WO1998045311A1 - Rna isolation reagent and methods - Google Patents
Rna isolation reagent and methods Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1998045311A1 WO1998045311A1 PCT/US1998/007077 US9807077W WO9845311A1 WO 1998045311 A1 WO1998045311 A1 WO 1998045311A1 US 9807077 W US9807077 W US 9807077W WO 9845311 A1 WO9845311 A1 WO 9845311A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- rna
- cells
- vol
- glucopyranoside
- extraction reagent
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
- C12N15/1003—Extracting or separating nucleic acids from biological samples, e.g. pure separation or isolation methods; Conditions, buffers or apparatuses therefor
Definitions
- the present invention is in the field of molecular biology.
- the invention relates to improved methods, extraction reagents and kits for isolating RNA from eukaryotic cells, such as plant or animal cells.
- RNA isolation reagents and methods have been developed for isolating RNA, preferably cytoplasmic RNA and mRNA, from animal cells. These reagents and methods, when applied to the isolation of RNA from plant materials and plant cells, suffer from problems involving: the presence of Mg ⁇ ions which degrade RNA; co-isolation of polysaccharides with RNA when strong chaotropic salts or ionic detergents are used; and the use of high salt concentrations requiring additional precipitation/redissolving steps. These methods give unsatisfactory results when applied to the isolation of RNA from plants.
- U.S. Patent Numbers 5,346,994 and 4,843,155 disclose the use of extraction reagents having chaotropic salts (e.g., guanidinium isothiocyanate and ammonium isothiocyanate in high concentration (0.5-3M)), which completely disrupts cells and their nuclei, releasing RNA, DNA, proteins, membranous materials, and soluble polysaccharides into the extraction media.
- chaotropic salts e.g., guanidinium isothiocyanate and ammonium isothiocyanate in high concentration (0.5-3M)
- chlorophyl is broken down when plant cells are subjected to known RNA isolation methods and Mg ⁇ ions are released from the chlorophyl.
- the Mg ++ ions react with RNA and degrade it, reducing the yield and at least partially destroying the integrity of the RNA sequence.
- Sambrook discloses an alternative protocol for the isolation of cytoplasmic RNA from mammalian cells, which uses a non-disruptive RNA extraction reagent at physiological pH and salt concentration, instead of high concentrations of chaotropic salts.
- the extraction reagent contains an RNase inhibitor to protect the RNA during the isolation procedure and a nonionic detergent that solubilizes the cell membrane while leaving the nuclear membrane intact, to release cytoplasmic RNA.
- the cytoplasmic RNA in the extraction media is selectively extracted from the cell, and separated from cell debris by a centrifugation step.
- the Sambrook protocol suffers from the problem of requiring expensive RNase inhibitors and extensive sample handling to recover the purified mRNA. The presence of a cell wall was also a deterrent from applying this technology to plant specimens.
- the invention provides methods, extraction reagents and kits for RNA isolation from eukaryotic cells provided in a sample, where the use of at least a phenol, a chelator and a nonionic detergent replaces chaotropes and/or RNAse inhibitors in the extraction reagent. These methods, reagents and kits provide superior results for isolation of cytoplasmic RNA or mRNA from eukaryotic cells, especially from plants, maintaining the integrity of the RNA without co- isolation of polysaccharides.
- an extraction reagent is used on fresh or frozen eukaryotic cells, or preferably frozen, powdered plant and animal samples.
- the RNA is localized in the aqueous phase after phase separation, and then precipitated with alcohol.
- the process can comprise:
- step (d) precipitating the cytoplasmic RNA from the aqueous phase obtained in step (c) with alcohol.
- the process can optionally further comprise: (e) recovering the cytoplasmic RNA from the precipitate obtained in step (d).
- the process can also optionally further comprise: (f) isolating mRNA from the recovered cytoplasmic RNA (e.g., as a precipitate) using any known method, such as by chromatography on oligo(dT)- cellulose (see, e.g., Sambrook, infra, at ⁇ 7.26-7.29).
