WO1999012974A1 - Monoclonal antibodies that bind testosterone - Google Patents
Monoclonal antibodies that bind testosterone Download PDFInfo
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- WO1999012974A1 WO1999012974A1 PCT/FI1998/000689 FI9800689W WO9912974A1 WO 1999012974 A1 WO1999012974 A1 WO 1999012974A1 FI 9800689 W FI9800689 W FI 9800689W WO 9912974 A1 WO9912974 A1 WO 9912974A1
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- antibody
- derivative
- monoclonal antibody
- tes
- testosterone
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
- C07K16/26—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against hormones ; against hormone releasing or inhibiting factors
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
- A61P5/24—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the sex hormones
- A61P5/28—Antiandrogens
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
- C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
- C07K2317/55—Fab or Fab'
Definitions
- This invention relates to monoclonal antibodies and antibody engineering technology. More particularly, the present invention relates to monoclonal antibodies and derivatives thereof that bind testosterone with high affinity and specificity. The present invention also relates to processes for making and engineering such testosterone-binding monoclonal antibodies and to methods for using these antibodies and derivatives thereof in the field of immunodiagnostics enabling qualitative and quantitative determination of testosterone in biological samples.
- TES serum testosterone
- Random mutagenesis of the whole variable regions is possible by a number of different approaches such as chemical mutagenesis (Myers et al , 1985), polymerase-induced mutagenesis (Leung et al , 1989) and in vivo mutagenesis using mutator strains of E.coh (Schaaper, 1988) Focused mutagenesis, in which several residues are targeted, allows all possible mutations in a defined region to be explored For antibodies, this strategy involves targeting all or some of the three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) present both in the light and heavy chain and residues immediately flanking these regions to mutagenesis since these most likely have effect on the binding properties (Berek and Milstein, 1987) Numerous recent publications describe successful use of random mutagenesis
- the present invention makes use of the unique property of monoclonal antibodies to bind their antigens with high affinity and specificity
- Monoclonal antibodies binding TES with high affinity and fine specificity were discovered in a stepwise process of engineering anti-testosterone antibody originally derived from a hybridoma cell line by random mutagenesis of the CDRs and phage display selection
- monoclonal antibodies and derivatives thereof produced by genetic engineering techniques bind TES with high affinity and specificity and can be successfully used as reagents in clinical immunoassays designed for the quantitative measurement of TES.
- monoclonal antibody fragments herein described are the first shown to fulfil the tight qualitative requirements of a diagnostic TES immunoassay for clinical use. Because of these favourable
- One object of the present invention is to provide monoclonal antibodies or fragments or other derivatives thereof, that bind testosterone with affinity and specificity high enough to allow qualitative and quantitative measurement of testosterone in clinical samples.
- the antibodies of the present invention demonstrate an affinity of at least about 10 9 M _I for testosterone, less than 0.05% cross-reactivity with dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), less than 10% cross-
- Fig. 1 shows the schematic presentation of an intact murine IgGi subclass antibody, Fab fragment and single chain antibody (scFv). The antigen binding site is indicated by a triangle.
- Fig. 2. shows the deduced amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the 3-C F5 antibody. CDRs are underlined. Numbering is according to Kabat (Kabat et al, 1991).
- Fig. 3. shows the deduced amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the 3-C ⁇ F5 antibody. CDRs are underlined. Numbering is according to Kabat (Kabat et al, 1991).
- Fig. 4. shows the schematic presentation of the E.coli expression vector pKKtoc used for the production of soluble TES-binding Fab and scFv fragments.
- Fig. 5. shows schematically the competitive specificity panning procedure.
- Fig. 6. shows the deduced amino acid sequences of the light and heavy chain CDR3 loops of the wild-type and selected mutant clones (numbering is according to Kabat et al, 1991). Only amino acid changes are indicated for the mutants.
- Fig. 7. shows schematically the affinity panning procedure.
- Fig 8 shows the deduced amino acid sequences of the LCDR1, LCDR2 and HCDR1 loops of the monclonal antibody 3-G t Fs and selected mutant clones (numbe ⁇ ng is according to Kabat et al , 1991) Only amino acid changes are indicated for the mutants
- Fig 9 shows the standard curve of a competitive one-step fluoroimmunoassay for TES utilising monoclonal TES-binding antibody Fab fragment The standard curve of a commercial DELFIA® Testosterone kit is shown for compa ⁇ sion
- Fig 10 shows the correlation of the results obtained by using TES-binding Fab (A60/HCDR1/LCDR2) in a competitive one-step fluoroimmunoassay with the results obtained by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry analysis
- Fig 11 shows the deduced amino acid sequences of the re-optimised CDR3 loops (numbe ⁇ ng is according to Kabayt et al , 1991) Only amino acid changes are indicated for the mutants
- Fig 12 shows the amino acid sequences of the V L regions of Fab fragments S73, S77, S83 and S88 according to the invention as referred to in Example 4 aligned with the amino acid sequence of the V L region of monclonal antibody 3-C ⁇ s (WT-V L ) [character to show that a position in the alignment is prefectly conserved * , character to show that a position is well- conserved *, CDRs underlined in the WT-V L sequence ]
- Fig 13 shows the amino acid sequences of the V H regions of Fab fragments S73, S77, S83 and S88 aligned with the amino acid sequence of the V H region of monclonal antibody 3-C4F5 (WT- N H ) [character to show that a position in the alignment is perfectly conserved * , character to show that a position is well-conserved *, CDRs underlined in the WR-V H sequence ]
- Fig 14 shows the values obtained from 48 female patient samples using either Fab fragments in the competitive one-step immunoassay protocol or a commercial kit designed for in vitro measurement of the concentration of TES in human serum or plasma
- Fig 15 shows the values obtained from 32 male patient samples using either Fab fragments in the competitive one-step immunoassay or a commercial TES kit
- Fig 16 shows schematically the stepwise in vitro affinity and specificity maturation process of the 3-C F 5 Fab fragment
- the present invention describes the development of hybridoma cell line 3-C4F5 , the cloning and random mutagenesis of the 3-QF 5 antibody Fab fragment encoding genes, the selection of highly improved variants of the 3-QF 5 by the phage display technique and the characterisation of the binding properties of the engineered Fab fragments produced in E. coli.
- Antibody in its various grammatical forms is used herein as a collective noun that refers to a population of immunoglobulin molecules and/or immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin molecules, i.e., molecules that contain an "antigen binding site” or paratope.
- An antigen binding site is the structural portion of an antibody molecule that specifically binds an antigen.
