WO1998042072A1

WO1998042072A1 - Rail-to-rail operational amplifier

Info

Publication number: WO1998042072A1
Application number: PCT/US1998/004105
Authority: WO
Inventors: Gregory L. Schaffer
Original assignee: Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.
Priority date: 1997-03-20
Filing date: 1998-03-03
Publication date: 1998-09-24
Also published as: US5880638A; JP2001515674A; EP0970561A1; TW449959B; EP0970561A4

Abstract

Disclosed is an operational amplifier (200) having a positive input terminal (216), a negative input terminal (215), an output terminal (212), a positive power supply input and a negative power supply input. The operational amplifier (200) includes a transistor input pair being coupled to the positive input terminal (216) and the negative input terminal (215). A first charge pump (206) being coupled to positive supply circuitry contained within the operational amplifier (200). The first charge pump (206) being configured to operate the positive supply circuitry contained within the operational amplifier (200) at an enhanced positive power supply. The operational amplifier (200) further includes a second charge pump (204) being coupled to negative supply circuitry contained within the operational amplifier (200). The second charge pump (204) being configured to operate the negative circuitry contained within the operational amplifier (200) at an enhanced negative power supply. Accordingly, the transistor output pair provides an essentially full rail-to-rail output.

Description

Rail-To-Rail Operational Amplifier

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to integrated circuits, and more particularly to rail-to-rail operational amplifier circuits.

2. Description of the Related Art

Classical operational amplifiers (OP AMPs) are well known versatile electronic devices that are used in designing many types of electronic circuits. By way of example, when the terminals of a classical OP AMP are electrically interconnected with other components, the OP AMP may be used to make differentiating circuits, integrating circuits, gain-up circuits, gain-down circuits, etc. Typically, classical OP AMPs are powered-up with a negative power supply voltage (i.e., -5 V) and an upper rail power supply voltage (e.g., +5 V). In operation, a signal input voltage having a dominant common mode voltage and a differential voltage is typically input at the positive terminal of the classical OP AMP. In the classical OP AMP, the positive terminal (as well as the negative node) is typically connected to an internal single input transistor pair.

In this manner, the signal input voltage may range somewhere between the negative power supply voltage and the positive power supply voltage. In addition, the classical OP AMP has a pair of output transistors that typically have their sources (or emitters) tied together at an output node. In this manner, the output node of the classical OP AMP will be capable of producing output signals ranging from 1 volt to 2 volts above the negative power supply voltage and from 1 volt to 2 volts below the positive power supply voltage.

Although classical OP AMPs work well for circuits that only require operation between a negative power supply voltage and a positive power supply voltage, many circuits now demand that operational amplifiers provide rail-to-rail inputs and outputs. For example, rail-to-rail OP AMPs are ideally designed to receive signal input voltages ranging between the negative power supply and the positive power supply, including both. Circuit designers were therefore forced to modify the classical OP AMP design to enable inputs ranging between the negative rail and the positive rail, as well as providing outputs ranging between the same negative and positive rails. Unfortunately, current rail-to-rail circuit designs fall short of delivering "true" rail-to-rail performance.

Figure 1A shows a conventional rail-to-rail OP AMP 10 that uses a cross-over circuit 20 to achieve input signal swings from rail-to-rail. In this example, "N" represents a positive rail, and "G" represents a negative rail. Conventional rail-to-rail OP AMP 10 is shown having an ΝPΝ differential pair 12 that is used for input voltages near a positive rail. ΝPΝ differential pair 12 generally includes an ΝPΝ transistor 28 and an ΝPΝ transistor 30 having their respective emitters coupled to a node that leads to cross-over circuit 20. Also shown is a PΝP differential pair 14 that includes a PΝP transistor 32 and a PΝP transistor 34 that are used for input voltages near a negative rail. In this example, the emitters of PΝP transistors 32 and 34 are shown coupled to cross-over circuit 20. The base terminals of ΝPΝ transistor 30 and PΝP transistor 34 are coupled to a positive terminal 16, and the base terminals of ΝPΝ transistor 28 and PΝP transistor 32 are coupled to a negative terminal 15.

