WO1990012514A1 - Resin treated liquid smoke compositions - Google Patents

Resin treated liquid smoke compositions Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1990012514A1
WO1990012514A1 PCT/US1990/002218 US9002218W WO9012514A1 WO 1990012514 A1 WO1990012514 A1 WO 1990012514A1 US 9002218 W US9002218 W US 9002218W WO 9012514 A1 WO9012514 A1 WO 9012514A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
liquid smoke
smoke
resin
brix
phenols
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1990/002218
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Gary Underwood
Original Assignee
Red Arrow Products Co. Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Red Arrow Products Co. Inc. filed Critical Red Arrow Products Co. Inc.
Priority to DE69019820T priority Critical patent/DE69019820T2/en
Priority to EP90907773A priority patent/EP0462230B1/en
Publication of WO1990012514A1 publication Critical patent/WO1990012514A1/en
Priority to DK177491A priority patent/DK177491A/en
Priority to FI915052A priority patent/FI915052A0/en

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23BPRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
    • A23B4/00General methods for preserving meat, sausages, fish or fish products
    • A23B4/044Smoking; Smoking devices
    • A23B4/048Smoking; Smoking devices with addition of chemicals other than natural smoke
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23LFOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L27/00Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L27/20Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments
    • A23L27/27Smoke flavours
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23LFOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L5/00Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
    • A23L5/40Colouring or decolouring of foods
    • A23L5/42Addition of dyes or pigments, e.g. in combination with optical brighteners
    • A23L5/47Addition of dyes or pigments, e.g. in combination with optical brighteners using synthetic organic dyes or pigments not covered by groups A23L5/43 - A23L5/46
    • A23L5/48Compounds of unspecified constitution characterised by the chemical process for their preparation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process to make liquid smoke compositions from wood smoke which is refined to preferentially remove selected undesirable condensable smoke components. These liquid smoke compositions are used to color and flavor edible foodstuffs.
  • Wood smoke is a complex and variable mixture of chemicals produced during pyrolysis and includes vaporous compounds which are normally liquid at room temperature.
  • Pyrolysis is a general term for the thermal decomposition of any organic material such as wood, plants, and fossil fuels, which occurs either during combustion or in the absence of combustion. Combustion uses the oxidation or burning of a portion of the organic matter to provide the thermal energy required to vaporize and decompose the remainder.
  • thermal energy must be supplied indirectly from some other source, such as radiation, solid or gaseous heat carriers, or thermal conduction through reactor walls. The energy vaporizes and decomposes the organic matter without burning the organic matter directly.
  • Either method of pyrolysis produces condensable liquids, non-condensable gases and solids in varying proportions depending upon reaction conditions.
  • the condensable liquids can be further sub ⁇ divided into water soluble organics and water insoluble tars. It is known that the desirable active ingredients for flavoring foodstuffs are among the water soluble condensable liquids.
  • liquid smoke components While there are hundreds of different chemical species present in liquid smoke, liquid smoke components are generally divided into classes based on chemicals with distinct functional groups. These classes are acids, carbonyls, phenols, and basic and neutral constituents. In general, phenols are the primary flavoring compounds, carbonyls are mainly responsible for coloration and acids are principally preservatives and pH controlling agents. Acids and carbonyls also make a secondary contribution to flavor and enhance the surface characteristics of smoked meat products.
  • a representative commercially available smoke flavoring with a titratable acidity level of about 11% contains about 13% carbonyls, 1.5% phenols and at least 70% water.
  • the remaining constituents, about 4.5% of the total mass balance of . the smoke include basic and neutral organic compounds. Reductions of both phenols and basic constituents by the process of this invention gives improved aqueous smoke solutions.
  • a reduction of the total phenolic component of an aqueous smoke mixture may produce a less flavorful smoke solution but still retain desirable coloring properties. Phenolic reduction gives a less flavorful smoke solution, however, even a solution with a significant weight reduction of phenols still retains substantial flavoring components. In addition, a reduction in selective basic constituents also gives an improved, less intensely flavored solution. Where surface coloring is important, a measure of active carbonyls in a solution may determine the quantity of liquid smoke required. The active carbonyls initially react with the available amino groups on surface proteins of foodstuff. Subsequent reactions occurring under drying and heating conditions lead to formation of the characteristic brown smoked color.
  • the concentration of a specific carbonyl, hydroxyacetaldehyde is also a good indicator of the color forming potential of liquid smoke.
  • a further measurement that is used to characterize liquid smoke is the browning index defined according to procedures described below. The browning index is used in the smoke flavoring industry to measure the browning performance of a liquid.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,431,033 to Nicholson teaches liquid-liquid extraction of aqueous smoke solutions with solvents which are immiscible in the aqueous solution.
  • the '033 patent specifies that the solvent hydrogen bonding solubility parameter must be at least 2.7.
  • the resulting extracted solution is described as tar depleted. While tar reduction is the object of the '003 patent, the total phenolics concentration is also reduced.
  • the major shortcomings of the process include a high level of solvent retention and the extraction of desired as well as undesired components from the smoke solution.
  • This invention encompasses a high browning, mild flavored reduced phenol and basic constituent liquid smoke composition, and a process for making a high browning, reduced phenol and basic constituent liquid smoke composition, comprising contacting an aqueous liquid smoke solution having a soluble organics concentration of about 4 to about 40 brix with both polymeric nonionic and ionic resins to give a composition having a reduced phenol and basic constituent content.
  • This process reduces the phenol and basic constituent concentration while maintaining the ability of liquid smoke compositions to impart smoked color to meats and other foodstuffs.
  • the products obtained using this process have an improved liquid smoke flavor.
  • the improved flavor is due to selective removal of harsh oily tasting phenolic compounds and musty, earthy, basic compounds which are derived from the pyrolysis of wood.
  • the present invention relates to a process of treating aqueous smoke solutions with nonionic resins to produce a much lower phenol content and treating the solutions with ionic resins to produce a lower basic component content
  • the resin treated liquid smoke compositions still contain sufficient quantities of reactive carbonyls to produce the desired smoked color and appearance when properly applied to the surface of meats.
  • the resin treated solutions have a milder smoke flavor and are preferred by taste panels to untreated aqueous smoke solutions.
  • the phenols content is reduced by about 10 to 90 weight percent and the basic constituents are reduced by an amount effective to remove the musty and earthy aromas present when the pH of the solution is comparable to the pH of meat.
  • liquid smoke compositions of the present invention contain essentially no, or very low concentrations of, organic solvents which may be used to condition or regenerate the resin.
  • essentially none or extremely low concentrations means less than about one percent by weight and preferably less than 0.5 percent by weight of organic solvents.
  • aqueous smoke solutions which can be used as starting materials in the process will generally be in a range of about 4 to 40 brix and preferably in a range of about 5 to 30 brix.
  • Brix is an indication of the percentage of soluble organics in solution. While normally used in measuring sugar solutions, a brix value or number is an effective approximation of the non-water smoke components in an aqueous smoke composition or solution.
  • the usual limit of brix beyond which polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, harsh flavored phenolics and tars become soluble in aqueous solutions of smoke during production from vaporous smoke is about 30 brix.
  • nonionic and ionic resins are effective in removing phenolics from solutions up to about 40 brix. Above this limit, the solvating effect of the organics in solution begins to overcome the ability of the resins to remove phenols.
  • the usual limit of about 30 brix in smoke solutions produced by aqueous extraction of vaporous smoke can be exceeded, if desired, for efficiency or other reasons.
  • the nonionic resin would then be required to reduce the overall content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. tars and phenolics. Above 40 brix, as found in concentrates of more dilute products made by evaporation, freeze concentration or other means, nonionic resins are of little or no use in removing phenols.
  • the preferred method of treatment of aqueous smoke solutions to produce the compositions of the instant invention is to sequentially pass a smoke solution downwardly through first and second columns of a suitable nonionic and ionic resins. In this way, the maximum amount of solution may be treated with a given amount of resin before regeneration, due to adsorption of undesired components, is required. A downflow water rinse may be employed before regeneration in order to maximize product yield. Treatment with both nonionic and ionic resins decreases the brix of the treated solutions due to some solids removal.
  • a greater percentage of the solids are removed by the nonionic resins as compared to the ionic resins.
  • a 25 brix feed solution having a browning index of 10 and a phenol range of about 14 to about 20 mg/ml yields a composition having between 18 and 23 brix, a browning index of about 10, and a phenol range of about 2 to about 12 mg/ml.
  • These treated compositions will have essentially the same capability of browning meats when applied to the meat surface.
  • Solutions of commercially available aqueous smoke with brix values of about 25 to 30 generally have browning index values of about 10 to 12. Feed solutions as low as about 4 brix may be treated to produce useful compositions. Below 4 brix, the feed solution is usually too dilute to provide acceptable compositions.
  • the application of liquid smoke solutions to meat and other food products can be carried out in a number of ways. Where the characteristic smoked color is desired, spraying or dipping can be done on individual items in a batch or continuous mode. Where large batches are to be processed an ato iz.ed cloud of liquid smoke can be employed. Alternatively, sausages and hams may be processed in casings into which liquid smoke solutions have been incorporated. Food products which are typically treated with liquid smoke solutions include meat, poultry and fish.
  • 3,531,463, 4,297,220 and 4,224,415 are suspension polymerized copolymers of a monoethylenically unsaturated monomer and a cross-linking polyvinylidene monomer.
