WO1989001590A1 - Transport en conduite de boues aqueuses naturelles ou industrielles - Google Patents

Transport en conduite de boues aqueuses naturelles ou industrielles Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1989001590A1
WO1989001590A1 PCT/AU1987/000257 AU8700257W WO8901590A1 WO 1989001590 A1 WO1989001590 A1 WO 1989001590A1 AU 8700257 W AU8700257 W AU 8700257W WO 8901590 A1 WO8901590 A1 WO 8901590A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
slurry
tubular member
pipeline
solids
viscosity
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/AU1987/000257
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Richard Rowley Horsley
Original Assignee
Australian Commercial Research & Development Limit
Curtin University Of Technology
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Australian Commercial Research & Development Limit, Curtin University Of Technology filed Critical Australian Commercial Research & Development Limit
Priority to PCT/AU1987/000257 priority Critical patent/WO1989001590A1/fr
Publication of WO1989001590A1 publication Critical patent/WO1989001590A1/fr

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17D—PIPE-LINE SYSTEMS; PIPE-LINES
    • F17D1/00—Pipe-line systems
    • F17D1/08—Pipe-line systems for liquids or viscous products
    • F17D1/16—Facilitating the conveyance of liquids or effecting the conveyance of viscous products by modification of their viscosity
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15D—FLUID DYNAMICS, i.e. METHODS OR MEANS FOR INFLUENCING THE FLOW OF GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F15D1/00—Influencing flow of fluids
    • F15D1/02—Influencing flow of fluids in pipes or conduits
    • F15D1/06—Influencing flow of fluids in pipes or conduits by influencing the boundary layer

