WO1999062632A1 - Vinyl acetate catalyst comprising metallic palladium and gold prepared with potassium aurate - Google Patents
Vinyl acetate catalyst comprising metallic palladium and gold prepared with potassium aurate Download PDFInfo
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- WO1999062632A1 WO1999062632A1 PCT/US1999/010992 US9910992W WO9962632A1 WO 1999062632 A1 WO1999062632 A1 WO 1999062632A1 US 9910992 W US9910992 W US 9910992W WO 9962632 A1 WO9962632 A1 WO 9962632A1
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- Prior art keywords
- palladium
- catalyst
- gold
- support
- water
- Prior art date
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- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 154
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 98
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 52
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 69
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- -1 alkali metal acetate Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium acetate Chemical group [K+].CC([O-])=O SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000002940 palladium Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910003244 Na2PdCl4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical group C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- KGYLMXMMQNTWEM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrachloropalladium Chemical compound Cl[Pd](Cl)(Cl)Cl KGYLMXMMQNTWEM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000011056 potassium acetate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 18
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 150000002941 palladium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical class [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Pd]Cl PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910021505 gold(III) hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WDZVNNYQBQRJRX-UHFFFAOYSA-K gold(iii) hydroxide Chemical compound O[Au](O)O WDZVNNYQBQRJRX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- GPNDARIEYHPYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Pd+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O GPNDARIEYHPYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000011118 potassium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- NWZSZGALRFJKBT-KNIFDHDWSA-N (2s)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid;(2s)-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O.NCCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O NWZSZGALRFJKBT-KNIFDHDWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical compound OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010420 art technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001733 carboxylic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002344 gold compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IKDUDTNKRLTJSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrazine monohydrate Substances O.NN IKDUDTNKRLTJSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012263 liquid product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000013528 metallic particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NXJCBFBQEVOTOW-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(2+);dihydroxide Chemical compound O[Pd]O NXJCBFBQEVOTOW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- RFLFDJSIZCCYIP-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(2+);sulfate Chemical compound [Pd+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O RFLFDJSIZCCYIP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000364 palladium(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003134 recirculating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- JBJWASZNUJCEKT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;hydroxide;hydrate Chemical compound O.[OH-].[Na+] JBJWASZNUJCEKT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/48—Silver or gold
- B01J23/52—Gold
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
- C07C67/04—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting carboxylic acids or symmetrical anhydrides onto unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
- C07C67/05—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting carboxylic acids or symmetrical anhydrides onto unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds with oxidation
- C07C67/055—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting carboxylic acids or symmetrical anhydrides onto unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds with oxidation in the presence of platinum group metals or their compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/396—Distribution of the active metal ingredient
- B01J35/397—Egg shell like
Definitions
- This invention relates to new and improved catalysts for the production of vinyl acetate by reaction of ethylene, oxygen and acetic acid.
- the foregoing catalysts comprising metallic palladium and gold are conventionally prepared by a process including the steps of impregnating a porous support with a single aqueous solution or separate solutions of water-soluble salts of palladium and gold, reacting the impregnated water-soluble salts with an appropriate alkaline compound e.g., sodium hydroxide, to "fix" the palladium and gold as water-insoluble compounds, e.g. the hydroxides, and reducing the water insoluble compounds, e.g., with ethylene or hydrazine, to convert the palladium and gold to free metallic form.
- an appropriate alkaline compound e.g., sodium hydroxide
- This type of process has the disadvantage of requiring several steps, sometimes including at least two "fixing" steps.
- the following references may be considered material to the invention claimed herein.
- U.S. Patent No. 5,332,710 issued July 26, 1994, to Nicolau et al, discloses a method of preparing a catalyst useful for the production of vinyl acetate by reaction of ethylene, oxygen and acetic acid, comprising impregnating a porous support with water soluble salts of palladium and gold, fixing the palladium and gold as insoluble compounds on the support by immersing and tumbling the impregnated support in a reactive solution to precipitate such compounds, and subsequently reducing the compounds to free metallic form.
