WO1995010415A1 - Fluid dispenser - Google Patents
Fluid dispenser Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1995010415A1 WO1995010415A1 PCT/GB1994/002209 GB9402209W WO9510415A1 WO 1995010415 A1 WO1995010415 A1 WO 1995010415A1 GB 9402209 W GB9402209 W GB 9402209W WO 9510415 A1 WO9510415 A1 WO 9510415A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fluid
- dispenser
- control
- main
- pressure
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/015—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process
- B41J2/04—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand
Definitions
- FLUID DISPENSER This invention relates to a fluid dispenser and particularly, but not exclusively, to a dispenser for dispensing very small quantities of a fluid, such as printing ink, at a rapid rate, on demand.
- the device is therefore particularly suitable for use in an ink jet printing head.
- Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings is a schematic cross-sectional view of a known type of fluid dispenser, as used, for example, in drop-on-demand print heads.
- dispenser 1 includes a fluid supply system 2, comprising a reservoir 3 which is connected to
- the drive mechanism 6 acts as a reciprocating pump. On the outward stroke of the mechanism the fluid, such as printing ink, is drawn into the chamber from the reservoir, and on the forward stroke the fluid is pushed towards the jet 7, so that a drop of fluid is ejected therefrom.
- the quality of such a dispenser is determined by the quantity of fluid ejected at each stroke or strokes of the drive mechanism, the velocity with which the fluid is ejected, and the rate of ejection.
- the pressure at which the fluid is supplied to the chamber and the operational characteristics of the drive mechanism determine all of those parameters.
- the ejection quality can be improved.
- the supply pressure is to be increased above the pressure at the outlet of the jet (which in print heads is generally atmospheric pressure)
- the fluid column cannot be contained in the chamber during the off periods of the dispenser, i.e. during periods when no fluid is to be ejected from that particular jet. Fluid will therefore drip out of the jet during those periods.
- the piezo-electric driver is replaced by an electric heating element which is located in a chamber which contains ink.
- the heating element is energised, it generates sufficient heat to cause the ink adjacent its surface to boil. This results in the formation of a bubble, which displaces a small volume of the ink in the chamber, thereby causing a droplet of ink to be ejected from a nozzle at the exit of the chamber.
- a feature common to both of the above-described types of known dispenser is the fact that the velocity of the droplets ejected from the nozzle is directly controlled by the pressure induced by the thrust of the piezo-electric transducer or by the bubble, as the case may be. This dependence of the velocity of the droplet on the control pressure limits the operational capability of the print head. Furthermore, the size of the droplets is controlled by the nozzle design, which is fixed for each particular device.
- the dispenser comprises a substrate 8 (which may be silicon) into which is machined a main chamber 9 to which fluid is fed under pressure via an inlet 10.
- a fluid controller 12 comprising an inlet channel 13, control chambers 14 and 15, and outlet channels 16 and 17.
- the outlet channel 16 leads to a dispensing outlet 18, whilst the outlet channel 17 conducts the fluid back into the chamber 9 via a port 19 and a connecting path (not shown).
- the channel 17 might be arranged to conduct the fluid back to the fluid supply (not shown).
- fluid is fed under pressure to the main chamber 9 via the inlet 10, the pressure being applied to the fluid by, for example, a cylinder of gas (e.g. CQ ) a compressor, a pump or other suitable means.
- the pressurised fluid enters the inlet channel 13 of the fluid controller 12.
- Fluid also enters the control chambers 14 and 15 via ports 20 and 21, respectively.
- driver devices 22 and 23 At the outer ends of the control chambers 14 and 15 are driver devices 22 and 23, respectively, (shown dotted) either of which can be energised, exclusively of the other, to increase the fluid pressure in the respective control chamber.
- the fluidic device operates in such a manner that if the driver device 22 is energised, the fluid pressure in the control channel 14 will cause the main fluid entering the inlet channel 13 to veer towards the outlet channel 17 and thence back to the chamber or to the fluid supply, as the case may be. Even if the driver device 22 is subsequently de-energised, the fluid will continue to follow the path through the outlet channel 17, by virtue of the Coanda effect whereby the main fluid jet attaches itself to either of the walls forming the outlet channels 16 or 17.
- the device therefore, acts as a fluid amplifier where a small amount of control pressure leads to a large effect on the main fluid jet.