  • Suitable monoethylenically unsaturated monomers are alkyl acrylates and alkyl acrylate esters, cycloalkyl acrylates, substituted phenyl acrylates and benzyl acrylate.
  • the resin is made of lower alkyl esters of acrylic acid in which the alkyl group contains from one to five carbon atoms.
  • Copolymers of the above monomers with monovinylene compounds such as dialkyl maleates, dialkyl fumarates, dialkyl crotonate, dialkyl itaconates, and dialkyl glutaconates, are also possible.
  • Suitable polyvinylidene compounds include unsubstituted and substituted divinylbenzenes and divinylpyridines.
  • Particularly preferred polyvinylidene monomers, commonly known as "cross-linkers" include polyvinylaromatic hydrocarbons, such as divinylbenzene and trivinylbenzene.
  • Glycol dimethacrylates such as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and polyvinyl ethers of polyhydric alcohols, such as divinyloxyethane and ' trivinyloxypropane are also useful cross-linkers.
  • a monovinylaromatic hydrocarbon is used as the monovinylidene monomer
  • a divinylaromatic hydrocarbon such as a divinylbenzene
  • a cross-linked polystyrene is formed on copolymerization in the presence of a precipitant.
  • the polymeric resins may be modified by attaching charged or polar groups to the polymer.
  • the type of charged or polar group is selected to provide variable adsorptive properties.
  • the group which is preferred to remove the basic constituents found in aqueous smoke solutions is a sulphonate group.
  • the polymeric adsorbents are typically hard, insoluble beads which have high porosity and high surface area.
  • a bead will have a nominal mesh size of about 20 to 60 and the polymeric surface can be chemically modified to provide beads having varying polarities and surface characteristics.
  • the resins may be available in other formats, such as gels.
  • Nonionic resins are useful to practice this invention.
  • Resins sold by Rohm and Haas under the tradenames XAD-2, XAD-4, XAD-7, XAD-8 and XAD-16 are all suitable adsorptive resins which provide selective removal of phenols from liquid smoke solution.
  • the XAD-4 resin is a preferred resin.
  • ionic resins are also useful to practice this invention.
  • a resins sold by Rohm and Haas under the tradenames Amberlite IR-120 and resins sold by Dow Chemical USA designated XUS-40090.01 and XYS-40032.00 are all suitable ionic resins. These ionic resins all use a sulfonate as the active ionic group and are generally described as strongly acid cationic resins.
  • Regeneration of the ionic resin may be carried out by flushing the column with a 10% sulfuric acid solution.
  • Regeneration of the nonionic resin may be carried out using a relatively polar solvent.
  • the solvent is chosen such that little affinity for the resin by the solvent exists. Accordingly, solvents with hydrogen bonding solubility parameters greater than about 9.62 are used. Additionally, so that even the small amount of solvents which are subsequently eluted into the treated product can be removed, a solvent with a boiling point less than water is preferred.
  • Example I shows the reduction of phenols content which can be obtained by selective absorption by nonionic resins.
  • Example II shows the high browning index which is maintained even with the significant reduction of phenols by treatment of aqueous smoke solutions with nonionic resins.
  • Example II The 2.8, 4.8 and 10.8 mg/ml phenol samples of Example I were analyzed for acids, carbonyls, phenols, browning index and brix. Results are as follows.
  • Example III shows that no decrease in browning index results from treatment with nonionic resins over the entire range of phenol reduction which is possible. Also shown is the maximum amount of aqueous smoke solution which can be processed with a given amount of a particular resin.
  • a 10.5" diameter column was packed to 45" height with Rohm and Haas XAD-4 resin.
  • CharSol C-10 was passed down flow through the column at about 1400 ml/min. Samples were taken periodically and analyzed
  • Example IV shows the batch treatment of aqueous smoke solutions with nonionic resins.
  • Example V shows a continuing run to the point of resin saturation. The reduced, yet higher total phenols effluent can be used to increase the yield of low total phenols product.
  • CharSol C-10 was passed through the column downflow at a rate of 4.5 gpm.
  • the column effluent up to about 8mg/ml total phenols was collected and about 360 gal. of effluent with total phenols concentration of about 12 mg/ml was saved for use as recycle on a subsequent run.
  • the resin was regenerated by passing about 165 gal. acetone downflow through the column at about 2.4 gpm. The acetone was removed upflow as above.
  • Example VI shows the improved flavor which can be achieved by treatment of aqueous smoke solutions with nonionic resins.
  • the resin treated product prepared as in Example V with a total phenolic concentration of 5.3 mg/ml was evaluated in a triangular taste panel against a CharSol C-10 with a total phenols concentration of 14.5 mg/ml. Panelists were asked to taste 100 ppm tap water solutions of each flavoring. Four of five panelists correctly distinguished the odd sample and all indicated that the CharSol C-10 had a stronger smoke flavor than the treated product. It was concluded that a substantial flavor reduction had been achieved with the nonionic resin phenol reduction treatment.
  • Smoke solutions treated with nonionic resins to reduce the total phenols concentration to about 2mg/ml are also useful to flavor and color foodstuffs.
  • CharSol C-10 was treated with XAD-4 as in Example V. The resulting phenols concentration was about 2.1 mg/ml.
  • the phenol reduced CharSol C-10 and the as-is CharSol C-10 were applied to weiners as follows.
  • Wieners were made from a pork and beef formulation at Chermak Sausage Company, Manitowoc, Wisconsin. Stuffing was done in 25mm diameter cellulose casings. Batches of about 20 wieners were dipped in aqueous smoke solutions diluted to 40% with water. Dip times were one minute. The wieners were processed according to the following schedule: Time (Minutes) Temperature (°F)
  • the wieners were peeled, vacuum packaged and stored at 36°F prior to tasting. Both the control and reduced phenol composition treated wieners had equally desirable smoked color.
  • a triangular taste panel was run to determine if there was a difference between the treated and control samples. Wieners were steamed in an electric skillet for approximately eight minutes and wieners cut into approximately 1 cm long pieces and the panelists were asked to pick the odd sample from the three samples they were given. Two treated and one control sample were used. Of eleven panelists, six correctly determined the odd sample. All six indicated that the control had stronger smoke flavor than the treated sample.
  • Results indicate the utility of producing a mild flavored wiener by using an aqueous smoke solution having phenols reduced to about 2 mg/ml.
  • Smoke solutions treated with nonionic resins to reduce the total phenols concentration to about 12 mg/ml are also useful to flavor and color foodstuffs.
  • CharSol C-10 was treated with XAD-4 as in Example V. The resulting phenols concentration was 11.8 mg/ml.
  • Example VII shows the upper concentration limit of feed stocks on which the reduction of phenols can be achieved with nonionic resins.
  • Example VIII is an example showing different adsorption profiles for different types of resins used.
  • the exemplified resins can be used to practice the process claimed in this invention and all give resin treated liquid smoke compositions within the scope of this invention.
  • a 50cc column of approximately 1 inch diameter x 4 inches high was used to treat CharSol C-10.
  • the solution was flowed through the column at approximately 13 ml/min.
  • Effluent samples were taken every 30 ml after initially reading 12 brix. The samples were analyzed for total phenol and are presented in Table 6.
  • the data shows that the resins XAD-2 and XAD-7 are about as effective as the XAD-4 in phenol reduction of aqueous smoke solutions.
  • Example IX shows the effect of strongly acid cation exchange resins on the sensory perceptions of aqueous liquid smoke adjusted to the pH of meat surfaces.
  • CharSol LF a reduced flavor aqueous liquid smoke is run through a column containing Dow XYS- 40032.00, a strongly acidic cation exchange resin. Samples are adjusted to pH 5.5 and evaluated by olfactory perception. The following data was obtained:
  • samples 1-7 When evaluated by olfactory perception, samples 1-7 generally have little or none of the musty, earthy aroma compared to the starting material. Samples 8-13 have some hint of mustiness in the aroma, but less than the starting material. Samples after 13 have a level of mustiness in the aroma equal to the starting material.
  • a ratio of 70 parts aqueous liquid smoke to one part strong acid cation exchange resin removes practically all of the undesirable mustiness from the aroma of the smoke, while a ratio of 130 parts liquid smoke to one part resin produces a smoke with some mustiness, but one that is still sensually acceptable.
  • Example X shows the effect the brix of the starting material has on the amount of aqueous liquid smoke that can be passed through a given quantity of a strongly acid cation exchange resin before its capacity to remove basic compounds declines.
  • CharSols C3, LF, and Cs aqueous smoke flavorings having brix values of 8.1, 19.8, and 42.5 respectively, are passed through a column containing Dow XYS-40032.00, a strong acid cation exchange resin for the purpose of removing basic compounds. Samples are adjusted to pH 5.5 and evaluated by olfactory perception. The following data was obtained:
  • A Li .ttle or no mustiness in aroma.
  • the data shows that the brix of the starting material has a direct bearing on the quantity of sensually acceptable aqueous smoke that can be produced from a given amount of cation exchange resin.
  • Example XI shows the sensual properties of aqueous smoke exposed to different types of cation exchange resins.
  • CharSol LF a reduced flavor aqueous liquid smoke
  • Dow XYS-40032.00 a strongly acidic cation exchange resin
  • Rohm and Haas Amberlite DP-1 a weakly acidic cation exchange resin
  • the strong acid cation exchange is preferred.
  • ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES The techniques used to analyze liquid smoke compositions are known. The acids in liquid smoke are measured as titratable acidity calculated as acetic acid. The procedure for determining phenols is a modified Gibbs method which measures phenols as 2,6- dimethoxyphenol and is described in Tucker, I.W. "Estimation of Phenols in Meat and Fat", JAOAC, XXV, 779 (1942).
  • the procedures used to determine the browning index of a sample are described in United States Patent Application Serial Number 774,871, the relevant portions which are herein incorporated by reference.
  • the browning index is a relative measure of the ability of carbonyls to react with the amino acid, glycine. Tests have shown good correlation between the browning index values of a solution of smoke flavoring and the extent of brown color formation on meat surfaces.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Nutrition Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Meat, Egg Or Seafood Products (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Seasonings (AREA)
  • Food Preservation Except Freezing, Refrigeration, And Drying (AREA)
  • Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
  • Coloring Foods And Improving Nutritive Qualities (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to high browning, reduced phenol and basic constituent liquid smoke compositions and a process to make these compositions. These compositions are useful for coloring and flavoring edible foodstuffs.