- Exemplary antibodies are intact immunoglobulin molecules, substantially intact immunoglobulin molecules and those portions of an immunoglobulin molecule that contain the paratope, including those portions known as Fab, Fab', F(ab') 2 and F v .
- Fab, and F(ab') 2 portions of antibodies can be prepared by the proteolytic reaction of papain and pepsin, respectively, on substantially intact antibodies by methods that are well known. See for example, U.S. Patent No. 4, 342,566 to Theofilopolous and Dixon.
- Fab' antibody portions are also well known and are produced from F(ab') 2 portions by reduction of the disulphide bonds linking the two heavy chain portions, as with mercaptoethanol, followed by alkylation of the resulting protein mercaptan with a reagent such as iodoacetamide.
- Antibodies and binding fragments can also be produced by recombinant methods, which are well known to those skilled in the art. See, for example, U.S. Patent 4, 949, 778 to Lander et al.
- Domain is used to describe an independently folding part of a protein.
- General structural definitions for domain borders in natural proteins are given in Argos, 1988 (Argos, Protein Engineering, 2:101-113,1988).
- a “variable domain” or “Fv” is used to describe those regions of the immunoglobulin molecule which are responsible for antigen or hapten binding. Usually these consist of approximately the first 100 amino acids of the N-termini of the light and the heavy chain of the immunoglobulin molecule.
- Single chain antibody (scFv) is used to define a molecule in which the variable domains of the heavy and light chain of an antibody are joined together via a linker peptide to form a con- tinuous amino acid chain synthesised from a single rnRNA molecule (transcript).
- Linker or "linker peptide” is used to describe an amino acid sequence that extends between adjacent domains in a natural or engineered protein.
- a “TES-binding antibody” is an antibody which specifically recognises and binds to TES due to interactions mediated by its variable domains.
- antibodies of the present invention demonstrate an affinity for testosterone of at least about 10 9 M', less than 0.05% cross-reactivity with dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), less than 10% cross-reactivity with 5a- dihydrotestosterone (5 -DHT) and less than 5% cross-reactivity with androstenedione
- DHEAS dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
- 5 -DHT dihydrotestosterone
- such antibodies demonstrate less than 0.01% cross-reactivity with DHEAS, for example, less than 0.01% cross-reactivity with DHEAS, less than 8% cross-reactivity with 5 ⁇ - DHT and no more than 2.5% cross-reactivity with androstenedione.
- the present invention thus provides testosterone-binding monoclonal antibodies and derivatives thereof, e.g. Fab fragments or ScFv antibody derivatives, wherein the CDRs of the V L region are selected from the V L region CDRs of the Fab fragments S73, S77, S83 and S88 and the CDRs of the V H region are selected from the V H region CDRs of the same antibody fragments.
- Fab fragments or ScFv antibody derivatives wherein the CDRs of the V L region are selected from the V L region CDRs of the Fab fragments S73, S77, S83 and S88 and the CDRs of the V H region are selected from the V H region CDRs of the same antibody fragments.
- Such a monoclonal antibody or antibody derivative may have V L and V H regions corresponding to complete V L and V H regions selected from those regions of the Fab fragments S73, S77 S83 and S88 and additionally the V H region of Fab fragment S77 in which the C-terminal Serine is substituted by Alanine. It will be appreciated that mutant versions of the same CDR sequences or complete V L and V H sequences having one or more conservative substitutions which do no substantially affect binding capability may alternatively be employed.
- the invention also encompasses fragments and extensions of the Fab fragments S73, S77 S83 and S88 which retain high affinity and good specificity for testosterone as hereinbefore defined.
- An antibody or derivative thereof according to the invention may be labelled with any detectable label known in the art.
- This may include for example a radiochemical label, an enzyme label, a fluorescent label, a chemical label or a lanthanide label.
- the enzyme label may be alkaline phosphatase; the flourescent label may be fluorescein or a rhodamine; the chemical label may be biotin (which may be detected by avidin or streptavidin conjugated to peroxidase); the lanthanide label may be europium.
- the antibodies and derivatives thereof according to the invention may be attached to or coated upon a solid support for example the walls of a micro-titre plate or filter paper.
- Antibodies and derivatives thereof according to the invention have a variety of applications. For example, use of antibodies for in vivo diagnosis, imaging and therapy currently attracts considerable interest from the pharmaceutical industry. In in vivo therapeutic use low immunogenicity (small size) and high affinity for antigen are typically the main requirements for the development of antibody characteristics, thus an antibody or derivative thereof according to the invention is especially suitable for in vivo therapeutic applications. Another potential application is in immunoassays, both non-competitive and competitive, especially for the qualitative or quantitative determination of testosterone in clinical samples.
- Immunoassay methods include radio immunoassay, immunoradiometric assay, enzyme immunoassay, immunoenzymometric assay, time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay, immunofluorometric assay, chemiluminescence immunoassay, anodic or cathodic electrochemiluminescene immunoassays, homogenic immunoassays such as proximity assays with two different labels and particle immunoassays.
- kits comprising an antibody or derivative according to the invention in a suitable container for storage and transport.
- the kit preferably comprises the antibody or derivative thereof according to the invention attached to or coated upon a solid support.
- the present invention also provides DNAs encoding an antibody or antibody derivative of the invention and fragments of such DNAs which encode the CDRs of the V L and/or V H region.
- a DNA may be in the form of a vector, more particularly, for example, an expression vector which is capable of directing expression of an antibody or antibody derivative of the invention or at least one component antibody chain.
- host cells which may be any of bacterial cells, yeast cells, fungal cells, insect cells, plant cells, and mammalian cells containing a DNA of the invention, including host cells capable of expressing an antibody or antibody derivative of the invention.
- an antibody or antibody derivative of the invention may be prepared by culturing a host cell or host cells of the invention expressing the required antibody chain(s) and either directly recovering the desired protein or, if necessary, initially recovering and combining component chains
- Fab fragments S73, S77 S83 and S88 were obtained by an in vitro maturation procedure starting from the anti-testosterone monoclonal antibody 3-QF5
- the hybridoma cell line producing monoclonal antibody 3-QFs was developed by hyperimmunizing mice with a TES-3-carboxymethyloxime(CMO)-thyroglobulin conjugate 3-GtF 5 has a relatively high affinity (0 3xl0 9 M "1 ) for TES and has a reasonable low cross-reactions ( ⁇ 11 6% and ⁇ 1%) with 5 -dihydrotestosterone (5 ⁇ -DHT) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS)
- the murine monoclonal anti-testosterone antibody, clone 3-QFs, IgG 2b , K, was purified from the hybridoma cell culture supernatant on a Protein A-Sepharose (Pharmacia, Sweden)
- the proteolytic production of the Fab fragment was carried out using a minor modification of the method described by Parham et al. (1982)
- the TES affinity and DHEAS cross-reactivities of the proteolytic Fab fragment were comparable to those of the original monoclonal 3-QFs antibody.
