WO1997047875A1 - A method for detecting an ion current - Google Patents

A method for detecting an ion current Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1997047875A1
WO1997047875A1 PCT/SE1997/001022 SE9701022W WO9747875A1 WO 1997047875 A1 WO1997047875 A1 WO 1997047875A1 SE 9701022 W SE9701022 W SE 9701022W WO 9747875 A1 WO9747875 A1 WO 9747875A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
ignition
ion current
spark
ion
controllable
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/SE1997/001022
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Jörgen Bengtsson
Lars-Olof Ottosson
Original Assignee
Sem Ab
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sem Ab filed Critical Sem Ab
Priority to EA199801083A priority Critical patent/EA000854B1/en
Priority to US09/202,254 priority patent/US6029640A/en
Priority to AT97927569T priority patent/ATE208856T1/en
Priority to EP97927569A priority patent/EP0904489B1/en
Priority to AU32003/97A priority patent/AU3200397A/en
Priority to JP10501519A priority patent/JP2000511991A/en
Priority to DE69708286T priority patent/DE69708286T2/en
Publication of WO1997047875A1 publication Critical patent/WO1997047875A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02P—IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
    • F02P17/00—Testing of ignition installations, e.g. in combination with adjusting; Testing of ignition timing in compression-ignition engines
    • F02P17/12—Testing characteristics of the spark, ignition voltage or current