Description

RESIN TREATED LIQUID SMOKE COMPOSITIONS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a process to make liquid smoke compositions from wood smoke which is refined to preferentially remove selected undesirable condensable smoke components. These liquid smoke compositions are used to color and flavor edible foodstuffs.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Use of liquid smoke solutions as a replacement for smoking food by direct contact with wood smoke has become a standard industry practice. When applied to the surface of meats and other proteinaceous foodstuffs, liquid smoke will give an item a characteristic smoke flavor and produce a dark smoked color. The achievement of a smokehouse like product by application of an aqueous smoke solution to food requires the control and balancing of many related variables such as the food composition, temperature, humidity, processing and contact time, amount and concentration of smoke applied. For example, when applying current aqueous smoke to meats the processor must compromise the smoke color of the product to keep the flavor at a desired level because the flavor imparting ability of known compositions is too intense at a given color. There is a need in the industry for an aqueous smoke solution with good coloring properties but with less intense flavoring ability.
Wood smoke is a complex and variable mixture of chemicals produced during pyrolysis and includes vaporous compounds which are normally liquid at room temperature. Pyrolysis is a general term for the thermal decomposition of any organic material such as wood, plants, and fossil fuels, which occurs either during combustion or in the absence of combustion. Combustion uses the oxidation or burning of a portion of the organic matter to provide the thermal energy required to vaporize and decompose the remainder. For pyrolysis without combustion, thermal energy must be supplied indirectly from some other source, such as radiation, solid or gaseous heat carriers, or thermal conduction through reactor walls. The energy vaporizes and decomposes the organic matter without burning the organic matter directly.
Either method of pyrolysis produces condensable liquids, non-condensable gases and solids in varying proportions depending upon reaction conditions. The condensable liquids can be further sub¬ divided into water soluble organics and water insoluble tars. It is known that the desirable active ingredients for flavoring foodstuffs are among the water soluble condensable liquids. While there are hundreds of different chemical species present in liquid smoke, liquid smoke components are generally divided into classes based on chemicals with distinct functional groups. These classes are acids, carbonyls, phenols, and basic and neutral constituents. In general, phenols are the primary flavoring compounds, carbonyls are mainly responsible for coloration and acids are principally preservatives and pH controlling agents. Acids and carbonyls also make a secondary contribution to flavor and enhance the surface characteristics of smoked meat products.
Both the color and flavor chemistry of liquid smoke compositions is highly complex as evidenced by the over four hundred compounds identified as constituents of these compositions. A summary of the many constituents found in liquid smoke is listed by Maga in "Smoke in Food Processing" CRC Press, pp. 61-68 (1968). A majority of researchers skilled in the art of smoke solutions have concluded that phenols are the important contributors to smoke aroma and flavor, however, minor amounts of certain types of compounds may significantly impact both the color and flavor chemistries of a particular composition.
For example, a representative commercially available smoke flavoring with a titratable acidity level of about 11% contains about 13% carbonyls, 1.5% phenols and at least 70% water. The remaining constituents, about 4.5% of the total mass balance of . the smoke, include basic and neutral organic compounds. Reductions of both phenols and basic constituents by the process of this invention gives improved aqueous smoke solutions.
A reduction of the total phenolic component of an aqueous smoke mixture may produce a less flavorful smoke solution but still retain desirable coloring properties. Phenolic reduction gives a less flavorful smoke solution, however, even a solution with a significant weight reduction of phenols still retains substantial flavoring components. In addition, a reduction in selective basic constituents also gives an improved, less intensely flavored solution. Where surface coloring is important, a measure of active carbonyls in a solution may determine the quantity of liquid smoke required. The active carbonyls initially react with the available amino groups on surface proteins of foodstuff. Subsequent reactions occurring under drying and heating conditions lead to formation of the characteristic brown smoked color. The concentration of a specific carbonyl, hydroxyacetaldehyde, is also a good indicator of the color forming potential of liquid smoke. A further measurement that is used to characterize liquid smoke is the browning index defined according to procedures described below. The browning index is used in the smoke flavoring industry to measure the browning performance of a liquid.
In commercially produced aqueous smoke solutions, production begins with smoke made by pyrolysis and limited combustion of wood which is subsequently collected in recirculating water columns. A typical commercial liquid smoke preparation for surface applications is the aqueous smoke flavoring described in United States Patent 3,106,473 to
Hollenbeck. The dilution of the condensable smoke components in water results in the removal of undesired tars and water insoluble components, however, further refinement of the solution is needed for the flavoring and coloring applications described above. A number of methods to reduce the concentration of flavor producing phenols are disclosed in the art. One method uses liquid-liquid extraction with vegetable oils as described in United States Patent 3,480,446 to Hollenbeck. With this method total phenolics can be reduced by about 55% using repeated extraction. The '446 patent, however, does not teach browning foodstuffs with the disclosed smoke flavored oils and the oil extraction process is not selective, desired as well as undesired components are removed by the process.
U.S. Patent No. 4,431,033 to Nicholson teaches liquid-liquid extraction of aqueous smoke solutions with solvents which are immiscible in the aqueous solution. The '033 patent specifies that the solvent hydrogen bonding solubility parameter must be at least 2.7. The resulting extracted solution is described as tar depleted. While tar reduction is the object of the '003 patent, the total phenolics concentration is also reduced. The major shortcomings of the process include a high level of solvent retention and the extraction of desired as well as undesired components from the smoke solution.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This invention encompasses a high browning, mild flavored reduced phenol and basic constituent liquid smoke composition, and a process for making a high browning, reduced phenol and basic constituent liquid smoke composition, comprising contacting an aqueous liquid smoke solution having a soluble organics concentration of about 4 to about 40 brix with both polymeric nonionic and ionic resins to give a composition having a reduced phenol and basic constituent content.
