WO1995012656A1 - NIL-PHOSPHATE COMPACT AUTOMATIC DISHWASHING COMPOSITION HAVING CONTROLLED pH PROFILE - Google Patents

Abstract

Automatic dishwashing detergent compositions comprising a pH profile wherein the initial wash solution quickly rises to a high alkaline pH followed by a reduction in the pH to yield a final pH of less than 9.5 are disclosed. Compositions are substantially phosphate free and comprise a peroxygen bleach and activator. Particularly preferred compositions are granular and further comprise low levels of silicate for additional glasscare benefits.

Description

NIL-PHOSPHATE COMPACT AUTOMATIC DISHWASHING COMPOSITION HAVING CONTROLLED pH PROFILE

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention is in the field of automatic dishwashing detergents. More specifically, the invention relates to granular automatic dishwashing detergents and to the use of such compositions in providing enhanced cleaning and glass care bene its. The automatic dishwashing compositions provide a controlled pH system comprising components for an initial high alkaline (i.e. pH greater than 9.5) wash solution and second components for a low or mildly alkaline (i.e. pH less than 9.5) pH final wash solution.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Granular automatic dishwashing detergents (hereinafter ADDs) used for washing tableware in the home or institutionally in machines especially designed for the purpose have long been known. Dishwashing in the seventies is reviewed by Mizuno in Vol. 5, Part HI of the Surfactant Science Series, Ed. W.G. Cutler and R.C. Davis, Marcel Dekker, N.Y., 1973, incorporated by reference. The particular requirements of cleansing tableware and leaving it in a sanitary, essentially spotless, residue-free state has indeed resulted in so many particular ADD compositions that the body of art pertaining thereto is now recognized as quite distinct from other cleansing product arts.

In light of legislation and current environmental trends, modern ADD products are desirably substantially free of inorganic phosphate builder salts and/or are concentrated formulations (i.e. 1/2 cup vs. full cup). Unfortunately, nonphosphated ADD products in technical terms may sacrifice efficacy, especially owing to the deletion of phosphate and, in some instances, chlorine mainstay cleansing ingredients. Concentrated or compact compositions similarly exhibit formulation problems.

Users of ADDs have come to expect tableware will be rendered essentially spotless and film-free in addition to cleaning. In practice, this means avoiding film- forming components. The formulator must employ ingredients which are sufficiently soluble that residues or build-up do not occur in the automatic dishwashing appliance on the tableware. Again, while some ingredients may be adequate on grounds of cleaning, spotting and filming, solubility considerations may diminish their use ulness. Solubility considerations are even more acute with the newer "high density", "low usage", "concentrated", ADD compositions whose overall solubility can be less than that of low-density granular products.

It has generally been believed by the formulator of ADDs that inexpensive cleaning can be achieved via high alkalinity and/or high silicate levels (for example as provided by formulations comprising high percentages by weight of sodium hydroxide or metasilicate). It has been discovered that severe penalties result in these compositions in terms of product corrosiveness to dishwashers and tableware, especially china and glassware and incompatibility with other detergent ingredients. It is therefore highly desirable, at least in some phosphate-free compact ADDs, to achieve good cleaning end-results without resorting to the use of high alkalinity/high silicate.

It has now unexpectedly been discovered that controlled pH granular or powder-form automatic dishwashing detergents can be provided by formulating selected peroxygen bleach systems into ADDs having particularly defined high initial alkaline pH and final low pH wash solution ranges. The composition when first dissolved at 2000-4000 ppm in an automatic dishwasher affords a pH in the range from about 9.5 to about 13, more preferably from about 9.8 to about 11.5, even more preferably from about 9.9 to about 11.0. A second pH adjusting source yields a final pH wash solution of less than 9.5, preferably from about 6.5 to about 9.5, more preferably from about 8.0 to about 9.3.

In addition, it has also been surprisingly found that not only does the bleach components formed during the initial high alkaline condition work efficiently at low pH but glass care benefits are enhanced by the inclusion of a specific low level range of silicate in a low pH environment.

The novel ADDs have the property of removing stains and tough food objected to by the consumer from dishware, even in a low, i.e. mildly alkaline, pH. The compositions have other cleaning and spotlessness advantages such as enhanced glass care (i.e. reduction of cloudiness and iridescence negatives) and reduction of silicate/carbonate deposition filming negatives. ADD embodiments including phosphate free compositions and enzyme-containing compositions are provided for powerful cleaning of wide-ranging soils while retaining the advantages of a generally mild and noncorrosive product matrix. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention encompasses automatic dishwashing detergent compositions, especially granular or powder-form automatic dishwashing detergent compositions, comprising by weight (a) from about 0.01% to about 8%, preferably from about 0.3% to about

4%, most preferably from about 0.8% to about 2% (as AvO) of peroxygen bleach selected from the group consisting of percarbonate, perborate, monopersulfate and mixtures thereof;

(b) from about 0.01% to about 10%, preferably from about 0.8% to about 5%, more preferably from about 0.8% to about 3.5%, of bleach activator;

(c) from about 0.1% to about 50%, preferably from about 5% to about 30%, of pH adjusting components, said component providing an initial wash solution pH from about 9.5 to about 13, preferably from about 9.8 to about 11.5; and

(d) from about 0.01% to about 50% of second pH adjusting component, said second pH adjusting component providing a final wash solution pH of less than about 9.5, preferably from about 6.5 to about 9.3, more preferably from about 8.0 to about 9.2.

While peroxygen bleach components and suitable pH agents are the essential ingredients to the present invention, there are also provided embodiments wherein additional components, especially silicate, are desirably present. Highly preferred embodiments of the invention are substantially free from phosphate salts and have low (e.g., < 10% SiO ) total silicate content. Further highly preferred embodiments contain enzymes. Additional components include but are not limited to suds suppressers, detergent surfactants and mixtures thereof. The present invention also encompasses a method for cleaning soiled tableware comprising contacting said tableware with an aqueous medium having an initial pH in the range from about 9.5 to about 13, more preferably from about 9.8 to about 12 for at least 10 seconds, preferably from about 0.5 minutes to about 10 minutes, and comprising at least about .01% to about 6% (as AvO) of a peroxygen bleach system; followed by contacting said tableware with an aqueous medium having a pH of at most 9.5, preferably from about 8.0 to about 9.2; said aqueous medium being formed by dissolving a solid-form automatic dishwashing detergent containing the essential peroxygen bleach component and pH adjusting agents in an automatic dishwashing machine; and releasing a second pH source to lower the pH of said aqueous medium to below 9.5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION A solid-form automatic dishwashing detergent composition comprising by weight: a) from about 0.01% to about 8% (as AvO) of a peroxygen bleach selected from the group consisting of percarbonate, perborate, monopersulfate and mixtures thereof; b) from about 0.01% to about 10% of a peroxygen bleach activator; c) from about 0.1% to about 50% of a pH adjusting component; and d) from about 0.1% to about 50% of a second pH adjusting component; said composition having an initial wash solution pH from about 9.5 to about 13 and wherein said second pH adjusting component of step (c) is released into the wash solution to form a final wash solution pH of less than 9.5.

A particularly preferred embodiment further comprises from about 0.5% to about 12%, preferably from about 1 to about 11, more preferably from about 5 to about 10, most preferably from about 6% to about 9% silicate.

The term "substantially free" herein refers to substances that are not intentionally added to the ADD but could be present as impurities in commercial grade raw materials or feedstocks. For example, the present invention encompasses substantially phosphate-free embodiments. Such embodiments generally comprise less than 0.5% of phosphate as P2 5.

The term wash solution is defined herein to mean an aqueous solution of the product dissolved at 2,000-6,000 ppm, preferably at 2,500-4,500 ppm, in an automatic dishwasher. Peroxygen Bleach The ADD compositions of the present invention contain an amount of oxygen bleach sufficient to provide from 0.01% to about 8%, preferably from about 0.1% to about 5.0%, more preferably from about 0.3% to about 4.0%, most preferably from about 0.8% to about 2% of available oxygen (AvO) by weight of the ADD.

