WO1992007644A1 - Anti-static fuel filter - Google Patents

Anti-static fuel filter Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1992007644A1
WO1992007644A1 PCT/US1991/006355 US9106355W WO9207644A1 WO 1992007644 A1 WO1992007644 A1 WO 1992007644A1 US 9106355 W US9106355 W US 9106355W WO 9207644 A1 WO9207644 A1 WO 9207644A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fuel
upstream
filter
media
downstream
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1991/006355
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Daniel Robert Danowski
Original Assignee
Allied-Signal Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Allied-Signal Inc. filed Critical Allied-Signal Inc.
Priority to EP91916102A priority Critical patent/EP0556189B1/en
Priority to KR1019930701216A priority patent/KR100191562B1/en
Priority to DE69102436T priority patent/DE69102436T2/en
Publication of WO1992007644A1 publication Critical patent/WO1992007644A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D29/00—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor
    • B01D29/01—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor with flat filtering elements
    • B01D29/03—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor with flat filtering elements self-supporting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D29/00—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor
    • B01D29/01—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor with flat filtering elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D29/00—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor
    • B01D29/50—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor with multiple filtering elements, characterised by their mutual disposition
    • B01D29/56—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor with multiple filtering elements, characterised by their mutual disposition in series connection
    • B01D29/58—Filters with filtering elements stationary during filtration, e.g. pressure or suction filters, not covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D27/00; Filtering elements therefor with multiple filtering elements, characterised by their mutual disposition in series connection arranged concentrically or coaxially
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D35/00—Filtering devices having features not specifically covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D33/00, or for applications not specifically covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D33/00; Auxiliary devices for filtration; Filter housing constructions
    • B01D35/02—Filters adapted for location in special places, e.g. pipe-lines, pumps, stop-cocks
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D35/00—Filtering devices having features not specifically covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D33/00, or for applications not specifically covered by groups B01D24/00 - B01D33/00; Auxiliary devices for filtration; Filter housing constructions
    • B01D35/02—Filters adapted for location in special places, e.g. pipe-lines, pumps, stop-cocks
    • B01D35/023—Filler pipe filters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M37/00—Apparatus or systems for feeding liquid fuel from storage containers to carburettors or fuel-injection apparatus; Arrangements for purifying liquid fuel specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
    • F02M37/22—Arrangements for purifying liquid fuel specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines, e.g. arrangements in the feeding system
    • F02M37/32—Arrangements for purifying liquid fuel specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines, e.g. arrangements in the feeding system characterised by filters or filter arrangements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2201/00—Details relating to filtering apparatus
    • B01D2201/50—Means for dissipating electrostatic charges

