentoxide, potassium phenoxide, etc.
- potassium salts include potassium hydrogenphthalate, potassium hydrogensulfate, monopotassium acetylenedicarboxylic acid, potassium pyrophosphate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate, potassium benzoate, potassium chloride, potassium hexoate (potassium salt hexoic acid), potassium acetates, potassium formates, potassium diphenylphosphide, potassium trimethylsilonalate, potassium phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic acid potassium salt, monopotassium L-aspartic acid, potassium napthenate.
- potassium salts include potassium hydrogenphthalate, potassium hydrogensulfate, monopotassium acetylenedicarboxylic acid, potassium pyrophosphate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate, potassium benzoate, potassium chloride, potassium hexoate (potassium salt hexoic acid), potassium acetates, potassium formates, potassium diphenylphosphide, potassium trimethylsilonalate, potassium phthalic acid, P-aminobenzoic
- ECS metallic is selected from potassium ethoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, potassium phenoxide, potassium acetate, potassium napthenate and mixture.
- ECS metallic is selected from potassium ethoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, potassium phenoxide, potassium acetate, potassium napthenate and mixture.
- said fuel contains stabilizer selected from TMMS, toluene, glycols, glycol ethers and mixture.
- the ECS component is oxygenated, selected from C2 - C12 aldehydes (including aldehydic acids), C2 -C12 ethers (including ether acids), C3 to C15 di-ethers, C1 - C15 alcohols, C2 - C12 oxides, C3 - C15 ketones, ketonic acids, C3 - C15 esters (alkyl formates, acetates, diacetates, butyrates, etc.), othroesters, C3 - C12 diesters, C5 -C12 phenols, C3 - C20 glycol ethers, C2 - C12 glycols, C3 - C20 alkyl carbonates, C3 - C20 dialkyl carbonates, C3 - C20 asymmetrical alkyl/dialkyl carbonates, C3 - C20 di-carbonates, C1 to C20 organic and inorganic peroxides, hydro- peroxides, carboxylic acids (
- the ECS metallic is selected from a silicon derivative including: [2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyljtriethoxysilane, cyclohexenyl dimethoxymethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsilane, N-(3- (trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylene-diamine, N-1 -(3-(trimethoxysilyl)- propyl)diethylenetriamine, N-(3(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-ethylenediamine, 1 - (trimethyl(silyl)-pyrrolidine, triphenylsilanol, octamethyltrisiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6- hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, hexamethylcyctrisiloxane, hexamethyl-disilane, 1 ,1 ,1 , 3,3, 3-hexamethyl disilazane, hex
- a fuel composition containing an ECS oxygenate increasing burning velocity and/or reducing combustion temperature optionally selected from MTBE, ETBE, DMC, DEC, methylal, ethylal, methanol, ethanol, or mixture, and an ECS metal selected from methylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl, [2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, cyclohexenyl dimethoxymethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsilane, N-(3- (trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine, N-1-(3- (trimethoxysilyl)propyl)diethylenetriamine, N-(3- (trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine, 1-(trimethyl(silyl)pyrrolidine, triphenylsilanol, octamethyltrisiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6, 6-hexamethylcycl
- ferricyanhydric acid derivatives namely ferricyanides.
- ferrocyanides include cyanoferrates, ferricyanides, and the like
- Alkali and alkali earth metal ferrocyanides are desireable.
- Transition metal ferrocyanides are desireable.
- Nitrogen ferrocyanides are desireable.
- Non- limiting examples include: potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) and potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) are desireable.
- Non-limiting examples include potassium hexacyanocobalt II- ferrate, potassium Hexacyanocobalt III, potassium hexachloroosmate (IV), potassium hexachloroplatinate (IV), potassium hexafluorosilicate, potassium hexafluoromanganate (IV), potassium Hexaflourozirconate.
- potassium hexathiocyanatoplatinate (IV) potassium sodium ferricyanide, potassium hexacyanoplatinate, potassium hexacyanoruthinate (ll)hydrate, potassium hexacyanoplatinate (IV), potassium hexafluoroaluminate, potassium hexafluoroarsenate, potassium hexafluorophosphite, potassium hexafluorophosphite, potassium hexafluorosilicate, potassium hexahydroxyantimonate, potassium hexafluoro titante, Potassium copper ferracyanide, potassium cyanide, iron (III) ferrocyanide, sodium ferrocyanide decahydrate, magnesium ferrocyanide, magnesium potassium ferrocyanide.
- Naturally other cyano-spiral, including hexacyano compounds are contemplated.
- Substitutions for potassium and/or iron are also contemplated. Examples of such substitution include potassium hexacyanocobaltate (III), sodium hexacyanocobaltate (III), etc.
- Structurally similar compounds, analogues, and homologues, etc. are incorporated herein by reference and contemplated.
- compositions contains a solvent
- a solvent is selected from alkyl ketones (acetone, etc.), alkyl alcohols (methanol, ethanol, isobut-anol), alkyl ethers, glycerols, alkanol amines (ethanolamine, etc.), and other solvent known in the art and soluble with said hexacyanides (herein incorporated by reference), Applicant's ECS oxygenates, and optionally with a hydrocarbon (incorporated herein by refer-ence). or other known solvent is employed capable of creating a solution, which is soluble in ECS oxygenate and/or a hydrocarbon base.
- composition II a combustion improving amount of a ferricyanide; and optionally: III) a co-combustion catalyst, IV) hydrogen or a hydrocarbon base fuel, V) an oxidizer, VI) a solvent; wherein said composition is optionally VII) characterized as having a pH of from 4.5 to 10.5; and
- said fuel is a vapor phase composition characterized upon combustion as having a luminous reaction zone extending from surface of said element.
- ECS oxygenate is selected from the group consisting of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, ethanol, methanol, DMC, EMC or mixture;
- ferricyanide is optionally a potassium based;
- the composition comprises a hydrocarbon base; and the composition optionally contains a mutual solvent.
- hexacyanide is preferably potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) or (III), and optionally contains a mutual solvent, optionally containing a co-combustion catalyst.
- ECS oxygenated is methyl tertiary butyl ethers (MTBE), ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE), tertiary methyl amyl ether (TAME), tertiary methyl ethyl ether (TEME), ethyl tertiary amyl ether; C1 to C6 aliphatic alcohols, including but not limited to ethanol, methanol; lower diakyl carbonates, including but not limited to dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC); ethers having dual linkage, including but not limited to methyal (methylene di methyl ether or dimethoxy methane), ethylal
- diethoxy methane carbons having multiple alkyloxy groups, including but not limited to tetramethoxymethane, anhydrides and hyrodoxy esters of acetic acid, including but not limited to methoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, ethoxy methyl ester of acetic acid.
- a fuel composition comprising: I) an ECS oxygenate in a combustion improving amount, and II) a combustion improving amount of at least one combustible element or compound containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth, beryllium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, francium, gallium, germanium, iodine, iron, indium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, phosphorus, potassium, palladium, rubidium, sodium, tin, zinc, praseodymium, rhenium, silicon, vanadium, strontium, barium, radium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, actinium, cerium, thorium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, praseodymium, protactinium, tantalum, neodymium, uranium, tungsten, prom
- V optionally an oxidizer
- said fuel is a vapor phase composition characterized upon combustion as having a luminous reaction zone extending from surface of said element.
- the ECS oxygenate is selected from the group consisting of methyl tertiary butyl ethers, ethyl tertiary butyl ether, tertiary methyl amyl ether, tertiary methyl ethyl ether, ethyl tertiary amyl ether, C1 to C6 aliphatic alcohols, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and mixture.
- co-combustion agents may serve a multiple role, including acting as a stabilizing agents.
- TMMS and other co-catalysts acts in combination with certain beneficial components to stabilize the fuel composition.
- a co-combustion catalyst can serve as a stabilizing agent.
- the co-combustion catalyst is a combustible compound generally having a structure of M-r n , wherein M is a metal, metalloid, or non-metal.
- M include, but are not limited to, carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antinomy, bismuth, sulfur, and wherein r is either an alkyloxy, hydroxy, oxy, or carboxyl radical, and wherein n is the number up to the number of valence electrons of M or the total possible number of radicals available.
- r1 , r2, etc. may be a heterogeneous or homogenous, an alkyloxy, nitro, or other radical, including an alkyl or aryl radical. If n is greater than 1 , one or more r may be alkyl or cyclomatic radicals may be substituted. However, compounds with at least one alkyloxy, hydroxy, oxy, or carboxyl radical are desired. Compounds containing a blend of alkyl or alkyloxy, hydroxy, oxy, carboxyl radicals are contemplated. Thus, alkyloxymetallics and polyalkyloxymetallics are expressly contemplated.
- r1 may be a phenyl radical connected directly, or indirectly connected through an alkyl group to M, where r2, r3, etc., may be an alkyloxy or alkyl radical.
- r2 may be a phenyl radical connected directly, or indirectly connected through an alkyl group to M, where r2, r3, etc., may be an alkyloxy or alkyl radical.
- more than one r may be substituted for sulfur, nitrogen, chlorine, fluorine, or other metal, metalloid or non-metal of this invention.
- Preferred co-combustion catalysts have one or more alkyloxy, carboxyl, oxy, or hydroxy radicals. More preferred catalysts have one or more alkyloxy, oxy, carboxyl, hydroxy, radicals, and at least one alkyl radical. A ring system radical may be substituted for the alkyl radical.
- Non-limiting examples of co-combustion catalyst include polyalkyloxysilanes: trimethoxymethylsilane, ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltriethoxy-silane, tetramethylsilane, dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silane, methyltriethoxysilane, 3- aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydi-methylsilane, dimethoxydimethylsiiane, vinyltris(2-butyldenamino-oxy)silane, tetraalkyloxysilanes (e.g.
- alkylphosphites e.g., tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane, tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilane, etc.
- alkylphosphites e.g., tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane, tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilane, etc.
- alkylphosphites e.g.
- dimethyl-phosphite diethylphosphite, dipropylphosphite, dibutylphosphite, di-tert-butylphosphite, trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite, tripropylphosphite, triisopropylphosphite, tributylphosphite), dimethylmethylphos-phonate, diethylmethylphosphonate, P-pyrophosphate, alkylphosphoramides, polyalkylphosphoramides (e.g.
- hexamethylphosphoramide hexamethylphosphorus diamide, hexamethylphosphorus triamide, hexamethylphospophorimidic triamide, triethylphosphoramide, trimethylphosphoramide, tripropylphosphoramide, triisopropylphosphoramide, tributylphosphoramide, triisobutylphosphoramide, tri-sec-butylphosphoramide, tri-tert-butylphosphoramide, triphenylphosphoramide, dimethoxyphosphorusamide (CH3O)2PNH2), diethoxyphosphorusamide, dipropoxyphosphorusamide, diisopropoxyphosphorusamide, dibutoxyphosphorusamide, di- isobutoxyphosphorusamide, di-sec-butoxyphosphorusamide, di-tert- butoxyphosphorusamide, diphenoxyphosphorusamide, dimethylphosphor- amide (CH30)2PONH2), diethylphosphoramide, dipropylphosphoramide, diisopropylphosphoramide, dibuty
- any reference to trimethoxymethylsilane (“TMMS”) or dimethylphosphite or co-combustion catalyst contemplates substitution with one or more the above disclosed co- combustion catalysts, or any structurally similar compound. It is contemplated the majority of the Applicant's ECS metallics (including those disclosed herein), including contemplated cyclomatic metallics, alkali/alkali earth metals, metal alkanols, metallic hexacyanides, inorganic metallics and non-metals alike, which achieve vapor phase combustion on their own, can be benefited from simultaneous use of co-combustion agent. Thus, it is an embodiment of this invention, and the aforementioned PCT Applications, wherever an ECS metallic is disclosed, that a co-combustion agent be additionally added.
- a fuel composition comprising: 1 ) an ECS oxygenate, 2) a co- combustion catalyst, and optionally: 3) a hydrocarbon or 4) an ECS metallic; said fuel optionally having a pH range of 10.5 to 4.0, 9.5 to 5.0, 8.5 to 6.0, 8.0 to 6.3, 7.8 to 6.2, 7.6 to 6.2; or optionally a pH less than 10.5, 10.0, 9.5, 9.0, 8.5, 8.0, 7.9, 7.8, 7.7., 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, 7.3, 7.2, 7.0, 6.9, 6.8, but greater than a pH of 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.2, or 6.5,
- a fuel composition comprising: 1 ) a hydrocarbon, 2) a co-combustion catalyst, and optionally: 3) an ECS oxygenate, or 3) an ECS metallic; said fuel optionally having a pH range of 10.5 to 4.0, 9.5 to 5.0, 8.5 to 6.0, 8.0 to 6.3, 7.8 to 6.2, 7.6 to 6.2; or optionally a pH less than 10.5, 10.0, 9.5, 9.0, 8.5, 8.0, 7.9, 7.8, 7.7., 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, 7.3, 7.2, 7.0, 6.9, 6.8, but greater than a pH of 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.2, or 6.5, Example 11 B
- a fuel composition comprising: 1 ) an ECS metallic; 2) a co-combustion catalyst, and optionally: 3) a hydrocarbon, 4) an ECS oxygenate, said fuel optionally having a pH range of 10.5 to 4.0, 9.5 to 5.0, 8.5 to 6.0, 8.0 to 6.3, 7.8 to 6.2, 7.6 to 6.2; or optionally a pH less than 10.5, 10.0, 9.5, 9.0, 8.5, 8.0, 7.9, 7.8, 7.7., 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, 7.3, 7.2, 7.0, 6.9, 6.8, but greater than a pH of 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.2, or 6.5,
- Example 11 , 11 A, 11 B, wherein the a co- combustion catalyst is selected from group consisting of trimethoxymethylsilane, ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltriethoxysilane, tetramethylsiiane, dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silane, methyltriethoxysilane, 3- aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydimethylsilane, dimethoxydimethylsilane, vinyltris(2-butyldenaminooxy)silane, tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane, tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilane, dimethylphosphite, dipropylphosphite, dieth,
- Example 11 , 1 1A, 11B wherein the co- combustion catalyst is selected from group consisting of trimethoxymethylsilane, dimethylphosphite, diethyphosphite, tetramethoxymethane, tetraethoxymethane, trimethoxymethylmethane, triethoxymethylmethane, methoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, tetranitromethane, and mixture.