- British Patent No. 1,188,777, published April 22, 1970 discloses a process for the simultaneous production of an unsaturated carboxylic acid ester, e.g. vinyl acetate, from an olefin, carboxylic acid, and oxygen, and the corresponding carboxylic acid, e.g., acetic acid, from its aldehyde, using a single supported catalyst containing a palladium compound, e.g. an oxide or salt, with one or more compounds of any of various metals, e.g. metallic gold or a gold compound such as potassium aurate.
- an unsaturated carboxylic acid ester e.g. vinyl acetate
- carboxylic acid e.g., acetic acid
- U.S. Patent 5,700,753 discloses vinyl acetate (VA) catalyst prepared by adding organometallic gold complexes to prereduced palladium catalyst prepared from Na 2 PdCl 4 .
- the organometallic gold compound does not require a fixing procedure.
- a catalyst useful for the production of vinyl acetate (VA) by reaction of ethylene, oxygen and acetic acid with low carbon dioxide selectivity, said catalyst being prepared by steps comprising impregnating a porous support, the porous surfaces of which contain a catalytically effective amount of prereduced metallic palladium, with a solution of potassium aurate, KAuO 2 , and reducing the potassium aurate to a catalytically effective amount of metallic gold.
- VA vinyl acetate
- Pd catalyst prepared by the impregnation of a support with aqueous solution of Na 2 PdCl 4 followed by fixing with NaOH and reduction of the Pd.
- a thin shell Pd catalyst was obtained, to which was then contacted with a solution of aqueous KAuO 2 to form a second shell of Au on the support.
- a shell catalyst of Pd and Au was formed wherein a fixing step for the Au was not necessary.
- the Pd and Au were distributed as a thin metal shell on the support structure.
- the catalyst may be prepared by first contacting the support with KAuO 2 , followed by contact with Na 2 PdCl 4 .
- the Pd compound may then be fixed with a precipitating solution such as NaOH, and the Au and Pd reduced with a reducing agent.
- the Au may be reduced before the addition of the Pd solution.
- a still further embodiment of the inventive procedure involves use of sodium-free reagents; such as described in U.S. Patent 5,693,586.
- the support material in the catalyst of this invention is composed of particles having any of various regular or irregular shapes, such as spheres, tablets, cylinders, rings, stars, or other shapes, and may have dimensions such as diameter, length or width of about 1 to about 10 mm., preferably about 3 to 9 mm. Spheres having a diameter of about 4 to about 8 mm. are preferred.
- the support material may be composed of any suitable porous substance, e.g., silica, alumina, silica-alumina, titania, zirconia, silicates, aluminosilicates, titanates, spinel, silicon carbide, carbon, and the like.
- the support material may have a surface area within the range, for example, of about 10 to about 350, preferably about 100 to about 200 m 2 /g, an average pore size in the range, for example, of about 50 to about 2000 angstroms, and a pore volume in the range, for example, of about 0.1 to about 2, preferably about 0.4 to about 1.2 ml/g.
- the support material is first treated to deposit a catalytic amount of palladium on the porous surfaces of the support particles.
- Any of various methods for accomplishing this purpose may be used, all of which involve the impregnation of the support with an aqueous solution of a water-soluble compound of palladium.
- Palladium(II) chloride, sodium palladium(II) chloride (i.e., sodium tetrachloropalladium(II), Na 2 PdCl 4 ), potassium palladium(II) chloride, palladium(II) nitrate or palladium(II) sulfate are examples of suitable water-soluble palladium compounds.
- Sodium tetrachloropalladium(II) is the preferred salt for impregnation because of its good water solubility.
- the impregnation can be accomplished by the "incipient wetness" method wherein an amount of water-soluble metal compound solution used for the impregnation is from about 95 to about 100 percent of the absorptive capacity of the support material.
- the concentration of the solution is such that the amount of elemental palladium in the solution absorbed on the support is equal to a desired predetermined amount.
- the impregnation is such as to provide, for example, about 1 to about 10 grams of elemental palladium per liter of finished catalyst.
- the palladium is "fixed", i.e., precipitated, as a water-insoluble compound such as the hydroxide, by reaction with an appropriate alkaline compound, e.g., an alkali metal hydroxide, silicate, borate, carbonate or bicarbonate, in aqueous solution.
- an appropriate alkaline compound e.g., an alkali metal hydroxide, silicate, borate, carbonate or bicarbonate
- Sodium and potassium hydroxides are preferred alkaline fixing compounds.