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a fuel filter for filtering fuel for delivery to a motor vehicle engine.
  • the housings for filters used to filter the fuel delivered to a motor vehicle engine have commonly been made of metal or a non-metallic polymer material. Because of their inherently lower cost and other advantages, non-metallic fuel filters are preferred. Such non-metallic fuel filters have been commonly used on vehicles having carburetored engines without problems for many years. However, when prior art non-metallic fuel filters were used on vehicles equipped with electronic fuel injection (EFI) systems, the non-metallic housings occasionally broke down and started leaking. Since leaking fuel is extremely dangerous, any leakage from a fuel filter is unacceptable. Accordingly, metallic filters have been used in vehicle equipped with electronic fuel injection systems.
  • EFI electronic fuel injection
  • the present invention solves the problem of leaking non-metallic fuel filter housings by providing a filtering media consisting of a series of porous discs of decreasing porosity. Accordingly, the charges in the compartments within the housing between the disc cancel each other out. Although the inlet compartment is negatively charged, this charge is dissipated and diluted by the fuel flow into the housing. The charge in the outlet compartment is positive, but since the vehicle body is slightly positive and there is no attraction between like charges, there will be no electrostatic discharge through the filter housing which might cause leaks.
  • a fuel filter generally indicated by the numeral 10 includes a housing 12 defining a chamber 14 therewithin.
  • Three sintered plastic filter discs 16, 18, and 20 are mounted in the chamber 14 and extend transversely across the chamber.
  • the sintered porous plastic discs 16, 18, and 20 are of a predetermined porosity as will be discussed hereinafter, and are effective to remove contaminants from the fuel communicated through the housing 12 by straining the contaminants from the fuel as it flows through the discs 16, 18, or 20.
  • These sintered plastic discs are available commercially from Porex Technologies Corporation, Fairborn, Georgia.
  • the porosity of the disc 16 is greater than the porosity of disc 18, and the porosity of disc 18 is greater than the porosity of the disc 20.
  • the disc 16 will pass particulate contaminants having a dimension as great as 80 microns
  • the disc 18 will pass particulate contaminants having a dimension as great as 50 microns
  • the disc 20 will pass particulate contaminants only if they have a dimension of less than 25 microns.
  • a paper disc 22 is mounted in a rubber washer 24 and is mounted in the chamber 14 between the disc 20 and the end of the chamber 26. The paper disc 22 will pass particulate contaminants only if they are less than about 5 microns. The paper disc prevents passage of such plastic particles that might break off of the discs 16-20 from passing out of the filter housing.
  • An inlet fitting 28 projects from the end 30 of the housing 12 opposite the end 26.
  • the fitting 28 is connected to vehicle fuel line (not shown) which communicates fuel to the fuel filter 10 from the vehicle fuel tank.
  • the disc 16 cooperates with the end 30 to divide the chamber 14 into and inlet section 32.
  • the disc 16 cooperates with the disc 18 to define a section 34
  • the disc 18 cooperates with disc 20 to define a section 36
  • the disc 20 cooperates with disc 22 to define a section 38 of the chamber 14
  • the disc 22 cooperates with the end 26 to define an outlet section 40 of the chamber 14.
  • An outlet fitting 42 projects from end 26 of the housing 12 and communicates the outlet section 40 with the fuel line (not shown) which communicates fuel from the filter 10 to the vehicle engine.
  • the fuel in inlet section 32 will have an excess of negatively charged electrons due to the stripping action of the fuel passing through the disc 16.
  • the disc 16 will pass, due to the stripping action, positively charged ions into the downstream section 34.
  • the same fuel will also pass through the disc 18, which also strips electrons from the hydrocarbon paraffin comprising the fuel. Accordingly, the negative electrons generated by the stripping action of the disc 18 will neutralize the positive ions passed into section 34 by the disc 16, so that the charge of the fuel in the section 34 will be neutralized.
  • a similar neutralizing action takes place in the sections 36 and 38, due to.the other discs 20, 22.
  • the fuel in outlet section 40 will include positively charged ions.
  • these positive charged ions pose no problem, since, as discussed above, the body of the vehicle has a slightly positive charge, due to the fact that it is grounded by connection with the negative terminal of the vehicle battery. Since like charges repel, the positive ions in outlet section 40 will be repelled by the charge on the vehicle body and thus no electrostatic discharge will take place between the fuel in outlet section 40 and the vehicle body.
  • the negative charge in the inlet chamber 32 will be substantially less than the negative charge generated on the upstream side of the filtering media in prior art fuel filters.
  • the continuing influx of fuel into the chamber 32 through the inlet fitting 28 tends to continually dilute the charge in the inlet chamber 32. In any case the negative charge becomes so small that it is insufficient to break down the dielectric between the inlet section 32 and the vehicle body. Accordingly, leakage of housing 12 due to electrostatic discharges is prevented.
  • the velocity of the fuel into inlet section 32 through inlet fitting 28 also tends to flush the contaminants from the surface of the disc 16.
  • the inlet section 32 is sufficiently open that is sufficient volume for the contaminants to collect in the inlet section 32.
  • the velocity of the fuel flow is diminished as it passes through the disc 16-22, there is sufficient velocity of the fuel flow through the housing 12 such that at least some contaminants are also flushed off all the discs 18, 20, and 22. These contaminants are retained in the corresponding chambers 34, 36 and 38.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Filtering Materials (AREA)
  • Filtration Of Liquid (AREA)

Abstract

A fuel filter for the fueling system of a motor vehicle has a non-conductive housing defining a chamber in which porous sintered plastic discs are mounted transversely across the chamber defined by the housing. The discs are of graduated porosity, and tend to strip electrons from the hydrocarbon paraffin of which the fuel consists. The charges generated by the stripping are neutralized by the positive ions generated by an adjacent disc.