The collector terminals of ΝPΝ differential pair 12 and PΝP differential pair 14 are shown coupled to a folded cascode circuit 18. In general, folded cascode circuit 18 is used for combining output signals received from differential pairs 12 and 14, and for outputting the combined signals to an output stage 40. As shown, folded cascode circuit 18 and output stage 40 are coupled to a positive voltage supply (V) and a negative voltage supply (G). As described above, "G" represents a negative rail voltage, and "N" represents a positive rail voltage. Output stage 40 typically includes a PΝP transistor 52 and an ΝPΝ 54 that are electrically coupled to a level shifter 56 at their base terminals. In general, when output stage 40 receives a HIGH, PΝP transistor 52 is turned off and ΝPΝ transistor 54 is turned on. Conversely, when output stage 40 receives a LOW, ΝPΝ transistor 54 is turned off and PΝP transistor 52 is turned on. Accordingly, the output is passed out through a common collector. As will be described below, the common collector output arrangement has the drawback that performance is strongly affected by the load. Thus, bandwidth, and stability tend to be affected by output loading.

Figure IB is a current and voltage plot illustrating the response of a current I, and a current I₂ of Figure 1 A with respect to signal input voltage. Because most signal input voltages tend to utilize the negative voltage levels and lower-positive voltage levels, crossover circuit 20 is often configured to transition between current I, and I₂ at a transition location 62 that is about 1 volt away from a positive voltage supply (V). That is, current I₂ will be ON (i.e., PNP differential pair 14 is active) for signal input voltages ranging between the negative voltage supply (G) and up to the end of a cross-over range (V_co). Conversely, current I[ will be ON (i.e., NPN differential pair 12 is active) from the positive voltage supply (V) and down to the other end of the cross-over range (V_co).

Although conventional rail-to-rail OP AMP 10 is capable of producing swings between positive and negative voltages, various errors are introduced which unfortunately handicap its rail-to-rail performance. It is important to realize that the input of conventional rail-to-rail OP AMP 10 is usually operating while either NPN differential pair 12 or PNP differential pair 14 is ON (except in V_co, where both are ON). Unfortunately, the differential output current from differential pair 12 and the differential output current from PNP differential pair 14 have a tendency to vary due to well known voltage offset errors.

Because one transistor is rarely identical to another, the base-emitter voltages (V_BE) of NPN transistors 28 and 30 will likewise rarely match. Accordingly, the difference between the base-emitter voltage (V_BE) of NPN transistors 28 and 30 define an input offset voltage. The input offset voltage of NPN differential pair 12 will therefore produce an error current I_0I (i.e., leading to folded cascode circuit 18) that takes into account the resulting offset voltage. Even if the offset errors are reduced (i.e., by trimming or the like) for NPN differential pair 12, PNP differential pair 14 will also have its associated offset voltage that produces its own unique current I₀₂ (i.e., leading to folded cascode circuit 18). Although the difference between currents I₀, and I₀₂ may be small when viewed alone, at high gains, this difference is unfortunately magnified producing substantial gain nonlinearities.

The input of conventional rail-to-rail OP AMP 10 is also subject to input bias current errors. As is well known, the current gain (^β) of the NPN transistors 28 and 30 tends to be larger than that of the PNP transistors 32 and 34. Accordingly, because the bias current is approximately (I_E/β), the bias current for the NPN's will differ from the PNP's because their betas (β) differ. To further complicate matters, the input bias current for NPN differential pair 12 and PNP differential pair 14 flow in opposite directions. That is, the input bias current flows into the bases for NPN transistors 28 and 30, and flows out of the bases for the PNP transistors 32 and 34. As an example, 10 nano amps may be flowing in one direction, and 20 nano amps may be flowing in the other direction. As can be appreciated, the changes in magnitude and direction of the input currents produce input bias current errors that unfortunately introduce errors at the output.

