WO1993025910A1 - Dosage de plusieurs analytes a l'aide de ligands co-immobilises - Google Patents

Dosage de plusieurs analytes a l'aide de ligands co-immobilises Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1993025910A1
WO1993025910A1 PCT/SE1993/000488 SE9300488W WO9325910A1 WO 1993025910 A1 WO1993025910 A1 WO 1993025910A1 SE 9300488 W SE9300488 W SE 9300488W WO 9325910 A1 WO9325910 A1 WO 9325910A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
analyte
sample
analytes
specific binding
different
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/SE1993/000488
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English (en)
Inventor
Ralph STÅLBERG
Original Assignee
Pharmacia Biosensor Ab
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from PCT/SE1992/000386 external-priority patent/WO1992021973A1/fr
Priority claimed from SE9203685A external-priority patent/SE9203685D0/xx
Application filed by Pharmacia Biosensor Ab filed Critical Pharmacia Biosensor Ab
Publication of WO1993025910A1 publication Critical patent/WO1993025910A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
    • G01N33/54306—Solid-phase reaction mechanisms
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
    • G01N33/54366—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing
    • G01N33/54373—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing involving physiochemical end-point determination, e.g. wave-guides, FETS, gratings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an improvement in assay methods of the type where the presence of an analyte is detected by contacting the sample with a solid sensing surface, and determining a mass change at the surface caused directly or indirectly by the analyte in the sample.
  • SPR Evanescent wave sensing technology based upon surface plasmon resonance
  • the phenomenon of SPR is well known.
  • SPR is observed as a dip in intensity of light reflected at a specific angle from the interface between an optically transparent material, e.g. glass, and a thin metal film, usually silver or gold, and depends on among other factors the refractive index of the medium (e.g. a sample solution) close to the metal surface.
  • a change of refractive index at the metal surface such as by the adsorption or binding of material thereto, will cause a corresponding shift in the angle at which SPR occurs.
  • two alternative arrangements are used, either a metallized diffraction grating (Wood's effect), or a metallized glass prism or a prism in optical contact with a metallized glass substrate (Kretschmann effect) .
  • a ligand may be bound to the metal surface, and the interaction thereof with an analyte of an aqueous sample in contact with the surface is monitored.
  • WO 90/05295 and our WO 90/05305 there are described an SPR-based biosensor system and a sensor unit, respectively, permitting simultaneous or sequential measurement of several different analytes by providing several sensing or detection surface areas defined on the metal surface, each sensing area supporting a different ligand and enclosed in a respective flow cell.
  • the separate flow cells are arranged to be passed by the sample flow either in parallel or in series.
  • US-A-4,889,427 discloses a method and apparatus for the simultaneous or sequential measurement of several different analytes by providing several separate metal strips arranged in a single flow cell to be passed by the sample flow, each metal strip supporting a different ligand, such as an antibody.
  • the optical and mechanical design of the systems required for performing such measurements is relatively complex.
  • the present invention therefore seeks to reduce the complexity of such systems for simultaneous determination of two or more analytes.
  • this is accomplished by co-immobilizing the different specific ligands or reagents in a single surface area and, after contacting the sample with the surface area, directly or indirectly detecting the different analytes sequentially.
  • Co-immobilization in the present context means that these different specific ligands or reagents are randomly or orderly immobilized to the single surface area.
  • the present inventive concept makes use of the fact that the specific response for surface concentration, or mass, detecting devices, such as surface plasmon resonance detection, is in principle independent of the size of the detecting area, at least down to the diffraction limitations of the optical system. This is in contrast to absolute measuring devices such as used in ordinary solid phase assays where the specific response is area dependent. This independence of area size for the surface concentration detecting device will thus readily allow reduction in the number of detection areas by co- immobilization as proposed above.