- the driver device 23 When a drop of fluid is to be dispensed from the outlet 18, the driver device 23 is momentarily energised instead of the driver device 22, so that the fluid flow from the main
- a given quantity of fluid can be dispensed, at high velocity, in a very short period, merely by suitably controlling the energising electric pulses fed to the driver devices 22 and 23.
- the supply pressure is de ⁇ coupled from the control pressures, high droplet ejection velocities can be achieved.
- a fluid dispenser for dispensing a main fluid
- the dispenser comprising a supply channel; fluid supply means for feeding said main fluid to the supply channel under pressure; a first fluid path along which the main fluid is fed from the supply channel; a second fluid path including a fluid dispensing outlet; a control channel containing control fluid and having a control outlet adjacent the first fluid path; and means for changing pressure in said control fluid such that a wave front is formed in the main fluid and a droplet of said main fluid is dispensed from the fluid dispensing outlet.
- the main fluid flow follows said first fluid path due to Coanda effect except when diverted by change of pressure of the control fluid.
- Figures 1 and 2 are schematic cross-sectional views through respective prior fluid
- Figure 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the outlet region of a fluid dispenser in accordance with the invention.
- Figure 4 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the operation of the dispenser of Figure 3.
- Figure 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of part of another dispenser in accordance with the invention.
- the outlet and fluid control region 24 of a fluid dispenser in accordance with the invention comprises a supply channel 25 which extends from a supply chamber (not shown) and which carries a pressurised main (or supply) fluid which is to be dispensed, on demand, from an outlet opening 26.
- the main fluid may be, for example, a printing ink.
- a control channel 27 contains a control fluid, which may be the same as, or different from, the main fluid.
- the channel 27 has a control outlet 28 through which control fluid can be ejected.
- a thermal element 29, which may conveniently be a resistor, is disposed within the control channel.
- the resistor is energisable, as required, from a power supply 30 via a switching device 31, or from a pulse generator. Momentary energisation of the resistor 29 causes the generation of sufficient heat to cause the formation of a bubble in the control fluid, forcing a small quantity of the control fluid out of the control outlet 28.
- the flow from the supply channel 25 leaves the channel via an outlet channel 32 and is normally held by the Coanda effect in contact with a wall region 33, so that it passes into a return path 34, along which it can be returned to the supply chamber.
- the control fluid emerging from the outlet 28 causes a momentum to be transferred to the oncoming high pressure supply jet and the supply fluid moves away from the wall 33. This is insufficient in itself to emit a droplet from the supply stream.
- the intermittent pulsing action of the transducer in the control channel forms the on-coming supply jet into a wave front on its free surface through momentum transfer, as illustrated in Figure 4 where the dotted line represents the wave front.
- the free surface is the surface of the main fluid which is not in contract with the convex wall 33 of the supply channel 25.
- a splitter plate 36 is a arranged to shave-off the wave front to deliver individual high speed droplets 35 from the outlet opening 26.
- the device can therefore be used in ink jet printing, and a number of the devices can be assembled side-by- side to form a print head for dot matrix printing. This permits the dispensing of very closely spaced fluid droplets.
- a common splitter plate may be used over which a plurality of separately controlled supply jets are directed. In this embodiment, the transducer frequency and the drop ejection rate are equal. However, in other arrangement this is not necessarily
- the thermal resistive element may be integrated into the body of the dispenser, in the control channel 27 or on or near the wall 33. Alternatively, it may be fabricated on a separate substrate, which is then located to act as a cover plate for the dispenser body.
- the dispenser operation is stable, because it is biased to operate in a steady state, in which the main fluid is delivered to a return path until the transducer 29 is energised to cause ejection of a droplet. It should be noted that the dispenser of the present invention does not operate on the same principle as the known "bubble jet" print heads, in which energisation of the resistance element causes a bubble, which forces a drop of ink out of a printing nozzle.
- a bubble within the control region causes pressure, at the control channel outlet, on the main fluid path to cause momentary diversion of the main fluid to the fluid dispensing outlet and the formation of a wave front.
- the pressure in the control fluid may be adjusted to produce a differential pressure between it and the main fluid flow without necessarily also causing ejection of control fluid into the main fluid path. The pressure difference created is sufficient to produce the required change in the direction of the main fluid flow such that it moves for an instant from its stable flow path.
- a diaphragm may be located between the control channel and the supply channel to retain the control fluid separate from the supply fluid.