- the alkali metal in the alkaline compound should be in an amount of, for example, about 1 to about 2, preferably about 1.1 to about 1.8 times the amount necessary to react with the catalytically active cations present in the water- soluble salt.
- the fixing of the palladium may be done by the incipient wetness method wherein the impregnated support is dried, e.g., at a temperature of 150°C for one hour, contacted with an amount of solution of the alkaline material equal to about 95-100% of the pore volume of the support, and allowed to stand for a period of about l ⁇ to about 16 hours; or the roto-immersion method wherein the impregnated support without drying is immersed in a solution of the alkaline material and is rotated and or tumbled during at least the initial period of precipitation such that a thin band of the precipitated water-soluble compound is formed at or near the surface of the support particles.
- the rotation and tumbling may be carried out, for example, at about 1 to about 10 rpm for a period, e.g., of at least about 0.5 hour, preferably about 0.5 to about 4 hours.
- the contemplated roto-immersion method is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,332,710, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
- the fixed, i.e., precipitated palladium compound may then be reduced, for example, in the vapor phase with ethylene, e.g., 5% in nitrogen at 150°C for 5 hours, after first washing the catalyst containing the fixed palladium compounds until it is free of anions such as halide, and drying, e.g., at 150°C overnight under constant N 2 purge, or such reduction may be accomplished in the liquid phase at room temperature with an aqueous solution of hydrazine hydrate wherein the excess of hydrazine over that required to reduce all the metal compounds present on the support is in the range, for example, of about 8 : 1 to about 15:1, followed by washing and drying.
- reducing agents and means for reducing the fixed palladium compound present on the support may be employed as conventional in the art.
- the reduction of the fixed palladium compound mainly results in the formation of the free metal, although a minor amount of metal oxide may also be present.
- the catalyst containing palladium in free metallic form deposited on a support material is prepared by any of the foregoing methods, it is impregnated with an aqueous solution of potassium aurate, preferably by incipient wetness.
- the catalyst is then dried such that the catalyst contains potassium aurate in an amount sufficient to provide, for example, about 0.5 to about 10 grams of elemental gold per liter of finished catalyst, with the amount of gold being from about 10 to about 125 wt.% based on the weight of palladium present.
- the potassium aurate is then reduced to metallic gold using any of the techniques described previously for the reduction of palladium from the "fixed", i.e., water insoluble, palladium compound on the surface of the support.
- Such reduction of potassium aurate is carried out without any necessity for the intermediate steps of fixing the gold on the support as a water-insoluble compound and washing such compound until chlorine-free, as described previously for palladium and as ordinarily required for gold in the preparation of vinyl acetate catalysts comprising palladium and gold.
- the elimination of such fixing and washing steps in connection with gold is an important advantage in the preparation of the catalyst of this invention.
- a high gold metal retention catalyst was obtained by this method.
- the catalyst also contains Pd and Au distributed in a thin shell at or near the surface of the catalyst support.
- KAuO 2 precursors offer a method to produce salt-free, highly dispersed metallic particle catalysts, with no fixing step involved for the Au complexes.
- An advantage of no fixing step for the Au complexes is the increased gold retention since Au is partially washed out of the catalyst during the fixing/washing step under prior art techniques, and increased Au/Pd ratio on the catalyst.
- the catalysts of this invention have been described primarily in connection with those containing only palladium and gold as catalytically active metals, the catalyst may also contain one or more additional catalytically active metallic elements in the form of the free metal, oxide, or mixture of free metal and oxide.
- Such metallic elements may be, for example, copper, magnesium, calcium, barium, zirconium and/or cerium.
- the support may usually be impregnated with a water soluble salt of such metal dissolved in the same impregnating solution as that containing the water-soluble palladium salt.
- the support may thus be simultaneously impregnated with water-soluble salts of palladium and the additional metal which are then simultaneously fixed and reduced in the same manner as described previously for palladium alone.
- the catalyst containing the palladium as the free metal and an additional metal as the oxide and/or free metal is then impregnated with potassium aurate which is then reduced to gold as free metal without an intermediate fixing step as described previously in connection with palladium as the only other metal in addition to gold.
