WO1997000675A1 - Mono- and disulfo-substituted anthraquinones and their use for the treatment of bone matrix disorders - Google Patents

Mono- and disulfo-substituted anthraquinones and their use for the treatment of bone matrix disorders Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1997000675A1
WO1997000675A1 PCT/EP1996/002597 EP9602597W WO9700675A1 WO 1997000675 A1 WO1997000675 A1 WO 1997000675A1 EP 9602597 W EP9602597 W EP 9602597W WO 9700675 A1 WO9700675 A1 WO 9700675A1
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Prior art keywords
group
acid
treatment
anthraquinonedisulfonamide
anthraquinonedisulfon
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PCT/EP1996/002597
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French (fr)
Inventor
Dino Benetti
Ruggero Aloisi
Giuseppe Guainai
Sergio Rosini
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Boonville Limited
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Priority to SK1760-97A priority Critical patent/SK281853B6/en
Priority to DK96922001T priority patent/DK0833626T3/en
Priority to JP50356397A priority patent/JP3307650B2/en
Priority to AT96922001T priority patent/ATE233553T1/en
Priority to AU63039/96A priority patent/AU6303996A/en
Priority to EP96922001A priority patent/EP0833626B1/en
Priority to US08/981,287 priority patent/US5856358A/en
Priority to DE69626514T priority patent/DE69626514T2/en
Publication of WO1997000675A1 publication Critical patent/WO1997000675A1/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
    • A61K31/18—Sulfonamides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/04—Drugs for skeletal disorders for non-specific disorders of the connective tissue
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
    • A61P19/10—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease for osteoporosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/08—Vasodilators for multiple indications
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
    • C07C311/15—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C07C311/16—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the sulfonamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to an acyclic carbon atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
    • C07C311/15—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C07C311/16—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the sulfonamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to an acyclic carbon atom
    • C07C311/17—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the sulfonamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to an acyclic carbon atom to an acyclic carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by singly-bound oxygen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
    • C07C311/15—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C07C311/16—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the sulfonamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to an acyclic carbon atom
    • C07C311/19—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the sulfonamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to an acyclic carbon atom to an acyclic carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by carboxyl groups

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to compounds useful for the treatment of the pathologies in which the erosion of the cartilaginous and bone matrix occurs in the most advanced steps of the disease, such as osteoarthrosis and rheumatoid arthritis, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing them. Furthermore, the invention relates to novel anthraquinone derivatives and to the process for the preparation thereof.
  • Osteoarthrosis are known to be treated mainly using substances acting on the pain and exerting their symptomatic effect thanks to their antiinflammatory activity.
  • Said medicaments are usually referred to as non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) such as for example indo ethacin and steroidal ones, such as hydrocortisone and betha etasone.
  • NSAID non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs
  • copper chelating agents such as penicillamine
  • those compounds which interfere with collagene synthesis, with DNA or with synovial membranes, such as cyclophosphamide are used compounds.
  • diacetylrhein a pro- drug of rhein, which exerts its therapeutical activity being a copper chelating agent, moreover it inhibits the formation of ceruloplasmin during the acute phase of arthritis inflammation and it is also a calcium chelating agent, forming soluble complexes with calcium thanks to the solubilizing COOH group present in its structure.
  • a pro- drug of rhein which exerts its therapeutical activity being a copper chelating agent, moreover it inhibits the formation of ceruloplasmin during the acute phase of arthritis inflammation and it is also a calcium chelating agent, forming soluble complexes with calcium thanks to the solubilizing COOH group present in its structure.
  • Such a characteristic of forming soluble complexes with calcium is likely to be of paramount importance, since it avoids the formation and precipitation of microcrystals at the articulation sites, thereby preventing inflammatory reactions from occurring or from going on (Friedman, U.S. Pat. n.
  • rhein inhibits the formation and release of the superoxide anion from NADPH-dependent biological systems (Mian M. et al. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1987; 39: 845-847) and the activity of serine proteases, such as elastase and cathepsin G from man (Raimondi I. et al. Pharmacol. Res. Comm. 1982; 14 (2): 103-112); Zembower DE. et al. J. Med. Che . 1992; 35: 1597-1605 1992) .
  • cysteine proteases such as cathepsin B and L
  • cysteine proteases are enzymes strictly connected with the degradation of the cartilago and therefore with the related pathologies. It has widely been reported in literature, that cysteine proteases, cathepsins B and L, are capable of inducing directly or indirectly (by activation of proenzymes), the degradation of the main components of the cartilaginous and bone extracellular matrix (Roughley PJ. et al. Biochem. J. 1977; 167; 639-
  • cysteine proteases are actively involved in the osteoarthrosic and arthritic pathologies, therefore the use of a therapeutical agent markedly inhibiting the activity of said proteases is widely justified.
  • A is a group of formula -SO ⁇ R, in which R is hydrogen or a cation capable of giving a water-soluble derivative; or A is a group of formula -SO2R 1 , wherein R 1 is a -NR 2 R 3 group, in which R 2 is hydrogen or C- ⁇ -Cg straight or branched alkyl,
  • R 3 is -CH(COOH)-R 5 , wherein R 5 is ⁇ -Cg alkyl or
  • R- is a -O ⁇ group, in which R ⁇ is a C ⁇ -Cg straight or branched alkyl group or an optionally substituted Cg-C 10 aryl group; B is a hydrogen atom; or B has the same meanings as A; with the proviso that A and B are simultaneously -SO3R or -SO2 1 .