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method and apparatus 5 for reducing yield stress in the pipeline transportation of natural or industrial aqueous slurries, in pumping said slurries along extended distances of pipeline to a disposal area at high concentration and wherein the bulk of the flow is considered to be a core flow, said slurries 10) containing water in the range of from about 60% to about 20% by weight and solids of a particle size distribution within the range of from about 0 to about 150ym, and generally having a viscosity greater than 0.1 Pascal second and up to about 100 Pascal second.
  • said method and apparatus are also adaptable for the pipeline transportation of slurries containing solids selected from other mineral tailings, nickel concentrates, gold ores, phosphate ores, lime, kaolin, brown coal, black
  • the metho and apparatus of the invention are adaptable for the pipeline transportation of slurries containing solids selected from ⁇ 2 ⁇ m clay- 2.5 type particles; 2 ⁇ m to 75 ⁇ m silt-type particles; and >75 ⁇ m sand-type particles.
  • the method and apparatus of the invention are adapted for the pipeline transportation of slurries such as bauxite residue (red mud) containing mineral tailings solids and water in the range of from about 50% by weight to 2 about 30% by weight.
  • the Bayer alumina process produces large quantities of bauxite suspension residue (red mud) which is pumped to disposal.
  • a typical alumina refinery in Australia, operating the Bayer process produces some i ⁇ 10,000 tonnes per day of bauxite suspension residue.
  • the Bayer alumina refineries of Alcoa of Australia Limited, located at Kwinana and Pinjarra, Western Australia generate in total some 7.5 million tonnes of bauxite
  • Solids concentration was in the range 0 44.7-53.1% wt.
  • 0.06% wt. of viscosity-reducing agent related to the slurry being pumped, compared to 0.12% wt. of viscosity- reducing agent for the injection method.
  • measured pressure gradients are lowered by a value of 60% of said values, both measured on samples of the mud collected from these tests.
  • apparatus suitable 5 for operating the improvement in or modification of the method of the invention as described above, said apparatus comprising an injector unit adapted to be interposed in the pipeline and having: an outer tubular member; an inner tubular member; an .annular chamber
  • IQ. formed by the outer tubular member and the inner tubular member for accommodating a reservoir of said admixture of the slurry or the solids of the slurry with the viscosity-reducing agent under positive pressure; an annular gap formed by the outer tubular member and the
  • Zffi outer tubular member for injecting said admixture of the slurry or the solids of the slurry with the viscosity- reducing agent into said annular chamber to provide said reservoir of the admixture under positive pressure.
  • the methods of the invention are particularly useful for the pipeline transportation of bauxite suspension residue (red mud) as indicated above, said methods may equally we] 1 be used for the pipeline transportation of other such natural or industrial slurries.
  • the methods of the invention are useful for the pumping of ores such as gold ores, especially gold ores with soft water, or gold ores with higher clay contents which make them difficult to pump.
  • Any commercially available or otherwise known viscosity-reducing agents suitable for reducing the viscosity of suspensions or slurries of the kind indicated above, in particular, tannate-based or phosphate-based compositions having viscosity-reducing properties, may be utilised for operating the methods of the invention.
  • known viscosity- reducing agents such as sodium orthophosphate (Na.,P0 4 .12 H 2 0) or sodium pyrophosphate (Na.P ⁇ O ⁇ ) or sodium hexa- metaphosphate (Na(P0 3 ) g ) or sodium tripolyphosphate
  • viscosity-reducing agents suitable for pumping suspensions or slurries in accordance with the method of the invention are, for example, the FV 130-139 series, which are Q; suitable for pumping red mud type of slurries; the
  • Fig. 1 is a longitudinal cross-section of the injector unit in accordance with the invention, adapted to be interposed in a pipeline as indicated above;
  • Fig. 2 is a longitudinal cross-section of another ICC embodiment of the injector unit in accordance with the invention, adapted to be interposed in a pipeline as indicated above;
  • Fig. 3 diagrammatically illustrates apparatus for preparing said admixture, then pumping said IS admixture to the injector unit;
  • Fig. 4 diagrammatically illustrates apparatus used for carrying out the experiments and tests referred to above.
  • Fig. 1 shows an ZCL injector unit 1 adapted to be interposed in a pipeline 1A (see Fig.3) and having an outer tubular member 2; an inner tubular member 3; an annular chamber 4 formed by the outer tubular member 2 and the inner tubular member 3 for accommodating a reservoir of said admixture of Z5 the slurry or the solids of the slurry with the viscosity-reducing agent under positive pressure; an annular gap 5 formed by the outer tubular member 2 and the inner tubular member 3 for extrusion of a relatively thin annular layer of said admixture of the 35GD slurry or the solids of the slurry with the viscosity- reducing agent from said reservoir of the admixture against the bore of the pipeline; and an injection port 6 in the outer tubular member 2 for injecting said admixture of the slurry or the solids of the slurry with the viscosity-reducing agent into said annular 5 chamber 4 to provide said reservoir of the admixture under positive pressure
  • the outer tubular member 2 of the injector unit 1 has a bore 7 which is stepped inwardly downstream relative to the pipeline, with an inner end