Description

ANTI-STATIC FUEL FILTER
This invention relates to a fuel filter for filtering fuel for delivery to a motor vehicle engine.
The housings for filters used to filter the fuel delivered to a motor vehicle engine have commonly been made of metal or a non-metallic polymer material. Because of their inherently lower cost and other advantages, non-metallic fuel filters are preferred. Such non-metallic fuel filters have been commonly used on vehicles having carburetored engines without problems for many years. However, when prior art non-metallic fuel filters were used on vehicles equipped with electronic fuel injection (EFI) systems, the non-metallic housings occasionally broke down and started leaking. Since leaking fuel is extremely dangerous, any leakage from a fuel filter is unacceptable. Accordingly, metallic filters have been used in vehicle equipped with electronic fuel injection systems.
It has been discovered that prior art fuel system filters with non-metallic housings broke down and began leaking due to electrostatic discharges through the housing due to a build up of electrostatic charges withi the filter. When hydrocarbons pass through a filter, electrons are stripped off of the hydrocarbon paraffin, thus causing negative electrostatic charges to build up upstream of the filter media, so that the fuel downstream of the filter media has an excess of positive ions.
Although a body of an automotive vehicle is commonly considered to be "grounded", the vehicle ground is effected by a connection with the negative terminal of the vehicle battery, so that the "ground" is really slightly positive with respect to an earth ground. Accordingly, when negative charges build sufficiently in the fuel within the fuel filter, a discharge can take place if the filter is within "striking distance" of the positive vehicle body. This discharge takes place initially at a microscopic level, causing small "pinholes" to be formed in the body. When enough of these pinholes are concentrated in a given area, the housing begins to leak. The quantity of electrons stripped by the filtering media, and, accordingly, the level of electrostatic charges generated within the housing, is a function of the flow rate through the medium. Accordingly, the problem is much greater in vehicles equipped with recirculatory fuel systems.
The present invention solves the problem of leaking non-metallic fuel filter housings by providing a filtering media consisting of a series of porous discs of decreasing porosity. Accordingly, the charges in the compartments within the housing between the disc cancel each other out. Although the inlet compartment is negatively charged, this charge is dissipated and diluted by the fuel flow into the housing. The charge in the outlet compartment is positive, but since the vehicle body is slightly positive and there is no attraction between like charges, there will be no electrostatic discharge through the filter housing which might cause leaks. These and other advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description, with reference to the accompanying drawing, the sole Figure of which is a partial cross-sectional view of a fuel filter made pursuant to the teachings of the present invention. Referring now to the drawings, a fuel filter generally indicated by the numeral 10 includes a housing 12 defining a chamber 14 therewithin. Three sintered plastic filter discs 16, 18, and 20 are mounted in the chamber 14 and extend transversely across the chamber. The sintered porous plastic discs 16, 18, and 20 are of a predetermined porosity as will be discussed hereinafter, and are effective to remove contaminants from the fuel communicated through the housing 12 by straining the contaminants from the fuel as it flows through the discs 16, 18, or 20. These sintered plastic discs are available commercially from Porex Technologies Corporation, Fairborn, Georgia. The porosity of the disc 16 is greater than the porosity of disc 18, and the porosity of disc 18 is greater than the porosity of the disc 20. For example, the disc 16 will pass particulate contaminants having a dimension as great as 80 microns, the disc 18 will pass particulate contaminants having a dimension as great as 50 microns, and the disc 20 will pass particulate contaminants only if they have a dimension of less than 25 microns. A paper disc 22 is mounted in a rubber washer 24 and is mounted in the chamber 14 between the disc 20 and the end of the chamber 26. The paper disc 22 will pass particulate contaminants only if they are less than about 5 microns. The paper disc prevents passage of such plastic particles that might break off of the discs 16-20 from passing out of the filter housing.