This process reduces the phenol and basic constituent concentration while maintaining the ability of liquid smoke compositions to impart smoked color to meats and other foodstuffs. The products obtained using this process have an improved liquid smoke flavor. The improved flavor is due to selective removal of harsh oily tasting phenolic compounds and musty, earthy, basic compounds which are derived from the pyrolysis of wood.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a process of treating aqueous smoke solutions with nonionic resins to produce a much lower phenol content and treating the solutions with ionic resins to produce a lower basic component content The resin treated liquid smoke compositions still contain sufficient quantities of reactive carbonyls to produce the desired smoked color and appearance when properly applied to the surface of meats. However, the resin treated solutions have a milder smoke flavor and are preferred by taste panels to untreated aqueous smoke solutions. Typically, the phenols content is reduced by about 10 to 90 weight percent and the basic constituents are reduced by an amount effective to remove the musty and earthy aromas present when the pH of the solution is comparable to the pH of meat.
Further, the liquid smoke compositions of the present invention contain essentially no, or very low concentrations of, organic solvents which may be used to condition or regenerate the resin. In this application, essentially none or extremely low concentrations means less than about one percent by weight and preferably less than 0.5 percent by weight of organic solvents.
The aqueous smoke solutions which can be used as starting materials in the process will generally be in a range of about 4 to 40 brix and preferably in a range of about 5 to 30 brix. Brix is an indication of the percentage of soluble organics in solution. While normally used in measuring sugar solutions, a brix value or number is an effective approximation of the non-water smoke components in an aqueous smoke composition or solution. The usual limit of brix beyond which polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, harsh flavored phenolics and tars become soluble in aqueous solutions of smoke during production from vaporous smoke is about 30 brix.
It has been found that nonionic and ionic resins are effective in removing phenolics from solutions up to about 40 brix. Above this limit, the solvating effect of the organics in solution begins to overcome the ability of the resins to remove phenols. The usual limit of about 30 brix in smoke solutions produced by aqueous extraction of vaporous smoke can be exceeded, if desired, for efficiency or other reasons. The nonionic resin would then be required to reduce the overall content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. tars and phenolics. Above 40 brix, as found in concentrates of more dilute products made by evaporation, freeze concentration or other means, nonionic resins are of little or no use in removing phenols.
One skilled in the art would readily recognize there are different ways to contact the nonionic and ionic resins with the aqueous smoke solutions. Both batch and flow processes are acceptable methods. The preferred method of treatment of aqueous smoke solutions to produce the compositions of the instant invention is to sequentially pass a smoke solution downwardly through first and second columns of a suitable nonionic and ionic resins. In this way, the maximum amount of solution may be treated with a given amount of resin before regeneration, due to adsorption of undesired components, is required. A downflow water rinse may be employed before regeneration in order to maximize product yield. Treatment with both nonionic and ionic resins decreases the brix of the treated solutions due to some solids removal. In general, a greater percentage of the solids are removed by the nonionic resins as compared to the ionic resins. Thus, a 25 brix feed solution having a browning index of 10 and a phenol range of about 14 to about 20 mg/ml yields a composition having between 18 and 23 brix, a browning index of about 10, and a phenol range of about 2 to about 12 mg/ml. These treated compositions will have essentially the same capability of browning meats when applied to the meat surface.
Solutions of commercially available aqueous smoke with brix values of about 25 to 30 generally have browning index values of about 10 to 12. Feed solutions as low as about 4 brix may be treated to produce useful compositions. Below 4 brix, the feed solution is usually too dilute to provide acceptable compositions. The application of liquid smoke solutions to meat and other food products can be carried out in a number of ways. Where the characteristic smoked color is desired, spraying or dipping can be done on individual items in a batch or continuous mode. Where large batches are to be processed an ato iz.ed cloud of liquid smoke can be employed. Alternatively, sausages and hams may be processed in casings into which liquid smoke solutions have been incorporated. Food products which are typically treated with liquid smoke solutions include meat, poultry and fish.
RESIN COMPOSITION DESCRIPTION Resins suitable for practicing the present invention are known in the art. U.S. Patent 3,531,463, to Gustafson, describes processes for preparing polymeric nonionic resins and using the resins to separate an organic component from an aqueous solution. U.S. Patent 4,297,220, issued October 27, 1981 and 4,224,415, issued September 23, 1980 both to Meitzner, et al. describe water insoluble, macroreticulated adsorptive polymeric resins. These patents generally describe resins useful in the process of the present invention. The polymeric resins described in U.S. Patents
3,531,463, 4,297,220 and 4,224,415 are suspension polymerized copolymers of a monoethylenically unsaturated monomer and a cross-linking polyvinylidene monomer. Suitable monoethylenically unsaturated monomers are alkyl acrylates and alkyl acrylate esters, cycloalkyl acrylates, substituted phenyl acrylates and benzyl acrylate.
Preferably the resin is made of lower alkyl esters of acrylic acid in which the alkyl group contains from one to five carbon atoms. Copolymers of the above monomers with monovinylene compounds such as dialkyl maleates, dialkyl fumarates, dialkyl crotonate, dialkyl itaconates, and dialkyl glutaconates, are also possible. Suitable polyvinylidene compounds include unsubstituted and substituted divinylbenzenes and divinylpyridines. Particularly preferred polyvinylidene monomers, commonly known as "cross-linkers", include polyvinylaromatic hydrocarbons, such as divinylbenzene and trivinylbenzene. Glycol dimethacrylates, such as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and polyvinyl ethers of polyhydric alcohols, such as divinyloxyethane and ' trivinyloxypropane are also useful cross-linkers.
If a monovinylaromatic hydrocarbon is used as the monovinylidene monomer, and a divinylaromatic hydrocarbon, such as a divinylbenzene, is used as the polyvinylidene monomer, a cross-linked polystyrene is formed on copolymerization in the presence of a precipitant. The polymeric resins may be modified by attaching charged or polar groups to the polymer. The type of charged or polar group is selected to provide variable adsorptive properties. The group which is preferred to remove the basic constituents found in aqueous smoke solutions is a sulphonate group.
The polymeric adsorbents are typically hard, insoluble beads which have high porosity and high surface area. A bead will have a nominal mesh size of about 20 to 60 and the polymeric surface can be chemically modified to provide beads having varying polarities and surface characteristics. The resins may be available in other formats, such as gels.
Commercially available nonionic resins are useful to practice this invention. Resins sold by Rohm and Haas under the tradenames XAD-2, XAD-4, XAD-7, XAD-8 and XAD-16 are all suitable adsorptive resins which provide selective removal of phenols from liquid smoke solution. The XAD-4 resin is a preferred resin.
Commercially available ionic resins are also useful to practice this invention. A resins sold by Rohm and Haas under the tradenames Amberlite IR-120 and resins sold by Dow Chemical USA designated XUS-40090.01 and XYS-40032.00 are all suitable ionic resins. These ionic resins all use a sulfonate as the active ionic group and are generally described as strongly acid cationic resins.