- the N-terminal amino acid sequences of clone 3-G t F 5 were determined and complementary DNAs of the light and heavy chains were synthesised from mRNAs isolated from hybridoma cells
- the light and heavy chain cDNAs were amplified by PCR, cloned using the restriction sites introduced into the PCR primers and sequenced (Figs 2 and 3)
- the cloned antibody genes were modified by PCR and the assembled Fab fragment expression unit was cloned under the tac promoter in the pKKt ⁇ c vector (Takkinen et al , 1991, Alfthan et al , 1993)
- the first constant domain of the heavy chain (IgG b ) was replaced by a gene fragment encoding the first constant domain of the IgGi subclass heavy chain to promote secretion and folding of the Fab fragment in E.coh (Alfthan et al , 1993, MacKenzie et al , 1994)
- the Fab fragment expression unit in the pKKt ⁇ c vector was transformed into the E.coh RV308 strain
- the Fab fragment was secreted as an active and soluble protein into the periplasmic space and was released to the culture medium during the overnight inductions
- the 3-C4F5 Fab fragment was purified from the culture supernatant in a single step by a TES affinity column
- Binding characteristics of the parental mouse monoclonal anti-testosterone antibody 3- F 5 (IgG 2b ), its proteolytic Fab fragment and E.co/z-derived recombinant Fab fragment for TES and DHEAS were characterised by a competitive two-step time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay as described in Example 1
- the TES affinity and DHEAS cross-reactivity of the recombinant Fab fragment were comparable to those of the original monoclonal 3-QFs antibody and proteolytic Fab fragment.
- the heavy chain constant domain subclass replacement did not affect the binding properties
- a molecular model was constructed for the 3-CtFs Fab fragment as described in Example 2. According to the model most of the contacts between TES and the antibody originate from the third CDR loops of the heavy and the light chains Thus, these CDRs were targeted for mutagenesis by using spiked PCR primers (Hermes et al, 1989; 1990) The randomness of PCR primers was adjusted by using a defined, biased mixture of nucleotides during the oligonucleotide synthesis for CDRs (80% wild-type and 20 % equal mixture of three other nucleotides). The CDR3 mutant libraries were constructed by the overlapping PCR method and cloned in the separate pComb3 phagemid vectors (Barbas et al.,1991).
- the mutant libraries were selected by phage display using a competitive panning procedure.
- the concentration of DHEAS was increased stepwise from 0.1 ⁇ M to 0.3 ⁇ M during seven panning cycles to achieve at least 50% inhibition of binding onto immobilised TES on each round of panning.
- soluble Fab fragments were produced from isolated phages.
- Relative affinities and cross- reactivities of the selected mutant anti-testosterone Fab fragments were determined by the competitive time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay and compared to the recombinant wild-type Fab fragments produced either by the pKKt ⁇ c or the phagemid pComb3 vectors.
- the DHEAS cross-reactivity was decreased to 0.52% and in one heavy chain mutant to 0.09%
- the TES affinity was preserved on the wild-type level but the DHEAS cross-reactivity was further decreased to 0.03%)
- a surprising finding was that by the competitive panning procedure the overall binding specificity of the 3-C ⁇ Fs antibody was refined, since the cross-reactivities to 5 ⁇ -DHT and androstenedione were also significantly decreased in the combined mutant
- the combined CDR3 mutant clone was used as a template for a subsequent round of modification by targetting parallely the remaining CDRs. A higher frequency of mutations was allowed for these generally less important loops.
- V L and V H CDRl and CDR2 loops (as defined in Kabat et al, 1991) of the combined CDR3 mutant Fab fragment of the 3-C4F5 antibody were targeted for mutagenesis by using spiked PCR primers.
- the randomness of PCR primers was adjusted by nucleotide doping during the oligonucleotide synthesis for CDRs (using 62.5% wild-type and 12.5%) each three other nucleotides in oligo synthesis).
- mutant libraries were selected by the phage display technique.
- the new mutant libraries were selected by using limiting, decreasing concentrations of biotinylated TES in solution and capturing the binders on streptavidin.
- mutant libraries were selected by preincubating the libraries in solution with high concentration of the cross-reacting steroid, DHEAS, and then isolating TES binders using microtiter plate wells coated with a TES conjugate.
- the TES affinity was increased over tenfold while the cross-reactivities to related steroids were preserved on the same level as in the parental combined CDR3 mutant clone.
- New heavy chain CDRl and light chain CDR2 sequences were isolated from specificity selections showing decreased cross-reactivity to related steroids.
- a Fab fragment with 18-fold lower cross- reactivity to DHEAS and over 11-fold higher TES affinity compared to original monoclonal antibody (3-C ⁇ Fs) was created.
- Evaluation of the two best mutant Fab fragments in a competitive one-step research immunoassay protocol with TES standards in serum showed good correlation with gas chromatography - mass spectrometry analysis.
- the CDR3 loops of the combined mutant clone were retargetted in parallel by oligo- directed PCR mutagenesis.
- the bias of the oligonucleotides for the parental sequence was weaker than in the previous CDR3 mutant libraries (62.5%) parental type and 12.5%> each three other nucleotides) and the mutant libraries were cloned by utilising unique restriction sites created by site-directed mutagenesis nearby the CDRs thus improving the quality and size of the libraries.
- a combined selection procedure allowing simultaneous selection with respect to affinity and specificity was used in addition to the previously utilized panning technique.
- a high concentration of cross-reacting steroid as a protein conjugate (DHEA-3-SucH-BSA) was used in phage solutions to inhibit binding of cross-reacting phages to limiting concentrations of biotinylated TES.
- the contact time of phages and biotinylated TES was decreased to 10 min and the biotinylated TES was immobilised in the streptavidin wells beforehand to ensure complete immobilisation.
- the elution of phages was done using 50 mM NaOH, pH 12.6 for 15 min and immediate neutralisation with 1 M Tris, pH 7.5.
- the mutant libraries were also affinity selected without any competing steroid by using limiting, gradually decreasing concentrations of biotinylated TES to catch the high-affinity binders.