Available oxygen of an ADD or a bleach component is the equivalent bleaching oxygen content thereof expressed as %O. For example, commercially available sodium perborate monohydrate typically has an available oxygen content for bleaching purposes of about 15% (theory predicts a maximum of about 16%). Methods for determining available oxygen of a formula after manufacture share similar chemical principles but depend on whether the oxygen bleach incorporated therein is a simple hydrogen peroxide source such as sodium perborate or percarbonate, is an activated type (e.g., perborate with tetra-acetyl ethylenediamine) or comprises a preformed peracid such as monoperphthalic acid. Analysis of peroxygen compounds is well-known in the art: see, for example, the publications of Swern, such as "Organic Peroxides", Vol. I, D.H. Swern, Editor; Wiley, New York, 1970, LC # 72-84965, incorporated by reference. See for example the calculation of "percent active oxygen" at page 499. This term is equivalent to the terms "available oxygen" or "percent available oxygen" as used herein.

The peroxygen bleaching systems useful herein are those capable of yielding hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous liquor. These compounds are well known in the art and include hydrogen peroxide and the alkali metal peroxides, organic peroxide bleaching compounds such as urea peroxide and inorganic persalt bleaching compounds such as the alkali metal perborates, percarbonates, perphosphates, and the like. Mixtures of two or ore such bleaching compounds can also be used.

Preferred peroxygen bleaching compounds include sodium perborate, commercially available in the form of mono-, tri-, and tetra-hydrate, sodium pyrophosphate peroxyhydrate, urea peroxyhydrate, sodium percarbonate, and sodium peroxide. Particularly preferred are sodium perborate tetrahydrate, sodium perborate monohydrate and sodium percarbonate. Percarbonate is especially preferred because under certain conditions it is stable during storage and yet still dissolves very quickly in the bleaching liquor. It is believed that such rapid dissolution results in the formation of higher levels of percarboxylic acid and, thus, enhanced surface bleaching performance.

Suitable oxygen-type bleaches are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,412,934 (Chung et al), issued November 1, 1993, and peroxyacid bleaches described in European Patent Application 033,259. Sagel et al, published September 13, 1989, both incorporated herein by reference, can be used. Highly preferred percarbonate can be in uncoated or coated form. The average particle size of uncoated percarbonate ranges from about 400 to about 1200 microns, most preferably from about 400 to about 600 microns. If coated percarbonate is used, the preferred coating materials include carbonate, sulphate, silicate, borosilicate, fatty carboxylic acids, and mixtures thereof. Activator

For excellent bleaching results at low pH (e.g., 9.5 and below), it is desirable to formulate the peroxygen bleach component with an activator (peracid precursor). The activator is present at levels of from about 0.01% to about 10%, preferably from about 0.8% to about 5%, more preferably from about 0.8% to about 3.5%, by weight of the composition. Preferred activators are selected from the group consisting of tetraacetylethylene diamine (TAED), benzoylcaprolactam, 4-nitrobenzoylcapro- lactam, 3-chrolobenzoylcaprolactam, benzoyloxybenzenesulphonate (BOBS), nonanoyloxybenzenesulphonate (NOBS), benzoylvalerolactam, perhydrolizable esters and mixtures thereof.

Other preferred bleach activators are those described in U.S. Patent 5,130,045,

Mitchell et al, and copending patent application of M. Burns, A.D. Willey, R.T. Hartshorn, C.K. Ghosh, entitled "Bleaching Compounds Comprising Peroxyacid

Activators Used With Enzymes" and having U.S. Serial No. (P&G

Case 4890R), both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

The weight ratio of bleach activator to peroxygen bleaching compound in the present invention generally ranges from about 5:1 to about 1:5. Preferred ratios range from about 3 : 1 to about 1 :2. pH-Adiusting Control Components

The compositions herein comprise a pH-adjusting component selected from water-soluble alkaline inorganic salts and water-soluble organic or inorganic builders.

It has been discovered that to secure the benefits of the invention, the peroxygen bleaching component must at least be combined with a pH-adjusting component which delivers an initial wash solution pH of from 9.5 to about 13, preferably from about 9.5 to about 12, more preferably from about 9.8 to about 11.5, and a second coated pH adjusting component which provides a final pH of from about 6.5 to about

9.3. The second pH adjusting component is released after a sufficient time (i.e. from about 0.3 to about 10 minutes) to allow sufficient perhydrolysis of the oxygen bleach precursor (activator) described above and to perform some cleaning. The pH- adjusting component are selected so that when the ADD is dissolved in water at a concentration of 2000 - 4000 ppm, the pH remains in the ranges discussed above.

The preferred nonphosphate pH-adjusting component embodiments of the invention is selected from the group consisting of

(i) sodium carbonate or sesquicarbonate

(ϋ) sodium silicate, preferably hydrous sodium silicate having SiO :Na2θ ratio of from about l.:l to about 2:1;

(iii) sodium citrate (iv) citric acid

(v) sodium bicarbonate

(vi) sodium borate, preferably borax

(vii) sodium hydroxide; and

(viii) mixtures of (i)-(vii). Preferred embodiments contain low levels of silicate (i.e. less than 10% SiO ).

Illustrative of highly preferred pH-adjusting component systems are binary mixtures of granular sodium citrate with anhydrous sodium carbonate, and three- component mixtures of granular sodium citrate trihydrate, citric acid monohydrate and anhydrous sodium bicarbonate.

The amount of the pH adjusting component in the instant ADD compositions is generally from about 0.9% to about 99%, preferably from about 1% to about 50%, by weight of the composition. In a preferred embodiment, the pH-adjusting component is present in the ADD composition in an amount from about 5% to about

40%, preferably from about 10% to about 30%, by weight.

For compositions herein having a pH between about 9.5 and about 10.5 (i.e. the initial wash solution) particularly preferred ADD embodiments comprise, by weight of ADD, from about 5% to about 40%, preferably from about 10% to about 30%, most preferably from about 15% to about 20%, of sodium citrate with from about 5% to about 30%, preferably from about 7% to 25%, most preferably from about 8% to about 20% sodium carbonate.

The essential pH-adjusting system can be complemented (for improved sequestration in hard water) by other optional detergency builder salts selected from nonphosphate detergency builders known in the art, which include the various water- soluble, alkali metal, ammonium or substituted ammonium borates, hydroxysulfonates, polyacetates, and polycarboxylates. Preferred are the alkali metal, especially sodium, salts of such materials. Alternate water-soluble, non- phosphorus organic builders can be used for their sequestering properties. Examples of polyacetate and polycarboxylate builders are the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium and substituted ammonium salts of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, ethylenediamine disuccinic acid (especially the S,S- form); nitrilotriacetic acid, tartrate monosuccinic acid, tartrate disuccinic acid, oxydisuccinic acid, carboxymethyloxysuccinic acid, mellitic acid, and sodium benzene polycarboxylate salts. Although the use of an optional detergency builder salt with strong metal- sequestering tendencies can be desirable for cleaning results, it is generally undesirable in that it may enhance corrosion of dishware.

The second pH adjusting component which are more fully illustrated hereinafter, comprise pH adjusting component designed to deliver in combination with the first pH adjusting agent a wash pH in the range from about 6.5 to about 9.5, preferably from about 7.0 to about 9.3, more preferably from about 8.5 to about 9.2, and are comprised of acidity sources. Examples of acceptable acidity sources include carboxylate acid (i.e. citric acid), polycarboxylate acid (i.e. polyacrylic acid), inorganic acidic material (i.e. sodium hydrogen sulfate), other organic acids and mixtures thereof. A particularly preferred embodiment comprises citric acid. The second pH adjusting component is added to the wash solution after sufficient peracid is formed via perhydrolysis of the activators, described above. One particular embodiment is to include a second pH adjusting component as a coated particle in the granular automatic dishwashing detergent composition. The coating delays release of the acid sources into the wash solution. Coatings include but are not limited to paraffin wax, triglycerides (e.g. (partially) hydrogenated vegetable oil, soy bean oil, cotton seed oil), mono or diglycerides, microcrystalline waxes, gelatin, celluloses (modified) and the like.