  • a cation capable of giving a water-soluble derivative those skilled in the art can evaluate which cations are able to play the solubilizing function and, at the same time, to give rise to non- toxic derivatives which do not affect adversely the pharmacological activity of the compounds of formula (I).
  • metal cations such as lithium, sodium, potassium.
  • C ⁇ -Cg straight or branched alkyl group examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl.
  • arylalkyl group examples include benzyl, 2- phenylethyl, 1-phenylethyl, 3-phen ⁇ lpropyl, 1- naphthylmethyl, 2-naphthylmethyl.
  • c 6 ⁇ c ⁇ o grc p are Phenyl, naphthyl.
  • Optional substituents groups can be for example amino, mono- or of-(C 1 ⁇ Cg)-alkylamino, such as diethylamino, hydroxy, C ⁇ -Cg alkoxy, such as isopropoxy, thio.
  • 2,6-anthraquinonesulfonamido-N,N-caproic acid N.N*-diethy1-2,6-anthraquinonedisulfonamide; N, '-(p-ethoxypheny1)-2,6-anthraquinonedisulfonamide; bis-2-(2,6-anthraquinonedisulfon)-N,N'-diamidopropionic acid; bis-2-(2,6-anthraquinonedisulfon)-N,N-diamido-3-phenyl- propionic acid.
  • Anthraquinone sulfonamides are described in GB 2025954 to be generally useful as intermediates for dyes, chemical products for agriculture and pharmaceuticals. Particularly, they are described as components of aqueous solutions for removing hydrogen sulfide from gases.
  • the compounds of the invention can be prepared from anthraquinone mono- and/or disulfonic acid by means of the intermediates:
  • the technique which can be applied to the latter step varies with the type of R 2 and R 3 , the purity and the obtainable yields.
  • the sulfonic acid chloride is reacted with a HNR 2 R 3 strong excess, whereas in other cases it is preferred to carry out the reaction in a suitable solvent; as examples of appropriate solvents, ethyl ether and methylene chloride can be mentioned.
  • a suitable solvent as examples of appropriate solvents, ethyl ether and methylene chloride can be mentioned.
  • a base preferred are those such as amines, for example triethylamine and paradimethylaminopyridine.
  • reaction conditions depend on the nature of the reagents, the solvent and the presence or the absence of a base as well as its amount, if any. Temperatures range from -10°C and the solvent boiling point. The most suited operative conditions range from 5°C to 30°C. The reaction times vary depending on other parameters, but they usually range from 2 hours to 3 days.
  • the halogenated derivative is reacted with a R---OH alcohol, wherein R 1 is C ⁇ -Cg alkyl, thereby obtaining the sulfonic acid ester.
  • the preferred method consists in reacting the sulfonic acid sodium salt with chlorosulfonic acid in excess at room temperature for about 24 hours. After that, sulfonyl chloride is recovered by filtration, after hydrolysis of the chlorosulfonic acid excess with water and ice.
  • Sulfonyl chloride is reacted with an amine HNR 1 R 2 or with an alcohol R 3 OH, in which R- , R 2 , R 3 have the meanings defined above, preferably at room temperature and in the presence of tertiary amines, particularly in when operating in a solvent.
  • Anthraquinone mono- and disulfonic acids and substituted derivatives of the present invention are remarkably effective in various pharmacological tests.
  • the anthraquinone onosulfonated and disulfonated compounds were dissolved in distilled water whereas the derivatives thereof were dissolved in di ethylsulfoxide.
  • the concentration of the tested product was added to the reaction mixture in a volume of 100 ⁇ l.
  • composition of the reaction mixture 0.005 M acetate buffer pH 6.0 + 2 M cysteine + 1 mM EDTA; Enzyme 1 U/ml (cathepsin B or ) (Calbiochem); substrate 0.2 M Z-Phe-Arg-AMC (Novabioche ) final reaction volume 2 ml; temperature 25"C; observation time for cathepsin B : 2 minutes; for L: 8 minutes.
  • the test evaluates the effect of the compounds anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid and N,N'-diethy- lanthraquinone-2,6-disulfonamide on rheumatoid arthritis in the rat induced by administration of complete Freund's adjuvant. Diacetylrhein was used as control.
  • albino Sprague Dawley rats weighing 200 ⁇ 10 g were subdivided into four groups of six ani ⁇ mals each. All of the compounds were administered orally at a dosage of 20 mg/kg. Arthritis was induced admini- stering all the animals, in the left rear paw, with 5 mg of Freund's complete adjuvant suspended in 0.05 ml of paraffin oil (prior to the treatment, the paw volume of both rear paws was measured). The treatment with the te ⁇ sted products started 5 days after the arthritis induc ⁇ tion and was carried out for ten days.
  • the animals were killed to effect the analy ⁇ sis of the following evaluation parameters: measurement of the volume of both left and right rear paws; Rx in lateral and antero-posterior position of the tibio-tar- sal articulation of the left paw; histology evaluation of the articulation of both left and right rear paws.
  • Such a protecting activity is also evidenced by the histological examinations carried out on the rat tibio- tarsal articulation.
  • the clastogenetic effect of rhein and of 2,6- anthraquinonedisulfonic acid was evaluated using the test of the induction of chromosomal aberrations in cell cultures of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO).
  • the cell line was treated with the tested substances and with suitable controls, in the presence of a metabolic activation system for four hours. After that, the cell in growth exponential phase were treated with colchicine (Colcemid R ) for 90 minutes, so as to obtain a signifi ⁇ cant number of cells in metaphase and to recover them for the preparation of the chromosome suspension.
