WO1994027936A1

WO1994027936A1 - Homogeneous catalytic hydrodechlorination of chlorocarbons

Info

Publication number: WO1994027936A1
Application number: PCT/US1994/005486
Authority: WO
Inventors: Ralph Thomas Baker
Original assignee: E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
Priority date: 1993-05-27
Filing date: 1994-05-20
Publication date: 1994-12-08
Also published as: US5300712A; EP0700368B1; JPH08510737A; EP0700368A1; DE69407583D1; DE69407583T2

Abstract

This invention relates to a liquid phase process for the preparation of RfCHCl2 by the selective homogeneous catalytic hydrodechlorination of RfCCl3 wherein Rf is F, CF3, (CF2)nCl or (CF2)nCF3 by reacting the compound with hydrogen while in solution with a Periodic Table Group 8-10 metal complex catalyst which contains tertiary Periodic Table Group 15 ligands, without added base.

Description

TTTLE

HOMOGENEOUS CATALYTIC

HYDRODECHLORINATION OF CHLOROCARBONS

BACKGROUND OF THF INVENTION This invention relates to a liquid phase process for the selective homogeneous catalytic hydrodechlori- nation of a chlorofluorocarbon compound by reacting the compound with hydrogen while in solution with a Periodic Table Group 8-10 metal complex catalyst which contains tertiary Periodic Table Group 15 ligands without added base.

By Periodic Table Group, Applicant includes those elements organized in Groups described as the "new notation" in the Periodic Table appearing in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 67th Edition, CRC Press (1986-1987) .

Chlorofluorocarbons are considered to be detrimental toward the Earth's ozone layer. There is a world-wide effort to develop processes that will replace one or more of the chlorine atom(s) in certain chloro¬ fluorocarbons with hydrogen. For example, 1,1,1,2- tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) , a hydrofluorocarbon is being considered as a replacement for dichlorodifluoro- methane (CFC-12) in refrigeration systems because of its refrigerant properties and zero ozone depletion potential.

There is thus a need for manufacturing processes that provide fluorocarbons that contain less or ideally no chlorine. One method of reducing the chlorine content of halogen-substituted hydrocarbons containing chlorine as well as fluorine is reacting such organic starting materials with hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst (e.g., supported Periodic Table Groups 7-10 metal catalysts) . British Patent Specification 1,578,933 discloses, for example, that HFC-134a can be prepared by the hydrogenolysis of 2, 2-dichloro-l, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoroethane (CFC-114a) or 1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluorochloroethane (HCFC-124) over palladium on carbon or palladium on alumina hydrogenation catalysts. These processes are typically run in the gas or liquid phase with a solid heterogeneous catalyst .

The prior art (Lokteva et al., Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Ser. Khizr. , 1989, (3), 539-42; Ferrughelli and Horvath, J.C.S., Chem. Commun.. 1992, 806) teaches hydrodechlorination using soluble homogeneous catalysts which require an excess of added base (NaOH, NEt3) for removal of the HC1 product. The present invention requires no added base.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A process is provided in accordance with this invention for a liquid phase preparation of R_fCHCl2 by the selective homogeneous catalytic hydrodechlorination of a compound having the formula R_fCCl3 wherein R_f is F, CF3, (CF2)n l or (CF2)nCF3, and n is 1-4, which comprises reacting the compound with hydrogen while in a solution with a Periodic Table Group 8, 9 or 10 metal complex containing tertiary Periodic Table Group 15 ligands, preferably phosphines, without added base.

DETAILS OF THE INVENTION

The CFC compounds used in the hydrodechlorination reaction of this invention are preferably those wherein R_f is F, CF3, CF2CF3, CF₂CI, and (CF2)₄C1, more preferably, CF3. Competing 1, 2-dechlorination to alkenes is observed when CI is also on the C bonded to the "CCl3^M group.

In accordance with this invention the CFC compounds to be hydrodechlorinated are reacted with hydrogen at a temperature of from about 25°C to about 100°C, preferably from about 85°C to about 90°C.

The hydrodechlorination of CFCs is performed in liquid phase using well-known chemical engineering practice, which includes continuous, semi-continuous or batch operations, preferably semi-continuous, to reduce the amount of HC1 in solution. The hydrodechlorination process is typically achieved at atmospheric or superatmospheric pressures. A conventional amount of H₂ is used. Generally, in order to provide substantial hydrodechlorination product yields, the amount of hydrogen used is at least stoichiometric.

The reaction is conducted at a H₂ pressure of from about 30 to about 1000 psi, preferably about 50 to about 100 psi, more preferably about 100 psi. However, pressure is not a critical factor.

In accordance with this invention the reaction between the chlorocarbon component, H₂ and catalyst takes place in solution. Suitable solvents include aromatics such as benzene or toluene and ethers such as THF or DME, preferably benzene or toluene, more preferably benzene.