- concentration of TES used in this approach was clearly lower (1 nM to 10 pM) compared to approaches where cross-reacting steroid was used.
- new light chain CDR3 sequences were created by combining mutations from different light chain CDR3 mutant clones.
- a number of new CDR combinations were created by combining different CDR loop sequences selected during the stepwise optimisation of the CDRs of the 3- C ⁇ s antibody. The optimisation of the light chain CDR3 sequence and the CDR combination resulted in clones having an excellent overall binding profile.
- a TES-binding Fab fragment having mutations in five CDRs and showing 32-fold higher affinity to TES, 60-fold lower cross-reactivity to DHEAS, 2-fold lower cross-reactivity to 5 ⁇ -DHT and over 9-fold lower cross-reactivity to androstenedione compared to the original monoclonal antibody was created.
- the binding properties of many mutant Fab fragments were now comparable to those of a rabbit polyclonal anti-testosterone antiserum good enough for diagnostic immunoassay.
- the stepwise optimisation of the CDRs of a reasonably good hybridoma cell-derived monoclonal TES-binding antibody using random mutagenesis and phage display techniques and in the final step analysis of the additivity of different mutations and different CDRs is an efficient and feasible approach to develop recombinant monoclonal anti- testosterone antibodies for sensitive diagnostic applications.
- antibodies and antibody derivatives of the invention offers means for efficient and economical production of uniform quality highly specific reagents suitable for use in immunodiagnostic assays
- initially obtained antibodies or antibody fragments of the invention may be altered, e.g. new sequences linked, without substantially altering the binding characteristics.
- Such techniques may be employed to produce chimeric, humanised and CDR-grafted anti- testosterone antibodies as well as novel testosterone-binding hybrid proteins which retain both affinity and high specificity for testosterone as hereinbefore defined.
- the anti-testosterone monoclonal antibody 3-C F 5 was developed by hyperimmunizing mice with a TES-3-carboxymethyloxime(CMO)-thyroglobulin conjugate.
- the 3-GtF 5 was purified from the hybridoma cell culture and proteolytic production of the Fab fragment was carried out.
- the genes of the 3-C ⁇ Fs were cloned and the recombinant Fab fragment was produced in E.coh.
- Binding characteristics of the parental monoclonal antibody and Fab fragments were analysed by the competitive two-step time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. Immunisation and screening procedures, cloning and characterisation of the anti -testosterone monoclonal antibody 3-C F 5 are described in this example.
- mice Male mice (8 weeks old) of BALB/c were used for immunisation. Cell fusion was according to the method of Galfre & Milstein (Galfre and Milstein, 1981).
- mice used in a B-cell fusion, leading to clone 3 -C + Fs were immunised with TES-3- carboxymethyloxime(CMO)-thyroglobulin conjugate (70 ⁇ g) emulsified in the Complete Freund's Adjuvant (Difco, USA). The immunisation was administered intraperitoneally. The mice were then reimmunized six times with TES-3-CMO-thyroglobulin conjugate (70 ⁇ g) emulsified in the Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (Difco) at four weeks' intervals. A few days after the last immunisation, the antibody response was tested. The mouse with the highest antibody response was chosen for cell fusion and given a booster injection (70 ⁇ g in saline) intravenously into the tail.
- mice Three days after the booster injection, the spleen cells of the mouse were fused with mouse myeloma cells (X63-Ag8.653) by treating the cells with 50 % PEG 4000 in DMEM (Gibco, USA). Fusion cells were then grown in HAT (Gibco) medium with 20 % Fetal Calf Serum (Gibco). About three weeks after the fusion, the hybridoma cells had grown enough to be screened. A competitive RIA was used at the beginning as a fast screening method.
- the anti- body-producing cell lines were further cultured until they reached a cell density of 1 5 x IO 6 cells/ml (estimated with hematocytometer and Trypan Blue stain)
- the cells were then cloned at least two times by the limiting dilution method in 96-well plates and between and after the clonings the cultures were tested with the competitive RIA
- the antibody-producing cell lines were further cultured, frozen, and stored in a liquid nitrogen.
- the monoclonal 3-G t F 5 antibody, IgG 2 b, K, was purified from the hybridoma cell culture supernatant on a Protein A-Sepharose (Pharmacia, Sweden) column using the protocol of the manufacturer The proteolytic production of the Fab fragment was carried out using a minor modification of the method described by Parham et al (1982) Papain (Pharmacia) was preactivated before use with 50 mM cysteine in 100 mM Tris-HCl, 50 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, pH 7 5 for 30 minutes at 37° C and was added to the purified antibody equilibrated in the same buffer without cysteine to yield an antibody. enzyme ratio (w/w) of 33 1.
- the reaction was stopped after 2 hours incubation at 37 °C by adding iodoacetamide to the final concentration of 5 mM.
- the Fc fragment and undigested complete antibody were immobilised on a Protein A- Sepharose column and the unbound Fab fragment in the effluent was gel filtrated and equilibrated in the phosphate-buffered-saline, pH 7 4 (PBS).
- the purity of the Fab fragment was analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Laemmli, 1970).
- the N-terminal amino acid sequences of the purified 3- Fs antibody were determined on an Applied Biosystems 477 A on-line 120 A modified pulsed liquid phase/gas phase sequencer as described by Baumann (1990)
- the cDNAs of the L and Fd chains were modified with PCR (Saiki et al , 1988) to provide them with restriction sites allowing precise in frame fusions in a Fab fragment expression unit in the pKKt ⁇ c vector as described earlier (Alfthan et al, 1993, Takkinen et al, 1991)
- the first constant domain of the heavy chain (IgG 2b ) was replaced by a gene fragment encoding the first constant domain of the murine IgGi subclass heavy chain to promote secretion and folding of the Fab fragment in E.coh (Alfthan et al, 1993, MacKenzie et al, 1994) This replacement was done by utilising the unique BsaA I restriction site near the V H -3 ' end and did not alter the amino acid sequence of the V H
- the nucleotide sequence of the final expression construct (Fig 4) was verified by dideoxy sequencing.
- the expression vector was transformed into the E.coh strain RV308 Overnight culture was diluted 1 50 and grown to an Asoo nm of 0 7-1 5, after which isopropyl ⁇ -D- thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was added to a final concentration of 1 mM and the growth was continued overnight at 30°C
- IPTG isopropyl ⁇ -D- thiogalactopyranoside
- the cells were harvested by centrifugation (5000 g, 10 min ) and the culture supernatant was analysed on SDS-PAGE (Laemmli, 1970) followed by electrophoretic transfer of proteins onto a nitrocellulose filter (Towbin et al , 1979)
- the produced Fab fragment was reacted with a commercial alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-mouse kappa IgG (Southern Biotechnology Associates, Inc , USA) and detected using BCIP/NBT as substrate (Promega)
- the overnight supernatant of an induced culture was concentrated using the Pellicon Cassette System (Millipore, USA), applied to the column (1.2 cm x 3.0 cm) and the affinity chromatography was performed as described (Harlow and Lane, 1988).