- the catalyst containing palladium and gold in free metallic form may optionally be impregnated with a solution of an alkali metal acetate, preferably potassium or sodium acetate, and most preferably potassium acetate (KOAc).
- the finished catalyst may contain, for example, about 10 to about 70, preferably about 20 to about 60 grams of alkali metal acetate per liter of finished catalyst.
- KAuO 2 may be added together with KOAc in one step to the prereduced Pd catalyst.
- a stream of gas which contains ethylene, oxygen or air, acetic acid, and desirably an alkali metal acetate, is passed over the catalyst.
- the composition of the gas stream can be varied within wide limits, taking in account explosive limits.
- the molar ratio of ethylene to oxygen can be about 80:20 to about 98:2
- the molar ratio of acetic acid to ethylene can be about 2: 1 to about 1:10, preferably about 1 :2 to 1:5
- the content of gaseous alkali metal acetate can be about 1 to about 100 ppm based on the weight of acetic acid employed.
- the gas stream also can contain other inert gases, such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide and/or saturated hydrocarbons.
- Reaction temperatures which can be used are elevated temperatures, preferably those in the range of about 150-220°C.
- the pressure employed can be a somewhat reduced pressure, normal pressure or elevated pressure, preferably a pressure of up to about 20 atmospheres gauge.
- a support material in an amount of 250 ml consisting of Sud Chemie KA-160 silica spheres having a nominal diameter of 7 mm., a surface area of about 160 to 175 m 2 /g, and a pore volume of about 0.68 ml/g. was first impregnated by incipient wetness with 82.5 ml of an aqueous solution of sodium tetrachloropalladium (II) (Na 2 PdCl 4 ) sufficient to provide about 7 grams of elemental palladium per liter of catalyst. The support was shaken in the solution for 5 minutes to ensure complete absorption of the solution.
- II sodium tetrachloropalladium
- the palladium was then fixed to the support as palladium(II) hydroxide by contacting the treated support by roto-immersion for 2.5 hours at approximately 5 rpm with 283 ml of an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution prepared from 50% w/w NaOH/H 2 O in an amount of 120% of that needed to convert the palladium to its hydroxide.
- the solution was drained from the treated support which was then washed with deionized water until chloride free (about 5 hours) and dried overnight at 150°C under constant nitrogen purge.
- the palladium was then reduced to the free metal by contacting the support with ethylene (5% in nitrogen) in the vapor phase at 150°C for 5 hours, or with, hydrazine at room temperature for 4 hours followed by washing with deionized water for 2 hours and drying in an oven at 150°C for 5 hours, to obtain a support containing a nominal amount of 7 g/liter (g/1) of prereduced Pd.
- Au(OH) 3 was first prepared by mixing 300 g of sodium tetrachlorogold(III), NaAuCl 4 , containing 0.20 g Au/g solution with 73.6 g of a 50% w/w NaOH H 2 O dissolved in 200 ml deionized water. An excess of NaOH was added to bring the pH to about 8 and the solution was stirred and heated to 60°C for 3 hours to form an orange precipitate. Filtration yielded on orange solid which was washed with deionized water until chloride free and dried in a vacuum oven at 50°C in a flow of N 2 to obtain an orange red solid of Au(OH) 3 . Analysis of the solid indicated a gold content of 79.5% of gold which agrees with the calculated value.
- the catalysts of Examples 4 to 10 which contain a different amount of Pd and/or Au are similarly prepared except that the concentration or amount of the Na 2 PdCl 4 and/or KAuO 2 impregnating solution is changed to obtain the desired nominal amounts of Pd and/or Au on the support, and the reduction of Pd and Au is each accomplished with ethylene and/or hydrazine, as previously described.
- the reducing agent used in the preparation C 2 H 4 and/or N 2 H 4
- the nominal amounts of Pd and Au corresponding to the concentrations and amounts of impregnating solutions Nom. Amt, g/1
- actual amounts of Pd and Au on the catalysts of Examples 1-10 determined by analysis and % metal retention are shown in Table I.
- Example 7 the entry in the table of "N 2 H 4 , C 2 H 4 " indicates that the Pd was prereduced with hydrazine and the Au was reduced in the potassium aurate was reduced with ethylene, while the entry “C 2 H 4 , N 2 H 4 " in Example 10 indicates that the Pd was prereduced with ethylene and the Au with hydrazine as previously described.