  • the present invention therefore provides a method of qualitatively or quantitatively assaying for at least two different analytes in a fluid sample, wherein each analyte is determined by detecting or measuring a mass change at a solid sensing surface caused directly or indirectly by t'.e analyte, which method is characterized by co-immobilizinij to the same sensing surface different catching molecules each capable of specifically binding to (depending on the assay principle) either a respective analyte or a respective analyte analogue or analyte specific binding partner added to the sample, and either (i) after contacting the surface with the sample, determining the binding of each different analyte, analyte analogue or specific binding partner to the respective catching molecule by sequentially contacting the obtained surface
  • analyte analogue means either a molecule having a similar binding reactivity against an immobilized ligand or capturing molecule as the analyte, or the analyte conjugated with another molecule which does not change the binding characteristics of the analyte.
  • specific binding partner means a molecule which reacts specifically with a particular molecule, such as an analyte or immobilized capturing molecule.
  • the term specific reagent is used herein to denote a reagent used to generate the specific analyte detection signal which correlates to the analyte concentration in the sample.
  • the method of the invention readily permits simultaneous measurement of two different analytes, but three or even more analytes may be determined without affecting the precision of the concentration determination.
  • the immobilized capturing molecules may be low molecular weight (LMW) as well as high molecular weight (HMW) molecules or a mix of LMW and HMW molecules.
  • the co-immobilization concept is, as appears from the above definition of the method of the invention, compatible with several different per se conventional assay formats or principles for concentration determination, such as e.g. sandwich assay, inhibition assay, displacement assay, competitive assay or combinations thereof.
  • a sandwich assay may be performed by immobilizing different capturing molecules, such as antibodies, to the sensing surface which are capable of reacting with the respective analytes.
  • Each analyte must in this case be bifunctional, i.e. exhibit a second binding site in addition to that binding to the corresponding immobilized capturing molecule.
  • Reagents which are each capable of binding specifically to a respective analyte, such as antibodies, are then added in sequence, and the binding of one reagent to its respective analyte is then determined before the next reagent is added.
  • the amount of reagent bound is proportional to the concentration of the corresponding analyte in the sample.
  • a competitive assay may be performed by adding analyte analogues to the sample and have the analytes compete with the analyte analogues for the binding to respective capturing molecules co-immobilized to the surface.
  • the amount of each analyte analogue bound to the surface is then determined by sequentially contacting the surface with reagents, such as antibodies, specifically binding to the respective analyte analogues.
  • the determined amount of analyte analogue is inversely proportional to the concentration of the corresponding analyte in the sample.
  • the analyte analogue may, for example, be a HMW molecule such as an antibody, but may also be a LMW molecule conjugated to a LMW or HMW molecule, such as e.g. bovine serum albumin, to which the specific reagent is directed.
  • a HMW molecule such as an antibody
  • LMW or HMW molecule such as e.g. bovine serum albumin
  • analytes or analyte analogues may be co-immobilized on the sensing surface.
  • Specific binding partners to the analytes are then added to the sample, and after contacting the sample with the sensing surface, the bound specific binding partners are determined by sequentially contacting the surface with specific reagents capable of specifically reacting with the binding partners.
  • the latter may, for example, be antibodies conjugated with respective different molecules against which the specific reagents may be directed.
  • the determined amount of each specific binding partner is inversely proportional to the concentration of the respective analyte in the sample.
  • specific binding partners for the respective analytes may be added to separate portions of the sample containing the analytes.
  • the binding of each specific binding partner may be determined as inversely indicating the concentration of the corresponding analyte in the sample.
  • a displacement assay may be performed by co- immobilizing analytes or analyte analogues on the sensing surface and saturating substantially all immobilized analytes or analyte analogues by binding specific binding partners thereto.
  • the surface is then contacted with the sample, the analytes in the sample causing the specific binding partners to be partially removed by either competing for the binding to the analytes or binding otherwise to the specific binding partners such that they are released from the surface.
  • the amount of each remaining specific binding partner which is inversely proportional to the respective analyte concentration in the sample, is then determined by sequential addition of specific reagents directed against the respective specific binding partners.
  • each specific reagent used must, of course, be directed against another binding site on the corresponding specific binding partner than that participating in the binding to the respective surface immobilized analyte or analyte analogue.