  • Id 8 of the inner tubular member 3 terminating adjacent the inward stepping of the bore 6 of the outer tubular member 2 so as to form said annular gap 5. More preferably, the inner end 8 of the inner tubular member 3 terminates adjacent an inclined face section 9
  • the outer tubular member 2 ZQ and the inner tubular member 3 of the injector unit 1 may be characterised and disposed.in relation to each other such that: the bore 12 of said inner tubular member 3 is the same diameter as and is concentric with the bore 7 of the downstream section 11 of the outer Z5 tubular member 2 as well as with the bore of said pipeline; the outer surface 13 of said inner tubular member 3 is spaced from an upstream section 14 of the bore of said outer tubular member 2 to form the annular chamber 4 therebetween for accommodating a reservoir of 3 ( 1 said admixture of the slurry or the solids of the slurry with the viscosity-reducing agent under positive pressure; the inner end 8 of said inner tubular member 3 is spaced from the inclined face section 9 joining said upstream section 14 of the bore of said outer tubular member 2 to the downstream section 11 of the bore 7 of said outer tubular member 2 so as to form the annular gap 5 for extrusion of a relatively thin annular layer of said admixture of the slurry or the solids
  • I1(D is the same diameter as and is concentric with the bore of said pipeline; the injection port 6 in the outer tubular member 2 communicating with the annular chamber 4 formed by the upstream section 14 of the bore of the outer tubular member 2 and the outer surface 13 of the
  • IS inner tubular member 3 for injecting said admixture of the slurry or the solids of the slurry with the viscos ⁇ ity-reducing agent into said annular chamber 4 to provide the reservoir of said admixture under positive pressure for extrusion through said annular gap as indicated.
  • a feature of the injector unit, also illustrated in Fig. 1, is the provision of means therein for variation of the extrusion gap width whereby the relatively thin annular layer of said admixture of suspension or slurry and viscosity-
  • the outer tubular member 2 can be in two separate parts consisting of an
  • 3CD upstream section 15 and a downstream section 16 with means for moving said upstream section 15 and said down ⁇ stream section 16 either to advance towards or retract from each other in decreasing or increasing, respect ⁇ ively, the distance of the inner end 8 of said inner
  • 3S tubular member 3 from the bore 7 of the downstream section of the outer tubular member 2, in particular, from the inclined face section 9 joining the upstream section 10 of the bore 7 of the outer tubular member 2 to the downstream section 11 of the bore 7 of the outer 5 tubular member 2, in narrowing or widening said annular gap 5, there being a relationship between the dimension of said annular chamber 4 and said annular gap 5 such that the narrowest depth of the annular chamber 4 is always greater than the width of the annular gap 5.
  • the construction of the injector unit 1 of the invention preferably is such that it has an end connector flange 17 at each end of the unit for connecting the injector unit 1 to the pipeline in interposing said injector unit 1 in the pipeline, with an outer end 18
  • An internal sealing sleeve 23 is fitted to the inside surfaces of the adjoining end portions of the upstream end section 15 and the downstream end section 16 of the outer tubular member 2 in order to seal the outer
  • a single injection port 6 with injection nozzle 25 fitted thereto may be located in the upstream section 15 of the outer tubular member 2 for supplying the admixture of suspension or slurry and viscosity- 5 reducing agent to said annular chamber, or, as illus ⁇ trated in Fig.
  • a plurality of radially-disposed injection ports 26 each with an injection nozzle fitted thereto may be located in a manifold Z7 forming part of said upstream section G 15 of the outer tubular member 2, so as to lessen or eliminate any tendency of the admixture to swirl in the course of extrusion through said annular gap 5 to form said annular thin wall-layer of the admixture at the wall of the pipeline, around the slurry in the pipeline.
  • Preparation and feeding of said admixture of slurry and viscosity-reducing agent to the injector unit may be effected by utilising the equipment illustrated in Fig. 3 of the accompanying drawings.
  • a selected quantity of the slurry and a selected Q ⁇ quantity of the viscosity-reducing agent preferably in solution form,_ may be added to a mixing vessel 28 and thoroughly mixed therein say by a helical ribbon mixer device 29 to form a so-called treated mud for intro ⁇ duction at the wall of the pipeline via the injector 5 uni" 1 as described above.
  • the admixture may be conveyed by pipe 30 from the mixing vessel to appropriate pump means such as a mono-pump 31, which pumps the admixture to the annular chamber 4 of the injector unit 1 by piping 32 under positive pressure as 0 described above.
  • appropriate pump means such as a mono-pump 31, which pumps the admixture to the annular chamber 4 of the injector unit 1 by piping 32 under positive pressure as 0 described above.
  • a high nickel-content alloy resistant to chloride ions is used for fabricating the. pipeline, however, " a high-strength pipeline fab- ricated from high-strength, plastics compositions such as carbonfibre plastics, or other suitable material, may be used for the purpose.
  • a high nickel-content alloy or a high.-strength. plastics composition, or other suitable material may also be used for fab- ricating the injector unit of the invention.
  • red mud is a yield-pseudoplastic fluid at concentrations above 33% wt.
  • K is the consistency parameter
  • n is the flow- behaviour index