- the catalysts of the examples were tested for their activity and selectivity to various byproducts in the production of vinyl acetate by reaction of ethylene, oxygen and acetic acid.
- about 60 ml of the catalyst prepared as described were placed in a stainless steel basket with the temperature capable of being measured by a thermocouple at both the top and bottom of the basket.
- the basket was placed in a Berty continuously stirred tank reactor of the recirculating type and was maintained at a temperature which provided about 45% oxygen conversion with an electric heating mantle.
- Analysis of the products was accomplished by on-line gas chromatographic analysis combined with off-line liquid product analysis by condensing the product stream at about 10°C to obtain optimum analysis of the end products vinyl acetate (VA), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), vinyl acetate
- VA heavy ends
- EOAc ethyl acetate
- the relative activity of the reaction expressed as an activity factor (Activity) is also shown in Table I and is computer calculated.
- the computer program uses a series of equations that correlates the activity factor with the catalyst temperature (during the reaction), oxygen conversion, and a series of kinetic parameters for the reactions that take place during V A synthesis. More generally, the activity factor is inversely related to the temperature required to achieve constant oxygen conversion. Table I
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Priority Applications (14)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
UA2000126910A UA69410C2 (en) | 1998-06-02 | 1999-05-19 | Method for production of catalyst for the production of vinyl acetate (variants) and method for production of vinyl acetate |
NZ508272A NZ508272A (en) | 1998-06-02 | 1999-05-19 | Vinyl acetate catalyst comprising metallic palladium and gold prepared with potassium aurate |
HU0102638A HUP0102638A3 (en) | 1998-06-02 | 1999-05-19 | Vinyl acetate catalyst comprising metallic palladium and gold prepared with potassium aurate |
EP99924326A EP1091802B1 (en) | 1998-06-02 | 1999-05-19 | Vinyl acetate catalyst comprising metallic palladium and gold prepared with potassium aurate |
AT99924326T ATE272443T1 (en) | 1998-06-02 | 1999-05-19 | VINYL ACETATE CATALYST PREPARED WITH METALLIC PALLADIUM AND GOLD WITH POTASSIUM AURATE |
CA002333097A CA2333097C (en) | 1998-06-02 | 1999-05-19 | Vinyl acetate catalyst comprising metallic palladium and gold prepared with potassium aurate |
BRPI9910750-3A BR9910750B1 (en) | 1998-06-02 | 1999-05-19 | catalyst for the production of vinyl acetate by reaction of ethylene, oxygen and acetic acid. |
AU40852/99A AU753815B2 (en) | 1998-06-02 | 1999-05-19 | Vinyl acetate catalyst comprising metallic palladium and gold prepared with potassium aurate |
DE69919169T DE69919169T2 (en) | 1998-06-02 | 1999-05-19 | VINYL ACETATE CATALYST PROVIDED WITH METALLIC PALLADIUM AND GOLD WITH POTASSIUM |
JP2000551881A JP4610736B2 (en) | 1998-06-02 | 1999-05-19 | Preparation method of vinyl acetate catalyst and production method using the catalyst |
SK1824-2000A SK284905B6 (en) | 1998-06-02 | 1999-05-19 | Method of preparing catalyst for the production of vinyl acetate and process for the production of vinyl acetate |
PL344585A PL203684B1 (en) | 1998-06-02 | 1999-05-19 | A method of producing a catalyst for the production of vinyl acetate |
NO20006120A NO322595B1 (en) | 1998-06-02 | 2000-12-01 | Process for preparing a catalyst and process for producing vinyl acetate using the catalyst |
NO20063038A NO326959B1 (en) | 1998-06-02 | 2006-06-29 | Process for Preparing a Catalyst and Preparation of Vinyl Acetate Using the Catalyst |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/088,978 US6350900B1 (en) | 1998-06-02 | 1998-06-02 | Vinyl acetate catalyst comprising metallic palladium and gold prepared with potassium aurate |
US09/088,978 | 1998-06-02 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1999062632A1 true WO1999062632A1 (en) | 1999-12-09 |
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ID=22214627
Family Applications (1)
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---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1999/010992 WO1999062632A1 (en) | 1998-06-02 | 1999-05-19 | Vinyl acetate catalyst comprising metallic palladium and gold prepared with potassium aurate |
Country Status (27)
Country | Link |