- the extraction reagent preferably comprises:
- the extraction reagent optionally further comprises:
- the methods are useful for providing cytoplasmic or mRNA from cells contained in samples from eukaryotic organisms, with improved quantitative and/or qualitative yield over known methods, with RNA isolation from plants or plant cells preferred.
- kits comprising a carrier or receptacle being compartmentalized to receive and hold therein at least one container, wherein a first container contains at least one RNA reagent of the present invention, as described herein.
- the invention is directed to methods and reagents using at least one of a phenol, a phenol stabilizer, a phenol solubilizer, a chelator and a nonionic detergent in the extraction reagent, in order to replace chaotropes and/or RNase inhibitors, and to provide enhanced isolation of intact cytoplasmic RNA from samples of eukaryotic organisms, tissues or cells.
- subsequent sample handling is reduced substantially, as well as the material and labor costs for performing the RNA isolation.
- the use of a phenol, a chelator, a nonionic detergent, low salt concentrations, and no chaotropic agents improves the RNA isolation procedure, quantitatively and/or qualitatively.
- the present invention provides several improvements over the related art, such as, but not limited to, at least one of: (a) the novel use of a chelator to protect the extracted RNA from degradation by Mg* ions (e.g., as present in animal cells, and as releasable from plant chlorophyl during the isolation process) in combination with phenol to protect the RNA from RNases; (b) the absence of strong chaotropic agents from the RNA extraction media minimizes co-isolation of polysaccharides with the purified RNA; (c) the use of the low salt concentration in the RNA extraction medium, where (after addition of chloroform and phase separation) mRNA can be selected directly from the aqueous phase, while reducing or eliminating additional precipitation/redissolving steps.
- the methods and reagents of the invention provide isolation of cytoplasmic RNA from eukaryotic organisms, such as, but not limited to, one or more of plants or plant materials or cells, animal cells or tissue, insects or insect cells, fungal hyphae or cells and other nucleated cells.
- the eukaryotic sample e.g., a plant sample
- the eukaryotic sample is preferably ground to a powder in liquid nitrogen, or by any other known method, where the sample remains frozen throughout the grinding procedure before RNA isolation.
- cell samples can be fresh or frozen but need not be ground into a powder.
- the invention thus provides direct isolation of cytoplasmic RNA or mRNA from eukaryotic cells.
- the extraction reagent comprises:
- At least one nonionic detergent 0.1-1.0% by volume
- a nonionic detergent e.g., tert- octylphenoxypoly(oxyethylene)ethanol (IGEPAL CA-630, Rhone Poulenc, France, 0.3-0.7%)
- IGEPAL CA-630 tert- octylphenoxypoly(oxyethylene)ethanol
- At least one chelator (0.02-0.25 M) (e.g., 0.05-0.5 M sodium citrate); and
- At least one phenol solubilizer (15%-55% by volume) (e.g., ethylene glycol, 22%).
- composition optionally further comprises:
- Nonionic Detergents include, but are not limited to, at least one selected from the group consisting of adducts of ethylene oxide and fatty alcohols, alkyl phenols, and fatty acid amides, N,N-bis(3-D- gluconamidopropyl)cholamides (BIGCHAP), decanoyl-N-methylglucamides, n-decyl ⁇ -D-glucopyranosides, n-decyl ⁇ -D-glucopyranosides, n-decyl ⁇ -D- maltopyranosides, deoxy-BIGCHAPs, digitonins, n-dodecyl ⁇ -D- glucopyranosides, n-dodecyl ⁇ -D-maltosides, n
- Tritons can include, but are not limited to, triton X-100 (t- octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol); triton X-100, peroxide- and carbonyl-free; triton X-100, reduced; triton X-100, reduced, peroxide- and carbonyl-free; triton X-l 14, triton X-405, triton N-101, triton X-405, reduced; other tritons, such as but not limited to the following:
- nonionic detergents include triton CG-110, triton XL-80N, triton WR-1339 or tyloxapol, tert-octylphenoxy poly(oxyethylene) ethanol (e.g., IGEPAL (Rh ⁇ ne-Poulenc, Paris, France)), and Nonidet P40 (octylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol).