  • ⁇ y is the yield stress. K and n are readily determined from concentric-cylinder vis- 5 cometry and the yield stress from yield vane.
  • the rheological parameters of the red mud slurry were determined using a HAAKE Rotovisco RV12 viscometer.
  • the sensor system used consisted of a standard MVIIP pro ⁇ filed rotor but with a modified outer sleeve and rotating
  • the shear rate was uniformly increased and decreased using a programming unit (HAAKE PG142) and shear rate - shear stress rheograms were plotted using an x-y recorder. All tests were carried out at 25 C on well-mixed samples of mud which had been strained to remove large fibrous debris. Shearing was continued until equilibrium properties were obtained. The yield stress of red mud slurry was determined using a star shaped yield vane rotated at 0.1 min " , Nguyen and Boger : Nat. Conf. on Rheology. (2nd), pl9. (1981).
  • Shear rate corrections were applied to the viscometric data obtained.
  • the-shear rate was corrected as for Krieger and Maron,Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 25, p72 (1954)
  • the Reiner-Rivlin correction was applied, Bird 'et al : Transport Phenomena, John Wiley, New York, (1960) .
  • the Reiner-Rivlin correction was a constant 8.6%. All rheological parameters are summarised in Table 1 below:
  • the pressure gradient for the steady-laminar flow of red mud can be predicted either from the Bingham model parameters or from the yield/power law parameters. Bingham Behaviour;
  • thepressure gradient canbe determined directlyfron a rheogram of shear stress/shear rate as described by Govierand Aziz : Litton EducationalPublishing, Inc., (1971).
  • the wall shear stress resulting from steady state laminar flow can be determined from:
  • the wall shear stress produced by a yield pseudoplastic fluid can be determined from:
  • K power-law consistency parameter. Pa s .
  • L pipe length
  • m power-law flow behaviour index
  • ⁇ P pressure difference, kPa.
  • Pa s. ⁇ shear stress.
  • Bauxite residue obtained from Alcoa, Kwinana, W.A. of solids concentration in the range 46.8 to 53.3 wt% was pumped through a smooth, horizontal pipe of 50 mm diameter using a variable speed mono pump.
  • the volume flow rate of the red mud was maintained constant to give a value of apparent shear rate (8V/D) of 13 - .14 s ⁇ for all pipe test runs.. . This was done to simulate the conditions that a full- scale pipeline of 300 mm diameter would incur at a flow velocity of 0.5 m/s.
  • the red mud was supplied from a 200 litre drum which was slowly stirred with a helical ribbon mixer. The flow-rate of the mud flow was determined by timed collection from the discharge of the test section.
  • a 20 litre drum of the red mud was treated with the viscosity-reducing agent, Freeviz 137.
  • the treated mud was kept in suspension by a small helical ribbon mixer and extruded, using a small mono pump, through an annular slot leading to the pipe bore as described above.
  • the rate of treated mud injection was measured by loss in weight of the 20 litre feed reservoir.
  • the pressure gradient was measured at two points, 10 m and 5 m from the exit point, the first ___,._,_ * ,_ ⁇ _ 89/01590 '
  • Table II shows the ratio of treated mud to total mud flow and the observed friction or drag reduction.
  • the ratio of treated mud to total mud flow allows the effective dose level to be calculated from the percentage of viscosity-reducing agent used to treat the mud.
  • the observed friction or drag reduction is calculated as a percentage reduction in pressure gradient for untreated mud and total mud flow through the pipe.
  • This column of Table II clearly shows that the degree of friction reduction observed increases with increasing addition of viscosity-reducing agent to the mud, and this is graphi ⁇ cally represented in Figure A below.
  • FIGURE A OBSERVED AND EXPECTED DRAC REDUCTION
  • Table III shows the comparison between measured and predicted pressure gradients for each mud flow regime, (i.e. untreated; initial mud flow, treated; mud treated with Freeviz 137 and extxuded into the periphery of the pipe, and total; the mud resulting from the extrusion of treated mud plus the untreated mud flow) .
  • Figure A also shows the percentage drag reduc ⁇ tion as determined from the untreated and treated mud predicted pressure gradients which represents the greatest percentage drag reduction possible.
  • the wall layer of treated mud may experience conditions of high shear depending upon the layer thickness and hence viscous forces may be higher than expected.
  • plastic viscosity Bingham
  • Power-law flow behaviour index
  • FIGURE B VISCOSITY-REDUCING AGENT AND TREATED HUD EXTRUSION
  • a 70% reduction in pressure gradient at current costs would require: (i) for treatment of total mud flow, A$8.05 per tonne of dry solids pumped; (ii) for injection of viscosity-reducing agent, A$2.70 per tonne of dry solids pumped; and (iii) for the extrusion of treated mud, A$1.35 per tonne of dry solids pumped. Although the optimum result at current cost of A$0.50 per tonne of dry solids pumped has not been achieved, the additive cost required to obtain a pressure gradient reduction of 70% has been reduced by treating the mud at the wall of the pipe.
  • viscosity-reducing agent at the wall of a laminar pipe flow of bauxite residue mud (b) a greater reduction in the pressure gradient is observed by the extrusion at the pipe wall of a thin layer of such mud pre-treated with viscosity-reducing agent; and (c) the cost of chemically treating bauxite residue can be reduced by a factor of six (6) if mud pre-treated with viscosity- reducing agent is extruded against the internal wall of a pipe flowing with bauxite residue mud.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)