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for the generation of a voltage for the purpose of detecting an ion current in the spark gap of an internal combustion engine.
  • the detection is supposed to take place after the ignition of the spark and after the decay of the spark.
  • the measurement of the ion current attained in the spark gap can take place either on the high tension side of the spark device or on the low tension side.
  • a measurement problem is the difficulty of handling the generated voltage (up to about 50 kV) by means of commercially available electronic components. Due to these problems the ion current measurement takes place on the low tension side of the spark device today. According to this method there are problems as well, that is to say component tolerance problems and leakage currents coming into existence in components and coils and causing interpretation uncertainty of the measurements carried out. Furthermore, the spark itself disturbs the measurements of the ion current when the spark current and ion current are time- connected to each other, and the differences of the amplitudes are about 1000 times. Another problem is that the ion current amplitude is influenced by petrol additives.
  • the technique of today for the purpose of measuring an ion current is based on the discharge of a DC voltage of about 100 V being stored in a capacitor arranged for that purpose in the secondary circuit of the ignition device, which DC voltage is discharged via the spark device in connection with the generation of the spark.
  • This voltage gives rise to a varying ion current, where the ion current level depends on the number of free ions.
  • a change of the number of the ions changes the conductivity between the electrodes.
  • Ignition knock, misfire, combustion quality and so on can be read from the ion current by means of signal processing, such as frequency separation and other mathematical signal processing.
  • the object of the invention is to generate an ion current in the spark gap of an internal combustion engine and solve the problems mentioned above relating to the electronic components and the effect from the spark current. After signal processing the detection of knock, misfire, combustion quality and so on can be accomplished by means of this ion current.
  • the ion current is generated by applying a low voltage across the spark gap, which has to be done after the decay of the generated spark so that the spark does not disturb the measurement of the ion current.
  • the voltage is applied by means of an ignition magneto, for example a high frequency oscillator. It is known to arrange an ignition magneto in a capacitive ignition system in order to charge a charging capacitor. See our Swedish patent application No. 9501259-7.
  • this ignition magneto is also used to generate said voltage for the purpose of generating an ion current.
  • the voltage is applied across the spark gap by means of the secondary coil of the ignition device or across a specially arranged winding.
  • the ion current generated is detected on the low tension side of the secondary side of the ignition device.
  • Figure 1 indicates a system for the generation of a tension according to the invention.
  • Figure 2 indicates an ignition coil and a measuring circuit for the ion current according to the invention.
  • Fig. 1 indicates a capacitive ignition system of an internal combustion engine.
  • the invention can also be used in inductive ignition systems.
  • 1 indicates an ignition coil with a connection 2 to a first primary winding A and a connection 3 to a second primary winding B, which is arranged specially for said purpose.
  • the charging capacitor 4 preferably having a low capacity, is connected to the connection 2 of the first primary winding.
  • the charging capacitor 4 is also connected to an ignition magneto
  • connection 8 On the secondary side of the ignition coil 1 there is a connection 8 on the high tension side to a spark plug 10, and on the low tension side there is a connection 9 to earth with measuring circuits 11 for the measurement of the ion current.
  • the system works as follows.
  • the charging capacitor 4 is discharged by triggering the thyristor 6 which is controlled by means of the control unit 7.
  • the discharge results in a spark in the spark plug after which ions are produced at the combustion of the air/fuel mixture in the combustion space.
  • an oscillating low tension is applied to the primary side of the ignition coil, by means of the high frequency oscillator 5, to a special winding B connected to the ignition coil.
  • the reason for using different primary windings A, B is to increase the accuracy of the measuring signal, which signal thereafter is measured of the secondary winding of the ignition device. If the primary/secondary ratio is 1/100 an eventual inaccuracy is amplified about 100 times when controlling the primary voltage.
  • the applied low tension produces a current which depends on the number of ions produced in connection with the combustion.
  • Both the charging circuit 4, 6 and the ignition coil 1 must be very fast and therefore high frequency can be used in the charging circuit.
  • the amplitude of the ion current is influenced by additives in the petrol.
  • the ion current can be adapted to the right basic level for all types of fuel.
  • a control of the amplitude of the applied low tension for the generation of an ion current is accomplished by the control unit 7.
  • a control of the duration and the time of the application i.e. the time for the "connection" of the ion current, are also arranged by the control unit 7. This time must be chosen so that disturbances of the measurement do not arise from the oscillating spark current generated by the ignition of the spark. So, the spark current should be decayed prior to the connection of the measuring tension.
  • the generated ion current is detected on the low tension side 9 of the spark device in a separate measuring circuit 11 which is arranged to the connection 9.
  • the ion measuring voltage can be rectified (D) and smoothed by means of distributed capacities (C) occurring in the ignition coils of the ignition device, or by means of separate distributed capacities specially placed in the coil.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ignition Installations For Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
  • Other Investigation Or Analysis Of Materials By Electrical Means (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for the generation of a low tension for the purpose of detecting an ion current in the spark gap of an internal combustion engine. The tension is generated by a controllable ignition magneto (5) arranged in order to charge (2) an ignition capacitor (4). Said tension is connected (3) to the primary side of the ignition of a spark and after the decay of the spark, after which the ion current is detected (11) on the secondary side of the ignition device.