- the eluted Fab was immediately neutralised with 1 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.5.
- the pooled fractions were concentrated and then gel filtrated on an Econo-Pac 10DG column (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Richmond, CA) to change the buffer to PBS.
- the purified Fab fragment was analysed by SDS- PAGE. Protein concentrations were determined from the absorbance at 280 nm based on the Tip and Tyr content of the Fab protein sequence (Wetlaufer, 1962).
- the relative affinities and cross-reactivities of the purified parental monoclonal antibody and its Fab fragments were determined by a competitive two-step time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. Briefly, goat anti-mouse IgG (Fab-specific, Southern Biotechnology Associates, Inc., USA) was coated on microtiter plate wells. The wells were blocked and samples were incubated in the wells for 2 hours. After a washing step, dilution series of different steroids (in PBS) were added together with TES-3-CMO-polylysine labelled with an Europium-chelate (Wallac, Finland), and incubated for 1 hour.
- the heavy chain constant domain subclass replacement did not affect the binding properties of the recombinant Fab fragment.
- the samples were titrated without soluble steroid in the same assay system in order to choose suitable dilutions for the antibody samples.
- the constructed molecular model within the ligand TES was docked revealed that several amino acid residues in the third CDRs of the heavy and light chains were in close proximity to the ligand.
- the CDR3 loops were randomised using spiked synthetic oligonucleotides and mutant Fab libraries were selected by a competitive panning procedure. After panning Fab fragments with lowered DHEAS cross-reaction were isolated. The cross-reactivity was further decreased by combining the light and heavy chain CDR3 mutations.
- the computer program COMPOSER (Sali et al, 1990; Blundell et al, 1990) was used in building the structural model for the Fab fragment of 3- F5. Five out of the six CDRs were built in as canonical conformations. The CDR3 of the heavy chain does not have any canonical conformation available and therefore fragment that fitted best to the structural model and had highest sequence similarity with the sequence of the CDR3 of the V H was selected from the database for that CDR3.
- the selected 3-D structures of the anti-oxazolone antibody and the 4-4-20 antibodies were simultaneously aligned and a rigid body superposition of their C a backbones was performed in order to define the structurally conserved regions (SCRs) for the model.
- the crystal structure of the ligand, TES was extracted from the Cambridge Structural Database (Allen et al, 1991) and it was energy minimised. TES was then docked into the same position as the oxazolone hapten in the anti-oxazolone antibody. The initial position was selected from the basis that the size of the oxazolone hapten is very similar to that of TES and the anti-oxazolone antibody was one of the crystal structures used as a template for the model.
- the A-ring of TES must be solvent-exposed, because conjugated derivative of TES (conjugated through the A-ring C3 carbonyl oxygen atom) was used for immunisation.
- the TES molecule can be accommodated within the binding site in a number of different orientations of the ring system.
- Four different starting conformations of TES were used. Beside the initial conformation, where the methyl groups point towards the antibody light chain, three other starting conformations were used. In these cases, the ring system was rotated by 90, -90 and 180 degrees with respect to the initial conformation.
- Each complex was energy minimised and simulated 100 picoseconds at the room temperature by using a stochastic boundary molecular dynamics method, SBMD, (Brooks and Karplus, 1989). This method allows detailed study of interactions between TES and the antibody including water molecules and explicit hydrogen atoms into the simulation.
- the model of the complex in which TES had lowest interaction energy with the antibody was selected for further studies. Our earlier experience has shown that longer simulation time improves the quality of the model (Hoffren et al, 1992). Thus the low energy model was further simulated 400ps by SBMD in order to optimise the structure of the complex.
- the molecular model was inspected by molecular graphics to identify the regions of the variable domains of the heavy and light chains which are in close proximity of the antigen binding site.
- the identified contact residues ( ⁇ 3.5 A distance from TES), most of them locating in the third hypervariable loops of the heavy and light chains, were in the light chain Gly91, His93, Val94, Pro96 and Phe98, and in the heavy chain Ser35, Trp47 Ser50, Tyr58, Glu95, Tyr99, Vail 00, GlylOOJ and LeulOOK (numbering is according to Kabat et al, 1991).
- the CDR3 loops of the light and heavy chains were targeted for oligonucleotide-directed random mutagenesis by using spiked nucleotides in PCR primer synthesis (Hermes et al, 1989; 1990).
- spiked nucleotides in PCR primer synthesis
- CDR3 loops 80% wild-type and 20 % equal mixture of three other nucleotides
- the CDR3 region mutant libraries of the light and heavy chains were cloned separately by the overlapping PCR method (Ho et al, 1989) into the wild-type Fab fragment expression unit cloned in the phagemid vector pComb3, kindly provided by Dr. C. Barbas (Barbas et al, 1991).
- the light and heavy chain CDR3 mutant libraries were separately selected by the phage display technique (McCafferty et al, 1990, Barbas et al, 1991) using a competitive specificity panning procedure (Fig. 5). Briefly, the mutant Fab fragment libraries displayed on the surface of the bacteriophage were first incubated with soluble DHEAS for at least 30 minutes to inactivate those Fab phages having high cross-reactivity to DHEAS Thereafter, the phage pools were transferred to microtiter plate wells coated with the probe, TES-4-mercaptopropionic acid- BSA conjugate (1 ⁇ g/well), to catch the TES binders from the libraries After 1 hour incubation, the wells were washed 10 times during 1 hour period with washing solution (TBS- 1% BSA-0.5% Tween 20) and the binders were eluted with acidic buffer (0.1 M HCl - 1 mg/ml BSA, pH adjusted to 2.2.
- acidic buffer
- the eluted phage pools were amplified by infecting E.coh XL1- Blue cells.
- the inhibition effect of the soluble DHEAS was analysed during each round of selection by panning the same phage pools with and without DHEAS and titering eluted binders on selective plates.
- the concentration of DHEAS was adjusted to achieve at least 50% inhibition on each round of panning.
- Seven rounds of panning were performed, and during the cycles the concentration of DHEAS was increased stepwise from 0.1 ⁇ M to 0 3 ⁇ M.