- Chelators include, but are not limited to: EDTAs, EGTAs, sodium citrates (citric acids), salicylic acids (and their salts), phthalic acids, 2,4- pentanediones, histidines, histidinol dihydrochlorides, 8-hydroxylquinolines, 8-hydroxyquinoline citrates, and o-hydroxyquinones. Phenols. Any suitable phenolic compound can be used, e.g., according to the following formula I:
- R,, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 are each independently selected from H, alkyl, halo, o- alkyl, acyl and hydroxyl. Examples include, but are not limited to: phenol, o- cresol, /w-cresol, /?-cresol, resorcinol, ⁇ -resorcylaldehyde and the like.
- Phenol Stabilizers include, but are not limited to: 8- hydroxyquinolines, 8-hydroxyquinoline citrates, 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4',8',12'- trimethyltridecyl)-6-chromanols, -hydroxyquinones, o-hydroxyquinones, citric acids (and their salts), salicylic acids, ascorbic acids, /?-phenylenediames, n-propylgallates, and other known radical scavengers.
- Phenol Solubilizers include, but not limited to: any alcohol miscible with phenol and water, e.g., monoalcohols (such as, but not limited to: methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, and the like); diols (such as, but not limited to: ethylene glycol, propanediol, and the like); and, polyols (such as, but not limited to: giycerol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, and the like).
- monoalcohols such as, but not limited to: methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, and the like
- diols such as, but not limited to: ethylene glycol, propanediol, and the like
- polyols such as, but not limited to: giycerol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, and the like.
- the above compounds are commercially available, e.g., from Sigma-
- An example of a process according to the present invention for providing RNA includes, but is not limited to:
- step (d) precipitating the cytoplasmic RNA from the aqueous phase obtained in step (c).
- the process can optionally further comprise: (e) recovering the cytoplasmic RNA from the precipitate obtained in step (d).
- the process can also optionally further comprise: (f) isolating mRNA from the recovered cytoplasmic RNA precipitate using any known method, such as by chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose (see, e.g., Sambrook, infra, at ⁇ 7.26-7.29).
- the haloalkane added to the sample and extraction reagent mixture can be any haloalkane suitable for separating RNA from other cytoplasmic components.
- haloalkanes include, but are not limited to chloroform, methylene chloride (dichloromethane), l-bromo-3-chloro- propane, 2-bromo-l-chloropropane, bromoethane, l-bromo-5-chloropentane, and bromotoluene.
- the phases can be separated using any suitable method for separating RNA in an aqueous phase from other cytoplasmic components in the organic phase.
- suitable method for separating RNA in an aqueous phase from other cytoplasmic components in the organic phase include, but are not limited to centrifugation, filtration, vacuum filtration, or gravity.
- the cytoplasmic RNA can be separated using any suitable method for precipitating RNA from the aqueous phase.
- suitable method for precipitating RNA from the aqueous phase include, but are not limited to using alcohol, polyethylene glycol, lithium chloride, or the like.
- the cytoplasmic RNA can be recovered using any suitable method for recovering RNA from the precipitate.
- separation methods include, but are not limited to dissolving the RNA in water or in low salt buffer.
- the plant specimen is ground into a powder in liquid nitrogen.
- the plant powder is stored and used frozen.
- 0.1 g of the frozen powdered plant is thoroughly mixed with 1 ml of the RNA extraction reagent of the invention and is then let stand at room temperature for 5 minutes.
- 0.2 ml of chloroform per ml of the RNA extraction reagent is added to the mixture, and mixed thoroughly.