  • the detection responses may, if desired, be increased by further sequential additions of additional specific reagents which bind to the respective species bound in the preceding detection step.
  • the contact between the fluid sample medium and the optical surface may.be static, or preferably, dynamic, i.e. the provision of the sensing surface in some kind of flow cell.
  • sensing surfaces to be used in the present invention are described in our WO 90/05303 which discloses sensing surfaces capable of selective biomolecular interactions and designed to be used in biosensor systems, particularly systems based upon surface plasmon resonance (SPR) .
  • These sensing surfaces comprise a film of a free electron metal, preferably silver or gold, having one of its faces coated with a densely packed monolayer of specific organic molecules.
  • a biocompatible porous matrix e.g. a hydrogel, is bound, which matrix is employed for immobilizing suitable ligands for target biomolecules to be determined by the particular biosensor.
  • the mass sensing methods for which the present invention may be used are, as mentioned previously, not restricted to SPR methods, but extend to any assay method measuring a mass change at a sensing surface as being indicative of the presence of an analyte.
  • Such methods generally include reflection optical methods, both internal and external, for example, ellipsometry and evanescent wave spectroscopy, the latter including Brewster angle reflectometry, critical-angle reflectometry, evanescent wave ellipsometry, scattered total internal reflection (STIR) , optical waveguide sensors, etc.
  • Situations where it is of interest to analyze more than one analyte and to which the present invention thus may be applied are, for example, clinical situations requiring the analysis of more than one analyte to make a correct diagnosis or decision, and food as well as environmental analyses where it is of importance to analyse more than one analyte at a time to get a general picture of the situation.
  • Exemplary of such clinical situations are myocardial infarction, fertility examination and transplantation surgery.
  • the determination of antibiotics in milk is an example of food analysis, and the determination of pesticides in water may be mentioned as an example of environmental analysis.
  • Fig. 1 is an SPR-sensor diagram showing the co- immobilization of a monoclonal antibody specific for CK-MB and a monoclonal antibody specific for myoglobin to a sensing surface;
  • Fig. 2 is a corresponding diagram to Fig. 1 showing the analysis of a sample containing creatine kinase MB (CK- MB) and myoglobin using the sensing surface with co- immobilized monoclonals against CK-MB and myoglobin, respectively, in Fig. 1;
  • Fig. 3 is a corresponding diagram to Fig. 2 showing the analysis of a sample containing B2-microglobulin and IgE using a sensing surface with co-immobilized monoclonals against B2-microglobulin and IgE, respectively;
  • Fig. 4 is a diagram showing standard curves for B2- microglobulin obtained when analyzing B2-microglobulin on a single-immobilized anti-B2-microglobulin surface and on a co-immobilized anti-B2-microgloiui-Ln/anti-IgE surface, respectively;
  • Fig. 5 is a diagram showing the precision profiles for B2-microglobulin in the analysis in Fig. 4;
  • Fig. 6 is a diagram showing standard curves for IgE obtained when analyzing IgE on a single-immobilized anti- IgE surface and on a co-immobilized anti-IgE/anti-02- microglobulin surface, respectively;
  • Fig. 7 is a diagram showing the precision profiles for IgE in the analysis in Fig. 6.
  • the measurements are performed on a commercial SPR-based biosensor instrument (BIAcoreTM) and commercial sensing surfaces (Sensor ChipTM CM5) (both marketed by Pharmacia Biosensor AB, Uppsala, Sweden) .
  • BIOS commercial SPR-based biosensor instrument
  • Sensor ChipTM CM5 commercial sensing surfaces
  • HBS 10 mM Hepes buffer, 0.15 M NaCl, 3.4 mM EDTA, 0.05 % Tween
  • a fraction of the carboxyl groups on the sensing surface was activated to form reactive N-hydroxysuccinimide esters by injecting into the instrument 35 ⁇ l of a solution containing 0.2 M 1- ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl)carbodii ide hydrochloride (EDC) and 0.05 M N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) in water.