A particularly preferred coated particle comprises an acid particle with an inner wax (paraffin) coating and an outer silica coating. This dual coating allows for improved particle flow and for improved control over rate of dissolution in the wash solution. The coating material may be applied using various methods and comprises from about 1% to about 30%, preferably from about 2% to about 10%, by weight of the second pH adjusting component. One method for applying the coating material involves agglomeration. Any conventional agglomerator/mixer may be used including but not limited to pan, rotary drum and vertical blender types. Molten coating compositions may either be poured onto or spray atomized onto a moving bed of acid source, i.e. citric acid.

Bleachable stain benefits are achieved by deployment of an activator containing oxygen bleach system discussed herein above and a pH control system. The pH control system delivers a pH "jump/drop" profile wherein the pH rises quickly (i.e. within 1 minute) in the wash to an initial pH of from about 9.5 to about 13, preferably from about 9.8 to about 12, more preferably from about 9.9 to about 11. This initial pH is maintained for a sufficient period of time, preferably from about 10 seconds to about 10 minutes, more preferably from about 0.5 minutes to about 3 minutes. The initial high pH allows sufficient peracid formation via perhydrolysis of the activator(s). The initial pH is then reduced to a pH of less than about 9.5. The lower pH maximizes bleach performance and enhances glass care protection when low levels of silicate discussed herein are present. In general, pH values of the instant compositions can vary during the course of the wash as a result of the water and soil present. The best procedure for determining whether a given composition has the herein-indicated pH values is as follows: make an aqueous solution or dispersion of all the ingredients of the composition by mixing them in finely divided form with the required amount of water to have a 3000 ppm total concentration. Do not have any coatings on the particles capable of inhibiting dissolution. (In the case of the second pH adjusting component it should be omitted from the formula when determining the formula's initial pH value). Then measure the pH using a conventional glass electrode at ambient temperature, within about 2 minutes of forming the solution or dispersion. To be clear, this procedure relates to pH measurement and is not intended to be construed as limiting of the ADD compositions in any way; for example, it is clearly envisaged that fully-formulated embodiments of the instant ADD compositions may comprise a variety of ingredients applied as coatings to other ingredients, particularly the second pH adjusting component.

For the final low pH wash solution conditions a preferred embodiment comprises a citric acid level being maintained at a percent level as determined by the formula:

% citric acid = f . (% SiO₂/0.5r + % Na₂CO₃/1.8 + % NSHCO3/9) wherein f is a factor between about 0.65 and about 1.5, preferably between about 0.80 and about 1.25 and r is the SiO2:Na2O ratio for the silicate, preferably the ratio value is 1.0:2.4. The percentages are understood to be based upon the ingredients from both the initial and final wash solutions. Silicates

The compositions of the type described herein optionally, but preferably comprise alkali metal silicates. The alkali metal silicates hereinafter described provide pH adjusting capability, protection against corrosion of metals and against attack on dishware, including fine china and glassware benefits. However, for glass care and chinaware benefits, i.e., inhibition of corrosion to glasswares and chinawares, it is essential that the sodium silicate levels be kept at low levels and in the presence of low pH, preferably pH from about 7 to about 9.4, more preferably from about 8.5 to about 9.3. It has been found that at final wash solutions of greater than pH 9.5 the presence of silicate (as Siθ2), especially at levels of greater than 11%, negatively impacts glasscare (i.e. glass corrosion).

Surprisingly, glasscare can be enhance when the wash solution containing a dissolved ADD is less than 9.5, preferably from about 6.5 to about 9.5, more preferably from about 7.0 to about 9.3, most preferably from about 8.0 to about 9.2 and the SiO level is from about 0.5% to about 12 %, preferably from about 1% to about 11%, preferably from about 5% to about 10%, more preferably from about 6% to about 9%, based on the weight of the ADD. The ratio of Siθ2 to the alkali metal oxide (M2O, where M=alkali metal) is typically from about 1 to about 3.2, preferably from about 1 to about 3, more preferably from about 1 to about 2.4. Preferably, the alkali metal silicate is hydrous, having from about 15% to about 25% water, more preferably, from about 17% to about 20%. Anhydrous forms of the alkali metal silicates with a SiO2:M2O ratio of 2.0 or more are also less preferred because they tend to be significantly less soluble than the hydrous alkali metal silicates having the same ratio.

Sodium and potassium, and especially sodium, silicates are preferred. A particularly preferred alkali metal silicate is a granular hydrous sodium silicate having a SiO2:Na2O ratio of from 2.0 to 2.4 available from PQ Corporation, named Britesil H20 and Britesil H24. Most preferred is a granular hydrous sodium silicate having a SiO2:N 2O ratio of 2.0. While typical forms, i.e. powder and granular, of hydrous silicate particles are suitable, preferred silicate particles have a mean particle size between about 300 and about 900 microns with less than 40% smaller than 150 microns and less than 5% larger than 1700 microns. Particularly preferred is a silicate particle with a mean particle size between about 400 and about 700 microns with less than 20% smaller than 150 microns and less than 1% larger than 1700 microns. Low-Foaming Nonionic Surfactant

ADD compositions of the present invention can comprise low foaming nonionic surfactants (LFNIs). LFNI can be present in amounts from 0 to about 10% by weight, preferably from about 0.25% to about 4%. LFNIs are most typically used in ADDs on account of the improved water-sheeting action (especially from glass) which they confer to the ADD product. They also encompass non-sϋicone, nonphosphate polymeric materials further illustrated hereinafter which are known to defoam food soils encountered in automatic dishwashing.

Preferred LFNIs include nonionic alkoxylated surfactants, especially ethoxylates derived from primary alcohols, and blends thereof with more sophisticated surfactants, such as the polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene/ polyoxypropylene reverse block polymers. The PO/EO/PO polymer-type surfactants are well-known to have foam suppressing or defoaming action, especially in relation to common food soil ingredients such as egg.

The invention encompasses preferred embodiments wherein LFNI is present, and wherein this component is solid at about 95°F (35°C), more preferably solid at about 77°F (25°C). For ease of manufacture, a preferred LFNI has a melting point between about 77°F (25°C) and about 140°F (60°C), more preferably between about 80°F(26.6°C) and HO^OF (43.3°C).

In a preferred embodiment, the LFNI is an ethoxylated surfactant derived from the reaction of a monohydroxy alcohol or alkylphenol containing from about 8 to about 20 carbon atoms, excluding cyclic carbon atoms, with from about 6 to about 15 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol or alkyl phenol on an average basis. A particularly preferred LFNI is derived from a straight chain fatty alcohol containing from about 16 to about 20 carbon atoms (C -C alcohol), preferably a C alcohol, condensed with an average of from about 6 to about 15 moles,

1 O preferably from about 7 to about 12 moles, and most preferably from about 7 to about 9 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol. Preferably the ethoxylated nonionic surfactant so derived has a narrow ethoxylate distribution relative to the average.

The LFNI can optionally contain propylene oxide in an amount up to about 15% by weight. Other preferred LFNI surfactants can be prepared by the processes described in U.S. Patent 4,223,163, issued September 16, 1980, Guilloty, incorporated herein by reference.

Highly preferred ADDs herein wherein the LFNI is present make use of ethoxylated monohydroxy alcohol or alkyl phenol and additionally comprise a polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene block polymeric compound; the ethoxylated monohydroxy alcohol or alkyl phenol fraction of the LFNI comprising from about

20% to about 80%, preferably from about 30% to about 70%, of the total LFNI.

Suitable block polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene polymeric compounds that meet the requirements described hereinbefore include those based on ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane and ethylenediamine as initiator reactive hydrogen compound. Polymeric compounds made from a sequential ethoxylation and propoxylation of initiator compounds with a single reactive hydrogen atom, such as C12-I8 aliphatic alcohols, do not generally provide satisfactory suds control in the instant ADDs. Certain of the block polymer surfactant compounds designated PLURONIC® and TETRONIC® by the BASF- Wyandotte Corp., Wyandotte, Michigan, are suitable in ADD compositions of the invention.