- the co- combustion catalyst is selected from group consisting of trimethoxymethylsilane, dimethylphosphite, diethyphosphite, tetramethoxymethane, tetraethoxymethane, trimethoxymethylmethane, triethoxymethylmethane, methoxy methyl ester of acetic acid, tetranitromethane, and mixture.
- Example 13 The fuel composition of Example 11 , 11 A, 11 B, wherein the ECS oxygenate is optionally selected from MTBE, ETBE, DMC, methanol, ethanol, methylal, or mixture, and the ECS metal is a combustible compound is selected from [2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, cyclohexenyl dimethoxymethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsilane, N-(3-
- a luminous combustion composition comprising:
- a combustion improving amount of at least one ECS compound said compound characterized as reducing combustion temperature and/or increasing burning velocity, having a minimum latent heat of evaporation of 21 kJ mol "1 at its boiling temperature, and a minimum burning rate (as measured by laminar Bunsen flame) of 40 cm/sec, said compound optionally selected from the group consisting of alcohols, aldehydes, amines, carbonic esters, carboxylic acids, carbonates, di-carbonates, esters, di-esters, ethers, di-ethers, glycols, glycol ethers, ketones, nitrates, di-nitrates, peroxides, hydroperoxides, phenols, said compound optionally containing at least one alkyl, alkyloxy, dialkyl, dialkyloxy, polyalkyl, polyalkyloxy, aryl, amide, acetate, aldehyde, carbethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyld
- V a co-fuel and/or oxidizer
- a luminous reaction zone extends from the surface of said non-lead element or derivative compound in combustion, optionally, where resultant oxides of said non-lead element are formed in the submicron range;
- composition has a thermal efficiency of at least 2% greater than unadjusted co-fuel (if any).
- a fuel composition comprising:
- an ECS oxygenate selected from the group consisting of C2 - C12 aldehydes, aldehydic acids, C2 -C12 ethers, ether acids, C1 - C15 alcohols, C2 - C12 oxides, C3 - C15 ketones, ketonic acids, C3 - C15 esters, othroesters, C3 - C12 diesters, C5 -C12 phenols, C3 - C20 glycol ethers, C2 - C12 glycols, C3 - C20 alkyl carbonates, C3 - C20 dialkyl carbonates, C3 - C20 asymmetrical alkyl carbonates, C3 - C20 di-carbonates, C1 to C20 organic and inorganic peroxides, hydroperoxides, carboxylic acids, amines, nitrates, di-nitrates, oxalates, phenols, glacial acetic acids, C3 to C8 hyrod
- an ECS metallic selected from the group consisting of [2- (cyclohexenyl)ethyljtriethoxysilane, cyclohexenyl dimethoxymethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsilane, N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine, N-1 -(3- (trimethoxysilyl)propyl)diethylenetriamine, N-(3- (trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine, 1-(trimethyl(silyl)pyrrolidine, triphenylsilanol, octamethyltrisiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, hexamethylcyctrisiloxane, hexamethyldisilane, 1 ,1 ,1 ,3,3,3-hexamethyl disilazane, hexamethyldisiloxane, hexa
- V) optionally a hydrocarbon base; and VI) optionally an oxider, and
- said fuel is a vapor phase composition characterized upon combustion as having a luminous reaction zone extending from surface of said element.
- said fuel optionally contains a viscous hydrocarbon base and/or an oxidizer.
- Said fuel further characterized as having a pH of 10.5 or less.
- this fuel composition contains a hydrocarbon base, said base may have a viscosity outside normal industry standards (as set forth above). However, resultant fuel's viscosity is within industry standards.
- compositions above wherein the oxygenate is selected from MTBE, ETBE, TAME, methanol, ethanol, DMC, DEC, or mixture, and said ESC metal is optionally hexamethyldisilane.
- compositions above wherein the oxygenate is selected from MTBE, ETBE, TAME, methanol, ethanol, DMC, DEC, or mixture, and said ECS metallic is optionally potassium ethoxide.
- the oxygenate is selected from MTBE, ETBE, TAME, methanol, ethanol, DMC, DEC, or mixture
- said ECS metallic is optionally potassium hexacyanoferrate (II), potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), potassium hexacyanocobalt II- ferrate, potassium hexacyanocobalt, potassium sodium ferricyanide, or mixture.
- Example 20 The above compositions, wherein the oxygenate is a dialkyl carbonate and the pH is substantially neutral.
- a fuel composition comprising: I) a hydrocarbon fuel base, and II) a co-combustion agent selected from the group consisting of trimethoxymethylsilane, ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltriethoxysilane, tetramethylsilane, dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silane, methyltriethoxysilane, 3- aminopropyl-triethoxysiiane, 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydimethylsilane, dimethoxydimethylsiiane, vinyltris(2-butyldenaminooxy)silane, tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane, tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilane, dimethylphosphite, dipropylpho
- a fuel composition comprising: a hydrocarbon base; a combustion improving amount of an ECS metal is a combustible compound is selected from methylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl, [2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]tri- ethoxysilane, cyclohexenyl dimethoxymethylsilane, benzyltrimethylsilane, N- (3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine, N-1 -(3- (trimethoxysilyl)propyl)diethylenetriamine, N-(3- (trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine, 1-(trimethyl(silyl)pyrrolidine, triphenylsilanol, octamethyltrisiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, hexamethylcyctrisiloxane, hexamethyl
- composition of 21 wherein the ECS metallic is selected from potassium ethoxide, [2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, potassium hexacyanoferrate (II), potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), potassium hexacyanocobalt II- ferrate, potassium hexacyanocobalt, potassium sodium ferricyanide, or mixture.
- the ECS metallic is selected from potassium ethoxide, [2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, potassium hexacyanoferrate (II), potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), potassium hexacyanocobalt II- ferrate, potassium hexacyanocobalt, potassium sodium ferricyanide, or mixture.
- composition of 21 wherein an ESC oxygenate is employed.
- composition of 21 containing a co-combustion agent is selected from the group consisting of trimethoxymethylsilane, ethoxytrimethylsilane, isobutyltriethoxysilane, tetramethylsilane, dimethoxy-methyl-vinyl-silane, methyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl- trimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, diethoxydimethylsilane, dimethoxydimethylsiiane, vinyltris(2-butyldenaminooxy)silane, tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropyloxysilane, tetraisopropylsilane, tetraisobutylsilane, dimethylphosphite, dipropylphosphite, diethylphosi
- An improved fuel composition containing an alkyl carbonate (dimethyl and/or diethyl carbonate) an ECS metal selected from an alkali/alkali earth metal derivative, and optionally a co-combustion catalyst, a hydrocarbon base or co-fuel(propellant), and/or oxidizer, wherein the pH is less than about 10.5, 9.0, 8.0, 7.5, 7.0, 6.9, or less, but greater than 4.5, 5.5, or 6.3.
- certain metallic (non-metallic) formulations are hydroscopic or tend to destabilize particularly when in combination with hydrocarbon co-fuels.
- Applicant has found alkali/alkali earth metals to be particularly susceptible to destabilization, especially where there is a presence of water.
- Other formulations need to be stabilized due to the presence of Applicant's ingredients.
- Fuel destabilization can be undetectable, to mild, to severe, and ultimately result in the complete fuel oxidation.
- Principal stabilizers include ployalkyloxysilanes, glycols, glycol ethers, including alkylene glycols, glycol esters, glycol acetates, and aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic solvents, including toluenes, naphthalenes, napthas and the like.
- contemplated polyalkyloxysilanes include trimethoxymethylsilane, and those compounds, including homologue, analogue, isomers, and derivative, which are set forth above in co- combustion catalyst. Applicant has found TMMS is be particularly useful.
- Non-limiting examples of glycols and glycol ethers contemplated include C3 to C15 alkylene glycol mono/poly alkylethers, including ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers, diethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers, ethylene glycol polyalkyl ethers, diethylene glycol polyalkyl ethers.
- glycols and related compounds include alkyloxy polyethylene glycols, alkyloxypolyglycols, alkyloxypolyglycol ethers, alkylene glycol acetates, alkylene glycols/esters/ethers/acetates/ diacetates/amines/glycerols/formates/carbinols/carbitols/ nitriles, and the like, and polyalkylene glycols/esters/ethers/ acetates/diacetates/amines/glycerols/formates/carbinols/carbitols/nitriles, and the like.
- Non-limiting examples include: diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dipropyl ether, diethylene glycol diisopropyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol dipentyl ether, diethylene glycol dihexyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monopropyl ether, diethylene glycol monoisopropyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monopentyl ether, diethylene glycol monohexyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dipropyl ether, ethylene glycol diisopropyl ether, ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, ethylene glycol dipentyl ether, ethylene glycol dihexyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glyco
- Union Carbide's Cellosolve solvents including Methyl Cellosolve, Ethyl Cellosolve, Propyl Cellosolve, Butyl Cellosolve, Pentyl Cellosolve, Hexyl Cellosolve; Union Carbine's Carbitol solvents, including Methyl Carbitol, Ethyl Carbitol, Propyl Carbitol, Butyl Carbitol, Pentyl Carbitol, diethyl carbitol and the like.
- glycols include: triethylene glycol, 3-aminopropyl ether triethylene glycol, diacetate triethylene glycol, monobutyl ether triethylene glycol, monomethyl ether triethylene glycol, monopropyl ether triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, dibutoxytetraethylene glycol, diacetate tetraethylene glycol, aminopropyl ether tetraethylene glycols, monobutyl ether tetraethylene glycol, monomethyl ether tetraethylene glycol, dimethyl ether tetraethylene glycol, diethyl ether tetraethylene glycol, monoethyl ether tetraethylene glycol, monopropyl ether tetraethylene glycol, tetraethylenepentamine, tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monopropyl ether, ethylene glycol
- non-limiting stabilizers include nonvolatile, nonion compounds, including alkylanoic acids (ethanoic, propanoic, butanoic, pentanoic, and hexanoic acids), their acetates, esters and ethers. Related ethenes, butenes, propenes, hexenes, pentenes are acceptable.
- stabilizers of this invention may be selected from alcohols, ketones, ethers, esters, phenols, acetals, acid azides, acid halides, acids and acid derivatives (aldehydic, aliphatic dicaroxylic, alipatic monocarboxylic, aliphatic polycarboxylic, amino acids, hydroamic, hydroxyacids, imidic, ketonic, nitrolic, orthoacids, peracid, etc.), acetic acids, acetic anhydrides, acetic acid esters, aldehydes, aliphatic hydrocarbons (including high boiling point material), amides, amidines, amidoximes, anhydrides, aromatic hydrocarbons, azides, azines, azelates, azo compounds, betaines, bromoactealdehydes, bromoethanes, bromoethylenes, bromoacetic acids, bromobutanes, bromobutenes, bromobutylenes, bromo
- alkyl/polyalkyl/alkylene/ polyalkylene carbinols include, carbinol, methyl carbinol, ethyl carbinol, propyl carbinol, methyl ethyl carbinol, butyl carbinol, diethyl carbinol, methyl n-propyl carbinol, dimethyl isobutyl carbinol, ethyl isopropyl carbinol, ethyl isopropyl methyl carbinol, diisopropyl carbinol, triethyl carbinol, isoamyl carbinol, dimethyl n-propyl carbinol, 2-butyl methyl carbinol, methyl isobutyl carbinol, diethyl methyl carbinol), methyl propyl ketone, methyoxacetic acid, acetoacetic acid, methyl
- Fuel soluble aromatic hydrocarbons are acceptable stabilizers.
- Benzene ring compounds and derivative are contemplated (including toluene, phenyl and derivative). Toluene is a preferred.
- Non-limiting examples of aromatic hydrocarbon stabilizers include benzene, toluene, benzaldehyde, benzin, benzl alcohol, toluene bromides, toluene cresols, toluene dimethyl amino compounds, toluene ethers, toluene oxyls, toluene alcohols.
- aromatic hydrocarbon stabilizers include benzene, toluene, benzaldehyde, benzin, benzl alcohol, toluene bromides, toluene cresols, toluene dimethyl amino compounds, toluene ethers, toluene oxyls, toluene alcohols.
- aromatic hydrocarbon stabilizers include benzen
- compositions containing an ECS metallic selected from group of alkali or alkali earth metals, including derivative compounds said composition additionally containing a stabilizer selected from the group of trimethoxysilane, toluene, a glycol, a glycol ether (including mono/polyalkylene glycol mono/polyalkylethers), including homologue, analogue and derivative compounds and mixture.
- a stabilizer selected from the group of trimethoxysilane, toluene, a glycol, a glycol ether (including mono/polyalkylene glycol mono/polyalkylethers), including homologue, analogue and derivative compounds and mixture.
- a desirable pH range of the fuel composition of the present invention is from approximately 4.5 to approximately 10.5, with a more desirable pH range of from approximately 4.5 to approximately 9.5. An even more desireable pH range is from approximately 4.5 to 9.0. Another highly preferred pH range is from approximately 5.5. to 8.0. A preferred pH range is from approximately 4.5 to approximately 6.5. The most preferred pH range for the fuel composition of the present invention is from approximately 6.3 to approximately 6.8. It is an object of this invention to keep pH as close to neutral as possible, such that if alkaline, it is only weakly alkaline (i.e., preferably equal or less than 11.0,
- the fuel when the pH of the fuel composition of the present invention is less than 11.0, preferably 10.5 or below, 9.5 or below, and more preferably 8.5 or below, the fuel, whether anhydrous or hydrous, may be stored at ambient temperature (65°F) and as high as 95°F for up to 6 months, or more, absent hydrolysis.
