WO1997043555A1 - Thin-walled bearings - Google Patents

Thin-walled bearings Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1997043555A1
WO1997043555A1 PCT/GB1997/001143 GB9701143W WO9743555A1 WO 1997043555 A1 WO1997043555 A1 WO 1997043555A1 GB 9701143 W GB9701143 W GB 9701143W WO 9743555 A1 WO9743555 A1 WO 9743555A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
overlay
flash
bearing
copper
surface portion
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1997/001143
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
John Lyon
Fatima Rutherford
Original Assignee
Glacier Vandervell Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Glacier Vandervell Limited filed Critical Glacier Vandervell Limited
Priority to JP54060997A priority Critical patent/JP3723934B2/en
Priority to EP97919551A priority patent/EP0898659B1/en
Priority to US09/180,532 priority patent/US6357917B1/en
Priority to DE69704421T priority patent/DE69704421T2/en
Priority to BR9709233A priority patent/BR9709233A/en
Publication of WO1997043555A1 publication Critical patent/WO1997043555A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • B32B15/013—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of a metal other than iron or aluminium
    • B32B15/015—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of a metal other than iron or aluminium the said other metal being copper or nickel or an alloy thereof
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2204/00—Metallic materials; Alloys
    • F16C2204/20—Alloys based on aluminium
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S384/00—Bearings
    • Y10S384/90—Cooling or heating
    • Y10S384/912—Metallic