Description

A METHOD FOR DETECTING AN ION CURRENT
DESCRIPTION
Technical Field
The present invention relates to a method for the generation of a voltage for the purpose of detecting an ion current in the spark gap of an internal combustion engine. The detection is supposed to take place after the ignition of the spark and after the decay of the spark.
Prior Art
It is known that the combustion of an air/fuel mixture in an internal combustion engine results in the production of ions. These ions can be detected by applying a voltage across the spark gap with the result that an ion current is generated. This ion current can be measured and used for the detection of misfire, knock, missing combustion, combustion quality and so on, of the engine.
The measurement of the ion current attained in the spark gap can take place either on the high tension side of the spark device or on the low tension side.
On the high tension side a measurement problem is the difficulty of handling the generated voltage (up to about 50 kV) by means of commercially available electronic components. Due to these problems the ion current measurement takes place on the low tension side of the spark device today. According to this method there are problems as well, that is to say component tolerance problems and leakage currents coming into existence in components and coils and causing interpretation uncertainty of the measurements carried out. Furthermore, the spark itself disturbs the measurements of the ion current when the spark current and ion current are time- connected to each other, and the differences of the amplitudes are about 1000 times. Another problem is that the ion current amplitude is influenced by petrol additives.
The technique of today for the purpose of measuring an ion current is based on the discharge of a DC voltage of about 100 V being stored in a capacitor arranged for that purpose in the secondary circuit of the ignition device, which DC voltage is discharged via the spark device in connection with the generation of the spark. This voltage gives rise to a varying ion current, where the ion current level depends on the number of free ions. A change of the number of the ions changes the conductivity between the electrodes.
Ignition knock, misfire, combustion quality and so on can be read from the ion current by means of signal processing, such as frequency separation and other mathematical signal processing.
Brief Description of the Invention
The object of the invention is to generate an ion current in the spark gap of an internal combustion engine and solve the problems mentioned above relating to the electronic components and the effect from the spark current. After signal processing the detection of knock, misfire, combustion quality and so on can be accomplished by means of this ion current. According to the invention the ion current is generated by applying a low voltage across the spark gap, which has to be done after the decay of the generated spark so that the spark does not disturb the measurement of the ion current. The voltage is applied by means of an ignition magneto, for example a high frequency oscillator. It is known to arrange an ignition magneto in a capacitive ignition system in order to charge a charging capacitor. See our Swedish patent application No. 9501259-7. According to the invention this ignition magneto is also used to generate said voltage for the purpose of generating an ion current. The voltage is applied across the spark gap by means of the secondary coil of the ignition device or across a specially arranged winding. The ion current generated is detected on the low tension side of the secondary side of the ignition device.
Additional features are indicated in the accompanying claims.
The invention will be explained by means of examples of embodiments shown in the drawings.
Figure 1 indicates a system for the generation of a tension according to the invention.
Figure 2 indicates an ignition coil and a measuring circuit for the ion current according to the invention.
Description of Embodiments of the Invention
Fig. 1 indicates a capacitive ignition system of an internal combustion engine. The invention can also be used in inductive ignition systems. 1 indicates an ignition coil with a connection 2 to a first primary winding A and a connection 3 to a second primary winding B, which is arranged specially for said purpose. A charging capacitor
4, preferably having a low capacity, is connected to the connection 2 of the first primary winding. The charging capacitor 4 is also connected to an ignition magneto
5, for example a high frequency oscillator, in order to give a short high energy spark being able to ignite the fuel mixture. The connection 3 of the second primary winding
B is connected to high frequency oscillator 5 to make it possible also to use the high frequency oscillator as a low tension source for the generation of the ion current. The discharge of the charging capacitor 4 is controlled by a thyristor 6 or the like, the control electrode 6S of which is connected to an electrical control unit 7. The control unit 7 is also connected to the high frequency oscillator 5. The mentioned components are known as such, and therefore their constructions or functions do not have to be described here. On the secondary side of the ignition coil 1 there is a connection 8 on the high tension side to a spark plug 10, and on the low tension side there is a connection 9 to earth with measuring circuits 11 for the measurement of the ion current.
The system works as follows. The charging capacitor 4 is discharged by triggering the thyristor 6 which is controlled by means of the control unit 7. The discharge results in a spark in the spark plug after which ions are produced at the combustion of the air/fuel mixture in the combustion space. After the decay of the spark an oscillating low tension is applied to the primary side of the ignition coil, by means of the high frequency oscillator 5, to a special winding B connected to the ignition coil. The reason for using different primary windings A, B is to increase the accuracy of the measuring signal, which signal thereafter is measured of the secondary winding of the ignition device. If the primary/secondary ratio is 1/100 an eventual inaccuracy is amplified about 100 times when controlling the primary voltage. The applied low tension produces a current which depends on the number of ions produced in connection with the combustion. Both the charging circuit 4, 6 and the ignition coil 1 must be very fast and therefore high frequency can be used in the charging circuit.
The amplitude of the ion current is influenced by additives in the petrol. By changing the applied ion measuring voltage the ion current can be adapted to the right basic level for all types of fuel.
A control of the amplitude of the applied low tension for the generation of an ion current is accomplished by the control unit 7. A control of the duration and the time of the application, i.e. the time for the "connection" of the ion current, are also arranged by the control unit 7. This time must be chosen so that disturbances of the measurement do not arise from the oscillating spark current generated by the ignition of the spark. So, the spark current should be decayed prior to the connection of the measuring tension.
The generated ion current is detected on the low tension side 9 of the spark device in a separate measuring circuit 11 which is arranged to the connection 9. The ion measuring voltage can be rectified (D) and smoothed by means of distributed capacities (C) occurring in the ignition coils of the ignition device, or by means of separate distributed capacities specially placed in the coil.
It is obvious for the man skilled in the art that the embodiment shown is only an example of the invention. The invention is only restricted by the characteristics given in the claims.