An inlet fitting 28 projects from the end 30 of the housing 12 opposite the end 26. The fitting 28 is connected to vehicle fuel line (not shown) which communicates fuel to the fuel filter 10 from the vehicle fuel tank. The disc 16 cooperates with the end 30 to divide the chamber 14 into and inlet section 32. Similarly, the disc 16 cooperates with the disc 18 to define a section 34, the disc 18 cooperates with disc 20 to define a section 36, the disc 20 cooperates with disc 22 to define a section 38 of the chamber 14, and the disc 22 cooperates with the end 26 to define an outlet section 40 of the chamber 14. An outlet fitting 42 projects from end 26 of the housing 12 and communicates the outlet section 40 with the fuel line (not shown) which communicates fuel from the filter 10 to the vehicle engine. As discussed above, electrons are stripped from the fuel communicated through the filter 10 by the disc 16-22. Accordingly, the fuel in inlet section 32 will have an excess of negatively charged electrons due to the stripping action of the fuel passing through the disc 16. Similarly, the disc 16 will pass, due to the stripping action, positively charged ions into the downstream section 34. However, the same fuel will also pass through the disc 18, which also strips electrons from the hydrocarbon paraffin comprising the fuel. Accordingly, the negative electrons generated by the stripping action of the disc 18 will neutralize the positive ions passed into section 34 by the disc 16, so that the charge of the fuel in the section 34 will be neutralized. A similar neutralizing action takes place in the sections 36 and 38, due to.the other discs 20, 22. The fuel in outlet section 40 will include positively charged ions. However, these positive charged ions pose no problem, since, as discussed above, the body of the vehicle has a slightly positive charge, due to the fact that it is grounded by connection with the negative terminal of the vehicle battery. Since like charges repel, the positive ions in outlet section 40 will be repelled by the charge on the vehicle body and thus no electrostatic discharge will take place between the fuel in outlet section 40 and the vehicle body.
The electrons stripped by the disc 16 remain in inlet section 32 and thus the fuel in inlet section 32 will be negatively charged. However, since the disc 16 is a relatively porous, open filtering media as compared to tne filtering media used in prior art fuel filters which had leakage problems due to electrostatic discharges, the negative charge in the inlet chamber 32 will be substantially less than the negative charge generated on the upstream side of the filtering media in prior art fuel filters. Furthermore, the continuing influx of fuel into the chamber 32 through the inlet fitting 28 tends to continually dilute the charge in the inlet chamber 32. In any case the negative charge becomes so small that it is insufficient to break down the dielectric between the inlet section 32 and the vehicle body. Accordingly, leakage of housing 12 due to electrostatic discharges is prevented. The velocity of the fuel into inlet section 32 through inlet fitting 28 also tends to flush the contaminants from the surface of the disc 16. The inlet section 32 is sufficiently open that is sufficient volume for the contaminants to collect in the inlet section 32. Although the velocity of the fuel flow is diminished as it passes through the disc 16-22, there is sufficient velocity of the fuel flow through the housing 12 such that at least some contaminants are also flushed off all the discs 18, 20, and 22. These contaminants are retained in the corresponding chambers 34, 36 and 38.