  • colchicine Colcemid R
  • As the positive standard cyclophosphamide was used (1-5-10- 12.5-25 ⁇ g/ml) .
  • the toxicity of the tested compounds was evaluated by means of the assay of the efficiency of plating, tre- ating the cells for four hours, then seeding them at a concentration of 200 cells/5 ml of fresh culture medium.
  • the selected doses were: rhein: 25-50-100-200 ⁇ g/ml
  • Acid 2,6-anthraquinonedi- sulfonic acid 50-100-150-200-250 ⁇ g/ml.
  • the chromosomal aberrations were recorded descri ⁇ bing the type of structural damage. The numeric aberra ⁇ tions and gaps were discarded. Metaphases showing a good chromosomal opening, a good staining and an acceptable chromosome number (20 ⁇ 2) were selected. For statisti ⁇ cal evaluations of the results, the quadratic Chi test was used .
  • the study involves the production of superoxide anion by means of the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system and the target is the reduction in cytochrome C iron content. Copper is known to be capable of capturing the radical produced by said system. Copper chelants inhibit such a "scavenging" effect.
  • Table 6 shows that rhein inhibits said effect, whereas the compounds 1-anthraquinonesulfonic acid and 2-anthraquinonesulfonic acid are nearly inactive.
  • the present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I in admixture with conventional carriers and excipients.
  • compositions according to the invention are prepared according to known methods, for example as described in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences Handbook", XVII Ed., Mack Pub. Inc., N.Y., U.S.A..
  • compositions for the enteral, parenteral, topic administrations are tablets, capsules, granules, controlled-release formulations, liquid drinkable formulations, injectables, suppositories, creams, transdermal formulations.
  • the dosage of the active ingredient will range from 10 to 500 mg depending on the activity of the product and on the therapeutical uses.
  • the systemic use will range from 1 to 100 mg. In the following, illustrative examples are reported.
  • EXAMPLE 1 N.N'-Diethvl-2.6-anthra ⁇ uinonedisulfonamide
  • Each soft gelatin capsule contains: 1) 2)
  • the dispersion of the active ingredient in soy oil is dosed in soft gelatin capsules using the suitable device.
  • the active ingredients used in this formulation are preferably:
  • Each capsule contains: Active ingredient 40 mg 200 mg Lactose 200 mg 285 mg
  • Magnesium stearate 10 mg 15 mg The products are mixed and then dosed in capsules of suitable size.
  • the active ingredients used in this formulation are preferably selected from: - 2,6- or 1,5-anthraquinonedisulfonic acid sodium salts;
  • Each tablet contains: Active ingredient
  • Magnesium stearate The active ingredient is mixed thoroughly with microcrystalline cellulose and the anhydrous lactose, sodium carboxymethyl starch and magnesium stearate are added mixing again, then the resulting mixture is sieved and tabletted to obtain tablets weighing 700 and 920 mg respectively.
  • the active ingredients used in this formulation are preferably:
  • the mixture of cetyl and stearyl alcohols is melted with sodium laurylsulfate and decyl oleate, adding the active ingredient and mixing thoroughly.
  • the obtained product is then added to water, brought to the same temperature at which methyl-p-oxybenzoate and propyl-p- oxybenzoate had been dissolved, emulsified carefully in a suitable device, cooled to about 60 ⁇ C under stirring, added with the rose essence and then cooled and distributed in suitable containers.
  • Particularly suitable active ingredients of the preparations are:
  • ointments can be prepared with active ingredients consisting of the salts of the compounds of formula (I) using compositions of the following type:
  • Vitamin F 80% 1.250 g
  • Each vial contains: Active ingredient 25.00 g
  • Citric acid monohydrate 7.87 g
  • the solution of the active ingredient and of the excipients is filtered sterilely and partitioned in vials which are subsequently sterilized in autoclave at 121"C for 15 minutes.
  • the active ingredients used in this formulation are preferably the anthraquinonesulfonic acid of formula (I) sodium salts.
  • EXAMPLE 10 Intra-articular vials
  • Each vial of freeze-dried product contains: Active ingredient 1 mg
  • Each solvent vial contains:
  • the solution of the active ingredient and of the excipients is sterilely filtered and partitioned in vials, then freeze-dried in a suitable device.
  • the active ingredients used in this formulation are preferably the anthraquinonesulfonic acid of formula (I) sodium salts.

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Abstract

The use of the compounds of formula (I), wherein the groups are as defined in the disclosure, for the preparation of medicaments for the treatment of pathologies in which the erosion of the cartilaginous and bone matrix occurs.

Description

MONO- AND DISULFO- SUBSTITUTED ANTHRAQUINONES AND THEIR USE FOR THE TREATMENT
OF BONE MATRIX DISORDERS.
The present invention relates to compounds useful for the treatment of the pathologies in which the erosion of the cartilaginous and bone matrix occurs in the most advanced steps of the disease, such as osteoarthrosis and rheumatoid arthritis, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing them. Furthermore, the invention relates to novel anthraquinone derivatives and to the process for the preparation thereof.
Osteoarthrosis are known to be treated mainly using substances acting on the pain and exerting their symptomatic effect thanks to their antiinflammatory activity. Said medicaments are usually referred to as non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) such as for example indo ethacin and steroidal ones, such as hydrocortisone and betha etasone.
Other used compounds comprise copper chelating agents, such as penicillamine, and those compounds which interfere with collagene synthesis, with DNA or with synovial membranes, such as cyclophosphamide.