- Applicant tested a fuel containing 5% by volume dimethyl carbonate, 95% by volume unleaded regular grade commercially available 87 octane (R+M)/2, 1/8 gram Mn/gal of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, a pH of 7.0, and 5% by volume of water, which was stored for six months at temperature ranging from 65°F to 90°F. Afterwards, the fuel exhibited no hydrolysis. The same fuel composition was subsequently titrated with glacial acetic acid to a pH of 6.4, still containing 5% by volume of water and was then stored for six months under the same conditions. After which period the fuel exhibited no signs of hydrolysis.
- the same fuel composition was prepared with a pH of approximately 11.0, and contained 5% by volume of water and was stored for six months under the same conditions.
- the fuel showed slight evidence of hydrolysis.
- acetic acid was used to acidify the pH of the fuel in the present test case
- other fuel soluble acids including but not limited to benzoic acid derivatives e.g. 2,4-dimethyl benzoic acid, methyl red, p-tert-butylbenzoic acid, 2-(1-methylethyl) benzoic acid, benzoic acid anhydride, 4-benzoyl benzoic acid, 2,4-dihdroxy benzoic acid, 2,4- dimethyl-benzoic acid, 3-ethoxy benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-4-methyl benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy benzontrile, 4-methoxy benzotrile, acetic acid derivatives, e.g.
- Inorganic Acids and Bases and “Dissociation Constants for Organic Acids and Bases,” incorporated herein by reference. If an additive acid is employed, it is preferred it be compatible with the base fuel, the metallic and have low toxicity, low corrosivity, and be as envirnomentally friendly as possible.
- acidic fuel components which are indigenous to the fuel composition, e.g. base fuel, ECS metallic, ECS oxygenate, or an additional co-combustion catalyst, or ECS component (e.g. aldehydic acids, ketonic acids, carboxylic acids, hydroxyacids, orthoacids, formic acids, and the like) should be ultilized to achieve target pH's, prior to addition of an additive acid. Individual circumstances will dictate proper approach and additive. Acidic metals of this invention may be used individually and/or in conjunction with one or more other metallics to reduce pH.
- ECS component e.g. aldehydic acids, ketonic acids, carboxylic acids, hydroxyacids, orthoacids, formic acids, and the like
- Acidic metals of this invention may be used individually and/or in conjunction with one or more other metallics to reduce pH.
- Non-limiting examples of such acidic metallics include binary, ternary and higher metallic acid salts, hydroxy acids, phosphoric acids, etc., oxamic acid, lithium acetate acid, lithium salt acetic acid, propanoic acid lithium salt, cyclohexanebutyric acid lithium salt, aminobenzole acid lithium salt, borate ester, dimethyl borate, di-n-butyl borate, dicyclohexyl borate, didodecylborate, di-p-cresyl borates, boric acids, orthoborates, phenylboronic acid, diphenylboronic acid, o-tolylboronic acid, p- tolylboronic acid, m-tolylboronic acid, cylohexylboronic acid, cylohexenylboronic acid, cyclopentylboronic acid, methylphenylboronic acid, methylcylohexylboronic acid, methylcyclopen
- a method of minimizing hydrolysis of a vapor phase combustion fuel composition comprising the steps of: providing a symmetrical lower dialkyl carbonate; providing an combustion improving amount of at least one combustible compound containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth, beryllium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, francium, gallium, germanium, iodine, iron, indium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, phosphorus, potassium, palladium, rubidium, sodium, tin, zinc, praseodymium, rhenium, silicon, vanadium, strontium, barium, radium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, actinium, cerium, thorium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, praseodymium, protactinium, tantalum, neodymium,
- Example 29 The method of Example above, wherein said fuel is stored at an average temperature of 65EF for 6 months, prior to combustion.
- a method of mitigating handling hazards of an alkali/alkali earth metal based vapor phase combustion fuel composition comprising the steps of: providing an combustion improving amount of a combustible compound containing at least one element selected from an alkali metal or alkali earth metal, and mixture; and a stabilizer.
- example 30 optionally providing an acidic ECS metallic; and optionally providing a hydrocarbon; and optionally providing an ECS oxygenate; and mixing said composition.
- Example 30C A method of mitigating handling hazards of an alkali/alkali earth metal based vapor phase combustion fuel composition, comprising the steps of: providing an combustion improving amount of at least one combustible compound containing at least one element selected from an alkali metal or alkali earth metal; and optionally providing an acidic ECS metallic; and optionally providing a hydrocarbon; and optionally providing an ECS oxygenate, and mixing said composition, said combustible compound, and said hydrocarbon so as to produce a fuel composition having a pH of from 4.5 to 9.5, and combusting said fuel in an engine or combustor, wherein vapor phase composition occurs characterized as having a luminous reaction zone extends from surface of said element.
- Example 32 The above example 30, wherein the target pH is achieved by providing at least one acidic ECS metallic or acidic ECS oxygenate.
- Example 33 The above example 30, wherein the acidic ECS metallic is a phosphorus derivative.
- Anhydrous fuels or substantially anhydrous fuels are contemplated and particularly preferred when employing water reactive group la, lla, lib, IIIA metals and derivative compounds. Circumstances where hydrocarbon bases require anhydrous compositions are contemplated, e.g. jet aviation applications, etc.
- fuel compositions of the present invention may contain water.
- acidity level of Applicant's fuels may be measured in terms of equivalents, e.g., equivalents of KOH required to neutralize the fuel composition.
- the fuels of the present invention show improved operation at acidity levels which are 100%, 150%, 200%, 300%, or more, above such standards. Acidity levels below such standards, including those at least 50% less, are expressly contemplated.
- a method of maintain fuel stability comprising: mixing a fuel composition containing an ECS metallic and a dialkyl carbonate (preferably DMC), and adjusting pH of the fuel composition to less than 10.5 pH.
- Applicant's pH adjusted hydrocarbon based fuels will additionally contain known additive, including but not limited to antioxidants, co-solvents, metal deactivators, detergents, dispersants, corrosion inhibitors, mutual solvents, oxygenated anti-knock compound (e.g. hydrocarbyl ethers, alcohols, etc.), conventional combustion catalysts including ferrous picrate, Li and LH promoters, other additive, and additive set forth in incorporated PCT Applications.
- the metal deactivators contemplated in this invention are known in the art and incorporated herein by reference.
- a preferred fuel of the present invention comprises 1 ) dimethyl carbonate or dimethyl carbonate, representing 0.1 % to 99.5% wt of composition; 2) at least one metal as set forth below, representing 0.01 % to 99.5% wt of composition; optionally a metal deactivator representing 0.00001 % to 10.0% wt of composition, or an antioxidant representing 0.00001 % to 10.0% wt, or a detergent/dispersant representing 0.00001 % to 10.0% wt, or an ignition promoter representing 0.000001 % to 20.0% wt, or a demulsifier representing 0.00001 % to 10.0% wt, or a co-solvent or salt representing 0.000001 % to 40.0% wt, or a hydrocarbon representing 0.1 % to 99.0% volume of the composition, or a co-combustion catalyst (described below) representing 0.000001% to 80.0% wt, or mixture.
- a metal deactivator representing 0.00001 % to 10.0% wt of composition
- Said fuel is constructed with a pH no greater than 11.0 or 10.5, and preferably less than 9.5. More preferably, the pH is from 6.3 to 6.8. When such fuel is a jet aviation turbine hydrocarbon based-fuel, preferred acidity does not exceed equivalent of 0.1 mg KOH/g.
- co-solvents that enhance mutual solubility of fuel components, fuel stability, water tolerance are preferred (e.g. C1 to C12 alcohols, alkanolamines, etc.). These are known in the art and incorporated herein by reference. Additionally, co-solvents that increase flash point or reduce vapor pressure are contemplated.
- Non-limiting examples include, ethanetriols, propanetriols, butanetriols, 1 ,2,3 butanetriol, pentanetriols, 1 ,2,3 pentanetriol, 2,3,4 pentanetriol, hexanetriols, septanetriols, octanetriols, or tertraethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1- octene, high flash point ketone, naphthalenes, triethylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, isopropyl acetone, diisopropyl acetone, diisopropyl diacetone, diethylene acetate, diethylene diacetate, ethylene acetate compound, phenol, or other flash point temperature reducing co-solvent set forth in aforementioned PCT Applications. Co-solvents should not be corrosive or hazardous to fuel systems.
- the resultant fuel be constructed to have an average latent heat of vaporization (LHV) no less than typical industry standards.
- LHV's are generally greater.
- the latent heat of vaporization or enthalpy of vaporization ( va pH(T )/kJ mol "1 ) for commercial grade diesel, gas turbine, or fuel oils range from about 90 to 105 btu/lb (at
- the LHV for commercial grade diesel, gas turbine, or fuel oils at 60°F exceed 105 btu/lb or 21 jK/mole (at boiling temperatures), for commercial motor gasolines LHV's should exceed 145 btu/lb or 29 jK/mole, for aviation gasolines LHV's should exceed 150 btu/lb or 30 jk/mole, and for aviation jet fuels LHV's should exceed 115 btu/lb or 23 jK/mole. LHV's at least 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% or greater than these amounts are however preferred.
- the burning velocities (as measured by laminar Bunsen burner flame) for commercial grade diesel, gas turbine, and fuel oils range from about 32-34 cm/sec, kerosine about 36 cm/sec, benzene about 44, automotive gasoline about 44-46 cm/sec, aviation gasoline about 44-45 cm/sec, aviation jet fuels about 32-34 cm/sec. Methanol is reported at about 57 cm/sec.
- the hydrocarbon based fuels have high possible allowable densities.
- High densities of base fuels permit higher concentrations of metallics and dialkyl carbonates.
- aviation turbine densities equal or exceeding 841 kg/m 3 @ 15° C are contemplated.
- the fuel compositions of the present invention allow for base fuel densities of from 840 to 1200 kg/m 3 @ 15° C, and even 900 to over 1200 kg/ m 3 @ 15° C.
- Moderate, low, to very low densities are also contemplated so long as the increased burning velocity object of above PCT Applications is accomplished and a pH is not greater than 10.5, preferably below 9.0, and most preferably from 6.3 to 6.8 is maintained.
- highly viscous fuels can be adapted by the addition of applicant's ingredients, whereby non-conforming highly viscous fuels can be made less viscous and brought into compliance with ASTM International, industry and government fuel standards, including ASTM, IP, GOST, DERD, MIL, AN, U.S. Clean Air Act, California Air Resources Board, and Swedish/European EPEFET standards, or other specification (herein incorporated by refererence).
- ASTM International, industry and government fuel standards including ASTM, IP, GOST, DERD, MIL, AN, U.S. Clean Air Act, California Air Resources Board, and Swedish/European EPEFET standards, or other specification (herein incorporated by refererence).
- Jet A hydrocarbon bases having a viscosity of 8.1 to 15.0 or more can be adapted to meet the current 8.0 mm 2 /s L at -20°C standard by addition of the components described above.
- base fuel viscosity of from 13.5 to 23.0 Cs at -30EF, or more may be met by the addition of the components described above.
- a gas oil turbine hydrocarbon base may have maximum kinetic viscosities at 40°C equal or exceeding 2.45 to 7.0, or greater, mm 2 /s for ASTM D 445 No. 1-GT fuels, and be adapted to meet the 2.4 standard, by addition of the components described herein.
- 40°C ASTM D 445 for No. 2 fuels can be similarly adapted to meet 3.4.
- ASTM for D 445 No. 4 fuels (Light), may be similarly adapted to meet 5.5.
- a fuel base having kinetic viscosities of from 24.5 to 40.0, or more, mm 2 /s at 40°C ASTM D 445 for No. 4 fuels (regular), may be adapted to meet 24.
- a fuel base having kinetic viscosities of from 8.95 to 25.0, or more, mm 3 /s at 100°C ASTM D 445 for No. 5 fuels (Light) may be adapted to meet 8.9.
- a fuel base having kinetic viscosities of from 15.0 to 30.0, or more, mm 3 /s at 100°C ASTM D 445 for No. 5 fuels (Heavy), may be adapted to meet 14.9.
- a heavy diesel, locomotive or marine engine base fuel exceeding ISO DIS 8217, BS MA 100, government and/or other industry viscosity specifications, but adapted to meet such standards (incorporated by reference), typically uncorrected viscosity exceeds such standards by 1.0, 2.0,10.0, 50.0, or more centistokes at 50°C.
- Applicant has discovered by incorporating his lower dialkyl carbonates and metals, fuels having excessive viscosities can meet government, or other viscosity standards.
- an enhanced combustion aviation turbine fuel composition of the present invention includes an ECS oxygenate (preferably a dialkyl carbonate and/or dialkyl dicarbonate), an ECS metal (preferably an alkali ⁇ alkali earth metal, or silicon), optionally a co-combustion catalyst, an aviation turbine hydrocarbon base having a viscosity of from 8.1 to 9.0 MM 2 /S (ASTM 445); optionally one or more of the following: a salt, a co-solvent, antioxidant, freeze point additive, anti-icing additive, metal deactivator, corrosion inhibitor, hydroscopic control additive, lubricity agent, lubricant or friction modifier, anti-wear additive, combustion chamber or deposit control additive, any other recognized additive, additive disclosed in aforementioned PCT Applications, or mixture thereof.
- ECS oxygenate preferably a dialkyl carbonate and/or dialkyl dicarbonate
- ECS metal preferably an alkali ⁇ alkali earth metal, or silicon
- co-combustion catalyst preferably an aviation turbine hydrocarbon base having a vis
- the resultant fuel is characterized as being slightly alkaline, substantially neutral or acidic, and having a maximum viscosity equal or less than 8.2 MM 2 /S' (ASTM 445).
- the fuel preferably has a density of from 840.5 to 850, or greater, kg/m 3 @ 15° C, a flash point of at least 38°C, a maximum vapor pressure of 21 kPa @ 38°C, minimum thermal stability meeting ASTM D 1655 standards, a heat of combustion or equivalent equal to or exceeding 42.8 MJ/kg (lower heats of combustion are contemplated, including those less than or equal to 42.5, 42,
- Example 34A This composition may be summarized as an enhanced aviation turbine fuel composition wherein aviation turbine hydrocarbon base has a viscosity equal or exceeding 8.1 MM 2 /S, a C3 to C7 symmetrical dialkyl dicarbonate, said fuel optionally characterized as being slightly acidic not exceeding equivalent of 0.1 mg KOH/g.