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US (2) | US6350900B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1091802B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4610736B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100575967B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1116109C (en) |
AR (1) | AR018395A1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE272443T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU753815B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BR9910750B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2333097C (en) |
CZ (1) | CZ295988B6 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69919169T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2226388T3 (en) |
HU (1) | HUP0102638A3 (en) |
ID (1) | ID26891A (en) |
MY (1) | MY121382A (en) |
NO (2) | NO322595B1 (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ508272A (en) |
PE (1) | PE20000470A1 (en) |
RU (1) | RU2216401C2 (en) |
SA (1) | SA99200245B1 (en) |
SK (1) | SK284905B6 (en) |
TR (1) | TR200003584T2 (en) |
TW (1) | TW476667B (en) |
UA (1) | UA69410C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1999062632A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA200006639B (en) |
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WO2005065820A1 (en) * | 2003-12-19 | 2005-07-21 | Celanese International Corporation | Rhodium containing catalysts |
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WO2008145388A1 (en) * | 2007-05-31 | 2008-12-04 | Süd-Chemie AG | Method for producing a shell catalyst and corresponding shell catalyst |
WO2008145395A2 (en) * | 2007-05-31 | 2008-12-04 | Süd-Chemie AG | DOPED Pd/Au SHELL CATALYST, METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME AND USE THEREOF |
WO2008145393A1 (en) * | 2007-05-31 | 2008-12-04 | Süd-Chemie AG | Method for the production of a charged shell catalyst coated with pd and/or au |
DE102011101459A1 (en) | 2011-05-13 | 2012-11-15 | Süd-Chemie AG | Process for the preparation of a metal-containing coated catalyst without Zwischenkalzinierung |
DE102012003236A1 (en) | 2012-02-20 | 2013-08-22 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh | Gold plating of Pd-Au coated shell catalysts |
DE102012003232A1 (en) | 2012-02-20 | 2013-08-22 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh | Post-gold plating of Pd-Au-coated shell catalysts |
DE102012008715A1 (en) | 2012-05-03 | 2013-11-07 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh | Production of coated catalysts in a coating device |
DE102012008714A1 (en) | 2012-05-03 | 2013-11-07 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh | Pre-impregnation of coated catalysts with an acetate |
DE102013015436A1 (en) | 2012-09-19 | 2014-03-20 | Clariant International Ltd. | Copper-promoted coated catalyst for the production of alkenylcarboxylic acid esters |
WO2016198561A1 (en) | 2015-06-12 | 2016-12-15 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Electroless deposition of au-pd bimetallic catalysts for alkenyl acetate production |
US9617187B2 (en) | 2008-11-30 | 2017-04-11 | Sud-Chemie Ag | Catalyst support, process for its preparation and use |
US10150099B2 (en) | 2007-05-31 | 2018-12-11 | Alfred Hagemeyer | Zirconium oxide-doped catalyst support, method for producing the same and catalyst containing a zirconium oxide-doped catalyst support |
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WO2013124252A1 (en) | 2012-02-20 | 2013-08-29 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh | Post—gilding of pd-au-coated shell catalysts |
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WO2013164458A1 (en) | 2012-05-03 | 2013-11-07 | Clariant International Ag | Method for producing a shell catalyst, the catalyst and its use for the synthesis of alkenyl carboxylic esters |
DE102012008714A1 (en) | 2012-05-03 | 2013-11-07 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh | Pre-impregnation of coated catalysts with an acetate |
DE102012008715A1 (en) | 2012-05-03 | 2013-11-07 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh | Production of coated catalysts in a coating device |
US9334226B2 (en) | 2012-09-19 | 2016-05-10 | Clariant International Ltd. | Copper-promoted shell catalyst for producing alkenyl carboxylic acid esters |
DE102013015436A1 (en) | 2012-09-19 | 2014-03-20 | Clariant International Ltd. | Copper-promoted coated catalyst for the production of alkenylcarboxylic acid esters |
WO2016198561A1 (en) | 2015-06-12 | 2016-12-15 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Electroless deposition of au-pd bimetallic catalysts for alkenyl acetate production |
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