- the dispenser may advantageously be micromachined from a block of material or fabricated by electroforming, electroplating, chemical etching or moulding. It may alternatively be formed by assembling separately-fabricated modules.
- the dispenser may be used for depositing droplets for printing or for imaging applications, as well as other non ⁇ printing applications where there is a requirement for dispensing precise volumes of fluids.
- the dispenser of the present invention has a number of advantages over known devices.
- the main fluid supply pressure is independent of the control pressure.
- the velocity of emission of the droplet will directly depend on the supply pressure and not on the control pressure, thereby yielding drop velocities in excess of 4 m/second which are much higher than achievable with previous piezo-electric and thermal systems.
- the droplet size is controlled by the Coanda effect and wave front formation, and not by the dimensions of a nozzle, and the Coanda effect is controlled by the duration and magnitude of the control pulses.
- a dispenser in accordance with the invention may operate with a velocity and throw distance which exceeds those of previous devices. This enables printing to be effected on surfaces which are further from the print head (e.g. a few centimetres), which is required for industrial printing applications, such as printing on cans, boxes, containers, and the like.
- the present invention is clearly distinguished from the Coanda effect dispenser disclosed in our above-mentioned European patent application.
- the present invention uses a monostable fluid control device which requires only a single control channel. Energisation of the control jet can be accomplished by any means capable of
- Such actuators may include piezoelectric transducers, magnetostrictive transducers and thermal transducers depending on the performance requirements.
- the transducer may be located in the control channel or could be arranged outside it.
- the walls of the channel may include a flexible portion which is deformed by a piezoelectric transducer arranged adjacent its outer surface.
- the size of the device can be reduced. This reduction in size enables the design of high resolution printheads and fluic lispensers. Furthermore, power consumption is reduced and manufacturing costs are also reduced as the construction is simplified compared to previ ⁇ sly known dispensers.
- the ' rol channel 37 is configured to include back flow restrictors 38, which maxima* * , the effect of the transduction action by thermal transducer 39 on the supply jet for high performance,
- the back flow restrictors 38 have a triangular cross-section, but other geometries could also be suitable.
- Figure 5 also illustrates an aperture 40 for excess fluid collection and the integrated return path 41 for the supply fluid.
- a diaphragm 42 is also included between the control channel and the supply channel. It allows transmission of the change in pressure whilst keeping the control and supply (or main) fluids separate.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP94928961A EP0673318A1 (en) | 1993-10-08 | 1994-10-10 | Fluid dispenser |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9320729.8 | 1993-10-08 | ||
GB939320729A GB9320729D0 (en) | 1993-10-08 | 1993-10-08 | Fluid dispenser |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1995010415A1 true WO1995010415A1 (en) | 1995-04-20 |
Family
ID=10743195
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB1994/002209 WO1995010415A1 (en) | 1993-10-08 | 1994-10-10 | Fluid dispenser |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0673318A1 (en) |
GB (2) | GB9320729D0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1995010415A1 (en) |
Cited By (28)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7850283B2 (en) | 2009-04-24 | 2010-12-14 | Eastman Kodak Company | Printhead with liquid flow through device |
US7914109B2 (en) | 2007-11-26 | 2011-03-29 | Eastman Kodak Company | Liquid drop dispenser with movable deflector |
US7914121B2 (en) | 2008-02-01 | 2011-03-29 | Eastman Kodak Company | Liquid drop dispenser with movable deflector |
US8118408B2 (en) | 2009-06-30 | 2012-02-21 | Eastman Kodak Company | Flow through dispenser having different cross-sectional areas |
US8172364B2 (en) | 2009-06-30 | 2012-05-08 | Eastman Kodak Company | Flow through dispenser including improved guide structure |
US8182073B2 (en) | 2009-06-30 | 2012-05-22 | Eastman Kodak Company | Flow through dispenser including diverter cooling channel |
US8201924B2 (en) | 2009-06-30 | 2012-06-19 | Eastman Kodak Company | Liquid diverter for flow through drop dispenser |
US8210648B2 (en) | 2009-06-30 | 2012-07-03 | Eastman Kodak Company | Flow through dispenser including two dimensional array |
US8235505B2 (en) | 2009-06-30 | 2012-08-07 | Eastman Kodak Company | Flow through drop dispenser including porous member |