- a diesel fuel, fuel oil, turbine gas oil composition of the present invention includes dimethyl carbonate representing 0.01% to 40.0% oxygen by weight of the fuel; a compound or element containing a combustion improving amount of transition metal, alkaline metal, alkaline earth, group Ilia, IVa, Va, Via, Vila element or derivative compound, or mixture, optionally a co- combustion agent, optionally in an concentration of 0.001 to about 100.0 gr element/gal, preferably 2.0 to 20.0 gr element/gal; and a No.
- ASTM ASTM
- diesel fuel base having a viscosity of from 2.45 to 3.0, MM 2 /S at 40°C,; said fuel base optionally characterized as having one or more of the following: a density ranging from 880 to 800 kg/m 3 , a cetane index of 40 to 70, an aromatic content by vol.
- a T10 fraction temperature of about 190 to 230°C, a T 50 fraction temperature of about 220 to 280°C, a T90 fraction of about 260 to 340°C, a cloud point temperature of °C -10, -28, -32 or 6°C above tenth percentile minimum ambient temperature, a sulfur content preferably not greater than 250 ppm, more preferably not greater than 50 ppm, most preferably not exceeding 5 ppm, a bunsen laminar burning velocity of at preferably greater than 37, more preferably greater than 44, most preferably 50 ore more, cm/sec, a latent heat of vaporization of preferably at least 105, more preferably at least 120, most preferably 130 or more, BTU/lb.
- the resultant fuel is characterized as having a pH less than 10.5 and a viscosity equal to or less than 2.4 MM 2 /S at 40°C, optionally a LHV at 60°F equal or in excess of 105 btu/lb or 21 , 22, 23, 25, 27 jK/mole (at boiling temperatures), optionally a minimum laminar bunsen burner flame of 37, 39, 40, 41 cm/sec.
- a composition wherein the fuel composition is a diesel fuel oil, the ECS oxygenate is dimethyl carbonate representing 0.01% to 40.0% oxygen by wt. of the fuel, the hydrocarbon base fuel has a viscosity equal to or greater than 2.5, MM 2 /S at 40°C, and the fuel composition is characterized as having a pH less than 10.5 and a viscosity equal to or less than 2.4 MM 2 /S at 40°C.
- An aviation gasoline fuel composition of the present invention includes an ECS oxygenate (preferably a hydrocarbyl ether, including MTBE, ETBE, etc.) and/or dialkyl carbonate, an ECS metal (preferably an alkali ⁇ alkali earth metal, or silicon), optionally a co-combustion catalyst, and an aviation gasoline base.
- ECS oxygenate preferably a hydrocarbyl ether, including MTBE, ETBE, etc.
- ECS metal preferably an alkali ⁇ alkali earth metal, or silicon
- co-combustion catalyst optionally a co-combustion catalyst
- the resultant fuel is characterized as having a pH less than 7.0 and a minimum octane or performance number of from 87 to 130 (ASTM 909).
- a gasoline composition of the present invention includes an a hydrocarbyl ether (MTBE, ETBE, etc.) and/or dialkyl carbonate, an ECS metal (preferably an alkali ⁇ alkali earth metal, or silicon), optionally a co-combustion catalyst, and an unleaded base fuel composition.
- the resultant composition is characterized as having a pH less than 10.5, and optionally being phosphorus free hydrocarbons, a maximum Reid Vapor Pressure of from 6.0 to 12.0 psi, 6.0 to 10 psi, 6.0 to 9.0 psi; a maximum of 12% to 5.0% by volume, or less of olefins, a maximum of 30% to 20% or less by volume of aromatics (more preferably 15% to 10%, or less), a maximum of 2.0% to 0.8% or less benzene, a maximum of 40 ppm sulfur, most preferably sulfur free, a total O2 concentration ranging of 0.5% to 10.0% wt of dimethyl carbonate, a manganese tricarbonyl compound at 1/64 to 3/16 gr. Mn/gal
- a fuel composition wherein said composition is a gasoline comprising an ECS oxygenate selected from MTBE, ETBE, DMC, or ethanol, characterized as having a pH ranging form 8.5 to 5.5, optionally a maximum Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.0 psi or 8.0 psi, a maximum of 12% vol. olefins, a maximum of 30% vol. aromatics, a maximum of 1.0% vol. benzene, a maximum of 50 ppm sulfur or sulfur free, a total O2 concentration ranging from 0.5% to 4.0% wt of the composition, a maximum T-90 temperature of 330°F to 280°F, a T-50 temperature of approx.
- ECS oxygenate selected from MTBE, ETBE, DMC, or ethanol
- Another gasoline composition of the present invention includes an ECS oxygenate (preferably a dialkyl carbonate and/or dialkyl dicarbonate, MTBE, ETBE, Ethanol, or methanol), an ECS metal (preferably an alkali ⁇ alkali earth metal, or silicon), optionally a co-combustion catalyst, and an unleaded base fuel composition, characterized as having a pH less than 10.5, and optionally characterized as having one or more of the following: being phosphorus free hydrocarbons, with a maximum Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.0 psi, a maximum of 12% olefins, a maximum of 30% aromatics, a maximum of 2.0% benzene, a maximum of 50 ppm sulfur or sulfur free, a total O2 concentration ranging from 0.5% to 10.0% wt of dialkyl carbonate, a combustible metal or non-metal selected from groups set forth below including (but not limited to) those consisting of the preferred manganese, silicon, potassium, and iron compounds, or
- a similar gasoline composition comprises an ECS oxygenate selected from MTBE, ETBE, DMC, or ethanol, is characterized as having a pH ranging form 8.5 to 5.5, and optionally with a maximum Reid Vapor Pressure of 12.0 psi or 8.0 psi, a maximum of 12% olefins, a maximum of 30% aromatics, a maximum of 1.0% benzene, a maximum of 50 ppm sulfur or sulfur free, a total O2 concentration ranging from 0.5% to 4.0% wt of the composition, a maximum T-90 temperature of 330°F to 280°F, a T-50 temperature of approx.
- ECS oxygenate selected from MTBE, ETBE, DMC, or ethanol
- Another gasoline composition would include the aforementioned ECS oxygenates and an ECS metallic (including a combustible alkali/alkali earth metal, preferably a potassium derivative, and MTBE, ETBE, ethanol, methanol, DMC, or EMC, or substitutes as provided herein), and a gasoline base, wherein the resultant composition has one or more of the following characteristics: a RVP of 6.4 to 10.0 psi, aromatics content of 0% to 50%, more preferably no greater than 22%, 25%, 30%, or 35% vol., a benzene content of 0% to 2.0%, preferably no greater than 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.2% vol., an olefin content of 0% to 25%, preferably no greater than 15%, 12%, 10%, 8% vol., an distillation evaporation point where 30% to 70% of the fuel has distilled by 200°F, an distillation evaporation point where 70% to 100% of the fuel has distilled by 300°F, a T50 distillation temperature ranging from
- Another gasoline composition would include the aforementioned gasoline composition, wherein the resultant composition has one or more of the following characteristics: a maximum summer RVP of 8.1 , 8.0, 7.5, 7.2,
- Example 35 A gasoline composition including a combustion improving amount of potassium ethoxide and an ECS oxygenate selected from MTBE, ETBE, ethanol, DMC, or EMC, wherein the composition has one or more of the following characteristics: a RVP no greater than 7.5, 7.1 , 7.0 psi, maximum aromatics of 22%, 25%, or 30% vol., max. benzene of 1.0% vol., a minimum T50 distillation temperature ranging of 175°F, maximum T90 distillation temperature of 290°F to 310°F, oxygen by wt% 1.8% to 2.2%., and a sulfur content of 0 to 80 wt. ppm, 30 ppm or less preferred.
- the invention achieves unexpected reduction of nitrous oxides in combustion after emissions pass through a catalytic exhaust converter.
- reductions of nitrous oxides is important for purpose of reducing global warming gases, but catalytic converters tend to increase the amount of said oxides during their catalytic activity.
- Applicant has discovered that combusting his ECS oxyenate and/or metallic containing fuels, particularly those containing alkali/alkali earth metals, and emitting them through a catalytic converter, he is able to no only reduce the nitrous oxide flowing into the converter, but is able to reduce total oxides, which otherwise would be emitted from the converter.
- a method of reducing green house nitrous oxide gases comprising: mixing a combustion improving amount of a combustion improving amount of an ECS metallic, optionally a combustion improving amount of an ECS oxygenate, together with a gasoline; and combusting resultant fuel composition in an automotive engine; and exhausting resultant emissions through an exhaust catalyst; emitting catalyst reacted emissions into the atmosphere; whereby exhaust nitrous oxide emissions are reduced.
- the ESC metal is an alkali or alkali earth metal (preferably a potassium derivative) and the oxygenate is MTBE, ETBE, ethanol, methanol, DMC, and wherein the fuel optionally contains a co- combustion catalyst.
- Example 38 The Example of 36, wherein also mixed into the composition is a co- combustion catalyst.
- Example of 36 wherein said fuel composition is includes a combustible alkali/alkali earth metal, and an ECS oxygenate selected from MTBE, ETBE, ethanol, methanol, DMC, EMC, and mixture, having one or more of the following characteristics: a RVP of 6.4 to 10.0 psi, aromatics content of 0% to 50%, a benzene content of 0% to 2.0%, an olefin content of 0% to 25%, an distillation evaporation point where 30% to 70% of the fuel has distilled by 200°F, an distillation evaporation point where 70% to 100% of the fuel has distilled by 300°F, a minimum T50 distillation temperature of 175°F and a maximum T50 distillation temperature ranging from 200°F to 220°F, maximum T90 distillation temperature of 290°F to 310°F,a co-combustion catalyst, oxygen by wt% ranging from 0.1% to 4.0%, sulfur, ppm, wt. ranging from 0
- Example 43 The Example of 36 to 41 , wherein the fuel composition has a pH ranging from 10.0 to 4.0. , more preferably 9.0 to 5.0, 8.0 to 6.0, 7.7 to 6.3, or 6.9 to 6.3, or other range or amount set forth herein.
- Example 43
- the above examples additionally containing an nitrogen based enhancer, or compound containing nitrogen, a nitrogen/oxygen combination, or a NH, NH2, NH3, NH4, NO, NN, OON, OONH, ONH, ONH2, ONH3, ONH4, CON, CONH, CONH2, CONH3, COON, COONH, MNH, MON, MONH, MONH2, MONH3, MOON radical (where M is a metal as set forth herein).
- Non-limiting examples also include fuel soluble and/or combustible amines, amides/imides, such as nitro compounds, nitric compounds, tetranitromethanes, nitromethanes, nitroethanes, nitropropanes, nitrous oxides, dinitrous oxides, nitric oxides, nitrates, and di-nitrates.
- Other non- limiting examples include, alkylmetallicamides, poiyalkylmetallicamides, alkylphosphoramides, polyalkylphosphoramides (e.g.
- hexamethylphosphoramide hexamethylphosphorus diamide, hexamethylphosphorus triamide, hexamethylphospophorimidic triamide, triethylphosphoramide, trimethylphosphoramide, tripropylphosphoramide, triisopropylphosphoramide, tributylphosphoramide, triisobutylphosphoramide, tri-sec-butylphosphoramide, tri-tert-butylphosphoramide, triphenylphosphoramide, dimethoxyphosphorusamide (CH3O)2PNH2), diethoxyphosphorusamide, dipropoxyphosphorusamide, diisopropoxyphosphorusamide, dibutoxyphosphorusamide, di- isobutoxyphosphorusamide, di-sec-butoxyphosphorusamide, di-tert- butoxyphosphorusamide, diphenoxyphosphorusamide, dimethylphosphor- amide (CH30)2PONH2), diethylphosphoramide, dipropylphosphoramide, diisopropylphosphoramide, dibuty
- Phosphoramides are particularly desired.
- at least one combustible reactive non-lead transition metal, alkaline metal, alkaline earth, group Ilia, IVa (except carbon), Va, Via (except oxygen), Vila element, or derivative thereof, as set forth herein, or mixture (herein referred to as "metal” or "metallic") be together with at least one C3 to C13 symmetrical dialkyl ester of carbonic acid, and mixture, in a fuel stable composition; said composition optionally containing a combustion catalyst as set forth below, a hydrocarbon, and/or an oxidizer; resultant composition as having a pH slightly alkaline, neutral or acidic.
- Non-limiting examples of suitable dialkyl carbonates include, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, diisopropyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, diisobutyl carbonate, ditertiary butyl carbonate, diisoamyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, or mixture.
- C3 to C8 symmetrical dialkyl carbonates are more desirable, with C3 to C5 being preferred. It is contemplated that such carbonates will be introduced into the composition in concentrations of 0.01 to 100.0 volume percent in an amount sufficient to improve combustion.
- the carbonates may be additionally combined with one or more oxygenated compounds, including but not limited to alkyl butyl ethers (e.g.
- methylal, ethylal, C1 to C6 aliphatic alcohols may be substituted for dialkyl carbonates, absent compromise of vapor phase combustion.
- ECS compounds are presented in the aforementioned PCT Applications.
- Non-limiting examples of the optional hydrocarbon bases contemplated herein include any hydrocarbon, including but not limited to carbonaceous liquid or solid fuels, alternative fuels, gaseous fuels (including hydrogen, natural gas, methane, ethane, propane, butane, etc.), automotive gasolines, diesel fuel oils, heavy diesel fuel oils, aviation gasoline, gas oils, fuel oils, aviation jet turbine oils, coal, coal oils, coal liquids, and the like.
- Industry specifications including ASTM, IP, GOST, DERD, MIL, AN, U.S. Clean Air Act, California Air Resources Board, and Swedish/European EPEFET standards, EU Standards, and other reported industry or government standards known in the art, and Criteria for Quality of Petroleum Products. J.P. Allison, 1973 (and subsequent editions), all hereby incorporated herein by reference.