REGENERATION OF THE RESIN The compounds bound by the above described resins can be displaced from the resin under appropriate conditions. The resins are thus regenerated and can be reused.
Regeneration of the ionic resin may be carried out by flushing the column with a 10% sulfuric acid solution. Regeneration of the nonionic resin may be carried out using a relatively polar solvent. The solvent is chosen such that little affinity for the resin by the solvent exists. Accordingly, solvents with hydrogen bonding solubility parameters greater than about 9.62 are used. Additionally, so that even the small amount of solvents which are subsequently eluted into the treated product can be removed, a solvent with a boiling point less than water is preferred.
The solvents most useful are those which are acceptable for contact with food substances. The solvents of choice are polar organic solvents which are completely soluble in water and with boiling points lower than water, such as ethanol, methanol or acetone. The following examples are intended to illustrate the present invention and do not limit the scope of the claims. EXAMPLE I Example I shows the reduction of phenols content which can be obtained by selective absorption by nonionic resins.
A 7.6 cm diameter glass column was loaded to 15.4 cm high with Rohm & Haas XAD-4 resin. An aqueous smoke solution. CharSol C-10 was passed downflow through the column at a rate of 40 ml/min. Effluent samples were collected every 500 ml beginning when the brix reached 12. The CharSol feed had the following composition:
10.6% acids 14.5 mg/ml phenols
12.6% carbonyls 24.5 brix
The phenols on the effluent samples were determined and the data is shown in Table 1. Solutions with a range of phenols from 2.8 to 13.4 mg/ml were produced.
TABLE I
500 ml Portion # Phenol Value
1 2.8
2 4.8
3 7.0
4 7.7
5 9,
6 9
7 10.8
8 11.4
9 12.0
10 12.2
11 12.5
12 12.5
13 13.1
14 13.4
EXAMPLE II
Example II shows the high browning index which is maintained even with the significant reduction of phenols by treatment of aqueous smoke solutions with nonionic resins.
The 2.8, 4.8 and 10.8 mg/ml phenol samples of Example I were analyzed for acids, carbonyls, phenols, browning index and brix. Results are as follows.
Phenols Acids Phenols Carbonyls Browning Effluent % w/v mg/ml % w/v Index Brix
Initial 10.9 14.5 11.5 9.4 24.5
2.8 8.8 2.8 8.5 8.4 15.5
4.8 10.6 4.8 9.4 10.3 19.0
10.8 10.3 10.8 8.3 11.5 22.0 No significant decrease in browning index on the solutions treated to produce between 4.8 and 10.8 mg/ml phenols. A slight decrease was observed at the 2.8 mg/ml level. This was caused by a dilution effect of beginning to sample at 12 brix. This is known because of the low 8.8% acid value. By interpolating all values back to 10.5 mg/ml phenols, 10.1% carbonyls, 10.0 browning index, 18.5 brix, it can be concluded that no decrease in browning index results from phenol reduction down to at least 3.3 mg/ml phenols.
EXAMPLE III Example III shows that no decrease in browning index results from treatment with nonionic resins over the entire range of phenol reduction which is possible. Also shown is the maximum amount of aqueous smoke solution which can be processed with a given amount of a particular resin. A 10.5" diameter column was packed to 45" height with Rohm and Haas XAD-4 resin. CharSol C-10 was passed down flow through the column at about 1400 ml/min. Samples were taken periodically and analyzed
for phenols, carbortyls, browiling and bris:. Results are as follows.
Phenols Carbonyls Browning mg/ml % Index Brix
CharSol C-10 Feed 17.0 12.4 9.9 25.9
10 gal. 1.3 11.3 ' 9.6 19.2
20 gal. 2.4 11.1 10.1 21.0
30 gal. 4.8 11.5 10.6 22.6
40 gal. 6.3 11.5 10.4 23.2
50 gal. 7.9 12.2 10.3 23.4
65 gal. 12.5 11.8 9.5 24.4
75 gal. 14.3 NA NA 24.6
85 gal. 15.3 11.3 9.5 24.6
95 gal. 17.0 NA NA 25.4
105 gal. 16.8 12.6 9.3 26.0
NA = not analyzed
The results show that at about 95 gallons the resin is at maximum through-put capacity, and cannot remove additional phenols.
The results also show that down to 1.3 mg/ml phenols no significant decrease in browning index is observed.
EXAMPLE IV
Example IV shows the batch treatment of aqueous smoke solutions with nonionic resins.
To 100 ml aliquots of CharSol C-10 were added 10, 20, 30 and 40g portions of Rohm and Haas XAD-4. The samples were mixed on a magnetic stirrer for 1 hour. After separation from the resin by filtration the solutions were analyzed for phenols. Results are as follows: Grams of XAD-4/10Qml C-10 Phenols mg/ml
0 14 .6
10 9.30
20 6.14
30 4 . 20
40 3. 05
The results show the substantial reduction of phenols that can be obtained by batch treatment.
EXAMPLE V Example V shows a continuing run to the point of resin saturation. The reduced, yet higher total phenols effluent can be used to increase the yield of low total phenols product.
A 36" dia. x 28" high column of Rohm & Haas XAD-4 was washed with acetone. The solvent was removed by passing water upflow through the column until the acetone concentration in the effluent was less than 0.1%.
CharSol C-10 was passed through the column downflow at a rate of 4.5 gpm. The column effluent up to about 8mg/ml total phenols was collected and about 360 gal. of effluent with total phenols concentration of about 12 mg/ml was saved for use as recycle on a subsequent run.
The resin was regenerated by passing about 165 gal. acetone downflow through the column at about 2.4 gpm. The acetone was removed upflow as above.
The 360 gal. CharSol C-10 with 12 mg/ml phenols produced above was passed downflow through the column at about 4.5 gpm. Subsequently, 470 gal. of CharSol C-10 was passed through the column. About 440 gal. of effluent with a total phenols concentration of 4.0 mg/ml was produced. EXAMPLE VI Example VI shows the improved flavor which can be achieved by treatment of aqueous smoke solutions with nonionic resins.
The resin treated product prepared as in Example V with a total phenolic concentration of 5.3 mg/ml was evaluated in a triangular taste panel against a CharSol C-10 with a total phenols concentration of 14.5 mg/ml. Panelists were asked to taste 100 ppm tap water solutions of each flavoring. Four of five panelists correctly distinguished the odd sample and all indicated that the CharSol C-10 had a stronger smoke flavor than the treated product. It was concluded that a substantial flavor reduction had been achieved with the nonionic resin phenol reduction treatment.
Smoke solutions treated with nonionic resins to reduce the total phenols concentration to about 2mg/ml are also useful to flavor and color foodstuffs. CharSol C-10 was treated with XAD-4 as in Example V. The resulting phenols concentration was about 2.1 mg/ml.
The phenol reduced CharSol C-10 and the as-is CharSol C-10 were applied to weiners as follows.
Wieners were made from a pork and beef formulation at Chermak Sausage Company, Manitowoc, Wisconsin. Stuffing was done in 25mm diameter cellulose casings. Batches of about 20 wieners were dipped in aqueous smoke solutions diluted to 40% with water. Dip times were one minute. The wieners were processed according to the following schedule: Time (Minutes) Temperature (°F)
60 140
15 160 20 180 (160 internal)
15 Shower to Cool
The wieners were peeled, vacuum packaged and stored at 36°F prior to tasting. Both the control and reduced phenol composition treated wieners had equally desirable smoked color.
A triangular taste panel was run to determine if there was a difference between the treated and control samples. Wieners were steamed in an electric skillet for approximately eight minutes and wieners cut into approximately 1 cm long pieces and the panelists were asked to pick the odd sample from the three samples they were given. Two treated and one control sample were used. Of eleven panelists, six correctly determined the odd sample. All six indicated that the control had stronger smoke flavor than the treated sample.