Among the most recent substances used in the above mentioned pathologies there are diacetylrhein, a pro- drug of rhein, which exerts its therapeutical activity being a copper chelating agent, moreover it inhibits the formation of ceruloplasmin during the acute phase of arthritis inflammation and it is also a calcium chelating agent, forming soluble complexes with calcium thanks to the solubilizing COOH group present in its structure. Such a characteristic of forming soluble complexes with calcium is likely to be of paramount importance, since it avoids the formation and precipitation of microcrystals at the articulation sites, thereby preventing inflammatory reactions from occurring or from going on (Friedman, U.S. Pat. n.
4,244,968 del 13/1/1981). Furthermore, rhein inhibits the formation and release of the superoxide anion from NADPH-dependent biological systems (Mian M. et al. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1987; 39: 845-847) and the activity of serine proteases, such as elastase and cathepsin G from man (Raimondi I. et al. Pharmacol. Res. Comm. 1982; 14 (2): 103-112); Zembower DE. et al. J. Med. Che . 1992; 35: 1597-1605 1992) .
Further pharmacological and clinical studies described in literature proved that, in addition to the above mentioned mechanisms, other pathogenetic mechanisms act in the diseases affecting articulations, causing the erosion of the cartilaginous and bone matrix.
Among such mechanisms, the increase in some enzyme activities or an unbalance among the latter and the inhibitors thereof should be stressed. As recently proved by some researchers, cysteine proteases, such as cathepsin B and L, are enzymes strictly connected with the degradation of the cartilago and therefore with the related pathologies. It has widely been reported in literature, that cysteine proteases, cathepsins B and L, are capable of inducing directly or indirectly (by activation of proenzymes), the degradation of the main components of the cartilaginous and bone extracellular matrix (Roughley PJ. et al. Biochem. J. 1977; 167; 639-
637; Sakamoto S. et al. MO . Aspects Med. 1988; 10; 299- 428; Nguyen Pj . et al. Biochem. J. 1991 Aug. 15; 278 (pt
1): 143-7; Maciewiez RA. et al. Biomed. Biochim. Acta
1991; 50 (4-6): 561-4; Buttle DJ. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;
36 (12); 1709-17; Pelletier JP. et al. Osteoarthritis
1993; 19 (3); 545-568). Moreover, the interest in these enzyme activities, has been confirmed by studies carried out on laboratory animals (rats) in which rheumatoid arthritis had been induced. In said animals, the effect of the inhibitors of cysteine proteases, such as fluoromethylketones, on the development of the disease was evaluated particularly on the cartilaginous and bone articular lesions.
The results of said studies showed that the enzyme inhibitors can be clinically valuable in the treatment of arthritis (Ahmed NK. et al. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1992; 44 (6); 1201-7; Meijers M, Billingham M. et al. Agents actions 1993; 39 (1); 219-21; Esser RE. et al. J. Reu atol. 1993; 20 (7); 1176-83).
Other authors (Gabrijelcic D. et al. J. Clin. Chim. Biochem. 1990; 28 (3); 149-53) evidenced the presence of cathepsin B and H in the synovial fluid of patients with different diseases of the articulation whereas Martel- Pelletier J. et al., J. Orthop. (1990): 8 (3:336) proved the existence of an unbalance between the levels of cathepsin B and the inhibitors thereof in the cartilaginous tissue of osteoarthrosic patients. Huet et al. Arthritis Rheum. (1993): 36 (3): 772 showed that I -1 and TNF stimulate the activity of cysteine proteases in synovial cells of explants from patients affected with osteoarthrosis and arthritis.
From what stated above, it is clear that cysteine proteases are actively involved in the osteoarthrosic and arthritic pathologies, therefore the use of a therapeutical agent markedly inhibiting the activity of said proteases is widely justified.
Now it has surprisingly been found that anthraquinone mono- and disulfonic acid derivatives have remarkable activity against serine proteases.
It is an object of the present invention the use for the preparation of a medicament useful for the treatment of pathologies in which the erosion of the cartilaginous and bone matrix occurs in the most advanced steps of the disease, in particular osteoarthrosis and rheumatoid arthritis, of the compounds of general formula (I)
Figure imgf000006_0001
wherein:
A is a group of formula -SOβR, in which R is hydrogen or a cation capable of giving a water-soluble derivative; or A is a group of formula -SO2R1, wherein R1 is a -NR2R3 group, in which R2 is hydrogen or C-^-Cg straight or branched alkyl,
R3 is -CH(COOH)-R5, wherein R5 is ^-Cg alkyl or
C7~c12 arylalkyl; -(CH2)n-COOH, wherein n is a integer from 1 to 6, C^-Cg straight or branched alkyl, -CgH4-0-(CH2)m-CH3, wherein is a integer from 1 to 4; or
R- is a -O ^ group, in which R^ is a C^-Cg straight or branched alkyl group or an optionally substituted Cg-C10 aryl group; B is a hydrogen atom; or B has the same meanings as A; with the proviso that A and B are simultaneously -SO3R or -SO2 1. With the expression "a cation capable of giving a water-soluble derivative", those skilled in the art can evaluate which cations are able to play the solubilizing function and, at the same time, to give rise to non- toxic derivatives which do not affect adversely the pharmacological activity of the compounds of formula (I). Examples of said type of cation are metal cations such as lithium, sodium, potassium.
Examples of C^-Cg straight or branched alkyl group are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl.