Of course, the NPN differential pair 12 and PNP differential pair 14 may be replaced with MOSFETs. When MOSFETs are used, N-channel transistors are used in place of NPN transistors 28 and 30, and P-channel transistors are used in place of PNP transistors 32 and 34. Although input bias current errors described above are insignificant, the input voltage offset errors produced by MOSFETs may be an order of magnitude greater than with bipolar transistors. In addition, it is generally well known that transition location 62 (of Figure IB) is substantially less uniform when MOSFETs are used. As a result, the bipolar transistors of Figure 1A and their associated drawbacks are preferred over their MOSFET counterparts. In addition, the transconductance of the input stage tends to change during cross-over. As a result of transconductance changes, a change in bandwidth may be caused, which may lead to instability in some applications having capacitive loads.

As described above, the collectors of PNP transistor 52 and NPN transistor 54 must be tied together in order to achieve an output that swings rail-to-rail. However, the rail-to- rail swings never truly extend all the way to the positive rail and the negative rail. In optimum operation, the positive and negative rail swing is about a collector-emitter saturation voltage (V_{CE SAT}) away. By way of example, at lower currents, V_{CE SAT} may be as small as 0.1 volts, and at higher currents as large as 0.5 volts. Accordingly, the output swing will never be a true rail-to-rail swing. The limited rail-to-rail swing is sometimes referred to as "headroom," which refers to voltage difference between a limited rail-to-rail voltage swing and a "full-ideal" rail-to-rail voltage swing.

In addition, the common collector output stage requirement of conventional rail-to- rail OP AMP 10 suffers from being very load dependent. Because, the common collector output stage has a high output impedance. As a result, conventional rail-to-rail OP AMP 10 has a tendency to oscillate with capacitive loads which makes it difficult to stabilize. Further yet, more power is consumed in order to provide conventional rail-to-rail OP AMP 10 sufficient drive capacity.

In view of the foregoing, there is a needed for operational amplifiers that substantially eliminate input voltage offset errors, input bias current errors as well as provides a true rail-to-rail output while reducing output loading sensitivity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Broadly speaking, the present invention fills these needs by providing an operational

amplifier capable of providing a full rail-to-rail output. It should be appreciated that the

present invention can be implemented in numerous ways, including as a method, a process, a

system, an apparatus, or a device. Several inventive embodiments of the present invention

are described below.

In one embodiment, an operational amplifier having a positive input terminal, a negative input terminal, an output terminal, a positive power supply input and a negative power supply input is disclosed. The operational amplifier includes a transistor input pair being coupled to the positive input terminal and the negative input terminal. A first charge pump being coupled to positive supply circuitry contained within the operational amplifier. The first charge pump being configured to operate the positive supply circuitry contained within the operational amplifier at an enhanced positive power supply. The operational amplifier further includes a second charge pump being coupled to negative supply circuitry contained within the operational amplifier. The second charge pump being configured to operate the negative circuitry contained within the operational amplifier at an enhanced negative power supply. Accordingly, the transistor output pair provides an essentially full rail-to-rail output. In another embodiment, an amplifier is disclosed. The amplifier includes an amplification stage having a positive signal input, a negative signal input, and an output, the amplification stage being powered from a positive power input and a negative power input. A first charge pump having an input coupled to the positive power input to develop a voltage greater than the voltage of the positive power input. The first charge pump having an output coupled to the amplification stage. The amplifier further includes a second charge pump having an input coupled to the positive power input to develop a voltage less than the voltage of the negative power input. The second charge pump having an output coupled to the amplification stage. The amplifier thereby provides an essentially full rail-to-rail output. In yet a further embodiment, a method for making a rail-to-rail operational amplifier is disclosed. The rail-to-rail operational amplifier includes a positive input terminal, a negative input terminal and an output terminal. The rail-to-rail operational amplifier is configured to receive a positive power supply and a negative power supply. The method includes providing a first internal charge pump for driving positive biased circuitry contained within the operational amplifier. The first charge pump being configured to operate the positive biased circuitry at an enhanced positive power supply. The method further includes providing a second charge pump for driving negative biased circuitry contained within the operational amplifier. The second charge pump being configured to operate the negative biased circuitry at an enhanced negative power supply. Furthermore, the method includes arranging an output stage of the rail-to-rail operational amplifier to receive an enhanced gate drive that is more positive than the positive power supply and more negative than the negative power supply. The enhanced gate drive being configured to allow a true rail-to-rail output by implementing output FETs (e.g., P-channel and N-channel) connected in a push-pull common source circuit.