Results indicate the utility of producing a mild flavored wiener by using an aqueous smoke solution having phenols reduced to about 2 mg/ml.
Smoke solutions treated with nonionic resins to reduce the total phenols concentration to about 12 mg/ml are also useful to flavor and color foodstuffs. CharSol C-10 was treated with XAD-4 as in Example V. The resulting phenols concentration was 11.8 mg/ml.
Wieners were prepared and evaluated as above. Seven of eleven panelists correctly determined the odd sample. These results indicate the utility of producing a mild flavored wiener by using an aqueous smoke solution having phenols reduced to about 12 mg/ml. EXAMPLE VII
Example VII shows the upper concentration limit of feed stocks on which the reduction of phenols can be achieved with nonionic resins.
The following solutions were passed downflow through a 1" dia. x 4" high column of Rohm and Haas XAD- 4 resin at 14 ml/min:
Acids Phenols
(%! (mg/ml) Brix Description
CharSol C-10 10.6 14.0 24.9 Aqueous smoke solution
CharSol C-12 12.6 20.5 27.5 Aqueous smoke solution
CharSol Supreme 15.7 36.6 44.5 Evaporatively concentrated CharSol C-10
After reaching 12 brix, 30 ml effluent samples were taken and subsequently analyzed for total phenols. The data is shown in Table 2.
The data shows that the resin effectively removed phenols from the two untreated solutions. However, the high brix evaporatively concentrated solution was not substantially phenol reduced. The total organics concentration in solutions above about 40 brix exerts stronger forces on the phenols than does the resin, thereby making the resin unable to substantially reduce the total phenols concentration. TABLE 2
Sample Phenol Value
C-10 C-12 Supreme
4.1 5.8 15.2
5.2 8.7 22.0
6.2 10.3 28.6
7.0 11.5 28.6
8.4 12.4 29.2
9.5 14.0 28.6
10.4 14.5
12.0 15.0
12.2 15.8
10 12.0 16.6
EXAMPLE VIII
Example VIII is an example showing different adsorption profiles for different types of resins used. The exemplified resins can be used to practice the process claimed in this invention and all give resin treated liquid smoke compositions within the scope of this invention.
A 50cc column of approximately 1 inch diameter x 4 inches high was used to treat CharSol C-10. The solution was flowed through the column at approximately 13 ml/min. Effluent samples were taken every 30 ml after initially reading 12 brix. The samples were analyzed for total phenol and are presented in Table 6.
The data shows that the resins XAD-2 and XAD-7 are about as effective as the XAD-4 in phenol reduction of aqueous smoke solutions.
TABLE 3
Sample XAD-2 XAD-4 XAD-7
1 5.3 4.1 3.4
2 8.8 5.2 6.1
3 9.7 6.2 8.8
4 10.8 7.0 9.7
5 12.0 8.4 11.4
6 12.5 9.5 12.0
7 12.2 10.4 12.5
8 12.5 12.0 12.8
9 12.5 12.2 13.1
10 12.5 12.0 13.1
Example IX
Example IX shows the effect of strongly acid cation exchange resins on the sensory perceptions of aqueous liquid smoke adjusted to the pH of meat surfaces. CharSol LF, a reduced flavor aqueous liquid smoke is run through a column containing Dow XYS- 40032.00, a strongly acidic cation exchange resin. Samples are adjusted to pH 5.5 and evaluated by olfactory perception. The following data was obtained:
EXPERIMENTAL PARAMETERS:
50 cc Resin 500 cc Samples 10 cc/Minute Flow Rate Table 4
Sample Sensor :y Evaluation
1 A
2 A
3 A
4 A
5 A
6 A
7 A
8 B
9 B
10 B
11 B
12 B
13 B
14 C
15 C
Where: A = Little or no mustiness in aroma.
B = Slight mustiness in aroma, but less than starting material.
C = Level of mustiness equal to starting material.
When evaluated by olfactory perception, samples 1-7 generally have little or none of the musty, earthy aroma compared to the starting material. Samples 8-13 have some hint of mustiness in the aroma, but less than the starting material. Samples after 13 have a level of mustiness in the aroma equal to the starting material. A ratio of 70 parts aqueous liquid smoke to one part strong acid cation exchange resin removes practically all of the undesirable mustiness from the aroma of the smoke, while a ratio of 130 parts liquid smoke to one part resin produces a smoke with some mustiness, but one that is still sensually acceptable.
Example X Example X shows the effect the brix of the starting material has on the amount of aqueous liquid smoke that can be passed through a given quantity of a strongly acid cation exchange resin before its capacity to remove basic compounds declines. CharSols C3, LF, and Cs, aqueous smoke flavorings having brix values of 8.1, 19.8, and 42.5 respectively, are passed through a column containing Dow XYS-40032.00, a strong acid cation exchange resin for the purpose of removing basic compounds. Samples are adjusted to pH 5.5 and evaluated by olfactory perception. The following data was obtained:
Experimental Parameters:
50 cc Resin 500 cc Samples 10 cc/minute
Table 5
Sample Olfactory Percept: Lon
8.1 Br: Lx Feed 19.8 Brix Feed 42.5 Brix Feed
1 A A A
2 A A A
3 A A B
4 A A B
5 A A B
6 A A C
7 A A C
8 A B C
9 A B C
10 A B C
11 A B C
12 A B C
13 A B C
14 A C C
15 B C C
16 B C C
17 B C C
18 B C C
19 B C C
20 B C C
21 B C C
22 B C C
23 C C C
24 C C C
25 C C C
Where: A = Li .ttle or no mustiness in aroma.
B = Some hint of mustiness in aroma, but less than starting material. C = Level of mustiness equal to starting material. Feed Brix Ratio cc Liquid Smoke/cc Resin
"A" Product "B" Product
8.1 140:1 220:1
19.8 70:1 130:1
42.5 20:1 50:1
The data shows that the brix of the starting material has a direct bearing on the quantity of sensually acceptable aqueous smoke that can be produced from a given amount of cation exchange resin. The higher the brix of the starting feed, the faster the ion exchange resin becomes exhausted.
Example XI Example XI shows the sensual properties of aqueous smoke exposed to different types of cation exchange resins. CharSol LF, a reduced flavor aqueous liquid smoke, is passed through columns containing both Dow XYS-40032.00, a strongly acidic cation exchange resin, and Rohm and Haas Amberlite DP-1, a weakly acidic cation exchange resin, to see which is better at removing basic compounds. Samples are adjusted to pH 5.5 and evaluated by olfactory perception. The following data is obtained:
Experimental Parameters:
50 cc Resin 500 cc Samples 10 cc/minute flow rate Table 6
Sample Olfactory Perception
Strong Acid Resin Weak Acid Resin
1 A C
2 A C
3 A C
4 A C
5 A C
6 A C
7 A C
8 B C
9 B C
10 B C
11 B C
12 B C
13 B C
14 C C
15 C C
Where: A = Little or no mustiness in aroma.
B = Some hint of mustiness in aroma, but less than starting material.
C = Level of mustiness in aroma equal to starting material.
The data shows that the weak acid cation exchange resin removes virtually none of the basic components that are responsible for musty, earthy tones in the aroma of pH adjusted aqueous smoke. The strong acid cation exchange is preferred. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES The techniques used to analyze liquid smoke compositions are known. The acids in liquid smoke are measured as titratable acidity calculated as acetic acid. The procedure for determining phenols is a modified Gibbs method which measures phenols as 2,6- dimethoxyphenol and is described in Tucker, I.W. "Estimation of Phenols in Meat and Fat", JAOAC, XXV, 779 (1942). The procedure for determining carbonyls is a modified Lappan-Clark method which measures carbonyls as 2-butanone and is described in "Colorimetric Method for Determination of Traces of Carbonyl Compounds", Anal. Chem. 23, 541-542 (1959). Both procedures for determining carbonyls and phenols are fully described in U.S. Patent No. 4,431,032, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.
The procedures used to determine the browning index of a sample are described in United States Patent Application Serial Number 774,871, the relevant portions which are herein incorporated by reference. The browning index is a relative measure of the ability of carbonyls to react with the amino acid, glycine. Tests have shown good correlation between the browning index values of a solution of smoke flavoring and the extent of brown color formation on meat surfaces.