  • EDC 1- ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl)carbodii ide hydrochloride
  • NHS N-hydroxysuccinimide
  • a buffer with a pH below the pi of the antibody will give a positive net charge of the protein, and at low ionic strength the antibodies will preconcentrate to the remaining negatively charged carboxyl groups on the surface via electrostatic attraction giving a high antibody concentration in the matrix.
  • the preconcentration allows fast immobilization with low amount of antibodies.
  • Remaining reactive ester groups were deactivated by injection of 35 ⁇ l of 1 M ethanolamine hydrochloride, pH 8.5.
  • the sensorgra obtained is shown in Fig. 1 (response in resonance units, RU, plotted versus time in seconds) .
  • the response signal was evaluated at two levels: 20 seconds before the injection of EDC/NHS (A) and 9 minutes after the injection of ethanolamine (B) .
  • B minus A thus defines the immobilized amount of the two antibodies.
  • B. Analysis of plasma samples The analysis of CK-MB and myoglobin at elevated levels in a plasma sample, using the sensing surface with co- immobilized antibodies prepared in section A above, was performed in the following manner:
  • HBS 10 mM Hepes buffer, 0.15 M NaCl, 3.4 mM EDTA, 0.05 % Tween
  • 35 ⁇ l of a plasma sample containing CK-MB and myoglobin were injected into the instrument.
  • 4 ⁇ l each of second antibodies specific for CK-MB and myoglobin, respectively, at a concentration of 100 ⁇ g/ml were then injected in sequence followed by 4 ⁇ l of 10 mM glycine-HCl, pH 2.5.
  • the sensorgram obtained is shown in Fig. 2 (response in resonance units, RU, plotted versus time in seconds) .
  • the response signal was evaluated at four levels: 20 seconds before the injection of the sample (A) , 20 seconds before the injection of the second antibody specific for CK-MB (B) , 20 seconds before the injection of the second antibody specific for myoglobin (C) , and 20 seconds before the injection of glycine-HCl (D) .
  • A defines the baseline
  • B minus A defines the plasma response
  • C defines the specific response for CK-MB
  • D minus C defines the specific response for myoglobin.
  • the analysis time was 18 minutes.
  • EXAMPLE 2 In the same way as described in Section A of Example 1 above, antibodies specific for /32-microglobulin and IgE, respectively, were co-immobilized to the sensing surface by injecting 15 ⁇ g/ml anti-32-microglobulin monoclonal (Kabi Pharmacia AB, Sweden) ) and 30 ⁇ g/ml anti-IgE monoclonal (Kabi Pharmacia AB, Sweden) . Analysis of ⁇ 2-microglobulin and IgE was then performed by maintaining a continuous flow of HBS (see Example 1) at 5 ⁇ l/ml. 35 ⁇ l of a buffer sample containing /32-microglobulin and IgE was injected.
  • each of respective second antibodies to /32-microglobulin and IgE were then injected in sequence followed by 4 ⁇ l of 10 mM glycine-HCl, pH 2.5.
  • the second antibody for /32- microglobulin was an Ig-fraction of a polyclonal antibody at 2.5 mg/ml in 10 mM Hepes, pH 7.4.
  • the second antibody for IgE was a mix of two monoclonal antibodies at a concentration of 50. ⁇ g/ml of each in 10 mM Na-acetate, pH 5.
  • the sensorgram obtained is shown in Fig. 3 (response in resonance units, RU, plotted versus time in seconds) .
  • the response signal was evaluated at four levels: 20 seconds before the injection of the sample (A) , 20 seconds before the injection of the second antibody specific for / 32- microglobulin (B) , 20 seconds before the injection of the second antibody specific for IgE (C) , and 20 seconds before the injection of glycine-HCl.
  • A defines the baseline
  • B minus A defines the plasma response
  • C defines the specific response for 32-microglobulin
  • D minus C defines the specific response for IgE.
  • the analysis time was 21 minutes.