- contemplated metallics include all non-lead metals, metalloids, and non-metals (herein “metals” or “metallics”), their derivative compounds (organic or inorganic), whose combustion product accomplishes primary object of vapor phase combustion, which is evidenced by a brilliant luminous reaction zone extending some distance from the metal's surface.
- metals metalloids
- metalics their derivative compounds
- Such combustion does not take place on the surface of the metal, or on and/or within the molten layer of oxide covering the metal, typical of heretofore metallic combustion.
- Distinguishing vapor phase combustion is that its combustion is expansive with elevated exhaust velocities, and resultant metallic oxide particles are formed in the submicron range.
- fuel economy, power output, exhaust emissions, combustion temperatures are materially improved.
- Group IA alkali metals
- IIA alkaline earths
- the transition elements/metals of group lllb, IVb, Vb, Vlb, Vllb, Vlllb [8, 9, 10] the elements of group lb, lib, Ilia, IVa (absent carbon), and group Va, Via, Vila elements are contemplated.
- Non-limiting examples include aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth, beryllium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, francium, gallium, germanium, iodine, iron, indium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, phosphorus, potassium, palladium, rubidium, sodium, tin, zinc, praseodymium, rhenium, silicon, vanadium, strontium, barium, radium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, actinium, cerium, thorium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, praseodymium, protactinium, tantalum, neodymium, uranium, tungsten, promethium, neptunium, samarium, plutonium, ruthenium, osmium, europium, americium, rhodium,
- Applicant's metals, including derivative compound may be organo-metallic or inorganic. Accordingly, the inorganic and organic compounds of CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Lide, 75th (1994-1995) and earlier editions, Ann Arbor, CRC Press; Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Directory. Aldrich Chemical Company (1997), Chemical Abstract Service (CAS), on line Registry File [1], American Chemical Society, Chemical Abstract Service, Ohio State University, A Manual of Inorganic Chemistry. Thorpe, N.Y., Putnam & Son's (1896), Inorganic Materials. 2 ed., Ducan, N.Y.
- cyclomatic compounds are particularly desireable.
- Non-limiting examples of cyclomatic compounds include compounds with one or more rings systems, including aiicyciic or aromatic ring systems. Ring systems which may be wholely organic, wholely inorganic, or heterocyciic.
- Such ring systems may include cyclic borons (borazoles), cyclic silanes (silacyclobutane, 2,4,6,8, 10-pentamethylcyclopentasilazane, cyclohexasilanes, cyclopropenyl silanes, etc.), cyclic nitrogens (pyrazoles, pyridines, pyrroles, piperazines, imidazals, etc.), cyclic oxygens (benzoyls, furans, pyrans, e.g. tetrahydropyran, pyrones, dioxins, etc,), cyclic sulfurs (thiophens, dithiles, etc.) or other cyclic inorganics.
- cyclic borons borazoles
- cyclic silanes silanes
- silanes silanes
- silanes silanes
- cyclic nitrogens pyrazoles, pyridines, pyrroles, piperazines, imidazals
- Cyclomatic organic ring systems include saturated rings (cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, etc.), unsaturated rings, rings with one or more multiple or double bonds (cyclohexadiene, cyclopentadiene, cyclotetraene, etc.), aromatic rings/cycloalkyl radicals (phenyl, benzyl, styryl, etc.), fused rings, fused aromatic rings (naphthls, naphthenates, etc.), fused ring with cyclopentadienyl moiety, rings containing oxygen or a hydroxyl (phenol, etc.).
- Desireable metal containing cyclomatic compounds are those with cyclic rings having high burning velocities. The higher the burning the velocity, generally the higher the preference. Generally larger rings have higher burning velocities compared to smaller rings. Thus, a cyclooctane ring is generally preferred over cyclohexane, which is preferred over a cyclobutane ring. Saturated rings are normally more preferred over unsaturated rings. The more saturated the ring the more preferred. Thus, cyclohexane is preferred over benzene. Ring systems where the metal is in turn attached to one or more a hydroxyl, carbonyl, an alkyloxy radicals is generally preferred. Variations to this general rule are expected.
- Non-limiting examples of desireable ring systems/complexes include: cyclohexane, cyclohexene, cyclopentane, cyclobutane, cyclopentadiene, phenyl, benzene, and naphthalene. More desireable are cyclohexane, cyclohexene, and cyclopentadienyl. It is contemplated each elemental metal of this invention can be employed in a cyclomatic compound.
- Transition metal ring systems are well known in the art and highly desireable. See U.S. Patents Nos. 2,818,416, 3,127,351 , 2,818,417, 2,839,552, 2,680,_; 2,804,468; 3,341 ,311 , 3,272,606, 3,718,444), Canadian
- Patent #1073207 European Patent Application # 93303488.6, pages 6-8
- ring system attachment may be direct or indirect. Attachment may be via molecular bond, ionic bond, coordination bond or other bond known in the art.
- Indirect attachment may be via one or more radical or element, or be via other bond as described below or known in the art. See The Chemistry of
- One or more radicals including cyclic radicals, side chains, saturated or unsaturated, may be attached to one or more locations on the ring, and/or to one or more locations of each metal.
- the metal may contain between one to as many radicals as available valence electrons (oxidation states) permit. See Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds 2ed. Weast, Grasselli, CRC (185).
- Non-limiting examples of radicals include organic or inorganic, saturated or unsaturated, or combinations thereof, including: hydrogen (hydride), hydroxyl, hydrocarbyl group radicals, including alkyl radicals (e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, issopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, amyl, pentyl, hexyl, etc.), alkyloxy radicals, various positional isomers thereof (e.g.
- aryl radicals e.g. phenyl, a-napthyl, b-naphthyl, a-anthryl, b-anthryl, etc.
- aryloxy radicals including monovalent radicals of such aromatics (e.g. indene, isoindene, acenaphthene, flourene, phenanthrene, naphthacene, chrysene, pyrene, triphenylene, etc.), aralkyl radicals (e.g.
- benzyl a-phenyl- ethyl, b-phenyl-ethyl, a-phenyl-propyl, etc.
- aralkyloxy radicals various positional isomers thereof (e.g. derivatives of 1 -methyl-butyl, 2-methyl-butyl, 3-methyl-butyl, 1 ,1 dimethyl-propyl, etc.), corresponding alkyl derivatives of phenanthrene, flourene, acenapthene, etc., alkaryl radicals, (e.g.
- Hydroxyl, alkanol, alkanolamine, oxy and/or oxygen containing radicals, including derivatives of thereof and derivative of above radical are also contemplated.
- Non-limiting examples include hydroxy, methoxide, ethoxide, propoxide, isopropoxide, butoxide, isobutoxide, sec-butoxide, tert- butoxide, pentoxide, amyloxide, phenyloxidesperhydroxy, methoxy, methylol, methylenedioxy, ethoxy, ethylol, ethylenedioxy, enanthyl, propoxy, proprylol, propylenedioxy, isopropoxy, isopropylol, isopropylenedioxy, butoxy, butylenedioxy, butylol, iso-butoxy, iso-butylol, isobutylenedioxy, isobutyryl, sec-butoxy, sec-butylol,
- Additional non-limiting oxygen containing radicals include acetyl, acetamido, acetoacetyl, acetonyl, acetonylidene, acrylyl, alanyl, B-alanyl, allophanoyl, anisyl, benzamido, butryl, carbonyl, carboxyl, carbazoyl, caproyl, capryl, caprylrl, carbamido, carbamoyl, carbamyl, carbazoyl, chromyl, cinnamoyl, crotoxyl, cyanato, decanoly, disiloxanoxy, epoxy, formamido, formyl, furyl, furfuryl, furfurylidene, glutaryl, glycinamido, glycolyl, glycyl, glyocylyl, heptadecanoyl, heptanolyl, hydroperoxy, hydroxamino, hydroxylamido,
- radicals include: acetimido, amidino, amido, amino, aniline, anilino, arsino, azido, azino, azo, azoxy, benzylidine, benzldyne, biphenylyl, butylene, iso-butylene, sec-butylene, tert- butylene, cyano, cyanamido, diazo, diazoamino, ethylene, disilanyl, glycidyl, guanidino, guanyl, heptanamido, hydrazino, hydrazo, hypophosphite (hypophosphito), imido, isobutylidene, isopropylidene, silyl, silylene, methylene, mercapto, methylene, ethylene, naphthal, napthobenzyl, naphthyl, naphthylidene, propylene, propylene, propylene,
- One or more of the above radicals may be attached directly or indirectly to another. Indirect attachment may be via one or more intermediate atom, including but not limited to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosophorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or another metal.
- Metallic compounds may have one or more non-ring radicals attached. Desireable metals may for example have one or more alkyl, alkylene or similar radical attached to the metal, or one or more hydroxyl, carbonyl, alkyloxy, alkanol radicals, or combination thereof attached. Examples include Other metallic compounds may have one or more ring systems attached directly or indirectly to a metal, with or without an attached non-ring radical to the metal.
- One or more cyclic rings maybe attached, fused or indirectly attached together or linked together via one or more radicals, one or more atoms, including but not limited to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosophorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or a metal.
- One or more metals may be attached to each other, for example hexamethyldisilane, which is a preferred metallic.
- Indirect attachment herein includes attachment via one or more radicals, and/or one or more atoms, including but not limited to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosophorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or another metal.
- said carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosophorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or other metal atom may be attached to itself or to another herein, one or more times, with each atom optionally having one or more hydrogen and/or radical(s). Said attachment may be independent of attachment to any other radical or metal, or may include an attachment to another radical or metal. Likewise one or more cyclic rings may be attached directly to the metal, or indirectly via one or more non-ring radicals, and/or via one or more intermediate atoms, including but not limited to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosophorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or another metal.
- one or more metals may be attached at one, or up to every location possible on the ring system, directly and/or indirectly.
- one or more ring systems may be attached at one, or up to every metal location possible, directly and/or indirectly.
- a non-ring radical may be independently attached directly or indirectly to the metal, absent its attachment of a ring system.
- the attachment of one or more non-ring radical(s) to a metal, absent a ring system is expressly contemplated.
- Contemplated oxygenated metallic compounds include metallic alkanols, ethers, ketones, hydroxides, alkyloxy, including methoxy, dimethoxy, trimethoxy, ethoxy, diethoxy, triethoxy, oxalate, carbonate, dicarbonate, tricarbonate, and similar structured compounds, including mixture thereof.
- trimethoxymethylsilane as set forth below
- Metallic carbonates including dimetallic carbonates, dimetallic dicarbonates, and the like, are also contemplated. It is contemplated these oxygenated metallic or organo-metallic compounds may be employed absent a dialkyl carbonate or other oxygenated ECS structure.
- non-ring radicals may be independently attached directly or indirectly to the ring system, absent attachment of a metal.
- An independent attachment of a metal may be via intermediate radical, one or more intermediate atoms, including but not limited to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosophorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or another metal.
- a cyclic ring/radical/side chain may be indirectly attached to the metal through one of more atom, including but not limited to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosophorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or a metal. Indirect attachment via oxygen is contemplated but less desireable.
- Cyclic rings may be attached to one or more non-ring radicals, atoms and/or ring systems prior to a direct or indirect attachment of the metal.
- [2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane contains a ethyl radical attached to the cyclohexenyl ring, which is then attached to silicon. This is a preferred metallic structure.
- cyclomatic compounds may contain one or more ring systems, optionally with one or more non-ring radicals attached thereto.
- Said ring(s) then may be attached directly or indirectly to a metal, with said metal in turn optionally attached directly or indirectly to a radical, with said radical being optionally a non-ring radical selected from one or more hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, carbonyl, alkanol, alkanolamine, alkyloxy, oxy or oxygen containing radical.
- Non-limiting examples include methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, [2-(cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane, and cyclohexenyl dimethoxymethylsilane.
- metallic hydrides include metal hydrides or metallic hydryls.
- metallic hydryls include sodium hydride, lithium hydride, aluminum hydride, aluminum borohydride, boron hydride, boron anhydride, beryllium borohydride, lithium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, transition-metal hydrides, transition-metal carbonyl hydrides, transition-metal cyclopentadienyl hydrides, and mixture.
- Those hydrides known in the art and those disclosed in Metal Hydrides. Bambakidis, New York, Plenum Press (1981 ), Boron Hydride Chemistry. Muetterties, New York, Academic Press (1975), which accomplish primary vapor phase combustion object of this invention, are contemplated in the claims below and incorporated herein by reference.
- Organometallic nitrosyls are also desireable. See for example Metal Nitrosyls, Richter-Addo, Oxford University Press, U.K. (1992), incorporated by reference. Flammable metal napthenates or metals derivatives of napthenic acid are desireable, including potassium naphthenate.
- Alkali/alkali earth metal carbonates (including organic alkyl aryl carbonates), alkali/alkali earth formates, alkali/alkali earth etherates, alkali/alkali earth alkalates, alkali/alkali earth esters, multi-metal alkyl/alkyl earth carbonates, or carbonates including those with a hydrogen (e.g. LiHCO3, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, MnCO3, MgCO3, CaCO3, CaMg(CO3)2, etc.), alkali metal carbonates, and other metal carbonates (e.g. AgCO3, TI2CO3, etc.), including organic derivatives are contemplated.
- Contemplated salts also include acid salts containing replaceable hydrogen.
- Transition metals and their known cyclomatic compounds, including carbonyl compounds are expressly contemplated. See Fundamental Transition Metal Organometallic Chemistry, Lukehart, Monteray, Calif, Brooks/Cole (1985), Transition Metal Compounds. King, New York, Academic Press (1965), Transition-Metal Organometallic Chemistry, King, New York,
- Non-transition metal compounds that accomplish primary object of vapor phase combustion are contemplated in the claims below and incorporated herein by reference.
- known metallocenes are contemplated.
- Non-limiting examples include alkylmetallocenes, arylmetallocenes, including dicyclopentadienyl-metal with the general formula (C5H5)2M, dicyclopentadienyl-metal halides with the general formula (C5H5)2MX1-3, monocyclopentadienyl-metal compounds with the general formula C5H5MR1- 3, where R is CO, NO, halide group, alkyl group, etc.