In still a further embodiment, an operational amplifier having a positive input

terminal, a negative input terminal and an output terminal is disclosed. The operational

amplifier being configured to receive a positive power supply and a negative power supply.

The operational amplifier includes means for driving circuitry contained within the

operational amplifier at an enhanced positive power supply, means for driving the circuitry

contained within the operational amplifier at an enhanced negative power supply. The

operational amplifier further includes an output means for receiving an enhanced gate drive

signal from the circuitry contained within the operational amplifier. The enhanced gate

drive being more positive than the positive power supply and more negative than the

negative power supply. The enhanced gate drive being configured to drive the output

means to an essentially full rail-to-rail output. As an advantage, the amplifier in its various embodiments may include an

amplification stage having a positive signal input, a negative signal input, and an output.

In one embodiment, the amplification stage is preferably powered from an enhanced

positive power supply, and an enhanced negative power supply. These enhanced power

supply voltages are developed by two internal charge pumps (or the like) operating from

the positive signal input and the negative signal input (i.e., the amplifier's power supply

rails). In this manner, the output of the amplification stage swings between the enhanced

power supplies. As can be appreciated, this enhanced swing allows a signal to drive the

gates of two output field effect transistors whose sources swing rail-to-rail. In a preferred

implementation, the drains of the two output field effect transistors are connected to the

power supply rails. Other aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent

from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying

drawings, illustrating by way of example the principles of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate like structural elements, and in which: Figure 1A shows a conventional rail-to-rail operational amplifier having a crossover circuit for swings from rail-to-rail.

Figure IB is a current and voltage plot illustrating the response of a current I, and a current I₂ of Figure 1 A with respect to input signal common mode voltage.

Figure 2 is a rail-to-rail operational amplifier in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 3 is a circuit diagram of rail-to-rail operational amplifier of Figure 2 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 4 shows an exemplary schematic for implementing a rail-to-rail operational amplifier in accordance with one embodiment of this invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

An operational amplifier capable of accommodating rail-to-rail input signals and

providing a full rail-to-rail output is disclosed. The operational amplifier preferably

includes first and second charge pumps for driving circuitry internal to the operational

amplifier at voltages that are enhanced beyond the positive and negative supply voltages.

By driving internal circuitry at enhanced voltage levels, the output stage of the operational

amplifier is capable of supplying a full rail-to-rail output. In the following description,

numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the

present invention. It will be understood, however, to one skilled in the art, that the present

invention may be practiced without limitation to some or all of these specific details. In

other instances, well known process operations have not been described in detail in order

not to unnecessarily obscure the present invention.

Figure 2 is a rail-to-rail operational amplifier (OP AMP) 200 in accordance with one

embodiment of the present invention. As shown, rail-to-rail OP AMP 200 includes a voltage

enhanced circuit 202 having a positive terminal 216 and a negative terminal 215. Voltage

enhanced circuit 202 is shown coupled to a charge pump (CP1) 206 and a charge pump (CP2)

204. Preferably, CP1 206 is also coupled to a positive voltage supply (V), and ground.

Likewise, CP2 204 is preferably coupled to the positive voltage supply (V) and ground.