Definitions

  • This invention relates to thin-walled bearings, in particular but not essentially for automotive use.
  • Such a thin-walled bearing comprises a layer of bearing material bonded to the inner surface of a curved steel shell.
  • the present invention further relates to a thin-walled bearing in which the bearing material is either aluminium based or copper based, and may be cast, sintered or roll bonded onto the steel shell.
  • a typical thickness for the bearing layer is 250 micrometres.
  • an overlay say of a thickness of 20 micrometres, is applied to the bearing layer, say by being electro-deposited on the bearing layer.
  • the purpose of the overlay is to prevent the bearing material, especially when it includes copper, from seizing with a steel shaft journalled in the bearing; and/or to conform to the eccentricities of the shaft.
  • the bearing layer becomes partially exposed through the overlay because of wear of the overlay, but the presence of even a partial overlay imparts the required properties to the bearing.
  • overlay material which are employed are lead-10% tin, lead-7% indium and lead-tin-2-4% copper.
  • bearing material Properties required for both the bearing material, and the overlay material, are resistance to corrosion, and a high fatigue strength. It is also known to electro-deposit a intermediate layer of nickel, upto two micrometres thick, on a cast layer of bearing material. Such an intermediate layer is provided to prevent bond failure between the bearing material and a subsequently electro- deposited overlay. A disadvantage of such bearings is that if a steel shaft wears away the overlay, so that the intermediate nickel layer is at least partially exposed, then seizure with the steel shaft can occur.
  • a thin-walled bearing including a layer of an aluminium based, or copper based, bearing material bonded to the inner surface of a curved steel shell, has an overlay, the overlay is of at least one of the elements lead, tin, indium, copper, nickel, zinc and antimony, and from a reaction of a flash less than two micrometres thick and of at least one of the elements iron, chromium, nickel, cobalt, gold, silver and copper, with the, or at least one constituent, element of the overlay, there is formed a modified, hard, wear-resistant, exposed surface portion of the overlay.
  • the flash is reacted, or combined, with the, or at least one constituent, element of the overlay so as to form at least one intermetallic compound; and/or to form at least one solid solution corresponding to, and possibly softer than, the intermetallic compound or compounds.
  • the modified, hard, wear-resistant, exposed surface portion of the overlay is also required to have seizure resistance, and fatigue strength not significantly lower than the unmodified major part of the overlay.
  • the hardness of the surface portion is not conducive to it conforming to the eccentricities of a co ⁇ operating shaft, but because this portion is so thin its presence is not significantly detrimental to the effective conformability of the whole of the overlay with the modified, hard surface portion.
  • the flash may have combined, or reacted, in the required manner with the, or at least one constituent, element of the overlay by having been heated to a temperature which permits diffusion and alloying between the overlay and the flash at a desired rate.
  • the present invention comprises a method of manufacturing a thin-walled bearing, which bearing includes a layer of an aluminium based, or copper based, bearing material bonded to the inner surface of a curved steel shell, and on the bearing layer is bonded an overlay of at least one of the elements lead, tin, indium, copper, nickel, zinc and antimony, and the method includes providing, in any convenient way, on the initially unmodified, exposed, surface portion of the overlay a flash less than two micrometres thick and of at least one of the elements iron, chromium, nickel, cobalt, gold, silver and copper, and reacting the material of the flash with the, or at least one constituent, element of the overlay, to form a modified hard, wear-resistant exposed surface portion of the overlay.
  • the illustrated thin-walled bearing 10 includes a curved steel shell 12, and on the radially inner surface 14 of the shell 12 is bonded a layer 16 of bearing material. Directly onto the radially inner surface 18 of the bearing layer 16 is electro- deposited an overlay 20. Alternatively, an intermediate layer of nickel (not shown) is provided between the layer 16 of bearing material and the overlay 20, to prevent bond failure between these two layers.
  • the thin-walled bearing 10 as described so far has a conventional construction, and is of conventional constituent materials.
  • the bearing material 16 is aluminium based, or copper based, for example, copper-lead, or aluminium-tin, or aluminium-tin-silicon. Typically, the bearing layer 16 has a thickness of 250 micrometres.
  • the thickness of the overlay 20 typically is in the range 12 to 33 micrometres, and may be 20 micrometres.
  • the overlay 20 is provided when the bearing material 16 is copper based, and sometimes when the bearing material is aluminium based.
  • the overlay 20 is required to be seizure resistant with a shaft (not shown) journalled in the bearing, and is required to conform to eccentricities of the shaft.
  • a flash (not shown) , the flash initially not being considered to be part of the overlay.
  • the flash is caused to react, or combine, with the previously provided material of a surface portion 24 of the overlay 20, to modify the surface portion 24 to become hard and wear- resistant, in addition to being seizure resistant.
  • the previously deposited material of the overlay 20 is of at least one of the elements lead, tin, indium, copper, nickel, zinc and antimony.
  • the material of the flash is of at least one of the elements iron, chromium, nickel, cobalt, gold, silver and copper.
  • the flash may be deposited in any convenient manner, for example, by electro-deposition, or chemical vapour deposition, or physical vapour deposition. The required reaction of the flash with the previously deposited overlay material may occur simultaneously with the deposition of the flash, or may be in a subsequent heat-treatment process step.
  • the hard, modified, surface portion 24 is seizure resistant because the material of the flash reacts with the, or at least one constituent, element of the previously electro-deposited material of the overlay 20, to form at least one intermetallic compound and/or solid solution.
  • the required modification may be obtained by heating the bearing to a temperature at which the flash combines with the, or at least one of the constituent, elements of the previously electro-deposited overlay material at a desired rate.
  • the initially deposited overlay material is lead-indium, the two elements being deposited in separate electro-deposition process steps, with lead being deposited first.
  • the required modified surface portion 24 of the overlay is obtained be depositing a nickel flash immediately after the deposition of the indium.
  • the flash of nickel approximately one-third of a micrometre thick, is provided in a further electro-deposition process step.
  • heat-treatment for example, at a temperature of 160°C for about 20 minutes, the nickel is caused to be diffused into the indium of the overlay, to form at least one required intermetallic compound and/or solid solution.
  • modified surface portion 24 is provided for the overlay, which surface portion is also seizure resistant, and has a high fatigue strength.
  • the modified surface portion 24 of the overlay may be thicker than the flash, and may have a thickness upto two micrometres, although usually this thickness is less than one micrometre.
  • the overlay is of tin; or of lead, tin and copper, which conventionally is provided with a flash of tin considered to be part of the overlay; the subsequent nickel flash provided on the overlay is required to form the required intermetallic compound, and/or solid solution, at a temperature below the melting point of tin, say, at a temperature of 160°C.
  • the hardness of the thin surface portion of the overlay does not adversely affect the required conformability of the overlay considered as a whole.
  • the flash of nickel can have a thickness of upto two micrometres, commensurate with the thin modified surface portion of the overlay having the required conformability.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)
  • Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)

Abstract

Thin-walled bearings (10) each including a layer (16) of an aluminium based, or copper based, bearing material bonded to a steel shell, has an overlay (20) of one or more of the elements lead, tin, indium, copper, nickel, zinc and antimony. A flash (24) less than two micrometres thick and of one or more of the elements iron, chromium, nickel, cobalt, gold, silver and copper, is provided in any convenient way on the initially unmodified exposed surface portion of the overlay. The flash (24) is caused to react with the, or at least one constituent, element of the overlay (20) to modify the surface portion (22) of the overlay to become hard and wear-resistant. The material of the flash (24) forms at least one intermetallic compound, and/or solid solution, with the material of the surface portion (22) of the overlay (20). The bearing may be heated to a temperature at which the flash (24) reacts with the overlay (20) to form the required intermetallic compound, and/or solid solution, at a desired rate.