- the seventh panning cycle was performed without amplifying the sixth phage eluate in E.coli XL1- Blue cells and on this cycle the binders were eluted with 100 ⁇ M TES in TBS-1% BSA for 1 hour.
- soluble Fab fragments were produced from isolated clones as described (Barbas et al, 1991). A number of individual clones were picked and the binding properties of the recombinant Fab fragments were preliminarily characterised by a competitive ELISA. Briefly, microtiter plate wells were coated overnight with a TES-3-CMO-BSA- conjugate (2 ⁇ g/ml) and blocked by incubating for 1 hour at room temperature with 0.5%> BSA-PBS.
- Mutant clone 44 had two mutations in the heavy chain CDR3 (Fig. 6): E95A and A101V (Kabat et al, 1991). In this mutant clone the DHEAS cross-reactivity was decreased to 0.085 % while the TES affinity was retained almost at the same level as in the wild-type (wt) Fab fragment.
- Mutant clone 28 had one mutation in the light chain CDR3 (Fig. 6): H93T (Kabat et al, 1991). The DHEAS cross-reactivity was decreased to 0.524 %> but this mutation also reduced the TES binding activity three-fold compared to the wild-type produced from the pKKt ⁇ c vector.
- the ED 50 (TES) value of the wild-type Fab fragment produced from the pKKt ⁇ c vector was almost two times lower than that of the wild-type Fab fragment produced from the pComb3 vector (Table I).
- TES ED 50
- the cloning sites of the cDNAs have been created within the very N-terminal regions of the heavy and light chain genes, resulting in changes of these sequences (two amino acid changes in each chain). This is the probable reason for the decreased affinity.
- the same phenomenon has also been noticed earlier with an anti- digoxin Fab fragment (Short et al, 1995).
- the mutagenesis strategy of the TES-binding Fab fragment was extended by mutating the other CDRs and selecting the mutant libraries using two different approaches in order to further improve the specificity and affinity.
- the new mutant libraries were selected by using limiting, decreasing concentrations of a biotinylated TES in solution and capturing the binders on streptavidin.
- the mutant libraries were selected by preincubating the libraries in solution with a high concentration of the cross-reacting steroid, DHEAS, and then isolating the TES binders using microtiter plate wells coated with a TES conjugate. By combining compatible mutant CDRs together, a Fab fragment with lowered cross-reactivity to DHEAS and raised TES affinity was created.
- V L and V H CDRl and CDR2 regions (as defined in Kabat et al, 1991) of the combined CDR3 mutant Fab fragment (mutant 44+28) (Example 2) of the 3-C4F5 antibody were targeted to mutagenesis by using spiked PCR primers (Hermes et al, 1989; 1990).
- spiked PCR primers Hermes et al, 1989; 1990.
- the randomness of PCR primers was adjusted by nucleotide doping during the oligonucleotide synthesis for CDR regions (62.5%o wild-type and 12.5% each three other nucleotides).
- the heavy chain CDR2 mutant library was cloned by the overlapping PCR method into the pComb3 vector containing the mutant Fab fragment (44+28) (Ho et al, 1989, Barbas et al, 1992).
- the three other libraries were constructed into the pComb3 vector (Barbas et /.,1991) containing the mutant Fab fragment (44+28) by utilising unique restriction sites nearby the CDRs. For this reason, the two amino terminal codons of the light chain CDRl containing a Bgl II restriction site used for the cloning of the light chain CDRl region were not randomised.
- the mutant libraries were selected by the phage display technique (McCafferty et al, 1990, Barbas et a , 1991). To improve specificity, the libraries were panned using the same method as described earlier for the CDR3 mutant libraries of this 3-GjF 5 antibody (Example 2). Briefly, phage libraries were first incubated with a high concentration of soluble DHEAS in order to inactivate Fab phages with cross-reactivity to DHEAS. The phage pools were then transferred to microtiter plate wells coated with 1 ⁇ g of TES-3-CMO-BSA and the TES binders were eluted with an acidic buffer after washes.
- the eluted phage pools were amplified by infecting E.coli XL-1 Blue cells.
- the inhibition effect of the soluble DHEAS was analysed during each round of selection by panning the same phage pools with and without DHEAS inhibition and titering the eluted binders on selective plates.
- the concentration of DHEAS was adjusted to achieve at least 50%> inhibition on each round of panning. A total of six cycles were performed and during the cycles the concentration of DHEAS was increased stepwise from 0.15 mM to 10 mM.
- the libraries were selected by using limiting, gradually decreasing concentrations of a biotinylated hapten to catch the high-affinity binders (Fig. 7; Hawkins et al, 1992; Schier et al, 1996b).
- the libraries were first incubated with a biotinylated TES (TES -3 -biotin) for at least 30 minutes, then the phage pools were transferred into streptavidin- coated microtiter plate wells (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Germany) and incubated for 15 minutes.
- the TES binders were eluted by adding the XLl-Blue cells (200 ⁇ l) into the wells together with high concentration of soluble TES (100 ⁇ M final). After 15 minutes infection the cells were transferred from the plate and amplified as usually. The amount of unspecific binding was analysed on each panning cycle by panning the same phage pools without adding the biotinylated TES in the first step, the binders eluted from streptavidin plates were titered on selective plates.
- phagemid DNA was isolated and the pin gene region removed by Spe I and Nhe I digestion from the pComb 3 vector (Barbas et al., 1991).
- the re-ligated vector DNA was transformed and about 100 individual clones were grown in a small scale to produce soluble Fab fragments for preliminary characterisation. Clones were analysed on a competitive ELISA test using TES-3-CMO-BSA-coated wells (0.1 ⁇ g) to catch the TES binders and soluble TES and DHEAS to achieve inhibition of binding (as described earlier, Example 2).
- the light chain CDRl mutant clones A58 and A60 selected by affinity panning procedure showed about 10-fold improved affinity to TES while cross-reactivities to related steroids remained essentially unchanged (Table II). TABLE II Affinities and cross-reactivities of the anti-testosterone Fab fragments after affinity panning.
- LCDR1 (A58) 0.7 0.054 4.3 2.6 LCDR1 (A60) 0.5 0.040 3.4 2.1
- the kinetics of binding of the purified mutant Fab fragments to the TES-3-CMO-BSA immobilised on a dextran-coated sensor chip were determined from the dependence of the surface plasmon resonance response upon the concentration of the purified Fab fragments injected into the biosensor (BIAcoreTM , Pharmacia Biosensor AB, Sweden) (Karlsson et al, 1991; J ⁇ nsson et al, 1992).