US8303091B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2012-11-06 | Eastman Kodak Company | Dispensing liquid using curved vent dispenser |
US8308275B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2012-11-13 | Eastman Kodak Company | Dispenser including array of liquid dispensing elements |
US8322825B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2012-12-04 | Eastman Kodak Company | Dispenser including overlapping outlet and return port |
US8328335B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2012-12-11 | Eastman Kodak Company | Liquid dispenser including sloped outlet opening wall |
US8328334B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2012-12-11 | Eastman Kodak Company | Dispensing liquid using dispenser including secondary manifold |
US8336995B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2012-12-25 | Eastman Kodak Company | Dispensing liquid using curved outlet opening dispenser |
US8382254B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2013-02-26 | Eastman Kodak Company | Liquid dispenser including secondary liquid manifold |
US8439481B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2013-05-14 | Eastman Kodak Company | Liquid dispenser including sloped outlet opening wall |
US8506039B2 (en) | 2011-04-19 | 2013-08-13 | Eastman Kodak Company | Flow-through ejection system including compliant membrane transducer |
US8517516B2 (en) | 2011-04-19 | 2013-08-27 | Eastman Kodak Company | Flow-through liquid ejection using compliant membrane transducer |
US8523328B2 (en) | 2011-04-19 | 2013-09-03 | Eastman Kodak Company | Flow-through liquid ejection using compliant membrane transducer |
US8562119B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2013-10-22 | Eastman Kodak Company | Dispensing liquid using dispenser including multiple returns |
US8567933B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2013-10-29 | Eastman Kodak Company | Dispensing liquid using vertical outlet opening wall |
US8573743B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2013-11-05 | Eastman Kodak Company | Liquid dispenser including curved vent |
US8579427B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2013-11-12 | Eastman Kodak Company | Liquid dispenser including multiple liquid return passages |
US8602531B2 (en) | 2011-04-19 | 2013-12-10 | Eastman Kodak Company | Flow-through ejection system including compliant membrane transducer |
US8628180B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2014-01-14 | Eastman Kodak Company | Liquid dispenser including vertical outlet opening wall |
US8657429B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2014-02-25 | Eastman Kodak Company | Dispensing liquid using overlapping outlet/return dispenser |
US8740364B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2014-06-03 | Eastman Kodak Company | Dispensing liquid using array of dispensing elements |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2000503920A (en) * | 1996-01-26 | 2000-04-04 | テトラ ラバル ホールデイングス エ フイナンス ソシエテ アノニム | Method and apparatus for printing images on packaging materials |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1982001245A1 (en) * | 1980-09-25 | 1982-04-15 | Ncr Co | Method and apparatus for ink jet printing |
JPS58187369A (en) * | 1982-04-27 | 1983-11-01 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Ink jet recording device |
US4435719A (en) * | 1982-03-30 | 1984-03-06 | Snaper Alvin A | Fluidic matrix printer |
EP0436509A2 (en) * | 1990-01-05 | 1991-07-10 | THE GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, p.l.c. | Fluid dispenser |
EP0550148A2 (en) * | 1991-12-30 | 1993-07-07 | Xerox Corporation | Acoustic ink printhead with apertured member and flowing ink |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
SE349676B (en) * | 1971-01-11 | 1972-10-02 | N Stemme | |
US3719952A (en) * | 1971-03-04 | 1973-03-06 | Us Army | Flueric readout system |
-
1993
- 1993-10-08 GB GB939320729A patent/GB9320729D0/en active Pending
-
1994
- 1994-10-10 WO PCT/GB1994/002209 patent/WO1995010415A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1994-10-10 GB GB9420384A patent/GB2282569A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1994-10-10 EP EP94928961A patent/EP0673318A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1982001245A1 (en) * | 1980-09-25 | 1982-04-15 | Ncr Co | Method and apparatus for ink jet printing |
US4435719A (en) * | 1982-03-30 | 1984-03-06 | Snaper Alvin A | Fluidic matrix printer |
JPS58187369A (en) * | 1982-04-27 | 1983-11-01 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Ink jet recording device |
EP0436509A2 (en) * | 1990-01-05 | 1991-07-10 | THE GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, p.l.c. | Fluid dispenser |
EP0550148A2 (en) * | 1991-12-30 | 1993-07-07 | Xerox Corporation | Acoustic ink printhead with apertured member and flowing ink |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