Claims

1. A method of making a high browning, reduced flavor liquid smoke composition comprising the step of: contacting an aqueous liquid smoke solution of about 4 to 40 brix with a polymeric nonionic resin and/or a polymeric ionic resin to produce a composition having reduced phenol and basic constituents, a browning index from about 8 to about 12, and a phenol content of about 2 to about 12 mg/ml.
2. A method of claim 1 wherein the polymeric nonionic resin comprises cross-linked copolymers of monoethylenically unsaturated monomer and about 2 to 100 weight percent of at least one polyvinylidene monomer polymerized in suspension and the polymeric ionic resin comprises ionic groups attached to cross-linked copolymers of monoethylenically unsaturated monomer and about 2 to 100 weight percent of at least one polyvinylidene monomer polymerized in suspension.
3. A method of claim 1 wherein contact of the aqueous liquid smoke solution with both of the resins occurs simultaneously, or wherein contact of the aqueous liquid smoke solution with both of the resins occurs sequentially.
4. A method of making a high browning, reduced flavor liquid smoke composition comprising the step of: contacting an aqueous liquid smoke solution of about 4 to 40 brix with an amount of polymeric ionic resin effective to selectively remove musty, earthy aromatic basic constituents from the solution.
5. An aqueous liquid smoke composition comprising phenols, carbonyls, acids, neutral and basic constituents, wherein the basic constituents are reduced an effective amount by contacting the aqueous solution with an ionic resin.
6. An aqueous liquid smoke composition of claim 5 wherein the phenols are reduced to about 10 to about 90 weight percent by contacting the aqueous liquid smoke with a nonionic resin.
7. A liquid smoke composition according to claim 6 having a phenol content of about 2 to about 12 mg/ml, a browning index of about 8 to about 12, and about 15 to about 25 brix.
8. A process for flavoring or coloring an edible foodstuff comprising the steps of: contacting an aqueous liquid smoke solution of about 4 to 40 brix with both a polymeric nonionic resin and a polymeric ionic resin to produce a composition having reduced phenol and basic constituents, a browning index of about 8 to about 12, and a phenol content of about 2 to about 12 mg/ml; and contacting the foodstuff with the composition.
9. An edible foodstuff comprising a proteinaceous food substrate and a liquid smoke composition made by the method of claim 1.
10. An edible foodstuff of claim 9 wherein the food substrate is selected from the group consisting of meat, poultry and fish.
PCT/US1990/002218 1989-04-26 1990-04-24 Resin treated liquid smoke compositions WO1990012514A1 (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE69019820T DE69019820T2 (en) 1989-04-26 1990-04-24 RESIN-TREATED LIQUID SMOKE COMPOSITION.
EP90907773A EP0462230B1 (en) 1989-04-26 1990-04-24 Resin treated liquid smoke compositions
DK177491A DK177491A (en) 1989-04-26 1991-10-24 PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF A STRONG BROWN LIQUID CREATIVE BEAUTY WITH REDUCED AROMA CONTENT, A PROCEDURE FOR AROMATIZING AND COLORING FOOD SOURCED SEAT PREPARED SEPARATE PATTERN
FI915052A FI915052A0 (en) 1989-04-26 1991-10-25 HARTSBEHANDLADE, FLYTANDE ROEKNINGSKOMPOSITIONER.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US343,928 1989-04-26
US07/343,928 US4959232A (en) 1989-04-26 1989-04-26 Process for making liquid smoke compositions and resin treated liquid smoke compositions

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1990012514A1 true WO1990012514A1 (en) 1990-11-01

Family

ID=23348288

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1990/002218 WO1990012514A1 (en) 1989-04-26 1990-04-24 Resin treated liquid smoke compositions

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US4959232A (en)
EP (1) EP0462230B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2925316B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2008308C (en)
DE (1) DE69019820T2 (en)
DK (2) DK0462230T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2073573T3 (en)
FI (1) FI915052A0 (en)
WO (1) WO1990012514A1 (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0578781A1 (en) * 1991-03-27 1994-01-19 Red Arrow Prod Co Flavoring and browning materials by pyrolysis of sugars and starches.
WO1997011613A1 (en) * 1995-09-29 1997-04-03 Red Arrow Products Co., Inc. Method of removing hydrocarbons from liquid smoke and flavoring compositions
WO2005070181A2 (en) 2004-01-13 2005-08-04 Mastertaste Low flavor anti-microbials drived from smoke flavors