In accordance with this invention, metal complex catalysts suitable for hydrodechlorination are provided which contain at least one metal, preferably selected from the group consisting of iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium and platinum. These metal complexes contain tertiary Periodic Table Group 15 ligands selected from phosphines, arsines, stibines and bismuthines. Catalysts are more preferably Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, or Pt with a phosphine ligand, still more preferably a Rh phosphine complex, most preferably RhCl(PPh₃)₃. The ligand may be of the formula (i) ER₃ wherein E is P, As, Sb or Bi, and R is hydrocarbyl or (ii) 1,2-(ER2')₂ 6H₄ or 1,n-(ER')₂(CH₃)_n where n is 1-6, and R' is hydrocarbyl.

The preferred ligand is of the formula ER₃ wherein E is P and R is an aromatic hydrocarbyl.

Hydrocarbyl is a straight chain, branched or cyclic arrangement of carbon atoms connected by single, double or triple bonds, and substituted accordingly with hydrogen atoms. As used herein, hydrocarbyl groups may be aliphatic and/or aromatic.

A base is a non-metal containing compound which forms a salt with the HC1 co-product of the hydrodechlorination reaction.

In this specification and the Examples the following abbreviations are used: CFC - chlorofluorocarbon HFC - hydrofluorocarbon THF - tetrahydrofuran HDC - hydrodechlorination NMR - nuclear magnetic resonance

GC/MS - gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy DME - 1,2-bis (dimethoxy)ethane psi - pounds per square inch (1 psi = 6.9 x 10³ Pa) Ph - CeH₅

Pr¹ - isopropyl, i.e., CH(CH₃)₂ Hx - n-hexyl, i.e., (CH₂)sCH₃ Me - methyl Et - ethyl EXAMPLES

The following R_fCCl₃ hydrodechlorination (HDC) reactions were conducted in a lab reactor consisting of a stirred Fischer-Porter tube, a sparger for introduction of H₂, and a back-pressure regulator to allow for continuous removal of HC1 as it is formed. The reactor design also allowed for liquid sampling as the reaction proceeds. Unless stated otherwise, all reactions were performed at 85-90°C in benzene at a constant pressure of 100 psi H₂. Catalyst, solvent and liquid CFC substrate were all loaded into the tube in a nitrogen-purged dry box and the tube sealed with a rubber septum. The tube was attached to the reactor under a flow of argon and the reaction pressurized with H₂ and heated. Reaction products were analyzed by ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy and, in some cases, GC/MS.

EXAMPLE 1 Example Showing High Selectivity to CHCI₂CF₃

A mixture of 465 mg (2.5 mmol) CCI₃CF₃ and 46 mg (0.05 mmol) RhCl(PPh₃)₃ in 50 mL of dry, distilled benzene was treated with H₂ for 4.5 hr to give > 95% CHCI₂CF₃ at 44.5% conversion (5 turnovers/Rh/hr). No CH₂CICF₃ was detected.

EXAMPLE 2 Catalyst Loading of 0.2 mol% A mixture of 4.65 g (25 mmol) CCI₃CF₃ and 50 mg (0.05 mmol) RhCl(PPh₃>₃ in 50 mL of dry, distilled benzene was treated with H₂ for 19.5 hr to give > 95% CHCI₂CF₃ at 33% conversion (total of 167 turnovers/Rh; 8.5 turnovers/Rh/hr). Solution monitoring showed productivities of 17.5 turnovers/Rh/hr during the first 2 hr and 15.5 turnovers/Rh/hr over 4.7 hr.

EXAMPLE 3 Use of Benzene Solvent Avoids H Atom Abstraction

Two reactions were conducted as in Example 1 but wherein the reactant gas was deuterium (D₂) instead of hydrogen and the solvent was either benzene or toluene. After 24 hr the toluene reaction went to completion, yielding a 3:1 mixture of CHCI₂CF₃ and CDCI₂CF₃ whereas in benzene conversion was 55% to give CDCI₂CF₃ with only a trace of CHCI₂CF₃. EXAMPLE 4 Using More Electron-rich Catalyst gives Higher Production A mixture of 465 mg (2.5 mmol) CCI₃CF₃ and 50 mg (0.05 mmol) RhCl (PPh₂Hxⁿ)₂ in 50 mL of dry, distilled benzene was treated with H2 for 4 hr to give > 95% CHCI₂CF₃ at 96.5% conversion (> 8 turnovers/Rh/hr).

EXAMPLE 5 Productivity is Lower with Bulky Trialkvltahosohines A mixture of 465 mg (2.5 mmol) CCI₃CF₃ and 25 mg

(0.05 mmol) RΪ1CKN₂) (PPrⁱ ₃)₂ in 50 mL of dry, distilled benzene was treated with H₂ for 4.5 hr to give > 95%

CHCI₂CF₃ at 11.5% conversion (6 turnovers/Rh).