Examples of
Figure imgf000007_0001
arylalkyl group are benzyl, 2- phenylethyl, 1-phenylethyl, 3-phenγlpropyl, 1- naphthylmethyl, 2-naphthylmethyl.
Examples of c6~cιo grc p are Phenyl, naphthyl. Optional substituents groups can be for example amino, mono- or of-(C1~Cg)-alkylamino, such as diethylamino, hydroxy, C^-Cg alkoxy, such as isopropoxy, thio.
The following novel compounds according to the present invention are included within the above general formula:
2,6-anthraquinonesulfonamido-N,N-caproic acid; N.N*-diethy1-2,6-anthraquinonedisulfonamide; N, '-(p-ethoxypheny1)-2,6-anthraquinonedisulfonamide; bis-2-(2,6-anthraquinonedisulfon)-N,N'-diamidopropionic acid; bis-2-(2,6-anthraquinonedisulfon)-N,N-diamido-3-phenyl- propionic acid.
Anthraquinone dibasic sulfonamides with antiviral activity have been described by M. Grisar et al. in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 1974, vol. 17, n. 8, p. 890-893.
Anthraquinone sulfonamides are described in GB 2025954 to be generally useful as intermediates for dyes, chemical products for agriculture and pharmaceuticals. Particularly, they are described as components of aqueous solutions for removing hydrogen sulfide from gases.
The compounds of the invention can be prepared from anthraquinone mono- and/or disulfonic acid by means of the intermediates:
Figure imgf000008_0001
in which X is a halogen, in particular chlorine Such an intermediate is known to be prepared reacting mono or disulfonic acid with chlorosulfonic acid or with phosphorous pentachloride or with phosphorous oxychloride or with mixtures of the last two.
The resulting halogenated derivative is reacted with a compound of general formula HNR2R3.
The technique which can be applied to the latter step varies with the type of R2 and R3, the purity and the obtainable yields. In some cases, the sulfonic acid chloride is reacted with a HNR2R3 strong excess, whereas in other cases it is preferred to carry out the reaction in a suitable solvent; as examples of appropriate solvents, ethyl ether and methylene chloride can be mentioned. When the presence of a base is suitable, preferred are those such as amines, for example triethylamine and paradimethylaminopyridine.
The reaction conditions depend on the nature of the reagents, the solvent and the presence or the absence of a base as well as its amount, if any. Temperatures range from -10°C and the solvent boiling point. The most suited operative conditions range from 5°C to 30°C. The reaction times vary depending on other parameters, but they usually range from 2 hours to 3 days.
Analogously, the halogenated derivative is reacted with a R---OH alcohol, wherein R1 is C^-Cg alkyl, thereby obtaining the sulfonic acid ester. The preferred method consists in reacting the sulfonic acid sodium salt with chlorosulfonic acid in excess at room temperature for about 24 hours. After that, sulfonyl chloride is recovered by filtration, after hydrolysis of the chlorosulfonic acid excess with water and ice. Sulfonyl chloride is reacted with an amine HNR1R2 or with an alcohol R3OH, in which R- , R2, R3 have the meanings defined above, preferably at room temperature and in the presence of tertiary amines, particularly in when operating in a solvent.
Anthraquinone mono- and disulfonic acids and substituted derivatives of the present invention are remarkably effective in various pharmacological tests.
By way of example, the experimental results of some enzyme tests carried out with mono- and disulfonic derivatives having SO3R groups at the positions 1,5 and 2,6 are reported (see Tables 1 and 2). Effects on human cathepsin B and enzymatic activity.
The anthraquinone onosulfonated and disulfonated compounds were dissolved in distilled water whereas the derivatives thereof were dissolved in di ethylsulfoxide. The concentration of the tested product was added to the reaction mixture in a volume of 100 μl.
Composition of the reaction mixture: 0.005 M acetate buffer pH 6.0 + 2 M cysteine + 1 mM EDTA; Enzyme 1 U/ml (cathepsin B or ) (Calbiochem); substrate 0.2 M Z-Phe-Arg-AMC (Novabioche ) final reaction volume 2 ml; temperature 25"C; observation time for cathepsin B : 2 minutes; for L: 8 minutes. This is a fluorimetric determination wherein the excitation wavelength was 380 nm, the emission one being instead 460 n . Fluorescence was read by means of a Perkin-Elmer spectrophotometer mod. LS-3B.
Studied concentrations: Anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid : 1 - 5 - 10 μM Anthraquinone-1,5-disulfonic acid : 1 - 5 - 10 μM N,N'-(p-Ethoxypheny1)-2,6-anthraquinone- disulfonamide : 1 - 10 μM.
The results reported in Tables 1 and 2 show that the tested compounds markedly inhibit the activity of cathepsins B and L from humans.
TABLE 1 EFFECT OF ANTHRAQUINONE MONO- AND DISULFONIC ACIDS ON HUMAN CATHEPSIN B ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY
TABLE 2
EFFECT OF ANTHRAQUINONE MONO- AND DISULFONIC ACIDS ON
HUMAN CATHEPSIN L ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY
Figure imgf000012_0001
The test evaluates the effect of the compounds anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid and N,N'-diethy- lanthraquinone-2,6-disulfonamide on rheumatoid arthritis in the rat induced by administration of complete Freund's adjuvant. Diacetylrhein was used as control.