Claims

1. A method for the generation of a voltage for the purpose of detecting an ion current in the spark gap of an internal combustion engine, characterized in that a controllable ignition magneto (5) or the like is arranged (2) on the primary side of the ignition device in order to charge an ignition capacitor (4), and that after the ignition of a spark and after the decay of the spark said ignition magneto is connected to a special primary winding (B) on the primary side, as a low tension source (3), so as to generate an ion measuring tension, after which the ion current is detected (11) on the low tension side of the secondary side of the ignition device.
2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the amplitude of the ion current/ion voltage is controllable (7).
3. A method according to any of the claims 1-2, characterized in that the duration of the ion current is controllable (7).
4. A method according to any of the claims 1-3, characterized in that the time for the connection of the ion current is controllable (7) so as to eliminate measurement disturbances originating from said spark and said decay of the spark.
5. A method according to any of the claims 1-4, characterized in that the ion measuring tension is maintained on a DC level by means of any of the distributed capacities in the ignition coils of the ignition device.
6. A method according to any of the claims 1-5, characterized in that special distributed capacities are created to be used for the generation of the ion measuring tension.
PCT/SE1997/001022 1996-06-12 1997-06-11 A method for detecting an ion current WO1997047875A1 (en)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EA199801083A EA000854B1 (en) 1996-06-12 1997-06-11 A method of the generation of a tension for detecting an ion current
US09/202,254 US6029640A (en) 1996-06-12 1997-06-11 Method of detecting an ionization current
AT97927569T ATE208856T1 (en) 1996-06-12 1997-06-11 METHOD FOR DETECTING AN ION CURRENT
EP97927569A EP0904489B1 (en) 1996-06-12 1997-06-11 A method for detecting an ion current
AU32003/97A AU3200397A (en) 1996-06-12 1997-06-11 A method for detecting an ion current
JP10501519A JP2000511991A (en) 1996-06-12 1997-06-11 Ion current detection method
DE69708286T DE69708286T2 (en) 1996-06-12 1997-06-11 METHOD FOR DETECTING AN ION CURRENT

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE9602318-9 1996-06-12
SE9602318A SE510479C2 (en) 1996-06-12 1996-06-12 Ways of generating a voltage to detect an ion current in the spark gap of an internal combustion engine

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1997047875A1 true WO1997047875A1 (en) 1997-12-18

Family

ID=20402973

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/SE1997/001022 WO1997047875A1 (en) 1996-06-12 1997-06-11 A method for detecting an ion current