- the sample is centrifuged for 5 minutes at 12,000 x g at room temperature. (Larger quantities can be centrifuged for 30 minutes at 2600 x g or 6000 x g for 10 minutes at 4 °C.)
- the aqueous phase is transferred to an RNase-free tube.
- 0.5 ml of isopropanol per ml of RNA extraction reagent is added.
- the sample is mixed and let stand at room temperature for 10 minutes.
- the sample is centrifuged for 10 minutes at 12,000 x g at 4°C. (Larger quantities can be centrifuged for 30 minutes at 26000 x g or 6000 x g for 10 minutes at 4°C.)
- the supernate is decanted.
- the pellet is then washed with 1 ml of 75% ethanol per ml of RNA extraction reagent, centrifuged and any residual liquid is removed.
- RNase-free water is added to dissolve the RNA (50 ⁇ l of water for the 0.1 g sample).
- cytoplasmic RNA Isolation of cytoplasmic RNA from cells grown in suspension.
- the cells are collected by centrifugation at 4°C for 5 minutes at 2000 g.
- the fresh or frozen cell pellet containing 1 x 10 7 cells is gently resuspended in 1 ml of RNA extraction reagent. The mixture is allowed to stand at room temperature for 5 minutes.
- 0.2 ml of chloroform is added per ml of RNA extraction reagent used., and mixed thoroughly.
- the sample is centrifuged for 5 minutes at 12,000 x g at room temperature. (Larger quantities can be centrifuged for 30 minutes at 2600 x g or 6000 x g for 10 minutes at 4°C.)
- the top, aqueous phase is transferred to an RNase-free tube, and 0.5 ml of isopropanol is added per ml of RNA extraction reagent. The supernatant is mixed and let stand at room temperature for 10 minutes.
- the sample is centrifuged for 10 minutes at 12,000 x g at 4°C. (Larger quantities can be centrifuged for 30 minutes at 2600 x g or 6000 x g for 10 minutes at 4°C.)
- the supernate is decanted. It is then washed with 1 ml of 75% ethanol per ml of RNA extraction reagent, centrifuged and any residual liquid is removed. RNase-free water is added to dissolve the RNA (50 ⁇ l of water for the
- RNA 1 x 10 7 cells sample.
- concentration of the RNA is determined by measuring the OD 260 of an aliquot of the final preparation.
- a solution of RNA whose OD 260 1 contains approximately 40 ⁇ g of RNA per milliliter.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU69599/98A AU6959998A (en) | 1997-04-10 | 1998-04-10 | Rna isolation reagent and methods |
JP54311398A JP2001524820A (en) | 1997-04-10 | 1998-04-10 | RNA isolation reagents and methods |
EP98915405A EP1005479A4 (en) | 1997-04-10 | 1998-04-10 | Rna isolation reagent and methods |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US4183797P | 1997-04-10 | 1997-04-10 | |
US60/041,837 | 1997-04-10 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1998045311A1 true WO1998045311A1 (en) | 1998-10-15 |
Family
ID=21918602
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1998/007077 WO1998045311A1 (en) | 1997-04-10 | 1998-04-10 | Rna isolation reagent and methods |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20030204077A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1005479A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2001524820A (en) |
AU (1) | AU6959998A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1998045311A1 (en) |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2002057289A1 (en) * | 2001-01-16 | 2002-07-25 | Invitrogen Corporation | Reagent for the isolation of rna |
WO2002065125A1 (en) * | 2001-02-13 | 2002-08-22 | Invitrogen Corporation | Methods and compositions for isolation of biological macromolecules |