In this embodiment, CP1 206 and CP2 204 are configured to provide an enhanced

positive voltage supply (V+) and an enhanced negative voltage supply (V-), respectively, to

voltage enhanced circuit 202. In this manner, voltage enhanced circuit 202 will preferably

operate at the enhanced voltage levels so as to provide output signals that are provided to an

output pair 228. As shown, output pair 228 includes an N-channel transistor 208 and a P-

channel transistor 210 that have their sources coupled at a node 212 that defines an output. The drain of N-channel transistor 208 is preferably coupled to the positive voltage supply (V)

and the drain of P-channel transistor 210 is coupled to a negative voltage supply (G). In this

embodiment, the positive voltage supply (V) and negative voltage supply (G) represent a

positive rail voltage and a negative rail voltage respectively. By way of example, positive

voltage supply (V) may be +5 volts, and negative voltage supply (G) may be -5 volts. That is,

(V) is preferably a voltage that is more positive than the voltage of (G). As such, (V) may be

+ 5 volts, and (G) may be 0 volts or any other combination defining a upper rail and an lower

rail. Of course, it should be understood that these supply voltages are merely exemplary and

any suitable positive and negative supply voltage may be used.

In one embodiment, charge pump (CP1) 206 is preferably configured to produce a

voltage that is greater than the positive voltage supply (V). By way of example, the enhanced

positive voltage supply (V+) may be between about 1.5 volts more positive than (V) to about

5 volts more positive than (V). In a preferred embodiment, the enhanced positive voltage

supply (V+) is about 3 volts more positive than (V). In a like manner, the enhanced negative

voltage supply (V-) may be between about 1.5 volts more negative than (G) to about 5 volts

more negative than (G). In a preferred embodiment, the enhanced negative voltage supply

(V-) is about 3 volts more negative than (G). Of course, more positive and more negative

enhanced voltages may be implemented as well.

By way of example, if the positive voltage supply (V) is + 5 volts, and negative

voltage supply (G) is -5 volts, the enhanced positive supply is preferably about +8 volts and

the enhanced negative supply is preferably about -8 volts. In yet a further example, if the

positive voltage supply (V) is +5 volts, and negative voltage supply (G) is 0 volts, the

enhanced positive supply is preferably about 8+ volts and the enhanced negative supply is preferably about -3 volts. In this manner, all of the components within enhanced circuit 202

operate at an enhanced voltage level just before the signal is passed to output pair 228.

Advantageously, operating enhanced circuit 202 on enhanced voltage levels enables

the output signal of output pair 228 to swing full rail-to-rail . In other words, the gate drive

provided to N-channel transistor 208 or P-channel transistor 210 is beyond the positive and

negative supply when the respective transistor is on. As a further advantage, output pair 228

provides a common source output that is less sensitive to output loading which makes rail-to-

rail OP AMP 200 much more stable for different capacitive loads. Specifically, the headroom

limitations of the prior art are eliminated because output pair 228 is driven with substantially

enhanced gate drives.

Figure 3 is a circuit diagram of a rail-to-rail operational amplifier 300 in accordance

with one embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the internal circuitry of

voltage enhanced circuit 202 is shown coupled to an enhanced positive voltage supply (V+)

and an enhanced negative voltage supply (V-) which advantageously produces stronger gate

drives to the output pair 228 to enable a full rail-to-rail output. As shown, negative voltage

supply (G) is coupled to a current source 310 that is connected to a current mirror represented

by transistors P6, P7, P8, and P9. The output of transistor P9 therefore provides a current (I)

that is fed into an input pair 326.