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US6029640A (en)
EP (1) EP0904489B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2000511991A (en)
AT (1) ATE208856T1 (en)
AU (1) AU3200397A (en)
DE (1) DE69708286T2 (en)
EA (1) EA000854B1 (en)
SE (1) SE510479C2 (en)
WO (1) WO1997047875A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6611145B2 (en) 2000-07-20 2003-08-26 Harley-Davidson Motor Company Group, Inc. Motorcycle having a system for combustion diagnostics
US6386183B1 (en) 2000-07-20 2002-05-14 Harley-Davidson Motor Company Group, Inc. Motorcycle having system for combustion knock control
ITPS20030009A1 (en) 2003-03-14 2004-09-15 Paladini S A S Di Paladini M Aurizio & C Flli FIREPLACE WITH BUILT-IN BOILER FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HOT WATER.
US8387599B2 (en) 2008-01-07 2013-03-05 Mcalister Technologies, Llc Methods and systems for reducing the formation of oxides of nitrogen during combustion in engines
US7628137B1 (en) 2008-01-07 2009-12-08 Mcalister Roy E Multifuel storage, metering and ignition system
US8635985B2 (en) * 2008-01-07 2014-01-28 Mcalister Technologies, Llc Integrated fuel injectors and igniters and associated methods of use and manufacture
WO2011071607A2 (en) * 2009-12-07 2011-06-16 Mcalister Roy E Integrated fuel injector igniters suitable for large engine applications and associated methods of use and manufacture
SG181518A1 (en) * 2009-12-07 2012-07-30 Mcalister Technologies Llc Adaptive control system for fuel injectors and igniters
KR101245398B1 (en) 2010-02-13 2013-03-19 맥알리스터 테크놀로지즈 엘엘씨 Fuel injector assemblies having acoustical force modifiers and associated methods of use and manufacture
WO2013025626A1 (en) 2011-08-12 2013-02-21 Mcalister Technologies, Llc Acoustically actuated flow valve assembly including a plurality of reed valves
US9169814B2 (en) 2012-11-02 2015-10-27 Mcalister Technologies, Llc Systems, methods, and devices with enhanced lorentz thrust
US8746197B2 (en) 2012-11-02 2014-06-10 Mcalister Technologies, Llc Fuel injection systems with enhanced corona burst
US9169821B2 (en) 2012-11-02 2015-10-27 Mcalister Technologies, Llc Fuel injection systems with enhanced corona burst
US9200561B2 (en) 2012-11-12 2015-12-01 Mcalister Technologies, Llc Chemical fuel conditioning and activation
US9194337B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2015-11-24 Advanced Green Innovations, LLC High pressure direct injected gaseous fuel system and retrofit kit incorporating the same

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3906919A (en) * 1974-04-24 1975-09-23 Ford Motor Co Capacitor discharge ignition system with controlled spark duration
EP0260177A1 (en) * 1986-08-27 1988-03-16 Renault Sport Device for detecting irregular combustion fluctuations in a cylinder of an internal-combustion engine with controlled ignition
EP0652366A2 (en) * 1993-11-08 1995-05-10 Chrysler Corporation Auto-ignition detection method
EP0752580A2 (en) * 1995-07-05 1997-01-08 TEMIC TELEFUNKEN microelectronic GmbH Measuring circuit for an ionic current

Family Cites Families (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4285321A (en) * 1979-10-19 1981-08-25 R. E. Phelon Company, Inc. Capacitor discharge ignition system
JPS58117357A (en) * 1981-12-29 1983-07-12 Kioritz Corp Electronic igniting device for internal-combustion engine from which power for auxiliary device can be taken
DE3152015C2 (en) * 1981-12-31 1983-11-24 Prüfrex-Elektro-Apparatebau Inh. Helga Müller, geb.Dutschke, 8501 Cadolzburg Electronic ignition device for internal combustion engines
US4449497A (en) * 1982-07-23 1984-05-22 Wabash, Inc. Capacitor discharge ignition system
US4565179A (en) * 1983-07-07 1986-01-21 Aktiebolaget Svenska Elektromagneter Apparatus in magneto ignition systems for providing time-separated sequences for charging and triggering in co-phased charging and triggering voltage sequences, including inhibition of the ignition sequence in such apparatus
US4718394A (en) * 1986-01-17 1988-01-12 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Ignition device for an internal combustion engine
US5146905A (en) * 1991-07-01 1992-09-15 Brunswick Corporation Capacitor discharge ignition system with double output coil
DE4316775C2 (en) * 1993-05-19 1995-05-18 Bosch Gmbh Robert Ignition system with a monitoring device for individual ignition processes for an internal combustion engine
US5775310A (en) * 1996-12-24 1998-07-07 Hitachi, Ltd. Ignition device for an internal combustion engine