GB2413077A (en) * | 2004-04-13 | 2005-10-19 | Alan Edwin Jemmett | Anti-microbial composition comprising 8-hydroxyquinoline, or derivative thereof, a polyethoxylated wetting agent and a water miscible vehicle |
US7074556B2 (en) | 1999-03-02 | 2006-07-11 | Invitrogen Corporation | cDNA synthesis improvements |
US7208271B2 (en) | 2001-11-28 | 2007-04-24 | Applera Corporation | Compositions and methods of selective nucleic acid isolation |
US7267950B2 (en) | 2003-05-01 | 2007-09-11 | Veridex, Lcc | Rapid extraction of RNA from cells and tissues |
WO2007113614A1 (en) * | 2006-03-30 | 2007-10-11 | Council Of Scientific And Industrial Research | A method for rapid isolation of rna and a kit thereof |
US8367817B2 (en) | 2004-04-16 | 2013-02-05 | Piotr Chomczynski | Reagents for isolation of purified RNA |
CN103068979A (en) * | 2010-08-18 | 2013-04-24 | 东丽株式会社 | Solution for extraction of rna |
WO2017167716A1 (en) * | 2016-03-30 | 2017-10-05 | Life Technologies As | Improved methods and compositions for nucleic acid isolation |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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AU764964B2 (en) * | 1998-11-23 | 2003-09-04 | Usamriid | Purification method and apparatus |
CN100471523C (en) * | 2002-05-03 | 2009-03-25 | 伯拉考成像股份公司 | Radiopharmaceutical formulations |
WO2005097817A2 (en) | 2004-04-05 | 2005-10-20 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Process and reagents for oligonucleotide synthesis and purification |
US7531308B2 (en) * | 2004-04-23 | 2009-05-12 | Sigma-Aldrich Co. | Process for the reduction of endotoxins in a plasmid preparation using a carbohydrate non-ionic detergent with silica chromatography |
JP4584986B2 (en) * | 2004-04-27 | 2010-11-24 | アルニラム ファーマスーティカルズ インコーポレイテッド | Single-stranded and double-stranded oligonucleotides containing 2-arylpropyl moieties |
EP1750776A2 (en) | 2004-04-30 | 2007-02-14 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Oligonucleotides comprising a c5-modified pyrimidine |
WO2006088490A2 (en) * | 2004-06-30 | 2006-08-24 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Oligonucleotides comprising a non-phosphate backbone linkage |
WO2006093526A2 (en) | 2004-07-21 | 2006-09-08 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Oligonucleotides comprising a modified or non-natural nucleobase |
AU2005330637B2 (en) | 2004-08-04 | 2012-09-20 | Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Oligonucleotides comprising a ligand tethered to a modified or non-natural nucleobase |
US20070202511A1 (en) * | 2006-02-28 | 2007-08-30 | Sigma-Aldrich Co. | Methods and compositions for the rapid isolation of small RNA molecules |
CN108795928A (en) * | 2018-07-02 | 2018-11-13 | 苏州呼呼健康科技有限公司 | A method of for DNA and RNA in separation and Extraction cell |
Citations (1)
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US5346994A (en) * | 1992-01-28 | 1994-09-13 | Piotr Chomczynski | Shelf-stable product and process for isolating RNA, DNA and proteins |
Family Cites Families (3)
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US5098603A (en) * | 1990-01-16 | 1992-03-24 | Eastman Kodak Company | Stabilized phenol solution |
CA2058110A1 (en) * | 1990-12-21 | 1992-06-22 | Haruo Hayashida | Polyolefin resin composition |
JP3625830B2 (en) * | 1994-06-17 | 2005-03-02 | 麒麟麦酒株式会社 | Glucan elicitor receptor and DNA encoding the same |
-
1998
- 1998-04-10 AU AU69599/98A patent/AU6959998A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-04-10 JP JP54311398A patent/JP2001524820A/en active Pending