Input pair 326 preferably includes a transistor P10 having its gate coupled to a positive

input terminal 216 and a transistor Pl l having its gate coupled to a negative input terminal

215. The drain of transistor P10 is also coupled between a transistor N5 and a transistor N6

via a line 330. In a like manner, the drain of transistor PI 1 is coupled between a transistor N3

and a transistor N4 via a line 332. In this embodiment, transistors N3, N4, N5, and N6 form a

folded cascode circuit that is shown coupled to the enhanced voltage supply (V-). Further, transistors P3, P4, and P5 form part of a current mirror that is coupled to the

enhanced positive voltage supply (V+). Transistor P5 is also coupled to transistor N6 via a

line 321. In this embodiment, positive voltage supply (V) is shown coupled to a current

supply 312 that is in turn coupled to biasing transistors N7 and N8. In operation, transistors

N7 and N8 are configured to provide biasing voltages (VB1) and (VB2) to transistors N6 and

N3, and transistors N5, and N4 respectively. Also shown is transistor N2 having its gate and

drain to transistor P3 and its source coupled to the source of transistor P2. Transistor P2 is

also coupled to the drain of transistor N3 of the folded cascode circuit.

Accordingly, the entire circuitry contained within voltage enhanced circuit 202

functions on voltages that are enhanced above the positive voltage supply (V) and below the

negative voltage supply (G). In this manner, transistors P2 or N2 may provide a gate drive to

P-channel transistor 210 or N-channel transistor 208 that is greater than the negative and

positive voltage supplies. Accordingly, output pair 228 is advantageously suited for

providing a full rail-to-rail output. In addition, because the sources of N-channel transistor

208 and P-channel transistor 210 are tied together at output node 212, a lower impedance is

produce when looking into the output, and this reduces its sensitivity to output loading.

It is important to realize that no cross over circuitry is required in providing a full rail-

to-rail output from operational amplifier 300. As a result, no input voltage offset errors

associated with cross over circuitry are introduced when transistors P10 and PI 1 of input pair

326 are implemented. Accordingly, any gain nonlinearities are advantageously prevented.

Further, the resulting rail-to-rail operational amplifier 300 resembles a classic operational

amplifier. That is, when rail-to-rail operational amplifier 300 is viewed in terms of its inputs

and outputs, the interfacing components generally provide the simplicity of a classical

operational amplifier (e.g., a single input pair, positive voltage supply (V), negative voltage supply (G) and an output pair having its sources tied together) while providing a true rail-to-

rail output swing. In other words, the enhanced voltage operation of voltage enhanced circuit

202 is essentially non-apparent due to the voltage enhancements provided by the internal

charge pumps CPl 206 and CP2 204.

Although exemplary transistor interconnections were provided for voltage enhanced

circuit 202, it should be understood that the implemented transistor interconnections may be

changed or modified while maintaining the benefits of voltage enhanced operation.

Figure 4 shows an exemplary schematic 400 for implementing a rail-to-rail

operational amplifier in accordance with one embodiment of this invention. As shown, rail-

to-rail operational amplifier is provided with a positive voltage supply (V) and a negative

voltage supply (G) for driving a bias circuit 408, a clock circuit 406 and a pump circuitry

block 404. The positive input terminal 216 and the negative input terminal 215 are shown

coupled to the inputs to an OP AMP 402. In general, OP AMP 402 preferably includes the

exemplary circuitry contained within voltage enhanced circuit 202 and output pair 228 of

Figure 3.