For the test, albino Sprague Dawley rats weighing 200 ± 10 g, were subdivided into four groups of six ani¬ mals each. All of the compounds were administered orally at a dosage of 20 mg/kg. Arthritis was induced admini- stering all the animals, in the left rear paw, with 5 mg of Freund's complete adjuvant suspended in 0.05 ml of paraffin oil (prior to the treatment, the paw volume of both rear paws was measured). The treatment with the te¬ sted products started 5 days after the arthritis induc¬ tion and was carried out for ten days. Al the end of this time, the animals were killed to effect the analy¬ sis of the following evaluation parameters: measurement of the volume of both left and right rear paws; Rx in lateral and antero-posterior position of the tibio-tar- sal articulation of the left paw; histology evaluation of the articulation of both left and right rear paws.
The obtained results show that the compounds anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid and N,N'-diethy- lanthraquinone-2,6-disulfonamide inhibit by 18.6 and 21.4% respectively the increase in the volume of the left rear paw, whereas diacetylrhein caused an 8.3% re¬ duction. The effect of the two disulfonated compounds on the increase in the volume of the right paw was much more marked. In fact, an inhibition of respectively 67.5 and 62.3% (acid anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid and N,N'-diethylanthraquinone-2,6-disulfonamide) was obser¬ ved, versus a complete lack in activity by diacetylrhein (see Table 3). Furthermore, radiographies show that the two disulfonated compounds inhibit their loss in bone mass and significantly protect the tibio-tarsal articu- lation It is indeed evident from the histological exami¬ nation of the latter, that the disulfonated compounds markedly inhibit the formation of fibrous tissue in the articulation whereas this is remarkably present in the articulation of the control groups and in those treated with diacetylrhein. TABLE 3
EFFECT OF ANTHRAQUINONE MONO- AND DISULFONIC ACIDS IN
THE OEDEMA INDUCED BY FREUND'S COMPLETE ADJUVANT
Percent increase in the oedema
Compound Dose after 15 days mg/kg/os Left paw Right paw
Control 252 ± 26 7.7 ± 29 Acid 2,6-an- 20 205 ± 41 25 ± 20 thraquinonedi- sulfonic acid
N,N'-diethyl- 20 198 ± 31 29 ± 12
2,6-anthra- quinonedi- sulfonamide
Diacetylrhein 20 231 ± 22 92 ± 30
Such a protecting activity is also evidenced by the histological examinations carried out on the rat tibio- tarsal articulation.
Contrary to rhein, said products are nor copper neither calcium chelating agents, they do not inhibit the production and the release of the superoxide anion from NADPH-dependent biological systems, do not inhibit the activity of superoxide dismutase, they are not serine proteases inhibitors, they are not mutagenic in the Ames test and cause no chromosomal aberrations as well. Test of induction of chromosomal aberrations
The clastogenetic effect of rhein and of 2,6- anthraquinonedisulfonic acid, was evaluated using the test of the induction of chromosomal aberrations in cell cultures of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO). In this test, the cell line was treated with the tested substances and with suitable controls, in the presence of a metabolic activation system for four hours. After that, the cell in growth exponential phase were treated with colchicine (ColcemidR) for 90 minutes, so as to obtain a signifi¬ cant number of cells in metaphase and to recover them for the preparation of the chromosome suspension. As the positive standard, cyclophosphamide was used (1-5-10- 12.5-25 μg/ml) .
The toxicity of the tested compounds was evaluated by means of the assay of the efficiency of plating, tre- ating the cells for four hours, then seeding them at a concentration of 200 cells/5 ml of fresh culture medium.
On the ground of the results obtained by means of this test, dosages were selected for the treatment in the test of induction of chromosomal aberrations, so as not to exceed, with the highest dosage, 50% toxicity levels.
The selected doses were: rhein: 25-50-100-200 μg/ml
Acid 2,6-anthraquinonedi- sulfonic acid: 50-100-150-200-250 μg/ml.
The chromosomal aberrations were recorded descri¬ bing the type of structural damage. The numeric aberra¬ tions and gaps were discarded. Metaphases showing a good chromosomal opening, a good staining and an acceptable chromosome number (20 ± 2) were selected. For statisti¬ cal evaluations of the results, the quadratic Chi test was used .
The results prove that the compound 2,6-anthraqui- nonedisulfonic acid induces no chromosomal aberrations whereas rhein is positive at doses of 100 and 200 μg/ml (see Tables 4 and 5).
TABLE 4
CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION ASSAY ON CHINESE HAMSTER OVARY
CELLS
Compound Dose Total meta- Metaphases with P phases aberrations
Control // 220 13
+ S - 9
10 32 12 P < 0.001 μg/ml CPS + S - 9 5 100 25 P < 0.001 μg/ml
1 100 10 N.S. μg/ml
N.S
N.S,
Figure imgf000017_0001
Figure imgf000017_0002
CPS = Cyclophosphamide S - 9 = metabolic activation system TABLE 5 CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION ASSAY ON CHINESE HAMSTER OVARY CELLS
Figure imgf000018_0002
25 87 87 P<0.001
CPS I-1 en 100 me- 12.5 44 44 P<0.001 taphases
200
Rhein 100 me- 100 taphases
Figure imgf000018_0001
25 1 1
Figure imgf000018_0003
Therefore, such characteristics markedly differentiate the compounds of the invention from rhein.
Action of disulfonated anthraquinone on copper
"scavenging" effect
The study involves the production of superoxide anion by means of the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system and the target is the reduction in cytochrome C iron content. Copper is known to be capable of capturing the radical produced by said system. Copper chelants inhibit such a "scavenging" effect.
Table 6 shows that rhein inhibits said effect, whereas the compounds 1-anthraquinonesulfonic acid and 2-anthraquinonesulfonic acid are nearly inactive.