- the antigen, TES-3-CMO-BSA was coupled to the CM5 sensor chip through its amine groups using the Amine Coupling Kit (Pharmacia Biosensor AB)(Johnsson et al, 1991).
- the antigen was diluted in 10 mM acetate buffer (pH 4.0) to the concentration of 6.25 ⁇ g/ml and 398 resonance units (RU) was immobilised using automated immobilisation cycle at a constant flow rate of 5 ⁇ l min as follows: 70 ⁇ l of 0.4 MN-ethyl-N'- (dimethylamino-propyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and 0.1 M N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) were transferred to the mixing vial, whereafter 35 ⁇ l of the mixed solution was injected over the surface. The antigen solution, 35 ⁇ l, was then injected, followed by injection of 35 ⁇ l of 1 M ethanolamine hydrochloride solution.
- EDC dimethylamino-propyl
- NHS N-hydroxysuccinimide
- the improved sensitivity of the best mutant Fab fragment allowed use of serum based standards and a competitive one-step immunoassay protocol to test the performance of the mutant Fab in a clinically relevant TES concentration area.
- the developed competitive one-step immunoassay protocol was compared to a currently used commercial kit, in which rabbit polyclonal antibodies are used as TES specific reagents, designed for in vitro measurement of the concentration of TES in human serum or plasma (DELFIA® Testosterone kit, Time- resolved fluoroimmunoassay kit 1244-050 (Wallac) and to gas chromatography - mass spectrometry analysis.
- TES-free serum 50 ⁇ l of TES-free serum, 100 ⁇ l of TES-Eu tracer (from the DELFIA® Testosterone kit, diluted 1:50 to Testosterone Assay Buffer from the same kit) and 100 ⁇ l of different dilutions of the Fab (in 0.5% BSA/PBS) were pipetted to microtiter plate wells precoated with goat anti-mouse IgG. After 2 hours incubation at room temperature with shaking, the wells were washed three times with DELFIA® wash solution and then 200 ⁇ l of DELFIA® Enhancement Solution were added to the wells. After fluorescence development at room temperature the fluorescence was measured by a 1230 Arcus fluorometer (Wallac). Suitable dilution of the Fab for subsequent TES measurements was chosen from a linear part of a curve representing the fluorescence as a function of a dilution of the Fab.
- the standard curve for the modified research assay method utilizing the developed Fab fragment was essentially identical to that of the kit and covered the clinically relevant concentration range (Fig. 9).
- the lowest standard (0.5 nmol/1) gave 85.4%o and 84.5% (B/B max %) binding for the A60/HCDR1/LCDR2 Fab and the kit, respectively.
- the highest standard (50 nmol/1) gave 11.8% and 10.2% binding for the A60/HCDR1/LCDR2 and the kit, respectively.
- the determined TES ED-50% values were 5.6 nmol 1 for the A60/HCDR1/LCDR2 and 4.3 nmol/1 for the kit. No proper binding inhibition of the parental wild-type monoclonal was achieved with clinically relevant standard concentrations in the modified research assay system used.
- the CDR3 loops of the combined mutant clone were retargetted to oligo- directed PCR mutagenesis.
- the bias of the oligonucleotides for the parental sequence was weaker than in the previous CDR3 mutant libraries and the mutant libraries were cloned by utilising unique restriction sites created by site-directed mutagenesis nearby the CDRs thus improving the quality and size of the libraries.
- Combined selection procedure allowing simultaneous selection with respect to affinity and specificity was used in addition to the previously utilized affinity panning approach.
- V L and V H CDR3 loops (as defined in Kabat et al, 1991) of the mutant Fab fragment (after CDRl, 2 and 3 metagenesis, A60/HCDR1/LCDR2, Example 3) of the 3-C ⁇ antibody (Example 1) were retargetted to mutagenesis by using spiked PCR primers (Hermes et al, 1989; 1990).
- mutant libraries were selected by the antibody phage display technique (McCafferty et al, 1990, Barbas et al, 1991). Briefly, on every panning round mutant libraries were first incubated with a high concentration of soluble DHEA-BSA conjugate (DHEA-3-SucH-BSA, 17-20 mol DHEA mol BSA, 0.4 mg/ml) for at least 30 min at 37°C in order to inactivate Fab phages with cross-reactivity to DHEAS.
- DHEA-3-SucH-BSA a high concentration of soluble DHEA-BSA conjugate
- phage pools were then transferred into microtiter plate wells coated with 1 ⁇ g of TES-3-CMO-BSA and on next three rounds to streptavidin-coated microtiter plate wells (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Germany) preincubated for 1 h with TES-3-biotin. After a 10 min incubation at 37 °C, the wells were washed (TBS-1% BSA-0.05% Tween 20) 15 times during an 1 h period before elution of binders with 50 mM NaOH, pH 12.6 for 15 min and immediate neutralisation with 1 M Tris, pH 7.5.
- the mutant libraries were also affinity selected without any competing steroid by using limiting, gradually decreasing concentrations of biotinylated TES to catch the high-affinity binders (Hawkins et al, 1992; Schier et al, 1996b).
- the libraries were first incubated with a biotinylated TES (TES-3 -biotin) for 5 min, then the phage pools were transferred to streptavidin-coated microtiter plate wells (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Germany) and incubated for 25 min at 37 °C.
- the TES binders were eluted with 50 mM NaOH, pH 12.6 for 15 min and then immediately neutralised with 1 M Tris, pH 7.5. A total of five rounds of panning were performed, and during the cycles the concentration of biotinylated TES was decreased gradually from 1 nM to 10 pM.
- phagemid DNA was isolated and the pill gene region was removed by Spe I and Nhe I digestion from the pComb 3 vector (Barbas et al, 1991).
- the re-ligated vector DNA was transformed and about 50 individual clones were grown in a small scale to produce soluble Fab fragments for preliminary characterisation.
- Clones were analysed on a competitive ELISA test using TES-3-CMO-BSA-coated wells (0 1 ⁇ g) to catch the TES- binders and soluble TES and DHEAS to achieve inhibition of binding (as described earlier, Example 2).
- the most promising clones having either decreased DHEAS cross-reactivity and/or improved TES-binding affinity were sequenced (Sanger et al, 1977) and selected for further characterisation.
- Clones were cloned into the pKKt ⁇ c expression vector (Takkinen et al , 1991) and transformed into the E.coli strain RV308 for small scale production
- Clones were characterised using goat anti-mouse IgG-coated microtiter wells, and TES-3-CMO-polylysine labelled with Europium-chelate (from Wallac) was used as the fluorescent label.