By way of example, OP AMP 402 is shown receiving an enhanced voltage supply

(V+) from charge pump (CPl) 206 and an enhanced negative power supply (V-) from a

charge pump (CP2) 204. In this embodiment, CPl 206 and CP2 204 are contained within

pump circuitry block 404. Pump circuitry block 404 is shown having terminals that connect

to clock circuitry 406 for controlling the timing associated with the operation of CPl 206 and

CP2 204. As is well known, the charge pumps essentially function as a capacitor that may be

charged up across a line, and then discharged to produce the desired enhanced voltage

supplies. Accordingly, the clock circuitry 406 ensures that the charge pumps are

appropriately charging and discharging in a correct order. The biasing circuitry 408 is shown coupled to clock circuitry 406, pump circuitry

block 404 and OP AMP 402. Although only one OP AMP 402 and one pump circuitry block

404 are shown, it should be understood that any number of OP AMPs 402 and pump circuitry

blocks 404 may be implemented to produce multiple true rail-to-rail operational amplifier

stages.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail for purposes of

clarity of understanding, it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be

practiced within the scope of the appended claims. In addition, it should be understood

that the various circuit diagrams may be embodied in any form which may include, for

example, any suitable semiconductor substrate, printed circuit board, packaged integrated

circuit, or software implementation. Accordingly, the present embodiments are to be

considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limited to the

details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalents of the appended

claims.

Claims

What is claimed is:CLAIMS

1. An operational amplifier having a positive input terminal, a negative input terminal, an output terminal, a positive power supply input and a negative power supply input, comprising: a transistor input pair being coupled to the positive input terminal and the negative input terminal; a first charge pump being coupled to positive supply circuitry contained within the operational amplifier, the first charge pump being configured to operate the positive supply circuitry contained within the operational amplifier at an enhanced positive power supply; and a second charge pump being coupled to negative supply circuitry contained within the operational amplifier, the second charge pump being configured to operate the negative circuitry contained within the operational amplifier at an enhanced negative power supply; whereby the transistor output pair provides an essentially full rail-to-rail output.

2 An operation amplifier as recited in claim 1, further comprising a transistor output pair coupled to the output terminal of the operational amplifier, the transistor output pair being configured to receive a drive signal from the positive and negative supply circuitry that operates on the enhanced positive power supply and the enhanced negative supply.

3. An operational amplifier as recited in claim 2, wherein the transistor input pair is a single differential pair.

4. An operational amplifier as recited in claim 3, wherein the enhanced positive power supply is between about 1.5 volts and about 5 volts more positive than the positive power supply input.

5. An operational amplifier as recited in claim 3, wherein the enhanced negative power supply is between about 1.5 volts and about 5 volts more negative than the negative power supply input.

6. An operational amplifier as recited in claim 2, wherein the transistor output pair is coupled at a common source output node, and the transistor output pair has gates that are configured to receive the drive signal from the positive and negative supply circuitry.

7. An operational amplifier as recited in claim 1, wherein the positive supply circuitry includes a first current mirror configured to provide a current into the transistor input pair.

8. An operational amplifier as recited in claim 7, further comprising a first current source coupled between the negative power supply input and the first current mirror.

9. An operational amplifier as recited in claim 2, wherein the positive supply circuitry includes a second current mirror configured to provide a first output current to a first enhanced output transistor, the first enhanced output transistor being coupled to a first gate of the transistor output pair.

10. An operational amplifier as recited in claim 9, wherein the first enhanced output transistor is an n-channel transistor.

11. An operational amplifier as recited in claim 10, wherein the negative supply circuitry includes biasing transistors that are coupled to a second current source, the second current source being coupled to the positive power supply input.

12. An operational amplifier as recited in claim 11 , wherein the negative supply circuitry includes a folded cascode circuit that is coupled to the biasing transistors, the transistor input pair and the second current mirror.

13. An operational amplifier as recited in claim 12, wherein the folded cascode is configured to provide a second output voltage to a second enhanced output transistor, the second enhanced output transistor being coupled to a second gate of the transistor output pair.

14. An operational amplifier as recited in claim 13, wherein the second enhanced output transistor is a p-channel transistor.

15. An operational amplifier as recited in claim 13, wherein the first charge pump and the second charge pump are coupled to a clock circuit, the clock circuit being configured to control the operation of the first and second charge pumps.