Description

Thin-walled Bearings
This invention relates to thin-walled bearings, in particular but not essentially for automotive use.
Conventionally such a thin-walled bearing comprises a layer of bearing material bonded to the inner surface of a curved steel shell. The present invention further relates to a thin-walled bearing in which the bearing material is either aluminium based or copper based, and may be cast, sintered or roll bonded onto the steel shell. A typical thickness for the bearing layer is 250 micrometres.
It is also conventional that for a copper based bearing material, and sometimes for an aluminium based bearing material, an overlay, say of a thickness of 20 micrometres, is applied to the bearing layer, say by being electro-deposited on the bearing layer. The purpose of the overlay is to prevent the bearing material, especially when it includes copper, from seizing with a steel shaft journalled in the bearing; and/or to conform to the eccentricities of the shaft. Usually, in the operation of the bearing, the bearing layer becomes partially exposed through the overlay because of wear of the overlay, but the presence of even a partial overlay imparts the required properties to the bearing. Examples of overlay material which are employed are lead-10% tin, lead-7% indium and lead-tin-2-4% copper.
Properties required for both the bearing material, and the overlay material, are resistance to corrosion, and a high fatigue strength. It is also known to electro-deposit a intermediate layer of nickel, upto two micrometres thick, on a cast layer of bearing material. Such an intermediate layer is provided to prevent bond failure between the bearing material and a subsequently electro- deposited overlay. A disadvantage of such bearings is that if a steel shaft wears away the overlay, so that the intermediate nickel layer is at least partially exposed, then seizure with the steel shaft can occur.
It is to thin-walled bearings having an overlay, and possibly also an intermediate nickel layer, as referred to above, that, in particular, the present invention relates.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a thin-walled bearing, for example for automotive use, which has a desirably long operating life; and which has a desirably close fit with a co-operating shaft for optimum performance.
In accordance with the present invention a thin-walled bearing including a layer of an aluminium based, or copper based, bearing material bonded to the inner surface of a curved steel shell, has an overlay, the overlay is of at least one of the elements lead, tin, indium, copper, nickel, zinc and antimony, and from a reaction of a flash less than two micrometres thick and of at least one of the elements iron, chromium, nickel, cobalt, gold, silver and copper, with the, or at least one constituent, element of the overlay, there is formed a modified, hard, wear-resistant, exposed surface portion of the overlay.
The flash is reacted, or combined, with the, or at least one constituent, element of the overlay so as to form at least one intermetallic compound; and/or to form at least one solid solution corresponding to, and possibly softer than, the intermetallic compound or compounds.
The modified, hard, wear-resistant, exposed surface portion of the overlay is also required to have seizure resistance, and fatigue strength not significantly lower than the unmodified major part of the overlay. The hardness of the surface portion is not conducive to it conforming to the eccentricities of a co¬ operating shaft, but because this portion is so thin its presence is not significantly detrimental to the effective conformability of the whole of the overlay with the modified, hard surface portion.
The flash may have combined, or reacted, in the required manner with the, or at least one constituent, element of the overlay by having been heated to a temperature which permits diffusion and alloying between the overlay and the flash at a desired rate.
It is unimportant if such good seizure resistant, and hard, wear- resistant, parts of the exposed surface portion of the overlay are discontinuous, possibly as a result of the portion being partially worn away during the operation of the bearing.
According to another aspect the present invention comprises a method of manufacturing a thin-walled bearing, which bearing includes a layer of an aluminium based, or copper based, bearing material bonded to the inner surface of a curved steel shell, and on the bearing layer is bonded an overlay of at least one of the elements lead, tin, indium, copper, nickel, zinc and antimony, and the method includes providing, in any convenient way, on the initially unmodified, exposed, surface portion of the overlay a flash less than two micrometres thick and of at least one of the elements iron, chromium, nickel, cobalt, gold, silver and copper, and reacting the material of the flash with the, or at least one constituent, element of the overlay, to form a modified hard, wear-resistant exposed surface portion of the overlay.