A particularly preferred LFNI contains from about 40% to about 70% of a polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene block polymer blend comprising about 75%, by weight of the blend, of a reverse block co-polymer of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene containing 17 moles of ethylene oxide and 44 moles of propylene oxide; and about 25%, by weight of the blend, of a block co- polymer of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene initiated with trimethylolpropane and containing 99 moles of propylene oxide and 24 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of trimethylolpropane. Suitable for use as LFNI in the ADD compositions are those LFNI having relatively low cloud points and high hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB). Cloud points of 1% solutions in water are typically below about 32°C and preferably lower, e.g., 0°C, for optimum control of sudsing throughout a full range of water temperatures.

LFNIs which may also be used include a C alcohol polyethoxylate, having a lo degree of ethoxylation of about 8, commercially available SLF18 from Olin Corp. and any biodegradable LFNI having the melting point properties discussed herein above.

Anionic Co-surfactant

The automatic dishwashing detergent compositions herein can additionally contain an anionic co-surfactant. When present, the anionic co-surfactant is typically in an amount from 0 to about 10%, preferably from about 0.1% to about 8%, more preferably from about 0.5% to about 5%, by weight of the ADD composition.

Suitable anionic co-surfactants include branched or linear alkyl sulfates and sulfonates. These may contain from about 8 to about 20 carbon atoms. Other anionic cosurfactants include the alkyl benzene sulfonates containing from about 6 to about 13 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, and mono- and/or dialkyl phenyl oxide mono- and/or di-sulfόnates wherein the alkyl groups contain from about 6 to about

16 carbon atoms. All of these anionic co-surfactants are used as stable salts, preferably sodium and/or potassium.

Preferred anionic co-surfactants include sulfobetaines, betaines, alkyl(polyethoxy)sulfates (AES) and alkyl (polyethoxy)carboxylates which are usually high sudsing. Optional anionic co-surfactants are further illustrated in published British Patent Application No. 2, 116, 199 A; U.S. Pat. No. 4,005,027,

Hartman; U.S. Pat. No. 4,116,851, Rupe et al; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,116,849,

Leikhim, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Preferred alkyl(polyethoxy)sulfate surfactants comprise a primary alkyl ethoxy sulfate derived from the condensation product of a C -C alcohol with an average

6 18 of from about 0.5 to about 20, preferably from about 0.5 to about 5, ethylene oxide groups. The C -C alcohol itself is preferable commercially available. C -C

6 18 12 15 alkyl sulfate which has been ethoxylated with from about 1 to about 5 moles of ethylene oxide per molecule is preferred. Where the compositions of the invention are formulated to have a pH of between 6.5 to 9.3, preferably between 8.0 to 9, wherein the pH is defined herein to be the pH of a 1% solution of the composition measured at 20°C, surprisingly robust soil removal, particularly proteolytic soil removal, is obtained when C -C alkyl ethoxysulfate surfactant, with an average

10 18 degree of ethoxylation of from 0.5 to 5 is incorporated into the composition in combination with a proteolytic enzyme, such as neutral or alkaline proteases at a level of active enzyme of from 0.005% to 2%. Preferred alkyl(polyethoxy)sulfate surfactants for inclusion in the present invention are the C -C alkyl ethoxysulfate

12 15 surfactants with an average degree of ethoxylation of from 1 to 5, preferably 2 to 4, most preferably 3.

Conventional base-catalyzed ethoxylation processes to produce an average degree of ethoxylation of 12 result in a distribution of individual ethoxylates ranging from 1 to 15 ethoxy groups per mole of alcohol, so that the desired average can be obtained in a variety of ways. Blends can be made of material having different degrees of ethoxylation and/or different ethoxylate distributions arising from the specific ethoxylation techniques employed and subsequent processing steps such as distillation.

Alkyl(polyethoxy)carboxylates suitable for use herein include those with the formula RO(CH CH 0)x CH C00-M wherein R is a C to Cig alkyl group, x

2 2 2 6 ranges from O to 10, and the ethoxylate distribution is such that, on a weight basis, the amount of material where x is 0 is less than about 20%, preferably less than about 15%, most preferably less than about 10%, and the amount of material where x is greater than 7, is less than about 25%, preferably less than about 15%, most preferably less than about 10%, the average x is from about 2 to 4 when the average

R is C or less, and the average x is from about 3 to 6 when the average R is greater than C , and M is a cation, preferably chosen from alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, mono-, di-, and tri-ethanol-ammonium, most preferably from sodium, potassium, ammonium and mixtures thereof with magnesium ions. The pprreeffeerrrred alkyl(polyethoxy)carboxylates are those where R is a C to C_jg alkyl group.

Highly preferred anionic cosurfactants herein are sodium or potassium salt- forms for which the corresponding calcium salt form has a low Kraft temperature, e.g., 30°C or below, or, even better, 20°C or lower. Examples of such highly preferred anionic cosurfactants are the alkyl(polyethoxy)sulfates.

The preferred anionic co-surfactants of the invention in combination with the other components of the composition provide excellent cleaning and outstanding performance from the standpoints of residual spotting and filming. However, many of these co-surfactants may also be high sudsing thereby requiring the addition of

LFNI, LFNI in combination with alternate suds suppressers as further disclosed hereinafter, or alternate suds suppressers without conventional LFNI components.

Amine Oxide The ADD compositions of the present invention can optionally comprise amine oxide in accordance with the general formula I:

R^O) (PO) (BO) N(O)(CH R) .qH O (I) x y z 2 2 2 In general, it can be seen that the structure (I) provides one long-chain moiety

R!(EO) (PO) (BO) and two short chain moieties, CH2 . R is preferably selected x y z represents propyleneoxy; and BO represents butyleneoxy. Such amine oxides can be prepared by conventional synthetic methods, e.g., by the reaction of alkylethoxysulfates with dimethylamine followed by oxidation of the ethoxylated amine with hydrogen peroxide.

Highly preferred amine oxides herein are solids at ambient temperature, more preferably they have melting-points in the range 30°C to 90°C. Amine oxides suitable for use herein are made commercially by a number of suppliers, including Akzo Chemie, Ethyl Corp., and Procter & Gamble. See McCutcheon's compilation and Kirk-Othmer review article for alternate amine oxide manufacturers. Preferred commercially available amine oxides are the solid, dihydrate ADMOX 16 and ADMOX 18 from Ethyl Corp.

Preferred embodiments include hexadecyldimethylamine oxide dihydrate, octadecyldimethylamine oxide dihydrate and hexadecyltris(ethyleneoxy)dimethyl- amine oxide.

Whereas in certain of the preferred embodiments R' = CH3, there is some latitude with respect to having R¹ slightly larger than H. Specifically, the invention further encompasses embodiments wherein R' = CH2OH, such as hexadecylbis(2- hydroxyethyl)amine oxide, tallowbis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine oxide, stearylbis(2- hydroxyethyl)amine oxide and oleylbis(2- hydroxyethyl)amine oxide.

As noted, certain preferred embodiments of the instant ADD compositions comprise amine oxide dihydrates. Conventional processes can be used to control the water content and crystallize the amine oxide in solid dihydrate form. A new process comprises (a) conventionally making amine oxide as an aqueous solution or aqueous/organic solvent solution by reacting appropriate parent amine and aqueous hydrogen peroxide (for example, 50% H O ); (b) drying the product to secure substantially anhydrous amine oxide (with or without an organic solvent being present to keep the viscosity low); (c) adding two mole equivalents of water per mole of amine oxide; and (d) recrystallizing the wet amine oxide from a suitable solvent, such as ethyl acetate.