- Non-limiting examples include napthacenes, metallocene, ferrocene, methylferrocene, cobaltocene, nickelocene, titanocene dichioride, zirconocene dichloride, uranocene, decamethylferrocene, decamethylsiiicocene, decamethylgermaniumocene, decamethylstannocene, decamethylphosocene, decamethylosmocene, decamethylruthenocene, decamethylzirconocene, silicocene, decamethylsiiicocene, etc., are also contemplated.
- Metallocenes that accomplish primary object of vapor phase combustion are contemplated in the claims below and incorporated herein by reference. See also Hawlev's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 12th ed, Lewis, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York (1993), also incorporated by reference.
- Carbonyl compounds are expressly contemplated.
- a limited number of examples include decacarbonyl dimanganese, (acetylacetonato)di- carbonylrhodium. See for example Carbonylation: Direct Synthesis of Carbonyl Compounds. H.M. Colquhoun, Plenum Press (1991 ), incorporated herein by reference.
- non-limiting non-leaded simple binary/ternary metallic compounds including binary/ternary and higher metallic salts, acid salts, including those with replaceable hydrogen, etc.
- Hydroxy acids, perchlorates, sulfates, nitrates, carbonates, hydroxides, methylates, ethylates, propylates, and others are also contemplated.
- Non-limiting examples include potassium nitrite, sodium nitrite, lithium nitrite, and hexamethylphosphoric triamide.
- oxygenated containing ECS metallic compounds including oxygenated organo metallic compounds, which are metallic alcohols, alkanolamines, ketones, esters, ethers, carbonates, and the like, which are themselves ECS compounds, in hydrocarbon fuels with or absent additional dialkyl carbonate or other ECS structure.
- oxygenated organo metallic compounds which are metallic alcohols, alkanolamines, ketones, esters, ethers, carbonates, and the like, which are themselves ECS compounds, in hydrocarbon fuels with or absent additional dialkyl carbonate or other ECS structure.
- this invention contemplates one or more similar organo oxygen containing metallics, including mixture, with or without an ECS compound, to act as neat "stand alone" fuel.
- metallic compounds alone, as singular means of enhancing fuel combustion.
- the metallic be added to the ECS oxygenate, preferably MTBE, ETBE, DMC, or Ethanol, optionally a co-fuel, an oxidizer, catalyst, and/or a hydrocarbon.
- the contemplated oxidizers of this invention are set forth in the aforementioned PCT applications. Oxidizers, including those employed in rocket propulsion, which are known in the art are incorporated by reference.
- a metallic compound including homologue, analogue, isomer, or derivative thereof, having a structure or structure similar to M-R n , R n -M-M-R n , R n -M-Q-M-R n , R n -M-Q'-M-R n , R n -M-R'-M-R n , wherein M is one or more non-leaded metal(s), metalloid(s), or non-metal element(s), and R is one or more hydrogen, cyclic ring system/radical/side chain(s), and/or non-ring radical/side chain(s) as provided herein above, including but not limited to alkyl, aryl, alkyloxy, alkylanol (alkanol), hydroxyl, aryloxy, polyalkyl, polyaryl, polyalkyloxy, polyalkylanol, polyaryloxy, polyhydroxyl radicals.
- R' is one or more cyclic ring system/radical/side chain(s), and/or non-ring radical/side chain(s) as provided herein. If R is greater than 1 , then subsequent R's may be same or different radical, etc. R also be a single radical or one radical attached to one or more radicals, "n" is an interger ranging from 1 to the number of valence electrons (or common oxidation states) available of M.
- Q is an atom having a minimum oxidation available of 2, including but not limited to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosophorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or a differing metal than M.
- Q' is an atom with a minimum available oxidation state of 2, including but not limited to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosophorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or a differing metal than M, also containing one or more radicals.
- Additional oxygenated-organo or oxygenated metallic structure includes M1-O(CO)O-M2, wherein M1 or M2 are the same or different metal or element.
- M1 may be a double valence cation, wherein M2 is absent from above structure, unless additional carbonate is included.
- Preferred M valences are 1 or 2.
- M valences or multiple M1 M2 combinations having combined valence greater than two are acceptable. In which case, additional carbonate structure would be added, e.g. CaMg(CO3)2.
- M1/M2 valence's may be greater than one, wherein excess valence is occupied by same or additional metal
- M1 or M2 are substituted for a single or double bond oxygen, and/or by one or more radicals.
- M1 or M2 also may be substituted for single bond oxygen, or nitrogen, and/or by one or more radicals, including methyl, hydrogen, hydroxy, ethoxy, carbethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyldioxy, carboxyl, methyoxy, isonitro, isonitroso, or methylenedioxyl radical.
- Non-limiting examples include carbonates of lithium [Li2O2(CO)j, ammonium manganese, potassium [K2O2(CO)j, sodium, calcium, cesium, copper, rubidium, lithium hydrogen, sodium hydrogen, potassium hydrogen, potassium sodium, magnesium, and the like.
- C2 to C8 metallic ethers C2 to C4/C5/C6 metallic ethers being more desireable, will be used as metallic structure in this invention.
- M'1-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-M'2 structure is contemplated wherein M'1 and M'2 may be same or different metallic or wherein one M'1 or M'2 may be hydrogen, or other atom, or radical with one available valence.
- contemplated structure include metallic ketones, esters (esters of boric acid), alcohols, acids, and the like.
- Non-limiting examples include
- M'1-C-OH3-R wherein M'1 is one or more metallic comprising valence of 3 or greater, and R is radical, whereby resulting structure is ketone, ester, acid, alcohol, or ether.
- Other structure include M'1-C2O4, wherein M'1 has a valence of 2.
- M1-C-C-O-C-C-M2 structure is also contemplated wherein M1 and M2 may be same or different metallic or wherein M2 may be hydrogen or atom of one valence.
- Other structure includes RO-M, where RO is an alkanol and M is a metal. Similar structure is contemplated for M have available valence greater than 1.
- the carbon chains of organo-ECS metallics are preferably shorter than longer.
- a 5 carbon atom straight chain which is immediately antecedent to a metal atom, is less preferred than a 4 carbon straight carbon atom chain.
- a three carbon chain is more preferred over a 4 carbon atom chain, and a two more preferred than a 3.
- the longer the chain the less desireable.
- An exception would be where the chain length and character positively increases burning velocity.
- the oil soluble metal soap of aluminum stearate which has three separate 17 carbon chains each connected to the aluminum atom through an intermediate oxygen atom [CH 3 (CH 2 )i 6 COOJ 3 AL, is not an effective ECS metallic and is excluded. Poorly combustible long chain metal soaps are excluded from the ECS metallics contemplated herein. Also excluded is cetyl pyrdrium chloride.
- Non limiting examples of lithium derivative compounds of this invention include: lithium bis(dimethylsilyl)amide, lithium bis(trimethyl- silyl)amide, oxamic acid, P-aminosalicylic acid lithium salt, lithium salt 5- nitroorotic acid, lithium D-gluconate, lithium hexacyanoferrate(lll) (Li3Fe(CN)6), lithium diphenylphosphide, lithium acetate, lithium acetate acid, lithium salt acetic acid, lithium acetamide, lithium anilide, lithium azide, lithium benzamide, lithium antimonide, lithium orthoarsenate, lithium orthoarsenite, lithium meta-arsenite, lithium diborane, lithium pentaborate, lithium dihydroxy diborane, lithium borohydride, lithium cadium iodide, lithium chloride, lithium calcium chloride, lithium carbide, lithium carbonate, lithium hydrogen carbonate, lithium carbonate, alkyl lithium carbonates, lithium methyl carbonate, lithium ethyl carbonate, lithium
- lithium- p-nitrobenzene lithium nitrophenoxide, lithium etherate, lithium chromate, lithium oleate, lithium oxalate, lithium oxalatoferrate (II), lithium oxalatoferrate (III), lithium monoxide, lithium oxide, lithium peroxide, lithium mono- orthophosphate, lithium hypophosphite, lithium orthophosphite, lithium hydroxoplumbate, lithium rhodium cyanide, lithium selenide, lithium selenite, lithium selenocynate, lithium selenocyanoplatinate, lithium disilicate, lithium metasilicate, lithium sodium carbonate, lithium sodium ferricyanide, lithium hydroxostannate, lithium disufide, lithium hydrosulfide, lithium pentasulfide, lithium tetrasulfide, lithium trisulfide, lithium telluride, lithium thioarsenate, lithium thioarsenite, lithium trithiocarbonate, lithium thio
- Non limiting examples of the boron derivative compounds of this invention include: alkyl boron compounds, aryl boron compounds, 1 ,3,2-benzodioxaborole, diisopropoxymethylborane, ethylborane, diethylborane, diemthylborane, dicyclohexylborane, boric acid esters (e.g.
- borate ester dimethyl borate, di-n-butyl borate, dicyclohexyl borate, didodecylborate, di-p-cresyl borates), phenylboronic acid, 2-phenyl-1 ,3,2- dioxborinane, pyrrolyboranes (e.g.
- tributoxyborane tributylborane, tri-sec-butylborane, tri-tert-butylborane, tributylborate, tri-tert- butylborate, trimethoxyboroxine, trimethylamineboran, trimethylborate, trimethylboroxine, trimethylborazine, trimethylene borate, triphenylborate, triphenylborane, tribenzyl borate, borate, trisiamylborane, tris(2- methoxyethyl)borate, boron hydride, lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, boron hydrate, boron hydride, boron anhydride, triethylboron (C2H5)3, decaborane, borazoles, aluminimum borohydride, beryllium
- tripropoxyborane triisopropylborane, triisopropylborate, triisopropylborine, tri-iso-butylborane, tri-iso-butylborate, tri-sec-borane, tri-sec-borate, tri-sec- borine, tributyl borate, tributyl borine, tributyl borane, tri-tert-butyl borate, tri- tert-butyl borine, tri-tert-butyl borane, triphenyl borate, triphenyl borane, tricyclohexylborate, tricyclohexylborane, dimethyl boric acid, diethylboric acid, dipropylboric acid, diisopropylboric acid, di-iso-butylboric acid, di-sec-boric acid, dibutylboratic acid, di-tert-butyl boric acid, diphenylboric
- Corresponding compounds of aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium are contemplated. See Organo Boron Chemistry, Volumes I & II (and subsequent volumes, editions, or supplements), Howard Steinberg, InterScience Publishers (1966), Boron-Nitrogen Compounds. Niedenzu, Dawson, New york, Academic Press (1965), The Organic Compounds of Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, and Thallium, Nesmeianov, Nikolaevich, Amterdam, North- Holland Pub. Co. (1967), Peroxides, Superperoxides. and azomides of Alkali and Alkali Earth Metals. Perekisi, N.Y., Plenum Press (19966), incorporated herein by reference.
- Non-limiting examples of sodium derivative compounds of this invention include: sodium bis(dimethylsilyl)amide, sodium bis(trimethyl- silyl)amide, oxamic acid, P-aminosalicylic acid sodium salt, sodium salt 5- nitroorotic acid, sodium D-gluconate, sodium hexacyanoferrate(lll) (Li3Fe(CN)6), sodium diphenylphosphide, sodium acetate, sodium acetate acid, sodium salt acetic acid, sodium acetamide, sodium anilide, sodium azide, ammonium diisodium amminepentacyanoferrate, sodium benzamide, sodium antimonide, sodium orthoarsenate, sodium orthoarsenite, sodium meta-arsenite, sodium diborane, sodium pentaborate, sodium dihydroxy diborane, sodium borohydride, sodium cadium iodide, sodium chloride, sodium calcium chloride, sodium carbide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium alkyl carbonates, sodium ary
- sodium-p-nitrobenzene sodium nitrophenoxide, sodium etherate, sodium chromate, sodium oleate, sodium oxalate, sodium oxalatoferrate (II), sodium oxalatoferrate (III), sodium monoxide, sodium oxide, sodium peroxide, sodium, sodium mono- orthophosphate, sodium hypophosphite, sodium orthophosphite, sodium hydroxoplumbate, sodium rhodium cyanide, sodium selenide, sodium selenite, sodium selenocynate, sodium selenocyanoplatinate, sodium disilicate, sodium metasilicate, lithium sodium carbonate, lithium sodium ferricyanide, sodium hydroxostannate, sodium disufide, sodium hydrosulfide, sodium pentasulfide, sodium tetrasulfide, sodium trisulfide, sodium telluride, sodium thioarsenate, sodium thioarsenite, sodium trithiocarbonate, sodium thi
- aluminum derivative compounds of this invention include: diisobutylaluminum hydride, dimethylaluminum hydride, dimethylaluminum hydride, dipropylaluminumhydride, diisopropylaluminumhydride, dibutylaluminumhydride, di-tert-butylaluminum hydride, di-sec-butylaluminum hydride, diisobutylaluminum chloride, ethylaluminum sesquichloride, lithium aluminum hydride, lithium tri-tert- butoxyaluminum hydride, lithium-aluminum alloy, aluminum triethoxide, aluminum trimethoxide, aluminum tripropoxide, aluminum triisopropoxide, aluminum tri-tert-butoxide, aluminum tri-sec-butoxide (aluminum sec- butoxide), aluminum tri-isobutoxide, aluminum tributoxide, aluminum pentoxide, diethylaluminum ethoxide
- silicon derivative compounds of this invention include: dimethoxymethylsilane, dimethoxyethylsilane, diethoxymethylsilane, dipropoxymethylsilane, diisopropoxymethylsilane, dibutoxymethylsilane, diisobutoxymethylsilane, di-sec-butoxymethylsilane, di- sec-butoxymethylsilane, diethoxyethylsilane, dipropoxyethylsilane, diisoprop- oxyethylsilane, dibutoxyethylsilane, diisobutoxyethylsilane, di-sec-butoxyethyl- silane, di-sec-butoxyethylsilane, diethoxydimethylsilane, dimethoxydi- methylsilane, dipropoxydimethylsilane, diisopropoxydimethylsilane, dibutoxydimethylsilane, diisopropoxydimethylsilane, dibutoxy
- (triisopropylsilyl)acetylene chlorotriisopropylsilane), triisopropylsilylchloride, 1- (triisopropylsilyl)pyrrole, trimethylsilylacetate, (trimethylsilyl)acetic acid, (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, trimethylsilyl cyanide, (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane, 5- (trimethylsilyl)-l ,3-cyclopentadiene, 1 -(trimethylsilyl)imidazole, 1 -(trimethy- lsilyl)pyrrolidine, triphenyisilane, 1 ,1 ,1-triphenylsilylamine, triphenylsilylchloride, tris(2-methoxyethoxy)vinylsilane, 2,5,5-tris(trimethylsilyl)-
- trimethoxylphenylsilane 1-(trimethoxylsilyl)cyclopentene, 1- (trimethoxylsilyl)cyclohexene, triethoxylphenylsilane, 1-(tri- ethoxylsilyl)cyclopentene, 1 -(triethoxylsilyl)cyclohexene, trimethoxylcyclohexylsilane, (trimethoxylsilyl)cyclopentane, (trimethoxylsilyl)cyclohexane, triethoxylcyclohexylsilane, (triethoxylsilyl)cyclopentane, (triethoxylsilyl)cyclohexane, trimethylsilyl azide, triethylsilyl azide, tripropylsilyl azide, triisopropylsilyl azide, tributyl azide, triisobutyl azide, tri-tert-
- (trimethylsilyl)pryrrolide 1 -trimethylsilyl-1 ,2,4-triazole, triphenylsilane, triphenylsilandiol, triphenylsilylamine, tricyclohexylsilylamine, phenyl- dimethoxysilylamine, methylphenyldimethoxysilane, phenyldiethoxysilylamine, cyclohexyldimethoxysilylamine, cyclohexyldiethoxysilylamine, dipheny-
- N,N-diisopropyltrimethylsilylamine dicyclohexyl-methyl-silane, tetracyclohexysilane, 1 ,1 , 2,2,3,3,4,4, 5, 5-decaphenyl-6,6- dimethylcyclohexasilane, trimethylsilylpolyphosphate, trimethyl- silylpolyphosphite, including analogues, homologues, isomers and derivatives thereof.