ANONYMOUS: "Improved Hydraulic Switching for Printers", IBM TECHNICAL DISCLOSURE BULLETIN, vol. 31, no. 6, NEW YORK US, pages 215 - 216, XP000065245 * |
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 8, no. 28 (M - 274)<1465> 7 February 1984 (1984-02-07) * |
Cited By (31)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7914109B2 (en) | 2007-11-26 | 2011-03-29 | Eastman Kodak Company | Liquid drop dispenser with movable deflector |
US8033647B2 (en) | 2007-11-26 | 2011-10-11 | Eastman Kodak Company | Liquid drop dispenser with movable deflector |
US7914121B2 (en) | 2008-02-01 | 2011-03-29 | Eastman Kodak Company | Liquid drop dispenser with movable deflector |
US8033646B2 (en) | 2008-02-01 | 2011-10-11 | Eastman Kodak Company | Liquid drop dispenser with movable deflector |
US7850283B2 (en) | 2009-04-24 | 2010-12-14 | Eastman Kodak Company | Printhead with liquid flow through device |
US8118408B2 (en) | 2009-06-30 | 2012-02-21 | Eastman Kodak Company | Flow through dispenser having different cross-sectional areas |
US8172364B2 (en) | 2009-06-30 | 2012-05-08 | Eastman Kodak Company | Flow through dispenser including improved guide structure |
US8182073B2 (en) | 2009-06-30 | 2012-05-22 | Eastman Kodak Company | Flow through dispenser including diverter cooling channel |
US8201924B2 (en) | 2009-06-30 | 2012-06-19 | Eastman Kodak Company | Liquid diverter for flow through drop dispenser |
US8210648B2 (en) | 2009-06-30 | 2012-07-03 | Eastman Kodak Company | Flow through dispenser including two dimensional array |
US8235505B2 (en) | 2009-06-30 | 2012-08-07 | Eastman Kodak Company | Flow through drop dispenser including porous member |
US8469494B2 (en) | 2009-06-30 | 2013-06-25 | Eastman Kodak Company | Flow through drop dispenser including porous member |
US8328335B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2012-12-11 | Eastman Kodak Company | Liquid dispenser including sloped outlet opening wall |
US8573743B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2013-11-05 | Eastman Kodak Company | Liquid dispenser including curved vent |
US8308275B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2012-11-13 | Eastman Kodak Company | Dispenser including array of liquid dispensing elements |
US8328334B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2012-12-11 | Eastman Kodak Company | Dispensing liquid using dispenser including secondary manifold |
US8336995B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2012-12-25 | Eastman Kodak Company | Dispensing liquid using curved outlet opening dispenser |
US8382254B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2013-02-26 | Eastman Kodak Company | Liquid dispenser including secondary liquid manifold |
US8439481B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2013-05-14 | Eastman Kodak Company | Liquid dispenser including sloped outlet opening wall |
US8303091B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2012-11-06 | Eastman Kodak Company | Dispensing liquid using curved vent dispenser |
US8740364B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2014-06-03 | Eastman Kodak Company | Dispensing liquid using array of dispensing elements |
US8657429B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2014-02-25 | Eastman Kodak Company | Dispensing liquid using overlapping outlet/return dispenser |
US8628180B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2014-01-14 | Eastman Kodak Company | Liquid dispenser including vertical outlet opening wall |
US8562119B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2013-10-22 | Eastman Kodak Company | Dispensing liquid using dispenser including multiple returns |
US8567933B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2013-10-29 | Eastman Kodak Company | Dispensing liquid using vertical outlet opening wall |
US8322825B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2012-12-04 | Eastman Kodak Company | Dispenser including overlapping outlet and return port |
US8579427B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 | 2013-11-12 | Eastman Kodak Company | Liquid dispenser including multiple liquid return passages |
US8602531B2 (en) | 2011-04-19 | 2013-12-10 | Eastman Kodak Company | Flow-through ejection system including compliant membrane transducer |
US8523328B2 (en) | 2011-04-19 | 2013-09-03 | Eastman Kodak Company | Flow-through liquid ejection using compliant membrane transducer |
US8517516B2 (en) | 2011-04-19 | 2013-08-27 | Eastman Kodak Company | Flow-through liquid ejection using compliant membrane transducer |
US8506039B2 (en) | 2011-04-19 | 2013-08-13 | Eastman Kodak Company | Flow-through ejection system including compliant membrane transducer |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB9420384D0 (en) | 1994-11-23 |
GB2282569A (en) | 1995-04-12 |
EP0673318A1 (en) | 1995-09-27 |
GB9320729D0 (en) | 1993-12-01 |
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