16. An amplifier, comprising: an amplification stage having a positive signal input, a negative signal input, and an output, said amplification stage being powered from an enhanced positive power input and an enhanced negative power input;

a first charge pump having an input coupled to a positive power input to develop a voltage greater than the voltage of said positive power input, said first charge pump having an output coupled to said amplification stage; and a second charge pump having an input coupled to the positive power input to develop a voltage less than the voltage of said negative power input, said second charge pump having an output coupled to said amplification stage; whereby an essentially full rail-to-rail output between said positive power input said negative power input is provided at said output of said amplification stage.

17. An amplifier as recited in claim 16, wherein the voltage greater than the voltage of said positive power input is between about 1.5 volts and about 5 volts more positive.

18. An amplifier as recited in claim 16, wherein the voltage less than the voltage of said negative power input is between about 1.5 volts and about 5 volts more negative.

19. An amplifier as recited in claim 16, wherein the amplification stage further includes a single input pair configured to receive inputs from the positive signal input and the negative signal input.

20. An amplifier as recited in claim 19, wherein the amplification stage includes a transistor output pair configured to receive elevated drive from the amplification stage.

21. A method for making a rail-to-rail operational amplifier, the rail-to-rail operational amplifier having a positive input terminal, a negative input terminal and an output terminal, the rail-to-rail operational amplifier being configured to receive a positive power supply and a negative power supply, comprising: providing a first internal charge pump for driving positive biased circuitry contained within the operational amplifier, the first charge pump being configured to operate the positive biased circuitry at an enhanced positive power supply;

providing a second charge pump for driving negative biased circuitry contained within the operational amplifier, the second charge pump being configured to operate the negative biased circuitry at an enhanced negative power supply; and arranging an output stage of the rail-to-rail operational amplifier to receive an enhanced gate drive that is greater than the positive power supply and less than the negative power supply, the enhanced gate drive being configured to allow a true rail-to-rail output.

22. A method for making a rail-to-rail operational amplifier as recited in claim

21, further comprising: wiring the positive input terminal and the negative input terminal to a differential pair of the rail-to-rail operational amplifier; and operating the differential pair on the enhanced positive power supply.

23. A method for making a rail-to-rail operational amplifier as recited in claim

22, further comprising: connecting a pair of output transistors contained within the output stage such that a source of each of the pair of output transistors defines the output terminal of the rail-to-rail operational amplifier.

24. A method for making a rail-to-rail operational amplifier as recited in claim 23, wherein the output terminal produces a load independent output.

25. A method for making a rail-to-rail operational amplifier as recited in claim

23, further comprising: regulating the enhanced positive power supply to be between about 1.5 volts and 5 volts more positive than the positive power supply.

26. A method for making a rail-to-rail operational amplifier as recited in claim 23, further comprising:

regulating the enhanced negative power supply to be between about 1.5 volts and 5 volts more negative than the negative power supply.

27. An integrated circuit including an operational amplifier made by the process of claim 21.

28. An operational amplifier having a positive input terminal, a negative input terminal and an output terminal, the operational amplifier being configured to receive a positive power supply and a negative power supply, comprising: means for driving circuitry contained within the operational amplifier at an enhanced positive power supply; means for driving the circuitry contained within the operational amplifier at an enhanced negative power supply; and an output means for receiving an enhanced gate drive signal from the circuitry contained within the operational amplifier, the enhanced gate drive being greater than the positive power supply and less than the negative power supply, the enhanced gate drive being configured to drive the output means to an essentially full rail-to-rail output.

29. An operational amplifier as recited in claim 28, further comprising an input means being coupled to the positive input terminal and the negative input terminal, the input means being configured to operate on an enhanced power supply.

30. An operational amplifier as recited in claim 28, wherein the enhanced positive power supply is between about 1.5 volts and 5 volts more positive than the positive power supply.

31. An operational amplifier as recited in claim 28, wherein the enhanced negative power supply is between about 1.5 volts and 5 volts more negative than the negative power supply.