  • EXAMPLE 3 By proceeding correspondingly as in Example 2, standard curves for 32-microglobulin analysis were obtained by analyzing /32-microglobulin standards on (i) a co- immobilized anti-/32-microglobulin/anti-IgE surface and (ii) a single-immobilized anti-32-microglobulin surface.
  • the standards containing ⁇ 2-microglobulin or 32-microglobulin and IgE were injected in a concentration range from 0.35 to 5.55 nM over the immobilized antibody surface followed by injection of a polyclonal anti-/32-microglobulin.
  • the second antibody responses were used to construct the standard curves.
  • the standard curves obtained are shown in Fig.

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Abstract

Méthode de dosage, destinée à détecter la présence d'au moins deux analytes différents dans un échantillon de fluide, la présence de chaque analyte étant déterminée par la détection ou la mesure d'une variation de masse, au niveau d'une surface de détection solide, directement ou indirectement produite par l'analyte. Cette méthode consiste à co-immobiliser, sur la même surface de détection, différentes molécules de capture dont chacune peut se lier spécifiquement soit à un analyte respectif, soit à un analogue d'analyte respectif, ou encore à un partenaire de liaison spécifique à un analyte ajouté à l'échantillon; puis (i) à déterminer, après avoir mis la surface en contact avec l'échantillon, la liaison de chaque analyte, analogue d'analyte ou partenaire de liaison spécifique différent avec la molécule de capture respective, en mettant la surface obtenue séquentiellement en contact avec des réactifs respectifs auxdits analytes, analogues d'analytes ou partenaires de liaison spécifiques; ou (ii) à mettre la surface immobilisée séquentiellement en contact avec des parties d'échantillon contenant soit différents partenaires de liaison spécifiques aux analytes respectifs, soit différents analogues d'analytes, afin de déterminer la liaison de chaque partenaire de liaison ou analogue d'analyte respectivement avec l'analyte immobilisé, l'analogue d'analyte ou le partenaire de liaison spécifique.
PCT/SE1993/000488 1992-06-05 1993-06-02 Dosage de plusieurs analytes a l'aide de ligands co-immobilises WO1993025910A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SEPCT/SE92/00386 1992-06-05
PCT/SE1992/000386 WO1992021973A1 (fr) 1991-06-07 1992-06-05 Procede et dispositif de detection pour determiner des marqueurs de l'infarctus du myocarde
SE9203685A SE9203685D0 (sv) 1992-12-07 1992-12-07 Assay method
SE9203685-4 1992-12-07

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Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1997044664A1 (fr) * 1996-05-23 1997-11-27 Unilever Plc Ameliorations relatives aux tests d'immunodetection specifiques
GB2332529A (en) * 1997-12-20 1999-06-23 Eev Ltd Detection of analyte species
US5955729A (en) * 1995-09-08 1999-09-21 Biacore Ab Surface plasmon resonance-mass spectrometry
US6165798A (en) * 1996-10-10 2000-12-26 University Of British Columbia Optical quantification of analytes in membranes
WO2004038415A1 (fr) * 2002-10-24 2004-05-06 Biacore Ab Test avec des ligands co-immobilises
US7469076B2 (en) 2003-09-03 2008-12-23 Receptors Llc Sensors employing combinatorial artificial receptors
US7504365B2 (en) 2004-09-03 2009-03-17 Receptors Llc Combinatorial artificial receptors including tether building blocks
US7504364B2 (en) * 2002-03-01 2009-03-17 Receptors Llc Methods of making arrays and artificial receptors
EP2265950A2 (fr) * 2008-03-05 2010-12-29 Axela Inc. Détection de biomarqueurs et complexes de biomarqueurs
US7985715B2 (en) 2004-09-11 2011-07-26 Receptors Llc Combinatorial artificial receptors including peptide building blocks