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3906919A (en) * 1974-04-24 1975-09-23 Ford Motor Co Capacitor discharge ignition system with controlled spark duration
EP0260177A1 (en) * 1986-08-27 1988-03-16 Renault Sport Device for detecting irregular combustion fluctuations in a cylinder of an internal-combustion engine with controlled ignition
EP0652366A2 (en) * 1993-11-08 1995-05-10 Chrysler Corporation Auto-ignition detection method
EP0752580A2 (en) * 1995-07-05 1997-01-08 TEMIC TELEFUNKEN microelectronic GmbH Measuring circuit for an ionic current

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SE510479C2 (en) 1999-05-25
AU3200397A (en) 1998-01-07
DE69708286T2 (en) 2002-07-25
SE9602318L (en) 1997-12-13
SE9602318D0 (en) 1996-06-12
EA000854B1 (en) 2000-06-26
JP2000511991A (en) 2000-09-12
DE69708286D1 (en) 2001-12-20
EP0904489A1 (en) 1999-03-31
ATE208856T1 (en) 2001-11-15
EP0904489B1 (en) 2001-11-14
US6029640A (en) 2000-02-29
EA199801083A1 (en) 1999-04-29

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP0904489B1 (en) A method for detecting an ion current
US6557537B2 (en) Ion current detection system and method for internal combustion engine
US4359893A (en) Voltage source for ion current measurement in an internal combustion engine
JPH063406B2 (en) Device for detecting pressure fluctuations in the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine
US4601193A (en) Measuring circuit for ionic current measurement
JPS6477758A (en) Method and device for detecting ionization current in ignition system of internal combustion engine
JPH09196795A (en) Circuit device for measurement of ionic current
US5400760A (en) Misfire detector device for internal combustion engine
US5388560A (en) Misfire-detecting system for internal combustion engines
US5821754A (en) Ignition system for an internal combustion engine
US5107817A (en) Method of associating ignition signals with a reference cylinder
JP3068274B2 (en) Gasoline engine misfire detector
EP0384436A3 (en) Ignition detecting device of ignition apparatus
US5355056A (en) Sparkplug voltage detecting probe device for use in internal combustion engine
US4220045A (en) Mass flow measuring apparatus
JPS56118565A (en) Plasma ignition device for internal combustion engine
JP3031764B2 (en) Gasoline engine misfire detector
JPH07217520A (en) Combustion state detecting device
JP2525971B2 (en) Misfire detection device for spark ignition engine
JP3283605B2 (en) Ion current detector
WO1997013978A1 (en) Method of measuring ion current and an ignition system for an internal combustion engine
SU1366974A1 (en) Device for checking insulation of pipes
RU2117819C1 (en) Ignition system for internal-combustion engines
JPH0783155A (en) Misfire detecting device of gasoline engine
RU2095617C1 (en) Method of and device for revealing disturbances in combustion process in cylinder of internal combustion engine

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AL AU BA BB BG BR CA CN CU CZ EE GE HU IL IS JP KP KR LC LK LR LT LV MG MK MN MX NO NZ PL RO SG SI SK TR TT UA US UZ VN AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): GH KE LS MW SD SZ UG ZW AT BE CH DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN ML MR NE SN TD TG

DFPE Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101)
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 1997927569

Country of ref document: EP

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 09202254

Country of ref document: US

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 199801083

Country of ref document: EA

WWP Wipo information: published in national office

Ref document number: 1997927569

Country of ref document: EP

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: CA

WWG Wipo information: grant in national office

Ref document number: 1997927569

Country of ref document: EP