- a one incubation step assay protocol was used for characterisation of these clones i e. the label, antibody sample and competing steroid were all added in the same time onto the wells (Example 3/N).
- new light chain CDR3 sequences were created by combining mutations from three different LCDR3 mutant clones (28, A4 and A46). Finally, a number of new CDR combinations were created by combining different CDR loop sequences selected during the stepwise optimisation of the CDRs of the 3- G ⁇ antibody.
- Example 3/V suitable dilutions for the Fab fragments (in 0.5% BSA/PBS) were titrated as described in Example 3/V.
- different TES standards (0-50 nmol/1 in human TES-free serum) and unknown patient serum specimens were analysed using the same assay protocol as described in Example 3/N.
- the unknown patient serum specimens were also analysed using the DELFIA® Testosterone kit as recommended by the manufacturer. II. Performance of the selected recombinant mutant Fab fragments in the clinical immunoassay
- the standard curves for all the analysed Fab fragments were in the clinically relevant concentration range.
- the lowest standard (0.49 nmol/1) gave 86.5% - 93.1% (B/Bmax %) binding for the Fab fragments and 85.9%) for the kit.
- the highest standard (50.9 nmol 1) gave 8.6%o - 15.6%) and 10.4%> binding for the Fab fragments and the kit, respectively.
- the determined TES ED-50%> values were 3.4 - 8.8 nmol/1 for the Fab fragments and 4.3 nmol 1 for the kit.
- Figures 14 and 15 show the results obtained for 48 female and for 32 male patient samples, respectively, using either Fab fragments in the one-step immunoassay or the commercial DELFIA® testosterone kit designed for in vitro measurement of the concentration of TES in human serum or plasma.
- Table I shows the comparision of correlation parameters between different Fab fragments in the one-step immunoassay and the commercial DELFIA® Testosterone kit when 80 patient serum samples were measured.
- Schier, R Balint, R F , McCall, A , Apell, G , Lar ⁇ ck, J W and Marks, J D (1996b) Gene, 169, 147-155 Schier, R , Bye, J M , Apell, G , McCall, A , Adams, G P , Malmqvist, M , Weiner, L M and Marks, J D (1996a) J. Mol Biol , 225, 28-43
- NAME Orion-yhtyma Oyj Orion Diagnostica
- MOLECULE TYPE peptide
- ORIGINAL SOURCE (C) INDIVIDUAL ISOLATE: (V H region of the Fab fragment of S83)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
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JP2000510778A JP2001515921A (en) | 1997-09-05 | 1998-09-04 | Monoclonal antibodies that bind testosterone |
EP98942707A EP1009772A1 (en) | 1997-09-05 | 1998-09-04 | Monoclonal antibodies that bind testosterone |
CA002300804A CA2300804A1 (en) | 1997-09-05 | 1998-09-04 | Monoclonal antibodies that bind testosterone |
NO20001051A NO20001051L (en) | 1997-09-05 | 2000-03-01 | Monoclonal antibodies that bind testosterone |
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GBGB9718911.2A GB9718911D0 (en) | 1997-09-05 | 1997-09-05 | Monoclonal antibodies |
GB9718911.2 | 1997-09-05 |
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WO1999012974A1 true WO1999012974A1 (en) | 1999-03-18 |
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PCT/FI1998/000689 WO1999012974A1 (en) | 1997-09-05 | 1998-09-04 | Monoclonal antibodies that bind testosterone |
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EP (1) | EP1009772A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2001515921A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2300804A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB9718911D0 (en) |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2003064648A1 (en) * | 2002-01-31 | 2003-08-07 | Bioinvent International Ab | Method of making libraries of anti-ligands |
WO2008009960A2 (en) * | 2006-07-21 | 2008-01-24 | Haptogen Ltd | Anti-testosterone antibodies |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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GB0312481D0 (en) * | 2003-05-30 | 2003-07-09 | Celltech R&D Ltd | Antibodies |
GB0501741D0 (en) * | 2005-01-27 | 2005-03-02 | Binding Site The Ltd | Antibody |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0226985A2 (en) * | 1985-12-20 | 1987-07-01 | Roche Diagnostics GmbH | Method and reagent for determining testosterone as well as a monoclonal antibody suitable for this |
EP0501320A1 (en) * | 1991-02-26 | 1992-09-02 | Keisuke Hirasawa | Immunopotentiating drug containing an anti-testosterone antibody |
-
1997
- 1997-09-05 GB GBGB9718911.2A patent/GB9718911D0/en active Pending
-
1998
- 1998-09-04 JP JP2000510778A patent/JP2001515921A/en active Pending
- 1998-09-04 CA CA002300804A patent/CA2300804A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-09-04 EP EP98942707A patent/EP1009772A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-09-04 WO PCT/FI1998/000689 patent/WO1999012974A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2000
- 2000-03-01 NO NO20001051A patent/NO20001051L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0226985A2 (en) * | 1985-12-20 | 1987-07-01 | Roche Diagnostics GmbH | Method and reagent for determining testosterone as well as a monoclonal antibody suitable for this |
EP0501320A1 (en) * | 1991-02-26 | 1992-09-02 | Keisuke Hirasawa | Immunopotentiating drug containing an anti-testosterone antibody |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
J. STEROID BIOCHEM., Volume 19, No. 5, 1983, V.E. FANTI et al., "Characterisation of Monoclonal Antibodies Raised Against Testosterone", pages 1605-1610. * |
PROTEIN ENGINEERING, Volume 11, No. 4, April 1998, A. HEMMINKI et al., "Specificity Improvement of a Recombinant Anti-Testosterone Fab Fragment by CDRIII Mutagenesis and Phage Display Selection", pages 311-319. * |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2003064648A1 (en) * | 2002-01-31 | 2003-08-07 | Bioinvent International Ab | Method of making libraries of anti-ligands |
WO2008009960A2 (en) * | 2006-07-21 | 2008-01-24 | Haptogen Ltd | Anti-testosterone antibodies |
WO2008009960A3 (en) * | 2006-07-21 | 2008-07-10 | Haptogen Ltd | Anti-testosterone antibodies |
Also Published As
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NO20001051D0 (en) | 2000-03-01 |
CA2300804A1 (en) | 1999-03-18 |
EP1009772A1 (en) | 2000-06-21 |
NO20001051L (en) | 2000-05-04 |
GB9718911D0 (en) | 1997-11-12 |
JP2001515921A (en) | 2001-09-25 |
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