In formulating the instant ADD compositions, the amine oxide may be added to an ADD composition as a powder. This is especially appropriate in the case of the amine oxide dihydrates, since these are nonhygroscopic solids. When it is desired to use the anhydrous form of the amine oxides, it is preferable to protect the amine oxide from moisture. It is contemplated to achieve this by conventional means, such as by applying a relatively nonhygroscopic coating, e.g., an anhydrous coating polymer, to amine oxide particles. Alternately, and more preferably, the anhydrous amine oxide should be melted with a conventional low-melting, low-foaming waxy nonionic surfactant which is other than an amine oxide material. Such surfactants are commonly used as "sheeting agents" in granular automatic dishwashing compositions and are illustrated more fully hereinafter (see description herein below of low foaming nonionic surfactant or LFNI). A desirable process comprises heating the LFNI to just above its melting-point, then adding the amine oxide steadily to the heated LFNI, optionally (but preferably) stirring to achieve a homogeneous mixture; then, optionally (but preferably) chilling the mixture. When the LFNI has a lower melting point than the amine oxide, the amine oxide need not be completely melted at any stage. The above process illustrates a manner in which the time and extent of exposure of amine oxide to heat are minimized. Once co-melted into a suitable LFNI, the combined LFNI/amine oxide may be applied to an inorganic support, e.g., a pH-adjusting component described hereinafter). One suitable approach is to form an agglomerate comprising amine oxide, LFNI and water-soluble alkaline inorganic salt or water-soluble organic or inorganic builder. In another embodiment, the amine oxide in anhydrous form is melted with a solid-form alcohol or, preferably, an ethoxylated alcohol: this may be appropriate if more cleaning action is required and less sheeting action is desired (e.g., in geographies wherein rinse-aid use is common). Preferred amine oxides herein are substantially free of amine and/or nitrosamine ("impurity"). Preferably, the amine oxide comprises less than about 2% free amine, more preferably about 1% or lower; and less than about 500 parts per billion, more preferably less than about 50 parts per billion by weight nitrosamine.

The present invention can contain from 0% to about 10%, preferably from about 1% to about 7%, more preferably from about 1.5% to about 1.5% of the long chain amine oxide; levels are generally expressed on an anhydrous basis unless otherwise specifically indicated. Long-Chain Amine Oxide Solubilizing Aids

Although short-chain amine oxides do not provide the cleaning effect of the long-chain amine oxide component discussed above, short-chain amine oxides, such as octyldimethylamine oxide, decyldimethylamine oxide, dodecylamine oxide and tetradecylamine oxide may be added as solubilizing aids to the long-chain amine oxide. This is especially preferred if the composition is for use in cold-fill automatic dishwashing appliances. When present, a short-chain amine oxide solubilizer is preferably ax not more than 1/10 of the total mass of the cleaning amine oxide component. Thus, levels of short-chain amine oxide are typically in the range from about 0 to about 2.0%, preferably about 0.1% to about 1% of the ADD composition. Moreover, it has been discovered that a short-chain amine oxide, if used, is preferably uniformly dispersed within the long-chain amine oxide rather than being added to the ADD in a separate particle.

When the granular automatic dishwashing compositions are destined for use in hot-fill automatic dishwashing appliances, e.g., those commonly available in the

United States, the essential long-chain amine oxide preferably comprises R =C and is preferred over R =C on grounds of mass efficiency; in this circumstance thee use of short-chain amine oxiddee solubilizers is typically avoided.

Non-amine oxide solubilizing aids can be substituted, for example, solid-form alcohols or alcohol ethoxylates (the same as may be independently used for sheeting action or protection of the long-chain amine oxide from water discussed herein above) can be used for this purpose. Silicone and Phosphate Ester Suds Suppressers

The ADDs of the invention can optionally contain an alkyl phosphate ester suds suppressor, a silicone suds suppressor, or combinations thereof. Levels in general are from 0% to about 10%, preferably, from about 0.001% to about 5%. Typical levels tend to be low, e.g., from about 0.01% to about 3% when a silicone suds suppressor is used. Preferred non-phosphate compositions omit the phosphate ester component entirely. Silicone suds suppressor technology and other defoaming agents useful herein are extensively documented in "Defoaming, Theory and Industrial Applications", Ed., P.R. Garrett, Marcel Dekker, N.Y., 1973, ISBN 0-8247-8770-6, incorporated herein by reference. See especially the chapters entitled "Foam control in Detergent Products" (Ferch et al) and "Surfactant Antifoams" (Blease et al). See also U.S. Patents 3,933,672 and 4,136,045. Highly preferred silicone suds suppressors are the compounded types known for use in laundry detergents such as heavy-duty granules, although types hitherto used only in heavy-duty liquid detergents may also be incorporated in the instant compositions. For example, polydimethylsiloxanes having trimethylsilyl or alternate endblocking units may be used as the silicone. These may be compounded with silica and/or with surface-active nonsilicon components, as illustrated by a suds suppressor comprising 12% silicone/ silica, 18% stearyl alcohol and 70% starch in granular form. A suitable commercial source of the silicone active compounds is Dow Corning Corp.

Levels of the suds suppressor depend to some extent on the sudsing tendency of the composition, for example, an ADD for use at 2000 ppm comprising 2% octadecyldimethylamine oxide may not require the presence of a suds suppressor. Indeed, it is an advantage of the present invention to select cleaning-effective amine oxides which are inherently much lower in foam-forming tendencies than the typical coco amine oxides. In contrast, formulations in which amine oxide is combined with a high-foaming anionic cosurfactant, e.g., alkyl ethoxy sulfate, benefit greatly from the presence of component (f). Phosphate esters have also been asserted to provide some protection of silver and silver-plated utensil surfaces, however, the instant compositions can have excellent silvercare without a phosphate ester component. Without being limited by theory, it is believed that lower pH formulations, e.g., those having pH of 9.5 and below, plus the presence of the essential amine oxide, both contribute to improved silver care.

If it is desired nonetheless to use a phosphate ester, suitable compounds are disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,314,891, issued April 18, 1967, to Schmolka et al, incorporated herein by reference. Preferred alkyl phosphate esters contain from 16- 20 carbon atoms. Highly preferred alkyl phosphate esters are monostearyl acid phosphate or monooleyl acid phosphate, or salts thereof, particularly alkali metal salts, or mixtures thereof.

It has been found preferable to avoid the use of simple calcium-precipitating soaps as antifoams in the present compositions as they tend to deposit on the dishware. Indeed, phosphate esters are not entirely free of such problems and the formulator will generally choose to minimize the content of potentially depositing antifoams in the instant compositions. Detersive Enzymes (including enzyme adjuncts^

The compositions of this invention may optionally, but preferably, contain from 0 to about 8%, preferably from about 0.001% to about 5%, more preferably from about 0.003% to about 4%, most preferably from about 0.005% to about 3%, by weight, of active detersive enzyme. The knowledgeable formulator will appreciate that different enzymes should be selected depending on the pH range of the ADD composition. Thus, Savinase® may be preferred in the instant compositions when formulated to deliver wash pH of 10, whereas Alcalase® may be preferred when the ADDs deliver wash pH of, say, 8 to 9. Moreover, the formulator will generally select enzyme variants with enhanced bleach compatibility when formulating oxygen bleaches containing compositions of the present invention.

In general, the preferred detersive enzyme herein is selected from the group consisting of proteases, amylases, lipases and mixtures thereof. Most prefeσed are proteases or amylases or mixtures thereof.