- Non-limiting germanium derivative compounds include: decamethylgermaniumocene (bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)germanium), tertbutylgermanium, tetramethylgermanium, tetraethylgermanium, tetrapropylgermanium, tetraisopropylgermanium, tetrabutylgermanium, tetraisobutylgermanium, tetra-tert-butylgermanium, tetra-sec-butylgermanium, tetra-phenylgermanium, phenylgermanium, methylphenylgermanium, methylphenolgermanium, including analogues, homologues, isomers and derivatives thereof.
- Non-limiting derivative tin compounds include: decamethylstannocene (bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)tin), dibutyltin bis(2-ethylhexanoate), dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyloxotin (dibutyltin oxide), dimethyltin, diethyltin, dipropyltin, diisopropyltin, dibutyltin, diisobutyltin, di-tert-butyltin, di-sec-butyltin, di-phenyltin, tetramethyltin, tetraethyltin, tetrapropyltin, tetraisopropyltin, benzltriphenyltin, allyltributyltin, tetrabutyltin, tetraisobutyltin, tetra-tert-butyltin, t
- tri(o-toly)phosphine tri(m-toly)phosphine, tri(p-toly)phosphine), tri(toly)phosphite (e.g. tri(o-toly)phosphite, tri(m-toly)phosphite, tri(p-to- ly)phosph ⁇ te), t ⁇ (toly)phosphate, t ⁇ (toly)hydrophosphate, t ⁇ (toly)phosphon ⁇ c acid [(CH3C6H4)3P(OH)2j, b ⁇ s(2-ethylhexel) phosphite, diallyphenyl- phosphme, dibenzylphosphite, dibenzylphosphate, dibutyl phosphite, dimethyl methylphosphonate dimethyl methylphosphine, dimethyl methylphosphonite dimethylphenylphosphme, dimethylphenylphosphonite, dimethylphenyl- pho
- Non-limiting antimony derivative compounds include alkyl antimony compounds, t ⁇ alkyl compounds, cyclomatic/ ⁇ ng system compounds, including, t ⁇ methylantimony, tnethylantimony, t ⁇ propylantimony, t ⁇ isopropylantimony, t ⁇ butylantimony, trnsobutylantimony, tn-tert- butylantimony, tri-sec-butylantimony, tri-phenylantimony, phenylantimony, tr ⁇ (methylphenyl)ant ⁇ mony, t ⁇ phenylantimony oxide, t ⁇ (methylphenol)ant ⁇ mony, antimony ethoxide, pentamethylantimony, phenyldimethylantimony, phenylstibinic acid, tetramethyldistibyl, t ⁇ butylstibene, tnethylantimony, tnethylantimony chloride, t ⁇ methylantimony, t ⁇ phenylantimony
- Non-limiting arsenic derivative compounds include alkyl arsenic compounds dialkyl compounds, cyclomatic/ ⁇ ng system compounds including, diethylarsine, dimethylarsine, diphenylarsine, ethylarsine, methylarsine oxophenylarsme, tnethylarsine, t ⁇ ethylarsine tripropylarsine, triisopropylarsine, t ⁇ butylarsine, t ⁇ isobutylarsine, t ⁇ -tert- butylarsme, tn-sec-butylarsine tn-phenylarsine, phenylarsine tr ⁇ (methyl- phenyl)ars ⁇ ne, t ⁇ phenylarsine oxide, t ⁇ (methylphenol)ars ⁇ ne, phenylarsenic acid, phenylcyclotetramethylenearsine, ars
- Non-limiting bismuth derivative compounds include alkyl bismuth compounds, dialkyl compounds, cyclomatic/ ⁇ ng system compounds including, t ⁇ phenylbismuth, t ⁇ phenylbismuth carbonate, diphenylbismuthine, methylbismuthine, t ⁇ ethylbismthine, tnmethylbismthine, tnphenylbismuthine, t ⁇ -n-propylbismuth, including analogue, homologue, isomers and derivative thereof
- Non-limiting potassium derivative compounds of this invention include potassium b ⁇ s(d ⁇ methyls ⁇ lyi)am ⁇ de, potassium acetamide, potassium b ⁇ s(tr ⁇ methyls ⁇ lyl)am ⁇ de, oxamic acid, P-aminosalicylic acid potassium salt, potassium salt 5-n ⁇ troorot ⁇ c acid, potassium D-gluconate, potassium hexacyanoferrate(lll) (K3Fe(CN)6), potassium diphenylphosphide, potassiumetherate, potassium acetate, potassium acetate acid potassium salt acetic acid, potassiumbenzamide, potassium azide, potassium antimonide, potassium orthoarsenate, potassium orthoarsenite, potassium meta-arsenite, potassium diborane, potassium pentaborate, potassium dihydroxy diborane, potassium borohydride, potassium anihde, potassium cadium iodide, potassium chloride, potassium calcium chloride, potassium carbide, potassium carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium alkyl carbonates (
- potassium salt hexoic acid potassium diphenylphosphide, potassium t ⁇ methylsilonalate, potassium phthaiic acid, P-ammobenzoic acid potassium salt, monopotassium L-aspartic acid, tetraphenyldipotassium (C6H5)2CK2- C(C6H5)2, potassiumethylphenyl (KCH2C6H5), potassium bromate potassium chromate, potassium hydrogenphospate, monpotassium salt D- shaccha ⁇ c acid, Dl-asparatic potassium salt, (R)-alpha-hyroxymethylaspart ⁇ c acid potassium salt, potassium fluoride potassium iodate, potassium salt ethyl malonate, potassium thioacetate, potassium phenol, potassium salt aminobenzoic acid, potassium ammophenol salt, potassium cyclohexenol potassium methylcyclohexenol, potassium cyclopropanol, potassium methyl- cyclopropan
- Non-limiting selenium derivative compounds include alkyl and dialkyl selenium compounds, dimethylselenium, dimethyl selenide, diethylselemum, dipropylselenium, diaisopropylselenium, diabutylselenium, diaisobutylselenium, dia-tert-butylselenium, dia-sec-butylselemum, di- phenylselenium, tetramethylselenium, tetraethylselenium, tetrapropylselenium, tetraisopropylselenium, tetrabutylselenium, tetraisobutyl- selenium, tetra-tert-butylselenium, tetra-sec-butylselenium, tetra- phenylselenium, methyl
- Non-limiting tellunde derivative compounds include di-n- butylphosphane selenide, selenanthrene, selenourea, selenophene, allylphenylselenide, dimethyltellu ⁇ de, diethyltellu ⁇ de, dipropyltellunde, diisopropyltellunde, dibutyltellu ⁇ de, diaisobutyltellunde, dia-tert-butyltellu ⁇ de, dia-sec-butyltellu ⁇ de, di-phenyltellu ⁇ de, tetramethyltellunde, tetraethyltel- lu ⁇ de, tetrapropyltellunde, tetraisopropyltellu ⁇ de, tetrabutyltellu ⁇ de, tetraisobutyltellunde, tetra-tert-butyltellu ⁇ de, tetra-sec-butyltellu ⁇ de, t
- Non-limiting iron derivative compounds include [cyclopentadienyl] methylcyclopentadienyl iron, ferrocene, methylferrocene, and butadiene iron tricarbonyl, [butadiene iron tricarbonyl,] dicyclopentadienyl iron and dicyclopentadienyl iron compounds, ferrocene, methylferrocenes, decamethylferrocene (b ⁇ s(pentamethylcyclopentad ⁇ enyl) ⁇ ron), 1 ,1 '- diacetylferrocene, ferrocenecarboxy c acid, 1 ,1 '-ferrocenecarboxyl ⁇ c acid, ferroceneacetic acid, ferroceneacetronit ⁇ le, 1 ,1 '-ferrocene- b ⁇ s(d ⁇ phenyiphosph ⁇ ne), ferrocenecarbonxaldehyde, ferrocenecarboxyhc acid
- Non-limiting nickel derivative compounds include alkyl, aryl, alkyloxy, alkylanol, aryloxy, di/t ⁇ alkyl, di/tnaryl, di/t ⁇ alkyloxy, di/t ⁇ alkylanol, di/tnaryloxy, and/or cyclomatic complexes, including, bis- cyclopentadienyl nickel, cyclopentadienyl methylcyclopentadienyl nickel, b ⁇ s(methylcyclopentad ⁇ enyl) nickel, b ⁇ s(t ⁇ phenylphosph ⁇ ne)d ⁇ carbonyl nickel, b ⁇ s( ⁇ sopropylcyclopentad ⁇ enyl) nickel, bisindenyl nickel, cyclopentadienyl nickel nitrosyl, methylcyclopentadienyl nickel nitrosyl, including analogue homologue, isomer, and derivative thereof
- Non-limiting cobalt derivative compounds include biscyclopentadienyl cobalt, b ⁇ s(methylcyclopentad ⁇ enyl) cobalt, b ⁇ s(d ⁇ methylcyclopentad ⁇ enyl) cobalt, cyclopentadienyl cobalt, dicarbonyl, cobalt(ous) hexamethylenetetramine, cobalt(ous) hydroxyquinone, cyclopentadienylcobalt dicarbonyl, including analogue, homologue, isomer, and derivative thereof
- Non-limiting zinc derivative compounds include alkyl zinc, aryl zinc, alkyloxy zinc, aryloxy zinc, dialkyl zinc, diaryl zinc, dialkyloxy zinc, diaryloxy zinc, cyclomatic zinc complexes, including, dimethylzinc, diethylzinc, dipropylzmc, diisopropylzinc, dibutylzmc, dnsobutylzinc, di-
- Non-limiting nitrogen derivative compounds include 2-methoxybenzylam ⁇ ne, 2-methoxybenzylam ⁇ ne, 2-(4-methoxyben- zylam ⁇ no)pyr ⁇ d ⁇ ne, nitroanhne, 1 -n ⁇ troanl ⁇ ne, 2-n ⁇ troanl ⁇ ne, 3-n ⁇ troanl ⁇ ne, 4- nitroanline, nitroanisole, 1-n ⁇ troan ⁇ sole, 2-n ⁇ troan ⁇ sole, 3-n ⁇ troan ⁇ sole, 4- nitroanisole, aniline, 2-an ⁇ l ⁇ noethanol, amsamide, anisonitnle, acetonit ⁇ le, nitromethane, nitroethane, picoline, 1 -p ⁇ col ⁇ e, 2-p ⁇ col ⁇ ne, 3-p ⁇ col ⁇ ne, 4- picoline, tetramethylammoniumhydroxide, dimethylolurea, 1 ,1 -d ⁇ butylurea
- Non-limiting titanium derivative compounds include titanium dnsopropoxide b ⁇ s(2,4-pentaned ⁇ onate), titanium methoxide titanium ethoxide, titanium (IV) 2-ethylexox ⁇ de, titanium isopropoxide, tetraethylorthotitanate including analogues, homologues, isomers and derivatives thereof
- Non-limiting zirconium derivative compounds include zirconium carbide, zirconium propoxide, zirconium ethoxide, decamethylzirconocene decamethylzirconocene dichloride, bis-cyclopentadienyl zirconium, including analogues, homologues, isomers and derivatives thereof
- Non-limiting molybdenum derivative compounds include molyb- denumcarbonyl, molybdenum hexacarbonyl, t ⁇ py ⁇ dine t ⁇ carbonyl- molybdenum, molybdenumoxytetrachlo ⁇ de, cyclopentadienyl molybdenum carbonyls, including but not limited to be ⁇ zenemolybdenumt ⁇ carbonyl, bicycloheptadienemolybdenum tetracarbonyl, cycloheptat ⁇ enmolybdenum tricarbonyl, bis-cyclopentadienylbimolybdenum pentacarbonyl, mesitylenemolybdenum tricarbonyl, tropeniummolybdenum tricarbonyl fluoroborate, cyclopentadienylmolybdenum tricarbonyl dimer, methylcyclopentadienylmolybdenum tricarbonyl dimer, anisole molybdenum tri
- Non-limiting copper derivative compounds include alkyl copper compounds, b ⁇ s(ethylened ⁇ am ⁇ ne)copper(ll) hydroxide, copper carbonate, cyclopentadienylt ⁇ ethylphosphine copper, diazoaminobenzene (ous), copper acetate, copper acetylacetonate, copper am inoacetate, copper ethylacetate, copper ferrocyanide, copper potassium ferrocyanide, copper nathenate, copper nitrate, copper phosphide, copper phthalate, including analogue, homologue, isomers and derivative thereof See Copper, The Science and Technology of the Metal, Its Alloys & Compounds, Butts, N Y , Reinhold (1954), incorporated by reference
- Other contemplated organometallic compounds are metallocenes non- limitmg example compounds include ferrocene, cobaltocene, nickelocene titanocene dichloride, zirconocene dich
- metals and their derivative compounds of this invention include every metal, metalloid, and/or non-metal (herein “metal” or “metallic”) capable of acheiving vapor phase combustion, individually or incombination with Applicant's said ECS oxygenates
- non-lead organo- metallics, non-lead inorganic metallics and/or their related high heat releasing compounds including those set forth above may be mixed in varying proportions, and/or substituted and/or replaced by any non-lead metallic or non-metallic (organic or inorganic [atom, molecule or compound, including those containing nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, fluorine, helium, neon, argon, krpton, xenon, or radon atoms]) accomplishing the object of this invention
- Metal derivative compounds and combinations may be entirely or may contain in part or whole non-metal atoms, e g nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, fluorine, helium, neon, argon, krpton, xenon or radon, etc , so long as primary object of vapor phase combustion is accomplished It is contemplated
- Applicant's metals are substitutents in the fuel, itself, which may also contain certain non-metals and their derivative compounds, including but not limited to nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, helium, neon, argon, krpton, xenon, or radon, in combination with dialkyl carbonates
- These non-metals, and their derivative compound may be employed with or without any other contemplated metals
- said non-metals will employed in varying proportions within the compound or combination compounds to achieve synergistic improvements in heat releases, burning velocity, thermal efficiency, emissions, power generation, and the like