The present invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawing which is a side view of a thin-walled bearing in accordance with the present invention.
The illustrated thin-walled bearing 10 includes a curved steel shell 12, and on the radially inner surface 14 of the shell 12 is bonded a layer 16 of bearing material. Directly onto the radially inner surface 18 of the bearing layer 16 is electro- deposited an overlay 20. Alternatively, an intermediate layer of nickel (not shown) is provided between the layer 16 of bearing material and the overlay 20, to prevent bond failure between these two layers.
The thin-walled bearing 10 as described so far has a conventional construction, and is of conventional constituent materials.
The bearing material 16 is aluminium based, or copper based, for example, copper-lead, or aluminium-tin, or aluminium-tin-silicon. Typically, the bearing layer 16 has a thickness of 250 micrometres.
The thickness of the overlay 20 typically is in the range 12 to 33 micrometres, and may be 20 micrometres. The overlay 20 is provided when the bearing material 16 is copper based, and sometimes when the bearing material is aluminium based. The overlay 20 is required to be seizure resistant with a shaft (not shown) journalled in the bearing, and is required to conform to eccentricities of the shaft.
In accordance with the present invention, on the initially unmodified, exposed surface 22 of the overlay 20 is provided a flash (not shown) , the flash initially not being considered to be part of the overlay. The flash is caused to react, or combine, with the previously provided material of a surface portion 24 of the overlay 20, to modify the surface portion 24 to become hard and wear- resistant, in addition to being seizure resistant.
The previously deposited material of the overlay 20 is of at least one of the elements lead, tin, indium, copper, nickel, zinc and antimony. The material of the flash is of at least one of the elements iron, chromium, nickel, cobalt, gold, silver and copper. The flash may be deposited in any convenient manner, for example, by electro-deposition, or chemical vapour deposition, or physical vapour deposition. The required reaction of the flash with the previously deposited overlay material may occur simultaneously with the deposition of the flash, or may be in a subsequent heat-treatment process step.
The hard, modified, surface portion 24 is seizure resistant because the material of the flash reacts with the, or at least one constituent, element of the previously electro-deposited material of the overlay 20, to form at least one intermetallic compound and/or solid solution. The required modification may be obtained by heating the bearing to a temperature at which the flash combines with the, or at least one of the constituent, elements of the previously electro-deposited overlay material at a desired rate.
EXAMPLE
In one particular example of the manufacture of a thin-walled bearing in accordance with the present invention the initially deposited overlay material is lead-indium, the two elements being deposited in separate electro-deposition process steps, with lead being deposited first. The required modified surface portion 24 of the overlay is obtained be depositing a nickel flash immediately after the deposition of the indium. The flash of nickel, approximately one-third of a micrometre thick, is provided in a further electro-deposition process step. Then by heat-treatment, for example, at a temperature of 160°C for about 20 minutes, the nickel is caused to be diffused into the indium of the overlay, to form at least one required intermetallic compound and/or solid solution. In this way a hard, wear- resistant modified surface portion 24 is provided for the overlay, which surface portion is also seizure resistant, and has a high fatigue strength. The modified surface portion 24 of the overlay may be thicker than the flash, and may have a thickness upto two micrometres, although usually this thickness is less than one micrometre.
When the overlay is of tin; or of lead, tin and copper, which conventionally is provided with a flash of tin considered to be part of the overlay; the subsequent nickel flash provided on the overlay is required to form the required intermetallic compound, and/or solid solution, at a temperature below the melting point of tin, say, at a temperature of 160°C.
The hardness of the thin surface portion of the overlay does not adversely affect the required conformability of the overlay considered as a whole.
The flash of nickel can have a thickness of upto two micrometres, commensurate with the thin modified surface portion of the overlay having the required conformability.
It is immaterial if, because of wear in the operation of the bearing, or otherwise, the required hardness of the modified surface portion is discontinuous within the surface portion.