The proteolytic enzyme can be of animal, vegetable or microorganism (preferred) origin. More preferred is serine proteolytic enzyme of bacterial origin. Purified or nonpurified forms of enzyme may be used. Proteolytic enzymes produced by chemically or genetically modified mutants are included by definition, as are close structural enzyme variants. Particularly preferred by way of proteolytic enzyme is bacterial serine proteolytic enzyme obtained from Bacillus, Bacillus subtilis and/or Bacillus licheniformis. Suitable commercial proteolytic enzymes include Alcalase®, Esperase®, Durazym®, Savinase®, Maxatase®, Maxacal®, and Maxapem® 15 (protein engineered Maxacal); Purafect® and subtilisin BPN and BPN" are also commercially available. Preferred proteolytic enzymes also encompass modified bacterial serine proteases, such as those described in European Patent Application Serial Number 87 303761.8, filed April 28, 1987 (particularly pages 17, 24 and 98), and which is called herein "Protease B", and in European Patent Application 199,404, Venegas, published October 29, 1986, which refers to a modified bacterial serine proteolytic enzyme which is called "Protease A" herein. Most preferred is what is called herein "Protease C", which is a triple variant of an alkaline serine protease from Bacillus in which tyrosine replaced valine at position 104, serine replaced asparagine at position 123, and alanine replaced threonine at position 274. Protease C is described in EP 90915958:4, corresponding to WO 91/06637, Published May 16, 1991, which is incorporated herein by reference. Genetically modified variants, particularly of Protease C, are also included herein. Some preferred proteolytic enzymes are selected from the group consisting of Savinase®, Esperase®, Maxacal®, Purafect®, BPN*, Protease A and Protease B, and mixtures thereof. Bacterial serine protease enzymes obtained from Bacillus subtilis and/or Bacillus licheniformis are preferred. An especially preferred protease herein referred to as "Protease D" is a carbonyl hydrolase variant having an amino acid sequence not found in nature, which is derived from a precursor carbonyl hydrolase by substituting a different amino acid for a plurality of amino acid residues at a position in said carbonyl hydrolase equivalent to position +76 in combination with one or more amino acid residue position equivalent to those selected from the group consisting of +99, +101, +103, +107 and +123 in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subtilisin as described in the concurrently filed patent application of A. Baeck, C.K. Ghosh, P.P. Greycar, R.R. Bott and L.J. Wilson, entitled "Protease-Containing Cleaning Compositions" and having U.S. Serial No. (P&G Case 5040). This application is incorporated herein by reference.

Preferred lipase-containing compositions comprise from about 0.001 to about 0.01% lipase, from about 2% to about 5% amine oxide and from about 1% to about 3% low foaming nonionic surfactant. Suitable lipases for use herein include those of bacterial, animal, and fungal origin, including those from chemically or genetically modified mutants. Suitable bacterial lipases include those produced by Pseudomonas, such as Pseudomonas stutzeri ATCC 19.154, as disclosed in British Patent 1,372,034, incorporated herein by reference. Suitable lipases include those which show a positive immunological cross-reaction with the antibody of the lipase produced from the microorganism Pseudomonas fluorescens IAM 1057. This lipase and a method for its purification have been described in Japanese Patent Application 53-20487, laid open on February 24, 1978, which is incorporated herein by reference. This lipase is available under the trade name Lipase P "Amano," hereinafter referred to as "Amano-P." Such lipases should show a positive immunological cross reaction with the Amano-P antibody, using the standard and well-known immunodiffiision procedure according to Oucheterlon (Acta. Med. Scan., 133, pages 76-79 (1950)). These lipases, and a method for their immunological cross-reaction with Amano-P, are also described in U.S. Patent 4,707,291, Thorn et al., issued November 17, 1987, incorporated herein by reference. Typical examples thereof are the Amano-P lipase, the lipase ex Pseudomonas fragi FERM P 1339 (available under the trade name Amano-B), lipase ex Pseudomonas nitroreducens var. lipolyticum FERM P 1338 (available under the trade name Amano-CES), lipases ex Chromobacter viscosum var. lipolyticum NRRlb 3673, and further Chromobacter viscosum lipases, and lipases ex Pseudomonas gladioli. A preferred lipase is derived from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, which is described in Granted European Patent, EP-B-0218272. Other lipases of interest are Amano AKG and Bacillis Sp lipase (e.g. Solvay enzymes). Additional lipases which are of interest where they are compatible with the composition are those described in EP A 0 339 681, published November 28, 1990, EP A 0 385 401, published September 5, 1990, EO A 0 218 272, published April 15, 1987, and PCT/DK 88/00177, published May 18, 1989, all incorporated herein by reference.

Suitable fungal lipases include those produced by Humicola lanuginosa and Thermomyces lanuginosus. Most preferred is lipase obtained by cloning the gene from Humicola lanuginosa and expressing the gene in Aspergillus oryzae as described in European Patent Application 0 258 068, incorporated herein by reference, commercially available under the trade name LipolaseR from Novo-Nordisk.

Any amylase suitable for use in a dishwashing detergent composition can be used in these compositions. Amylases include for example, a-amylases obtained from a special strain of B. licheniforms, described in more detail in British Patent Specification No. 1,296,839. Amylolytic enzymes include, for example, Rapidase™, Maxamyl™, Termamyl™ and BAN™. In a preferred embodiment, from about 0.001% to about 5%, preferably 0.005% to about 3%, by weight of active amylase can be used. Preferably from about 0.005% to about 3% by weight of active protease can be used. Preferably the amylase is Maxamyl™ and/or Termamyl™ and the protease is Savinase® and/or protease B. As in the case of proteases, the formulator will use ordinary skill in selecting amylases or lipases which exhibit good activity within the pH range of the ADD composition. Enzyme Stabilizing System

Preferred enzyme-containing compositions herein may comprise from about 0.001% to about 10%, preferably from about 0.005% to about 8%, most preferably from about 0.01% to about 6%, by weight of an enzyme stabilizing system. The enzyme stabilizing system can be any stabilizing system which is compatible with the detersive enzyme. Such stabilizing systems can comprise calcium ion, boric acid, propylene glycol, short chain carboxylic acid, boronic acid, and mixtures thereof.

The stabilizing system of the ADDs herein may further comprise from 0 to about 10%, preferably from about 0.01% to about 6% by weight, of chlorine bleach scavengers, added to prevent chlorine bleach species present in many water supplies from attacking and inactivating the enzymes, especially under alkaline conditions. While chlorine levels in water may be small, typically in the range from about 0.5 ppm to about 1.75 ppm, the available chlorine in the total volume of water that comes in contact with the enzyme during dishwashing is usually large; accordingly, enzyme stability in-use can be problematic.

Suitable chlorine scavenger anions are widely available, indeed ubiquitous, and are illustrated by salts containing ammonium cations or sulfite, bisulfite, thiosulfite, thiosulfate, iodide, etc. Antioxidants such as carbamate, ascorbate, etc., organic amines such as ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) or alkali metal salt thereof, monoethanolamine (MEA), and mixtures thereof can likewise be used. Other conventional scavengers such as bisulfate, nitrate, chloride, sources of hydrogen peroxide such as sodium perborate tetrahydrate, sodium perborate monohydrate and sodium percarbonate, as well as phosphate, condensed phosphate, acetate, benzoate, citrate, formate, lactate, malate, tartrate, salicylate, etc. and mixtures thereof can be used if desired. In general, since the chlorine scavenger function can be performed by several of the ingredients separately listed under better recognized functions, (e.g., other components of the invention including oxygen bleaches), there is no requirement to add a separate chlorine scavenger unless a compound performing that function to the desired extent is absent from an enzyme-containing embodiment of the invention; even then, the scavenger is added only for optimum results. Moreover, the formulator will exercise a chemist's normal skill in avoiding the use of any scavenger which is majorly incompatible with other optional ingredients, if used. For example, formulation chemists generally recognize that combinations of reducing agents such as thiosulfate with strong oxidizers such as percarbonate are not wisely made unless the reducing agent is protected from the oxidizing agent in the solid- form ADD composition. In relation to the use of ammonium salts, such salts can be simply admixed with the detergent composition but are prone to adsorb water and/or liberate ammonia during storage. Accordingly, such materials, if present, are desirably protected in a particle such as that described in U.S. Patent 4,652,392, Baginski et al. Dispersant Polymer

Preferred compositions herein may additionally contain a dispersant polymer. When present, a dispersant polymer in the instant ADD compositions is typically in the range from 0 to about 25%, preferably from about 0.5% to about 20%, more preferably from about 1% to about 7% by weight of the ADD composition. Dispersant polymers are useful for improved filming performance of the present ADD compositions, especially in higher pH embodiments, such as those in which wash pH exceeds about 9.5. Particularly preferred are polymers which inhibit the deposition of calcium carbonate or magnesium silicate on dishware.

Dispersant polymers suitable for use herein are illustrated by the film-forming polymers described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,080 (Murphy), issued Apr. 5, 1983, incorporated herein by reference.