Families Citing this family (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5270067A (en) * 1987-11-12 1993-12-14 Red Arrow Products Company Inc. Impregnated casing and method of making the same
US5039537A (en) * 1989-04-26 1991-08-13 Red Arrow Products Co. Inc. High browning liquid smoke composition and method of making a high browning liquid smoke composition
US5135770A (en) * 1989-10-04 1992-08-04 Red Arrow Products Co. Inc. High browning liquid smoke composition and method of making a high browning liquid smoke composition
US5637339A (en) * 1995-04-27 1997-06-10 Hickory Specialties, Inc. Method of making a tar-depleted liquid smoke
US5681603A (en) * 1995-09-29 1997-10-28 Red Arrow Products Co., Inc. Method of preparing a smoke composition from a tar solution
US6938439B2 (en) * 2003-05-22 2005-09-06 Cool Clean Technologies, Inc. System for use of land fills and recyclable materials
US20070228600A1 (en) * 2005-04-01 2007-10-04 Bohnert George W Method of making containers from recycled plastic resin
US7253253B2 (en) * 2005-04-01 2007-08-07 Honeywell Federal Manufacturing & Technology, Llc Method of removing contaminants from plastic resins
WO2008143839A1 (en) * 2007-05-15 2008-11-27 Eco2 Plastics Method and system for removing pcbs from synthetic resin materials
WO2009076576A2 (en) * 2007-12-12 2009-06-18 Eco2 Plastics Continuous system for processing particles
US9744542B2 (en) 2013-07-29 2017-08-29 Apeel Technology, Inc. Agricultural skin grafting
ES2784914T3 (en) 2015-05-20 2020-10-02 Apeel Tech Inc Compositions of plant extracts and methods of their preparation
JP7049245B2 (en) 2015-09-16 2022-04-06 アピール テクノロジー,インコーポレイテッド Precursor compounds for molecular coating
WO2017100636A1 (en) 2015-12-10 2017-06-15 Apeel Technology, Inc. Plant extract compositions for forming protective coatings
CN109068627B (en) 2016-01-26 2022-03-18 阿比尔技术公司 Method for preparing and preserving a sterilized product
WO2018094269A1 (en) 2016-11-17 2018-05-24 Apeel Technology, Inc. Compositions formed from plant extracts and methods of preparation thereof
US11641865B2 (en) 2020-03-04 2023-05-09 Apeel Technology, Inc. Compounds and formulations for protective coatings
US11827591B2 (en) 2020-10-30 2023-11-28 Apeel Technology, Inc. Compositions and methods of preparation thereof

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3106473A (en) * 1961-12-27 1963-10-08 Red Arrow Products Corp Aqueous smoke solution for use in foodstuffs and method of producing same
US4224415A (en) * 1958-07-18 1980-09-23 Rohm And Haas Company Polymerization processes and products therefrom
US4359481A (en) * 1978-01-03 1982-11-16 Internationale Octrooi Maatschappij "Octropa" B.V. Liquid smoke concentrate
US4431032A (en) 1981-10-16 1984-02-14 Union Carbide Corporation Tar-depleted liquid smoke treatment of food casings
US4431033A (en) * 1981-10-16 1984-02-14 Union Carbide Corporation Tar-depleted liquid smoke treatment of food casings
US4496595A (en) * 1982-09-14 1985-01-29 Union Carbide Corporation Method for producing smoke colored and smoke flavored encased foodstuff
US4504507A (en) * 1982-09-14 1985-03-12 Union Carbide Corporation Method for preparing a tar-depleted liquid smoke composition

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1463729A (en) * 1965-02-24 1966-12-23 Rohm & Haas Enrichment and optionally separation of an organic compound by adsorption techniques
US4551339A (en) * 1982-02-11 1985-11-05 Jay Olson Method and apparatus for obtaining a concentrated extract from liquid smoke
CA1332580C (en) * 1986-07-30 1994-10-18 Donald S. Scott Pyrolysis of biomass to produce maximum liquid yields

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4224415A (en) * 1958-07-18 1980-09-23 Rohm And Haas Company Polymerization processes and products therefrom
US4297220A (en) * 1958-07-18 1981-10-27 Rohm And Haas Company Macroreticulated copolymer adsorption process
US4224415B1 (en) * 1958-07-18 1993-07-13 Rohm & Haas
US3106473A (en) * 1961-12-27 1963-10-08 Red Arrow Products Corp Aqueous smoke solution for use in foodstuffs and method of producing same
US4359481A (en) * 1978-01-03 1982-11-16 Internationale Octrooi Maatschappij "Octropa" B.V. Liquid smoke concentrate
US4431032A (en) 1981-10-16 1984-02-14 Union Carbide Corporation Tar-depleted liquid smoke treatment of food casings
US4431033A (en) * 1981-10-16 1984-02-14 Union Carbide Corporation Tar-depleted liquid smoke treatment of food casings
US4496595A (en) * 1982-09-14 1985-01-29 Union Carbide Corporation Method for producing smoke colored and smoke flavored encased foodstuff
US4504507A (en) * 1982-09-14 1985-03-12 Union Carbide Corporation Method for preparing a tar-depleted liquid smoke composition

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
"Colorimetric Method for Determination of Traces of Carbonyl Compounds", ANAL. CHEM, vol. 23, 1959, pages 541 - 542
TUCKER, I.W.: "Estimation of Phenols in Meat and Fat", JAOAC, vol. XXV, 1942, pages 779

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0578781A1 (en) * 1991-03-27 1994-01-19 Red Arrow Prod Co Flavoring and browning materials by pyrolysis of sugars and starches.
EP0578781A4 (en) * 1991-03-27 1994-01-26 Red Arrow Products Co. Inc
WO1997011613A1 (en) * 1995-09-29 1997-04-03 Red Arrow Products Co., Inc. Method of removing hydrocarbons from liquid smoke and flavoring compositions
WO2005070181A2 (en) 2004-01-13 2005-08-04 Mastertaste Low flavor anti-microbials drived from smoke flavors
EP1773136A2 (en) * 2004-01-13 2007-04-18 Mastertaste Low flavor anti-microbials drived from smoke flavors
EP1773136A4 (en) * 2004-01-13 2011-04-06 Mastertaste Low flavor anti-microbials drived from smoke flavors

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FI915052A0 (en) 1991-10-25
JP2925316B2 (en) 1999-07-28
EP0462230A1 (en) 1991-12-27
DE69019820T2 (en) 1995-10-05
ES2073573T3 (en) 1995-08-16
CA2008308A1 (en) 1990-10-26
EP0462230B1 (en) 1995-05-31
DK177491A (en) 1991-12-13
JPH04507192A (en) 1992-12-17
DE69019820D1 (en) 1995-07-06
US4959232A (en) 1990-09-25
DK177491D0 (en) 1991-10-24
DK0462230T3 (en) 1995-07-31
CA2008308C (en) 1998-06-23
EP0462230A4 (en) 1992-12-09

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CA2008308C (en) Resin treated liquid smoke compositions
US5135770A (en) High browning liquid smoke composition and method of making a high browning liquid smoke composition
DE2900072C2 (en)
Bratzler et al. Smoke flavor as related to phenol, carbonyl and acid content of bologna
US6187355B1 (en) Recovery of used frying oils
EP0095616B1 (en) Food casing which will transfer a smoke color to food encased therein and extracted natural liquid smoke colorant for the use therewith
EP0494966B1 (en) High browning liquid smoke composition and method of making a high browning liquid smoke composition
Ramarathnam et al. The flavour of cured meat
CA1121650A (en) Smoke flavored hydrophilic liquid concentrate and process of producing same
US5681603A (en) Method of preparing a smoke composition from a tar solution
US5637339A (en) Method of making a tar-depleted liquid smoke
US5840362A (en) Method of removing hydrocarbons from liquid smoke compositions
CA1050336A (en) Treatment of animal flesh
Tükenmez et al. Dose dependent oxidation kinetics of lipids in fish during irradiation processing
JP3649310B2 (en) Animal seasoning
CA1108005A (en) Method for denaturing the flesh of aquatic animal with hydrophilic organic solvent
JPH03266959A (en) Method for deodorizing meats
Amin et al. Detection and control of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in meat products
RAO et al. EFFECTS OF POLYPHOSPHATES ON CARBONYL VOLATILES OF POULTRY MEAT 2
JPS5838137B2 (en) Quick seasoning method
JPH0313861B2 (en)
WO1989012405A1 (en) Smoked phosphate product and process of preparing

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): DK FI JP

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB IT LU NL SE

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 1990907773

Country of ref document: EP

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 915052

Country of ref document: FI

WWP Wipo information: published in national office

Ref document number: 1990907773

Country of ref document: EP

WWG Wipo information: grant in national office

Ref document number: 1990907773

Country of ref document: EP