EXAMPLE 6 Cationic Rh Complex is also Effective

A mixture of 465 mg (2.5 mmol) CCI₃CF₃ and 2 mL of a 0.04 tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution of [Rh(PPIΪ₃)₃_BF₄ was dissolved in 50 mL of dry, distilled THF and treated with H₂ for 24 hr at 25°C to give > 95% CHCI₂CF₃ at 73.5% conversion.

EX-AMPLE 7 R_fCCl₃ is CCI₃F

A mixture of 344 mg (2.5 mmol) CCI₃F and 46 mg (0.05 mmol) RhCl(PPh₃)₃ in 50 mL of dry, distilled benzene was treated with H₂ for 20 hr to give > 95% CHCI₂F at 100% conversion (> 2.5 turnovers/Rh/hr) .

EXAMPLE 8 R_fCCl₃ is CCI₃CF₂CF₃

A mixture of 328 mg (1.4 mmol) CCI₃CF₂CF₃ and 23 mg (0.025 mmol) RhCl(PPh₃)₃ in 50 mL of dry, distilled benzene was treated with H₂ for 20 hr to give > 95% CHCI₂CF₂CF₃ at 100% conversion (> 2.5 turnovers/Rh/hr) . EXAMPLE 9 R_fCCl3 is CCl₃(CF₂)₄Cl

A mixture of 885 mg (2.5 mmol) CCl₃(CF₂)₄Cl and 46 mg (0.05 mmol) RhCl(PPl-3)₃ in 50 mL of dry, distilled benzene was treated with H₂ for 24 hr to give > 95%

CHCI₂ (CF₂) ₄CI at 100% conversion (> 2 turnovers/Rh/hr) .

EXAMPLE 10

RfCCl3 is CCI₃CF2CI A mixture of 505 mg (2.5 mmol) CCI₃CF₂CI and 46 mg (0.05 mmol) RhCl(PPh₃)₃ in 50 mL of dry, distilled benzene was treated with H₂ for 24 hr to give > 90% CHCI₂CF₂CI at 100% conversion (> 2 turnovers/Rh/hr) along with traces of CCl₂=C 2 and CHCI₂CF₂H.

EXAMPLE 11 Batch Mode Reac ions

The following reactions were conducted in batch mode in a Fischer-Porter tube with liquid sampling to get rough kinetic data and define the influence of H2 pressure. The HC1 was not removed. A mixture of 930 mg (5 mmol) CCI₃CF₃ and 50 mg (0.05 mmol) R Cl(PPh₃)₃ in 50 mL of dry, distilled benzene was treated with H₂ (100, 200 and 500 psi) for 14 hr at 100°C to give > 95% CHC1₂CF₃ at 65.5, 70.5 and 69% conversion, respectively. No effect of H₂ pressure on the initial rate of hydrodechlorination (ca. 9 turnovers/Rh/hr) was observed.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A liquid phase process for the preparation of R_fCHCl₂ by the selective homogeneous catalytic hydrodechlorination of a compound having the formula R_fCCl3 wherein Rf is F, CF3, (CF2)_nCl or (C?₂) ^3r and n is 1-4 which comprises reacting the compound with hydrogen while in solution with a Periodic Table Group 8-10 metal complex hydrodechlorination catalyst containing tertiary Periodic Table Group 15 ligands without added base, to form R_fCHCl₂-

2. A process according to Claim 1 wherein the Group 8-10 metal is Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd or Pt, with the tertiary Periodic Table Group 15 ligand selected from phosphine, arsine, stibine, and bismuthine.

3. A process according to Claim 1 wherein the temperature is about 25 to about 100°C and the pressure is about 50 to about 500 psi.

4. A process according to Claim 3 wherein the temperature is about 85-90°C and the pressure is about

100 psi.

5. A process according to Claim 4 wherein R_f is selected from F, CF₃, CF₂CI, and (CF₂) C1.

6. A process according to Claim 5 wherein R_f is CF₃.

7. A process according to Claim 6 wherein the catalyst is selected from Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, and Pt with phosphine ligands.

8. A process according to Claim 7 wherein the catalyst is a Rh phosphine complex.

9. A process according to Claim 8 further comprising a solvent selected from benzene, toluene, ether, THF and DME.

10. A liquid phase process for the selective homogeneous catalytic hydrodechlorination of CF₃CCI₃ which comprises reacting CF3CCI3 with H2 while in a benzene solution with a RhCl(PPh3)3 catalyst at a temperature of 85°C, at a constant pressure of 100 psi to form CF3CHCI2.