Suitable polymers are preferably at least partially neutralized or alkali metal, ammonium or substituted ammonium (e.g., mono-, di- or triethanolammonium) salts of polycarboxylic acids. The alkali metal, especially sodium salts are most preferred. While the molecular weight of the polymer can vary over a wide range, it preferably is from about 1000 to about 500,000, more preferably is from about 1000 to about 250,000, and most preferably, especially if the ADD is for use in North American automatic dishwashing appliances, is from about 1000 to about 5,000.

Other suitable dispersant polymers include those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,308,067 issued March 7, 1967, to Diehl, incorporated herein by reference. Unsaturated monomeric acids that can be polymerized to form suitable dispersant polymers include acrylic acid, aleic acid (or maleic anhydride), fumaric acid, itaconic acid, aconitic acid, mesaconic acid, citraconic acid and methylenemalonic acid. The presence of monomeric segments containing no carboxylate radicals such as methyl vinyl ether, styrene, ethylene, etc. is suitable provided that such segments do not constitute more than about 50% by weight of the dispersant polymer. Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylate having a molecular weight of from about 3,000 to about 100,000, preferably from about 4,000 to about 20,000, and an acrylamide content of less than about 50%, preferably less than about 20%, by weight of the dispersant polymer can also be used. Most preferably, such dispersant polymer has a molecular weight of from about 4,000 to about 20,000 and an acrylamide content of from about 0% to about 15%, by weight of the polymer.

Particularly preferred dispersant polymers are low molecular weight modified polyacrylate copolymers. Such copolymers contain as monomer units: a) from about

90% to about 10%, preferably from about 80% to about 20% by weight acrylic acid or its salts and b) from about 10% to about 90%, preferably from about 20% to about 80% by weight of a substituted acrylic monomer or its salt and have the

2 1 3 general formula: -[(C(R )C(R )(C(O)OR )]- wherein the incomplete valencies inside the square braces are hydrogen and at least one of the substituents R , R or R ,

1 2 1 2 preferably R or R , is a 1 to 4 carbon alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group, R or R can be a hydrogen and R can be a hydrogen or alkali metal salt. Most preferred is a substituted acrylic monomer wherein R is methyl, R is hydrogen and R is sodium.

The low molecular weight polyacrylate dispersant polymer preferably has a molecular weight of less than about 15,000, preferably from about 500 to about

10,000, most preferably from about 1,000 to about 5,000. The most preferred polyacrylate copoiymer for use herein has a molecular weight of 3500 and is the fully neutralized form of the polymer comprising about 70% by weight acrylic acid and about 30% by weight methacrylic acid.

Other suitable modified polyacrylate copolymers include the low molecular weight copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids disclosed in U.S. Patents 4,530,766, and 5,084,535, both incorporated herein by reference.

Agglomerated forms of the present invention may employ aqueous solutions of polymer dispersants as liquid binders for making the agglomerate (particularly when the composition consists of a mixture of sodium citrate and sodium carbonate). Especially preferred are polyacrylates with an average molecular weight of from about 1,000 to about 10,000, and acrylate/maleate or acrylate/fumarate copolymers with an average molecular weight of from about 2,000 to about 80,000 and a ratio of acrylate to maleate or fumarate segments of from about 30:1 to about 1:2. Examples of such copolymers based on a mixture of unsaturated mono- and dicarboxylate monomers are disclosed in European Patent Application No. 66,915, published December 15, 1982, incorporated herein by reference.

Other dispersant polymers useful herein include the polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycols having a molecular weight of from about 950 to about 30,000 which can be obtained from the Dow Chemical Company of Midland, Michigan. Such compounds for example, having a melting point within the range of from about 30° to about 100°C can be obtained .at molecular weights of 1450, 3400, 4500, 6000, 7400, 9500, and 20,000. Such compounds are formed by the polymerization of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol with the requisite number of moles of ethylene or propylene oxide to provide the desired molecular weight and melting point of the respective polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol. The polyethylene, polypropylene and mixed glycols are referred to using the formula HO(CH₂CH₂O)_m(CH₂CH(CH3)O)_n(CH(CH3)CH2O)OH wherein m, n, and o are integers satisfying the molecular weight and temperature requirements given above. Yet other dispersant polymers useful herein include the cellulose sulfate esters such as cellulose acetate sulfate, cellulose sulfate, hydroxyethyl cellulose sulfate, methylcellulose sulfate, and hydroxypropylcellulose sulfate. Sodium cellulose sulfate is the most preferred polymer of this group. Other suitable dispersant polymers are the carboxylated polysaccharides, particularly starches, celluloses and alginates, described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,723,322, Diehl, issued Mar. 27, 1973; the dextrin esters of polycarboxylic acids disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,107, Thompson, issued Nov. 11, 1975; the hydroxyalkyl starch ethers, starch esters, oxidized starches, dextrins and starch hydrolysates described in U.S. Pat No. 3,803,285, Jensen, issued Apr. 9, 1974; the carboxylated starches described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,629,121, Eldib, issued Dec. 21, 1971; and the dextrin starches described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,141,841, McDanald, issued Feb. 27, 1979; all incorporated herein by reference. Preferred cellulose-derived dispersant polymers are the carboxymethyl celluloses. Other Optional Adjuncts

Depending on whether a greater or lesser degree of compactness is required, filler materials can also be present in the instant ADDs. These include sucrose, sucrose esters, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, etc., in amounts up to about 70%, preferably from 0% to about 40% of the ADD composition. Preferred filler is sodium sulfate, especially in good grades having at most low levels of trace impurities.

Sodium sulfate used herein preferably has a purity sufficient to ensure it is non- reactive with bleach; it may also be treated with low levels of sequestrants, such as phosphonates in magnesium-salt form. Note that preferences, in terms of purity sufficient to avoid decomposing bleach, applies also to component (b) ingredients.

Hydrotrope materials such as sodium benzene sulfonate, sodium toluene sulfonate, sodium cumene sulfonate, etc., can be present in minor amounts. Bleach-stable perfumes (stable as to odor); and bleach-stable dyes (such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,714,562, Roselle et al, issued December 22, 1987); can also be added to the present compositions in appropriate amounts. Other common detergent ingredients are not excluded. Since certain ADD compositions herein can contain water-sensitive ingredients, e.g., in embodiments comprising anhydrous amine oxides or anhydrous citric acid, it is desirable to keep the free moisture content of the ADDs at a minimum, e.g., 7% or less, preferably 4% or less of the ADD; and to provide packaging which is substantially impermeable to water and carbon dioxide. Plastic bottles, including refillable or recyclable types, as well as conventional barrier cartons or boxes are generally suitable. When ingredients are not highly compatible, e.g., mixtures of silicates and citric acid, it may further be desirable to coat at least one such ingredient with a low-foaming nonionic surfactant for protection. There are numerous waxy materials which can readily be used to form suitable coated particles of any such otherwise incompatible components. Method for Cleaning

The present invention also encompasses a method for cleaning soiled tableware comprising contacting said tableware with an aqueous medium having an initial range pH in a wash solution from about 9.5 to about 13, more preferably from about 9.8 to about 11, and comprising at least about 0.1% of a peroxygen bleach system, such as a peroxygen bleach and precursor, and a second coated pH adjusting component to yield a final wash pH between about 6.5 to about 9.5; preferably from about 7.0 to about 9.3 said aqueous medium being formed by dissolving a solid-form automatic dishwashing detergent containing in an automatic dishwashing machine. A particularly preferred method also includes low levels of silicate, preferably from about 0.5% to about 12% Siθ2-

The following examples illustrate the compositions of the present invention. All parts, percentages and ratios used herein are expressed as percent weight unless otherwise specified. EXAMPLE I

Granular automatic dishwashing detergents of the present invention are as follows:

Table 1

% by weight of active material Ingredients A B C

Citrate 4.00

Coated citric acid¹ 15.00 26.80 21.50 Acusol 480N² 6.00 6.00 6.00

Sodium carbonate 9.00 — —

Britesil H2O (as Siθ2) 8.50 — —

Metasilicate (as Siθ2) — 8.50 8.50

Alkyl ethoxy(3)Sulfate 3.00 Nonionic surfactant-* 3.00 3.00

Termamyl 60T 1.50 1.50 1.50

Protease D (4.6% prill) 1.60 — —

Alcalase 2T — 3.60 3.60

Percarbonate (Interox) (as AvO) 1.50 1.50 1.50

Tetraacetylethylene diamine 3.80 3.80 3.80

(or Benzoylcaprolactam)

Diethylene triamine penta methyl phosphonic acid 0.13 0.13 0.13

Polydimethylsiloxane 2.00 — —

Sulfate, water, etc. balance

Initial wash solution pH 10.2 12.00 12.00

Final wash solution pH 9.0 9.0 9.0

¹ Citric acid coated with 3.5% of paraffin wax/petrolatum/Cig^ 3 (OC2H4)2.oOH ratio of 96.5:2.5:1.