TABLE 6 EFFECT ON COPPER "SCAVENGING" ACTION
Compound % Reduction
1-AQ 3 2-AQ 5 1,5-AQ 4 2,6-AQ 6 rhein 45
1-AQ : anthraquinone-1-sulfonic
2-AQ : anthraquinone-2-sulfonic
1,5-AQ: anthraquinone-l,5-disulfonic acid
2,6-AQ: anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid
The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I in admixture with conventional carriers and excipients.
The compositions according to the invention are prepared according to known methods, for example as described in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences Handbook", XVII Ed., Mack Pub. Inc., N.Y., U.S.A..
Examples of compositions for the enteral, parenteral, topic administrations are tablets, capsules, granules, controlled-release formulations, liquid drinkable formulations, injectables, suppositories, creams, transdermal formulations.
In the oral formulations, the dosage of the active ingredient will range from 10 to 500 mg depending on the activity of the product and on the therapeutical uses. The systemic use will range from 1 to 100 mg. In the following, illustrative examples are reported. EXAMPLE 1, N.N'-Diethvl-2.6-anthraαuinonedisulfonamide
13.0 g of anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonylchloride are suspended in 300 ml of methylene chloride, under strong stirring. 300 ml of diethylamine are added thereto, by means of a dropping funnel at such a rate as not to exceed 25-30"C, cooling, if necessary, the solution. The resulting suspension is stirred for 6 hours, then left to stand overnight. The suspension is then added with 100 ml of IN NaOH under stirring, stirred for 2 hours and then the resulting solid is filtered, washing it thoroughly with water.
9,3 g of a product with a good purity (95-97% by HPLC) are obtained, which, if necessary, can be recrystallized from a 3/1 dimethylacetamide/water solution .
IR and NMR analysis confirm the identity of the product.
EXAMPLE 2 N.N'-fp-Ethoxvphenvl ) -2.6-anthraσuinonedisulfonamide
15.5 ml of p-phenetidine are added to 150 ml of methylene chloride, under strong stirring. 6.1 g of anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonylchloride are gradually added, in small portions, so as not to exceed 15-20βC, cooling, if necessary, the solution. The resulting suspension is stirred for 3 hours, then left to stand for 3 days; the obtained solid is filtered, washing thoroughly with IM hydrochloric acid and then with water. 9.8 g of a product are obtained, which is recrystallized twice from dimethylacetamide/water solutions. Finally 3,8 g of the pure product are obtained.
IR and NMR analysis confirm the identity of the product. EXAMPLE 3
2.6-Anthraαuinonedisulfonamido-N,N'-caproic acid
16.4 g of methyl-6-aminocaproate hydrochloride, 18 ml of triethylamine and 200 mg of p-dimethyl- aminopyridine are added to 150 ml of diethyl ether, stirring the whole thoroughly. 6.1 g of anthraquinone- 2,6-disulfonylchloride are gradually added, in sπvll portions, so as not to exceed 15-20°C, cooling, if necessary, the solution. The resulting suspension is stirred for 3 hours at room temperature, then 3 hours under reflux, then it is left to stand overnight; after that the solvent is evaporated off and the obtained solid is taken up with 35 g of KOH dissolved in 500 ml of water/methanol 1/1. The mixture is stirred for 1 hour at room temperature, then is acidified with 20% hydrochloric acid to markedly acidic pH; after stirring for 5 minutes the resulting solid is filtered, washing it thoroughly with water. 5.0 g of a product are obtained, which is recrystallized twice from dimethylacetamide/water solutions. Finally 2.1 g of the pure product are obtained. IR and NMR analysis confirm the identity of the product. EXAMPLE 4 Soft gelatin capsules:
Each soft gelatin capsule contains: 1) 2)
Active ingredient 100 mg 300 mg
Soy oil 50 mg 150 mg
The dispersion of the active ingredient in soy oil is dosed in soft gelatin capsules using the suitable device.
The active ingredients used in this formulation are preferably:
1) - N,N'-diethyl-2,6-anthraquinonedisulfonamide
2) - N,N'-(p-ethoxyphenyl)-2,6-anthraquinonedisulfonami- de.
EXAMPLE 5
Hard gelatin capsules
Each capsule contains: Active ingredient 40 mg 200 mg Lactose 200 mg 285 mg
Magnesium stearate 10 mg 15 mg The products are mixed and then dosed in capsules of suitable size.
The active ingredients used in this formulation are preferably selected from: - 2,6- or 1,5-anthraquinonedisulfonic acid sodium salts;
- 2,6-anthraquinonedisulfonamido-N,N'-caproic acid.
EXAMPLE 6
Tablets
Each tablet contains: Active ingredient
Microcrystalline cellulose
Anhydrous lactose
Sodium carboxymethyl starch
Magnesium stearate
Figure imgf000023_0001
The active ingredient is mixed thoroughly with microcrystalline cellulose and the anhydrous lactose, sodium carboxymethyl starch and magnesium stearate are added mixing again, then the resulting mixture is sieved and tabletted to obtain tablets weighing 700 and 920 mg respectively.