- Applicant's fuel also be absent any metal or non-metal That is, Applicant's invention, by accelerating burning velocity and/or increasing latent heat of vaporization, and/or reducing combustion temperatures by fuel substituent tailoring chemical and/or mechanical means, as set forth herein or in the afforementioned PCT Applications, said fuel can be employed absent either an ECS oxygenate or a metallic or non-metallic
- Applicant's fuels will contain that amount of at least non-lead metallic, which constitutes a combustion improving amount consistent with the fuel composition, stoichiometry, combustion system, efficiencies, fuel economy and power desired, as well as legal and/or environmental considerations
- Applicant's metallics be incorporated into liquid fuel systems by means of mutual solvents, mutual dispersents/solvents, colloidal media, suspension media, or other known means, or being separately injected Metalhc's, which are solid at ambiant temperatures may be introduced into the combustor/combustion chamber by hquidification or gasification means It is preferred the metallics of this invention be relatively inexpensive to manufacture on a mass production basis
- the metal and concentration amounts are to be optimized, such that vapor phase combustion results
- the metal and its optimum concentration amount is an amount that results in vapor phase combustion, which is evidenced by improved fuel economy, emissions, power, etc
- the ratio of oxygenated ECS compound by weight to elemental metal by weight in the composition is equal to or less than 10,000 1 (parts) to equal or greater than 1 1
- Other ratios include from 1 ,000,000 1 to 100,0001 1000001 to 50,0001, 50,0001 to 250001, 25,0001 to
- Metallic salts may be employed in fuels at 0 01 to 4000 0 parts metallic per million fuel, 1 0 to 150 ppm metallic being contemplated, with concentrations equal or less than 50 0, 40 0, 30 0, 20 0, 16 0, 10 0, 5 0 ppm metallic also contemplated Other salt concentrations will vary from 0 10 to 75 0 ppm metal per million, from 30 0 to 2000 0 per million, from 25 to 750 parts metallic or salt per million fuel
- elemental metal concentrations from 3 0 to 500 0 ppm metal are expressly contemplated and desirable Concentrations outside these ranges are contemplated
- elemental metallic concentrations will vary substantially Non-limiting examples include elemental metallic concentrations equal to or greater than 1/64, 1/32, 1/16, 3/32, 1/8, 5/32, 3/16, 1/4, 5/16, 3/8, 7/16, 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 7/8, 1 , 1 25, 1 5, 1 75, 2 0, 2 25, 2 5, 2 75, 3 0, 3 25, 3 5, 3 75, 4 0, 4 5, 5 0, 5 5, 6 0, 6 5, 7 0, 7 5, 8 0, 8 5, 9 0, 9 5, 10 0 grams/gal
- elemental metal concentrations can be on the order of 10 to 25, 20 to 40, 20 to 50, 20 to 100, even 50 to 1000, or more, grams/gal, especially
- Metallics used in the fuel compositions of the present invention should be fuel soluble generally having melting and boiling ranges compatible with liquid hydrocarbons, or be incorporated into liquid fuel systems by means of mutual solvents, dispersants, or other means, as required Alternatively, the metallics may be introduced into the combustor/combustion chamber of liquide or gaseous fuels (e g natural gas) by separate means, including separate injection, hquidification or gasification, colloidal media, suspension media Metallics may be introduced into the combustor in an atomized, vaporized, or gasified form, separately and/or in combination with the other ingredients of the invention
- liquide or gaseous fuels e g natural gas
- the metallic In solid fuel applications, the metallic may be introduced as a solid In hybrid applications, it may be introduced as either as solid, liquid or gas, together with the balance of the invention's ingredients Most preferably, the metallic is employed as a propellant or co-propellant, or jointly together with a propellant Hydrogen content of the metallic and/or metallic containing fuel should be maximized, to the extent possible
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002310056A CA2310056A1 (en) | 1998-06-17 | 1999-06-17 | Fuel compositions employing catalyst combustion structure |
AU45763/99A AU4576399A (en) | 1998-06-17 | 1999-06-17 | Fuel compositions employing catalyst combustion structure |
EP99928773A EP1051461A2 (en) | 1998-06-17 | 1999-06-17 | Fuel compositions employing catalyst combustion structure |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US9887998A | 1998-06-17 | 1998-06-17 | |
US09/098,879 | 1998-06-17 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1999066009A2 true WO1999066009A2 (en) | 1999-12-23 |
WO1999066009A3 WO1999066009A3 (en) | 2000-03-02 |
Family
ID=22271380
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1999/013751 WO1999066009A2 (en) | 1998-06-17 | 1999-06-17 | Fuel compositions employing catalyst combustion structure |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
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EP (1) | EP1051461A2 (en) |
AU (1) | AU4576399A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2310056A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1999066009A2 (en) |
Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1116867A3 (en) * | 2000-01-14 | 2002-02-13 | Barnett J. Robinson | Method for improving fuel efficiency in combustion chambers |
FR2814173A1 (en) * | 2000-09-15 | 2002-03-22 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | DIESEL FUEL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING TETRAHYDROFURFURYL OXYGEN COMPOUNDS |
FR2833607A1 (en) * | 2001-12-19 | 2003-06-20 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Diesel fuel compositions with reduced particulate emission, containing glycerol acetal derivatives |
WO2004005439A3 (en) * | 2002-07-09 | 2004-03-18 | Cromption Corp | Silane additives for lubricants and fuels |
EP1478885A1 (en) * | 2002-02-04 | 2004-11-24 | Clean Diesel Technologies Inc. | Reduced-emissions combustion utilizing multiple-component metallic combustion catalyst |
WO2010053354A2 (en) * | 2008-11-05 | 2010-05-14 | Criss Cross Technology Bv | A motor fuel additive with enhanced properties, and processes for the production thereof |
US20100269403A1 (en) * | 2009-04-22 | 2010-10-28 | Oyler S Deborah | Fuel additive |
WO2012051161A2 (en) * | 2010-10-12 | 2012-04-19 | Emissions Technology, Inc. | A method for reducing engine emissions using a liquid aerosol catalyst |
CN102703144A (en) * | 2012-06-29 | 2012-10-03 | 从德强 | Diesel ester and preparation method thereof |
CN103382406A (en) * | 2013-07-04 | 2013-11-06 | 山东国弘能源科技有限公司 | Energy-saving environmental-friendly curing agent for diesel oil |
CN104178230A (en) * | 2014-08-29 | 2014-12-03 | 江苏丽港科技有限公司 | Modified fuel oil and preparation method thereof |
AT15363U1 (en) * | 2016-02-02 | 2017-07-15 | Avl List Gmbh | Combustion process and fuel |
CN110937766A (en) * | 2019-12-31 | 2020-03-31 | 张家港市清源水处理有限公司 | Steel pipe plant sewage recovery treatment system and treatment method thereof |
CN116462505A (en) * | 2023-01-29 | 2023-07-21 | 昆明理工大学 | High-entropy rare earth tantalate oxygen ion insulator material and preparation method thereof |
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US9856431B2 (en) | 2016-01-13 | 2018-01-02 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Method and composition for improving the combustion of aviation fuels |
US10087383B2 (en) | 2016-03-29 | 2018-10-02 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Aviation fuel additive scavenger |
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-
1999
- 1999-06-17 CA CA002310056A patent/CA2310056A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-06-17 AU AU45763/99A patent/AU4576399A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-06-17 WO PCT/US1999/013751 patent/WO1999066009A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-06-17 EP EP99928773A patent/EP1051461A2/en not_active Withdrawn
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US2331386A (en) * | 1939-11-03 | 1943-10-12 | Standard Oil Dev Co | Modified fuel |
CA1073207A (en) * | 1975-11-14 | 1980-03-11 | James M. Dejovine | Anti-knock internal combustion engine fuel |
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Cited By (25)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1116867A3 (en) * | 2000-01-14 | 2002-02-13 | Barnett J. Robinson | Method for improving fuel efficiency in combustion chambers |
FR2814173A1 (en) * | 2000-09-15 | 2002-03-22 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | DIESEL FUEL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING TETRAHYDROFURFURYL OXYGEN COMPOUNDS |
US6537336B2 (en) | 2000-09-15 | 2003-03-25 | Institut Français du Pétrole | Diesel fuel compositions containing oxygenated compounds derived from tetrahydrofurfuryl |
US6890364B2 (en) | 2001-12-19 | 2005-05-10 | Institutfrancais Du Petrole | Diesel fuel compounds containing glycerol acetals |
FR2833607A1 (en) * | 2001-12-19 | 2003-06-20 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Diesel fuel compositions with reduced particulate emission, containing glycerol acetal derivatives |
EP1321502A1 (en) * | 2001-12-19 | 2003-06-25 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Diesel fuel compositions containing glycerol acetals |
EP1478885A1 (en) * | 2002-02-04 | 2004-11-24 | Clean Diesel Technologies Inc. | Reduced-emissions combustion utilizing multiple-component metallic combustion catalyst |
EP1478885A4 (en) * | 2002-02-04 | 2010-05-19 | Clean Diesel Tech Inc | Reduced-emissions combustion utilizing multiple-component metallic combustion catalyst |
US6887835B1 (en) | 2002-07-09 | 2005-05-03 | Crompton Corporation | Silane additives for lubricants and fuels |
KR100977497B1 (en) | 2002-07-09 | 2010-08-23 | 켐트라 코포레이션 | Silane additives for lubricants and fuels |
WO2004005439A3 (en) * | 2002-07-09 | 2004-03-18 | Cromption Corp | Silane additives for lubricants and fuels |
WO2010053354A3 (en) * | 2008-11-05 | 2010-11-04 | Criss Cross Technology Bv | A motor fuel additive with enhanced properties, and processes for the production thereof |
WO2010053354A2 (en) * | 2008-11-05 | 2010-05-14 | Criss Cross Technology Bv | A motor fuel additive with enhanced properties, and processes for the production thereof |
US20100269403A1 (en) * | 2009-04-22 | 2010-10-28 | Oyler S Deborah | Fuel additive |
US8513153B2 (en) * | 2009-04-22 | 2013-08-20 | Uto Environmental Products Limited | Fuel additive |
WO2012051161A2 (en) * | 2010-10-12 | 2012-04-19 | Emissions Technology, Inc. | A method for reducing engine emissions using a liquid aerosol catalyst |
WO2012051161A3 (en) * | 2010-10-12 | 2012-05-31 | Emissions Technology, Inc. | A method for reducing engine emissions using a liquid aerosol catalyst |
CN102703144A (en) * | 2012-06-29 | 2012-10-03 | 从德强 | Diesel ester and preparation method thereof |
CN103382406A (en) * | 2013-07-04 | 2013-11-06 | 山东国弘能源科技有限公司 | Energy-saving environmental-friendly curing agent for diesel oil |
CN104178230A (en) * | 2014-08-29 | 2014-12-03 | 江苏丽港科技有限公司 | Modified fuel oil and preparation method thereof |
CN104178230B (en) * | 2014-08-29 | 2015-12-02 | 江苏丽港科技有限公司 | A kind of modified fuel oil and preparation method thereof |
AT15363U1 (en) * | 2016-02-02 | 2017-07-15 | Avl List Gmbh | Combustion process and fuel |
CN110937766A (en) * | 2019-12-31 | 2020-03-31 | 张家港市清源水处理有限公司 | Steel pipe plant sewage recovery treatment system and treatment method thereof |
CN116462505A (en) * | 2023-01-29 | 2023-07-21 | 昆明理工大学 | High-entropy rare earth tantalate oxygen ion insulator material and preparation method thereof |
CN116462505B (en) * | 2023-01-29 | 2024-04-12 | 昆明理工大学 | High-entropy rare earth tantalate oxygen ion insulator material and preparation method thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU4576399A (en) | 2000-01-05 |
CA2310056A1 (en) | 1999-12-23 |
WO1999066009A3 (en) | 2000-03-02 |
EP1051461A2 (en) | 2000-11-15 |
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