US9285362B2 (en) 2006-10-18 2016-03-15 Axela, Inc. Measuring multiple analytes over a broad range of concentrations using optical diffraction

Citations (6)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1980002201A1 (fr) * 1979-04-09 1980-10-16 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Procede de determination de classes d'anticorps d'antigenes specifiques
US4315907A (en) * 1978-10-30 1982-02-16 Ames-Yissum Combined heterogeneous specific binding assay
DD272134A1 (de) * 1988-04-29 1989-09-27 Univ Berlin Humboldt Verfahren zum simultanen nachweis von antigen und spezifischen antikoerpern
WO1990005303A1 (fr) * 1988-11-10 1990-05-17 Pharmacia Ab Surfaces de captage capables d'interactions biomoleculaires selectives, a utiliser dans des systemes de biocapteurs
WO1990005306A1 (fr) * 1988-11-10 1990-05-17 Pharmacia Ab Caracterisation de macromolecules en interaction avec au moins deux ligands sur un capteur
EP0402757A2 (fr) * 1989-06-16 1990-12-19 Biochrom Beteiligungs GmbH & Co. Produktionsgesellschaft Essai immunologique en phase solide et trousse pour la détermination d'antigènes et d'anticorps

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4315907A (en) * 1978-10-30 1982-02-16 Ames-Yissum Combined heterogeneous specific binding assay
WO1980002201A1 (fr) * 1979-04-09 1980-10-16 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Procede de determination de classes d'anticorps d'antigenes specifiques
DD272134A1 (de) * 1988-04-29 1989-09-27 Univ Berlin Humboldt Verfahren zum simultanen nachweis von antigen und spezifischen antikoerpern
WO1990005303A1 (fr) * 1988-11-10 1990-05-17 Pharmacia Ab Surfaces de captage capables d'interactions biomoleculaires selectives, a utiliser dans des systemes de biocapteurs
WO1990005306A1 (fr) * 1988-11-10 1990-05-17 Pharmacia Ab Caracterisation de macromolecules en interaction avec au moins deux ligands sur un capteur
EP0402757A2 (fr) * 1989-06-16 1990-12-19 Biochrom Beteiligungs GmbH & Co. Produktionsgesellschaft Essai immunologique en phase solide et trousse pour la détermination d'antigènes et d'anticorps

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5955729A (en) * 1995-09-08 1999-09-21 Biacore Ab Surface plasmon resonance-mass spectrometry
WO1997044664A1 (fr) * 1996-05-23 1997-11-27 Unilever Plc Ameliorations relatives aux tests d'immunodetection specifiques
US6165798A (en) * 1996-10-10 2000-12-26 University Of British Columbia Optical quantification of analytes in membranes
GB2332529A (en) * 1997-12-20 1999-06-23 Eev Ltd Detection of analyte species
GB2332529B (en) * 1997-12-20 2002-06-05 Eev Ltd Detection
US7504364B2 (en) * 2002-03-01 2009-03-17 Receptors Llc Methods of making arrays and artificial receptors
US7964535B2 (en) * 2002-03-01 2011-06-21 Receptors Llc Arrays and artificial receptors
WO2004038415A1 (fr) * 2002-10-24 2004-05-06 Biacore Ab Test avec des ligands co-immobilises
US7469076B2 (en) 2003-09-03 2008-12-23 Receptors Llc Sensors employing combinatorial artificial receptors
US7504365B2 (en) 2004-09-03 2009-03-17 Receptors Llc Combinatorial artificial receptors including tether building blocks
US7985715B2 (en) 2004-09-11 2011-07-26 Receptors Llc Combinatorial artificial receptors including peptide building blocks
US9285362B2 (en) 2006-10-18 2016-03-15 Axela, Inc. Measuring multiple analytes over a broad range of concentrations using optical diffraction
EP2265950A2 (fr) * 2008-03-05 2010-12-29 Axela Inc. Détection de biomarqueurs et complexes de biomarqueurs
EP2265950A4 (fr) * 2008-03-05 2011-08-17 Axela Inc Détection de biomarqueurs et complexes de biomarqueurs
US8338189B2 (en) 2008-03-05 2012-12-25 Axela Inc. Detection of biomarkers and biomarker complexes
US8877516B2 (en) 2008-03-05 2014-11-04 Axela, Inc. Detection of biomarkers and biomarker complexes

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