2 From Rohm and Haas

3 Low cloud point, high hydrophilic-lyphophilic balance

EXAMPLE π Granular automatic dishwashing detergent containing silicate wherein glass care benefits are achieved are as follows:

Table 2 % by weight of active material

Ingredients D

Citric acid 18.60

Acusol 480N¹ 6.00

Sodium carbonate 4.50

Britesil H2O (as Siθ2) 8.50

Alkyl ethoxy (3) sulfate 3.00

Termamyl 60T 1.50

Alcalase 2T 3.60

Percarbonate (Interox) (as AvO) 1.50

Benzoylcaprolactam 3.80 Diethylene triamine penta methyl phosphonic acid 0.13

Polydimethylsiloxane . 2.00

Sulfate, water etc. balance pH 8.5

¹ Dispersant from Rohm and Haas

EXAMPLE m

Granular automatic dishwashing detergents containing silicate wherein glass care benefits are achieved are as follows:

Table 3 % bv weight of active material

Ingredients E F

Citrate 1.25 10.00

Citric acid 17.50 11.00

Acusol 480N¹ 6.00 6.00

Polyaspartate — —

Sodium carbonate 15.50 —

Sodium bicarbonate — 20.00

Britesil H2O (as Siθ2) 8.50 8.50

Nonionic surfactant^ 2.00 3.00

Termamyl 60T 1.50 1.50

Alcalase 2T 3.60 3.60

Perborate monohydrate (as AvO) 1.50 1.50

Benzoyloxybenzenesulphonate 3.80 —

Benzoylcaprolactam — 3.80

Diethylene triamine penta methyl phosphonic acid 0.13 0.13

Sulfate, water, etc. balance pH 9.0 9.0

1 Dispersant from Rohm and Haas

² Low cloud, high HLB nonionic surfactant

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. An automatic dishwashing detergent composition comprising by weight:

(a) from 0.01% to 8%, available oxygen added as a peroxygen bleach selected from the group consisting of percarbonate, perborate, monopersulfate and mixtures thereof; (b) from 0.01% to 10% of bleach activator;

(c) from 0.1% to 50%, of pH adjusting component, said component providing an initial wash solution pH from 9.5 to 13, preferably from 9.5 to 11.5; and

(d) from 0.01% to 50% of second pH adjusting component, said second component providing a final wash solution pH from 6.5 to 9.5 and preferably selected from the group consisting of carboxylate acids, polycarboxylate acids, inorganic acid materials, organic acids and mixtures thereof.

2. A composition according to Claim 1 wherein said peroxygen bleach activator is selected from the group consisting of tetraacetylethylene diamine (TAED), benzoylcaprolactam, 4-nitrobenzoylcaprolactam, 3 -chrolobenzoylcaprolactam, benzoyloxybenzenesulphonate (BOBS), nonanoyloxybenzenesulphonate (NOBS), benzoylvalerolactam, perhydrolizable esters and mixtures thereof, preferably selected from the group consisting of tetraacetylethylene diamine, benzoylcaprolactam, BOBS and mixtures thereof.

3. A composition according to Claim 1 or 2 wherein said initial wash solution pH is from 9.8 to 10.5 and said second pH adjusting component provides a final wash pH from 8.5 to 9.2.

4. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims further comprising from 0.5% to 12%, preferably from 5% to 10% Siθ2-

5. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said pH adjusting component of (c) is a salt or salt/builder mixture selected the group consisting of

(i) sodium carbonate or sesquicarbonate (ii) sodium citrate

(iii) citric acid

(iv) sodium bicarbonate

(v) sodium borate (vi) sodium hydroxide; and (vii) mixtures thereof.

6. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the second pH adjusting component is coated, said coating preferably selected from the group consisting of paraffin wax, triglycerides, mono or di glycerides, microcrystalline waxes, gelatin, modified celluloses and mixtures thereof, preferably paraffin wax.

7. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims further comprising from 0.1% to 10% of a low foaming nonionic surfactant, preferably selected from the group consisting of alkoxylated alcohols, glucosamides and mixtures thereof.

8. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said peroxygen bleach compound is percarbonate and said acidity source of (d) is sodium citrate, citric acid, and mixtures thereof.

9. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said Siθ2 is added in the form of an alkali metal silicate with a SiO2:M2O ratio from 1 to 3.

10. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims further comprising from 0.1% to 8% of an anionic co-surfactant, preferably selected from alkylethoxysulfates, alklyethoxycarboxylates and mixtures thereof.

11. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims further comprising from 0.001% to 5% of a detersive enzyme, preferably selected from the group consisting of protease, amylase, lipase and mixtures thereof.

12. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims further comprising from 0.5% to 20% of a dispersant polymer selected from polyacrylates and polyacrylate copolymers.

13. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims comprising from 0.005 to 3% by weight protease or amylase and further comprising from 0.01% to 6% by weight of an enzyme stabilizing system .

14. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims comprising from 0.5% to 3% available oxygen.

15. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the citric acid is maintained at a percent level determined by the formula f (% Siθ2/0.5r + % Na2CO3/1.8 + % NaHCO3/9) wherein f is a factor between 0.65 and 1.5 and the SiO2:Na2O ratio for silicate ranging between 1 and 2.4..

16. A granular or powdered automatic dishwashing detergent composition which comprises by weight:

(a) from 0.3% to 4% of available oxygen added as a peroxygen bleach component selected from the group consisting of percarbonate, perborate and mixtures thereof;

(b) from 0.8% to 5% bleach activator selected from the group consisting of tetraacetylethylene diamine, benzoylcaprolactam, benzoyloxy- benzenesulphonate, and mixtures thereof;

(c) from 0.1% to 50% of a pH adjusting component consisting of water-soluble salt or salt/builder mixture selected from the group consisting of sodium carbonate, sodium sesquicarbonate, sodium citrate, citric acid, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, and mixtures thereof, said component providing an initial wash solution pH from 9.8 to 11.5;

(d) from 5% to 30% of a second coated pH adjusting component, said second component providing a final wash solution pH from 8.5 to 9.3; selected from the group consisting of sodium citrate, citric acid and mixtures thereof.

(e) from 1% to 11% silicate;

(e) from 0 to 10% of a low-foaming nonionic surfactant other than amine oxide;

(g) from 0 to 10% of an anionic cosurfactant; (h) from 0 to 2% of a short-chain amine oxide;

(i) from 0 to 10% of a silicone suds suppresses

0) from 0 to 8% of an active detersive enzyme;

(k) from 0 to 25% of a dispersant polymer; and

(1) from 0 to 40% of sodium sulfate, wherein said composition has a final wash solution pH of from 8.0 to 9.2.

17. A method for cleaning soiled tableware comprising contacting said tableware with an initial pH wash aqueous medium of at least 9.5 and comprising at least 0.1% available oxygen added as peroxygen bleach and at least 0.01% of bleach activator for at least 10 seconds followed by contacting said tableware with a second pH wash solution of from 8.5 to 9.3 wherein said second pH wash solution comprises from 6% to 9% SiO₂.