Claims

1. A thin-walled bearing including a layer of an aluminum based, or copper based, bearing material bonded to the inner surface of a curved steel shell, has an overlay, the overlay is of at least one of the elements lead, tin, indium, copper, nickel, zinc and antimony, and from a reaction of a flash less than two micrometres thick and of at least one of the elements iron, chromium, nickel, cobalt, gold, silver and copper, with the, or at least one constituent, element of the overlay, there is formed a modified, hard, wear- resistant, exposed surface portion of the overlay.
2. A method of manufacturing a thin-walled bearing, which bearing includes a layer of an aluminium based, or copper based, bearing material bonded to the inner surface of a curved steel shell, and on the bearing layer is bonded an overlay of at least one of the elements lead, tin, indium, copper, nickel, zinc and antimony, and the method also includes providing on the initially unmodified, exposed, surface portion of the overlay a flash less than two micrometres thick and of at least one of the elements iron, chromium, nickel, cobalt, gold, silver and copper, and reacting the material of the flash with the, or at least one constituent, element of the overlay, to form a modified hard, wear-resistant, exposed surface portion of the overlay.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2 in which the flash is caused to react with the, or at least one constituent, element of the overlay by being heated to a temperature which permits diffusion and alloying between the overlay and the flash at a desired rate.
4. A method as claimed in claim 2 or claim 3, in which the flash is deposited on the initially unmodified, exposed surface portion of the overlay by employing an electro- deposition, or chemical vapour deposition, or physical vapour deposition, process step.
5. A thin-walled bearing manufactured by a method as claimed in claim 2, or claim 3 or claim 4.
PCT/GB1997/001143 1996-05-15 1997-04-25 Thin-walled bearings WO1997043555A1 (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP54060997A JP3723934B2 (en) 1996-05-15 1997-04-25 Thin wall bearing
EP97919551A EP0898659B1 (en) 1996-05-15 1997-04-25 Thin-walled bearings
US09/180,532 US6357917B1 (en) 1996-05-15 1997-04-25 Thin-walled bearings
DE69704421T DE69704421T2 (en) 1996-05-15 1997-04-25 THIN-WALLED BEARINGS
BR9709233A BR9709233A (en) 1996-05-15 1997-04-25 Thin-walled bearing and manufacturing process

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9610096.1 1996-05-15
GB9610096A GB2313163B (en) 1996-05-15 1996-05-15 Thin-walled bearings

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1997043555A1 true WO1997043555A1 (en) 1997-11-20

Family

ID=10793704

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB1997/001143 WO1997043555A1 (en) 1996-05-15 1997-04-25 Thin-walled bearings

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US6357917B1 (en)
EP (1) EP0898659B1 (en)
JP (1) JP3723934B2 (en)
BR (1) BR9709233A (en)
DE (1) DE69704421T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2155994T3 (en)
GB (1) GB2313163B (en)
WO (1) WO1997043555A1 (en)

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JP4680446B2 (en) * 2001-08-31 2011-05-11 Ｊｆｅスチール株式会社 Oil well steel pipe fittings
US7229699B2 (en) * 2004-12-07 2007-06-12 Federal-Mogul Worldwide, Inc. Bearing having embedded hard particle layer and overlay and method of manufacture
DE102005063324B4 (en) * 2005-05-13 2008-02-28 Federal-Mogul Wiesbaden Gmbh & Co. Kg Slide bearing composite, use and manufacturing process
EP2097254B1 (en) * 2006-12-19 2011-10-05 Mahle International GmbH Sliding bearing
GB2527368B (en) * 2014-06-20 2020-05-06 Daido Metal Co Structure and fabrication method of a multilayer overlay for plain bearings
EA032173B1 (en) * 2016-12-21 2019-04-30 Государственное Научное Учреждение "Объединенный Институт Машиностроения Национальной Академии Наук Беларуси" Method for manufacturing a part of a sliding friction unit
RU2765925C1 (en) * 2021-04-12 2022-02-04 Василий Сигизмундович Марцинковский Method for processing bronze inserts of sliding bearings (options)

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JPS63101516A (en) * 1986-10-16 1988-05-06 Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc Slip bearing material
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US4470184A (en) * 1979-09-28 1984-09-11 Taiho Kogyo, Ltd. Bearing of an internal combustion engine and process for producing the same
GB2156011A (en) * 1984-03-14 1985-10-02 Gkn Vandervell Ltd Bearing material
JPS61186499A (en) * 1985-02-14 1986-08-20 N D C Kk Plain bearing
JPS63101516A (en) * 1986-10-16 1988-05-06 Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc Slip bearing material
US5116692A (en) * 1988-06-02 1992-05-26 Daido Metal Company Ltd. Multi-layer type sliding bearing of aluminum alloy and method of producing the same

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PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 012, no. 340 (M - 740) 13 September 1988 (1988-09-13) *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BR9709233A (en) 1999-08-10
GB2313163A (en) 1997-11-19
JP2000514528A (en) 2000-10-31
US6357917B1 (en) 2002-03-19
DE69704421T2 (en) 2001-09-13
EP0898659B1 (en) 2001-03-28
JP3723934B2 (en) 2005-12-07
DE69704421D1 (en) 2001-05-03
GB2313163B (en) 2000-03-29
EP0898659A1 (en) 1999-03-03
GB9610096D0 (en) 1996-07-17
ES2155994T3 (en) 2001-06-01

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