Claims

Claims
1. Fuel filter for filtering fuel communicated to the engine of a motor vehicle and for inhibiting the generation of electrostatic charges in the fuel passing through the filter comprising an electrically non-conductive housing defining a chamber therewithin, an inlet fitting carried by said housing for communicating fuel into said chamber and an outlet fitting carried by said housing for communicating fuel out of said chamber, an upstream filtering media in said chamber cooperating with a downstream filtering media in said chamber separate from said upstream filtering media to define a section of said chamber between the upstream and downstream media, each of said media generating an upstream electrostatic charge in the fuel upstream of the media and a downstream electrostatic charge in the fuel downstream of the media as the fuel passes through the media, the upstream electrostatic charges generated by each of said media being of opposite polarity of the downstream electrostatic charges generated by each media, whereby the upstream electrostatic charge generated by said downstream media in said section cancel the electrostatic charges generated by said upstream media in said section thereby neutralizing the electrostatic charges in said section.
2. Fuel filter as claimed in claim 1, wherein said upstream and downstream filtering media are upstream and downstream filter discs, each of said filter discs having a predetermined pore size permitting flow of fuel through said discs but causing said discs to remove particles of a size in excess of the predetermined size from said fuel.
3. Fuel filter as claimed in claim 2, wherein the pore size of the downstream filter disc is less than the pore size of the upstream filter disc, whereby the downstream filter disc removes contaminants that pass through the upstream filter disc.
4. Fuel filter as claimed in claim 3, wherein a final filter disc is mounted in said chamber downstream of the other filter discs, said final filter disc being made of paper, said upstream and downstream filter discs being made of plastic.
5. Fuel filter as claimed in claim 2, wherein the upstream filter disc cooperates with the housing to define.an inlet section cooperating with the inlet fitting to receive fuel, said fuel being directed against said upstream disc to flush particulate material off of said disc.
6. Fuel filter as claimed in claim 2, wherein at least one of said discs is made of a sintered plastic material.
7. Fuel filter as claimed in claim 1, wherein a final filtering media is mounted in said chamber downstream of the downstream filtering media, said final filter media cooperating with the housing to define an outlet section communicating with the outlet fitting, said final filtering media inducing a downstream electrostatic charge in said outlet section and an upstream electrostatic charge.
8. Fuel filter as claimed in claim 7, wherein the motor vehicle carries an electrical charge, and the electrostatic charge induced by said final filtering media in said outlet section being of the same polarity of the electrical charge normally carried by the motor vehicle.
9. Fuel filter as claimed in claim 7, wherein said upstream, downstream and final filtering media have progressively smaller pore sizes to capture progressively smaller particulate contaminants as the fuel being filtered passes through said housing.
10. Fuel filter as claimed in claim 9, wherein said upstream and downstream filtering media are made of plastic and said final filtering media is made of paper.
11. Fuel filter as claimed in claim 9, wherein the upstream filtering media cooperates with the housing to define an inlet section cooperating with the inlet fitting to receive fuel, said fuel being directed against said upstream filtering media to flush particulate material off of said upstream filtering media.
12. Fuel filter as claimed in claim 7, wherein the upstream filtering media cooperates with the housing to define an inlet section cooperating with the inlet fitting to receive fuel, said fuel being directed against said upstream filtering media to flush particulate material off of said upstream filtering media.
PCT/US1991/006355 1990-11-06 1991-09-05 Anti-static fuel filter WO1992007644A1 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP91916102A EP0556189B1 (en) 1990-11-06 1991-09-05 Anti-static fuel filter
KR1019930701216A KR100191562B1 (en) 1990-11-06 1991-09-05 Anti- static fuel filter
DE69102436T DE69102436T2 (en) 1990-11-06 1991-09-05 ANTISTATIC FUEL FILTER.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US609,569 1990-11-06
US07/609,569 US5085773A (en) 1990-11-06 1990-11-06 Anti-static fuel filter

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1992007644A1 true WO1992007644A1 (en) 1992-05-14

Family

ID=24441343

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1991/006355 WO1992007644A1 (en) 1990-11-06 1991-09-05 Anti-static fuel filter

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US5085773A (en)
EP (1) EP0556189B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH06501294A (en)
KR (1) KR100191562B1 (en)
AU (1) AU8518591A (en)
DE (1) DE69102436T2 (en)
NZ (1) NZ240005A (en)
WO (1) WO1992007644A1 (en)

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US6464870B1 (en) 2000-08-08 2002-10-15 Kuss Corporation Filter assembly having plastic mesh conductive surround
US6613227B2 (en) * 2002-01-11 2003-09-02 Kuss Corporation Electrically conductive in-tank fuel filter
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US7112278B2 (en) * 2003-01-21 2006-09-26 Denso Corporation Fuel filter having double layer structure
TWI283656B (en) * 2003-01-21 2007-07-11 Univ Nat Cheng Kung Method for treating surface of glass-based microchannel
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US9290731B2 (en) 2008-12-19 2016-03-22 Stemcell Technologies Inc. Filter apparatus and filter plate system
US9458810B2 (en) 2013-02-06 2016-10-04 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Fuel module with electrostatic discharge mitigation
US10293283B2 (en) * 2013-05-02 2019-05-21 Gary D. Hanks Multistage filter
US20170138594A1 (en) * 2014-02-28 2017-05-18 Dhiti Towiwat Apparatus for enhancing performance of fuel combustion
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USD785675S1 (en) * 2014-09-29 2017-05-02 Parker-Hannifin Corporation Filter drier
CN104645687A (en) * 2015-03-02 2015-05-27 胡勋芳 Suspended matter filter
USD905198S1 (en) * 2019-07-18 2020-12-15 Walter Tom Kemmer External self-contained water filter with direct mounting
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH06501294A (en) 1994-02-10
KR930702051A (en) 1993-09-08
NZ240005A (en) 1994-06-27
EP0556189A1 (en) 1993-08-25
DE69102436D1 (en) 1994-07-14
DE69102436T2 (en) 1994-11-17
US5085773A (en) 1992-02-04
AU8518591A (en) 1992-05-26
KR100191562B1 (en) 1999-06-15
EP0556189B1 (en) 1994-06-08

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