Abstract

Le procédé et l'appareil décrits servent à réduire l'effort d'écoulement lors du transport dans une conduite de boues contenant environ 20 à 60% en poids d'eau et de particules solides dont la granulométrie est comprise entre environ 0 et 150 mum, le transport s'effectuant avec une concentration élevée et la masse du courant constituant le milieu du courant. Un agent de réduction de la viscosité est injecté ou la boue mélangée à un agent de réduction de la viscosité est extrudée, au niveau de la paroi de la conduite dans laquelle est pompée la boue, de sorte qu'une modification de la viscosité d'une couche de boue latérale relativement fine se produit au niveau de la paroi de la conduite, la masse de la boue étant alors relativement non altérée dans le sens parallèle à l'écoulement et la couche de boue latérale longeant la conduite se trouvant dans des conditions d'écoulement laminaire stables.
PCT/AU1987/000257 1987-08-10 1987-08-10 Transport en conduite de boues aqueuses naturelles ou industrielles WO1989001590A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/AU1987/000257 WO1989001590A1 (fr) 1987-08-10 1987-08-10 Transport en conduite de boues aqueuses naturelles ou industrielles

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/AU1987/000257 WO1989001590A1 (fr) 1987-08-10 1987-08-10 Transport en conduite de boues aqueuses naturelles ou industrielles

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10024762A1 (de) * 2000-05-19 2001-12-06 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung Verfahren zur Druckförderung gleitfähiger Massen und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
WO2003000392A2 (fr) * 2001-06-25 2003-01-03 Micronics, Inc. Procede et appareil de regulation d'un debit fluidique dans un circuit microfluidique
CN103159574A (zh) * 2011-12-19 2013-06-19 薛世忠 水环注入装置

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3414004A (en) * 1966-05-16 1968-12-03 Pan American Petroleum Corp Film injector
US3502103A (en) * 1967-05-10 1970-03-24 Shell Oil Co Inlet device for introducing water and oil in a pipeline
US3826279A (en) * 1971-04-29 1974-07-30 Shell Oil Co Oil/water pipeline inlet with means for producing a uniform oil velocity
US3892252A (en) * 1972-12-18 1975-07-01 Marathon Oil Co Micellar systems aid in pipelining viscous fluids
US3993097A (en) * 1971-04-29 1976-11-23 Shell Oil Company Oil/water pipeline inlet with oil supply via a large chamber
US4047539A (en) * 1973-12-21 1977-09-13 Shell Oil Company Method for establishing core-flow in water-in-oil emulsions or dispersions
US4259977A (en) * 1979-04-16 1981-04-07 Atlas Powder Company Transportation and placement of water-in-oil emulsion explosives and blasting agents
US4273147A (en) * 1979-04-16 1981-06-16 Atlas Powder Company Transportation and placement of water-in-oil explosive emulsions

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3414004A (en) * 1966-05-16 1968-12-03 Pan American Petroleum Corp Film injector
US3502103A (en) * 1967-05-10 1970-03-24 Shell Oil Co Inlet device for introducing water and oil in a pipeline
US3826279A (en) * 1971-04-29 1974-07-30 Shell Oil Co Oil/water pipeline inlet with means for producing a uniform oil velocity
US3993097A (en) * 1971-04-29 1976-11-23 Shell Oil Company Oil/water pipeline inlet with oil supply via a large chamber
US3892252A (en) * 1972-12-18 1975-07-01 Marathon Oil Co Micellar systems aid in pipelining viscous fluids
US4047539A (en) * 1973-12-21 1977-09-13 Shell Oil Company Method for establishing core-flow in water-in-oil emulsions or dispersions
US4259977A (en) * 1979-04-16 1981-04-07 Atlas Powder Company Transportation and placement of water-in-oil emulsion explosives and blasting agents
US4273147A (en) * 1979-04-16 1981-06-16 Atlas Powder Company Transportation and placement of water-in-oil explosive emulsions

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10024762A1 (de) * 2000-05-19 2001-12-06 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung Verfahren zur Druckförderung gleitfähiger Massen und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
DE10024762B4 (de) * 2000-05-19 2005-06-23 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Verfahren zur Formgebung gleitfähiger Massen durch Druckförderung und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
WO2003000392A2 (fr) * 2001-06-25 2003-01-03 Micronics, Inc. Procede et appareil de regulation d'un debit fluidique dans un circuit microfluidique
WO2003000392A3 (fr) * 2001-06-25 2004-03-18 Micronics Inc Procede et appareil de regulation d'un debit fluidique dans un circuit microfluidique
CN103159574A (zh) * 2011-12-19 2013-06-19 薛世忠 水环注入装置

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