- 1998-04-10 WO PCT/US1998/007077 patent/WO1998045311A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-04-10 EP EP98915405A patent/EP1005479A4/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2003
- 2003-05-22 US US10/442,946 patent/US20030204077A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5346994A (en) * | 1992-01-28 | 1994-09-13 | Piotr Chomczynski | Shelf-stable product and process for isolating RNA, DNA and proteins |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of EP1005479A4 * |
Cited By (23)
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US7074556B2 (en) | 1999-03-02 | 2006-07-11 | Invitrogen Corporation | cDNA synthesis improvements |
US6875857B2 (en) | 2001-01-16 | 2005-04-05 | Invitrogen Corporation | Reagent for the isolation of RNA |
WO2002057289A1 (en) * | 2001-01-16 | 2002-07-25 | Invitrogen Corporation | Reagent for the isolation of rna |
WO2002065125A1 (en) * | 2001-02-13 | 2002-08-22 | Invitrogen Corporation | Methods and compositions for isolation of biological macromolecules |
US8507198B2 (en) | 2001-11-28 | 2013-08-13 | Applied Biosystems, Llc | Compositions and methods of selective nucleic acid isolation |
US7208271B2 (en) | 2001-11-28 | 2007-04-24 | Applera Corporation | Compositions and methods of selective nucleic acid isolation |
US7537898B2 (en) | 2001-11-28 | 2009-05-26 | Applied Biosystems, Llc | Compositions and methods of selective nucleic acid isolation |
US8865405B2 (en) | 2001-11-28 | 2014-10-21 | Applied Biosystems Llc | Compositions and methods of selective nucleic acid isolation |
US7267950B2 (en) | 2003-05-01 | 2007-09-11 | Veridex, Lcc | Rapid extraction of RNA from cells and tissues |
GB2413077A (en) * | 2004-04-13 | 2005-10-19 | Alan Edwin Jemmett | Anti-microbial composition comprising 8-hydroxyquinoline, or derivative thereof, a polyethoxylated wetting agent and a water miscible vehicle |
EP2322613B2 (en) † | 2004-04-16 | 2016-11-09 | Piotr Chomczynski | Reagents and methods for isolation of purified RNA |
US8367817B2 (en) | 2004-04-16 | 2013-02-05 | Piotr Chomczynski | Reagents for isolation of purified RNA |
AU2006341291B2 (en) * | 2006-03-30 | 2012-05-17 | Council Of Scientific And Industrial Research | A method for rapid isolation of RNA and a kit thereof |
US20110184162A1 (en) * | 2006-03-30 | 2011-07-28 | Council Of Scientific And Industrial Research | Method for rapid isolation of rna and a kit thereof |
WO2007113614A1 (en) * | 2006-03-30 | 2007-10-11 | Council Of Scientific And Industrial Research | A method for rapid isolation of rna and a kit thereof |
EP2607482A1 (en) * | 2010-08-18 | 2013-06-26 | Toray Industries, Inc. | Solution for extraction of rna |
CN103068979A (en) * | 2010-08-18 | 2013-04-24 | 东丽株式会社 | Solution for extraction of rna |
EP2607482A4 (en) * | 2010-08-18 | 2014-01-15 | Toray Industries | Solution for extraction of rna |
JP5906740B2 (en) * | 2010-08-18 | 2016-04-20 | 東レ株式会社 | RNA extraction solution |
US10647978B2 (en) | 2010-08-18 | 2020-05-12 | Toray Industries, Inc. | Solution for extraction of RNA |
US11851646B2 (en) | 2010-08-18 | 2023-12-26 | Toray Industries, Inc. | Solution for extraction of RNA |
WO2017167716A1 (en) * | 2016-03-30 | 2017-10-05 | Life Technologies As | Improved methods and compositions for nucleic acid isolation |
US10787659B2 (en) | 2016-03-30 | 2020-09-29 | Life Technologies As | Methods and compositions for nucleic acid isolation |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2001524820A (en) | 2001-12-04 |
AU6959998A (en) | 1998-10-30 |
US20030204077A1 (en) | 2003-10-30 |
EP1005479A4 (en) | 2002-12-18 |
EP1005479A1 (en) | 2000-06-07 |
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