The active ingredients used in this formulation are preferably:
1) - N,N-diethyl-2,6-anthraquinonedisulfonamide
2) - N,N-(p-ethoxyphenyl)-2,6-anthraquinonedisulfonamide 3) - anthraquinonesulfonic acid of formula (I) sodium salts. EXAMPLE 7 Cream
Active ingredient 2.000 g Mixture of cetyl and stearyl alcohols 15.000 g Sodium lauryl sulfate 1.500 g
Decyl oleate 10.000 g
Vaselin oil 5.000 g
Depurated water 66.000 g Methyl-p-oxy-benzoate 0.160 g
Propyl para-oxy-benzoate 0.040 g
Rose essence 0.300 g
The mixture of cetyl and stearyl alcohols is melted with sodium laurylsulfate and decyl oleate, adding the active ingredient and mixing thoroughly. The obtained product is then added to water, brought to the same temperature at which methyl-p-oxybenzoate and propyl-p- oxybenzoate had been dissolved, emulsified carefully in a suitable device, cooled to about 60βC under stirring, added with the rose essence and then cooled and distributed in suitable containers.
Particularly suitable active ingredients of the preparations are:
- N,N'-diethyl-2,6-anthraquinonedisulfonamide; - N,N'-(p-ethoxyphenyl) -2 ,6-anthraquinonedisulfonamide.
EXAMPLE 8
Ointment
With similar procedures, ointments can be prepared with active ingredients consisting of the salts of the compounds of formula (I) using compositions of the following type:
Active ingredient 3.000 g
Hamamelis water 27.000 g
Cetyl alcohol 16.500 g Free and esterified sterols 1.000 g
Methyl p-oxybenzoate 0.150 g Propyl gallate 0.030 g
Propylene glycol 7.000 g
Rose essence 0.250 g
Disodium versenate 0.050 g
Vitamin F 80% 1.250 g
Polyglycol esters of saturated and unsaturated fatty amides
C13~C20 0.500 g
Depurated water q.ε. to 100 g. EXAMPLE 9 Intramuscular vials
Each vial contains: Active ingredient 25.00 g
Sodium chloride 3.80 g
Sodium citrate dihydrate 25.73 g
Citric acid monohydrate 7.87 g
Water for injectable preparations q.ε. to 2 ml.
The solution of the active ingredient and of the excipients is filtered sterilely and partitioned in vials which are subsequently sterilized in autoclave at 121"C for 15 minutes.
The active ingredients used in this formulation are preferably the anthraquinonesulfonic acid of formula (I) sodium salts. EXAMPLE 10 Intra-articular vials
Each vial of freeze-dried product contains: Active ingredient 1 mg
Mannitol 50 mg
Sodium hydroxide q.s. to pH 6.5 Each solvent vial contains:
Water for injectable preparations 2 ml.
The solution of the active ingredient and of the excipients is sterilely filtered and partitioned in vials, then freeze-dried in a suitable device.
The active ingredients used in this formulation are preferably the anthraquinonesulfonic acid of formula (I) sodium salts.

Claims

1. The use of the compounds of formula (I)
Figure imgf000027_0001
wherein:
A is a group of formula -SO3R, in which R is hydrogen or a cation capable of giving a water-soluble derivative; or A is a group of formula -S02R^, wherein R*-- is a -NR2R3 group, in which R2 is hydrogen or C1~Cg straight or branched alkyl,
R3 is -CH(COOH)-R5, wherein R5 is C-^Cg alkyl or c7-c12 arylalkyl; -(CH2)n-COOH, wherein n is a integer from 1 to 6, ^-Cg straight or branched alkyl, -CgH4-0-(CH2)m-CH3, wherein m is a integer from 1 to 4; or
R1 is a -OR^ group, in which R4 is a C^-Cg straight or branched alkyl group or an optionally substituted Cg-C10 aryl group; B is a hydrogen atom; or B has the same meanings as A; with the proviso that A and B are simultaneously -SO3R or -SO2R1, for the preparation of a medicament useful for the treatment of pathologies wherein the erosion of the cartilaginous and bone matrix occurs in the most advanced steps of the disease.
2. The use according to claim 1, for the preparation of a medicament useful for the treatment of osteoarthrosis.
3. The use according to claim 1, for the preparation of a medicament useful for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
4. The use according to claim 1 or 2 or 3, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
2,6-anthraquinonesulfonamido-N,N-caproic acid; N,N*-diethy1-2,6-anthraquinonedisulfonamide; N,N'-(p-ethoxypheny1)-2,6-anthraquinonedisulfonamide; bis-2-(2,6-anthraquinonedisulfon)-N,N'-diamido propionic acid; bis-2-(2,6-anthraquinonedisulfon)-N,N-diamido-3-phenyl- propionic acid.
5. A compound selected from the group consisting of: acid 2,6-anthraquinonesulfonamido-N,N-caproic acid; N,N'-diethy1-2,6-anthraquinonedisulfonamide; ,N'-(p-ethoxyphenyl)-2,6-anthraquinonedisulfonamide; bis-2-(2,6-anthraquinonedisulfon)-N,N'-diamido propionic acid; bis-2-(2,6-anthraquinonedisulfon)-N,N-diamido-3-phenyl- propionic acid.
6. A process for the preparation of the compounds of claim 5, comprising the reaction of the corresponding anthraquinone mono- or disulfonic acid halide with the appropriate amine.
7. Pharmaceutical compositions containing a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1, in admixture with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients
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WO2002022119A1 (en) * 2000-09-15 2002-03-21 Negma-Lerads Use of rhein for preparing a medicine for preventing articular cartilage damage
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EP0833626B1 (en) 2003-03-05
MX9800049A (en) 1998-11-30
AU6303996A (en) 1997-01-22
ATE233553T1 (en) 2003-03-15
SK281853B6 (en) 2001-08-06
EP0833626A1 (en) 1998-04-08

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