WO1987006715A1 - Organic optical waveguides - Google Patents
Organic optical waveguides Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1987006715A1 WO1987006715A1 PCT/GB1987/000275 GB8700275W WO8706715A1 WO 1987006715 A1 WO1987006715 A1 WO 1987006715A1 GB 8700275 W GB8700275 W GB 8700275W WO 8706715 A1 WO8706715 A1 WO 8706715A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- substrate
- dopant
- organic
- waveguide
- solvent
- Prior art date
Links
- 0 *c1ccc(C=NC(CC2)=NN2c2ccccc2)cc1 Chemical compound *c1ccc(C=NC(CC2)=NN2c2ccccc2)cc1 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
- G02B6/125—Bends, branchings or intersections
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/13—Integrated optical circuits characterised by the manufacturing method
- G02B6/134—Integrated optical circuits characterised by the manufacturing method by substitution by dopant atoms
- G02B6/1342—Integrated optical circuits characterised by the manufacturing method by substitution by dopant atoms using diffusion
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/061—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on electro-optical organic material
- G02F1/065—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on electro-optical organic material in an optical waveguide structure
Definitions
- This invention relates to optical waveguides and includes a method of fabricating waveguide structures.
- optical waveguides comprise a thin film or layer of material supported on a substrate of lower refractive index.
- a ray of light may be propagated within the thin film of higher refractive index material. The ray is confined by total internal reflection at the thin film/substrate interface and at the film/air space boundary.
- Waveguides are also used for roles additional to merely guiding light. For example, by combining the waveguide with a non-linear element, structures can be produced which are useful in optical logic and signal processing application.
- waveguides have been constructed from inorganic materials such as glasses which may be doped with inorganic materials, such as metal or semi-conductor compounds. In order to produce a device which combines waveguiding and non-linear optical properties, it has generally been the practice to grow a single crystal layer onto a suitable base substrate. Such techniques are laborious and complex.
- a method of producing an organic waveguide which comprises treating a transparent plastics substrate with a solution in an inert solvent of an organic dopant which is absorbed into the surface of the substrate, under conditions such that a surface layer is formed having a refractive index which is greater than that of the substrate.
- the process of the present invention enables a polymer substrate having the necessary optical properties, (including transparency , clarity and good surface properties), to be doped with a sufficient amount of a suitable organic compound to produce a local change in the refractive index of a surface region of the polymer.
- the resultant refractive index of the surface layer is greater than that of the bulk polymer, the resulting structures can be used as a waveguide.
- organic dopant compounds which possess non-linear optical properties a non-linear waveguide can be produced in a single production step.
- the process of the present invention involves the contacting of the polymer substrate in a two-phase system comprising the organic dopant and a saturated solution of the dopant.
- the solvent acts as a transfer medium which allows dopant molecules to come into contact with the surface of the substrate at a constant rate while at the same time giving an even distribution over the substrate.
- Presence of solid dopant suspended m the solution ensures a constantly saturated solution and steady state conditions.
- Dopant molecules reaching the surface of the substrate face a choice between continued solvation and entry into the substrate to form a solid solution. Molecules which do enter the surface may then diffuse further into the matrix.
- a large dopant concentration should be achieved near the surface but not penetrate far into the bulk polymer. This would give an effective waveguide with good non-linear properties (depending on the nature of the organic dopant), but would avoid the creation of a thick waveguide supporting many modes.
- a surface layer is formed in the polymer matrix forming the substrate which is doped with the organic compound to such an extent that there is a local increase in refractive index in the thickness of the doped layer.
- the technique of introducing a dopant into a polymer matrix by imbibition from a solution in an inert solvent can be controlled to enable the degree of change in refractive index and the depth of penetration of the organic compound to be varied.
- the main factors which determine these features of the resulting waveguide are:- (a) the nature of the organic compound and of the solvent, (b) the solution concentration, (c) the treatment time, (d) the type of polymer matrix and the relative affinity of the dopant for the solvent and the polymer matrix, (e) the temperature of treatment, (f) the nature of any pretreatment and (g) the presence of other substances, such as surfactants, in the solution which assist the absorption of the organic dopant into the matrix.
- organic compounds which have a higher affinity for the polymer matrix will be imbibed more quickly and to a greater depth in the substrate. Higher temperatures, higher concentration and longer treatment times all contribute to a greater degree of penetration of the compound into the polymer matrix.
- the plastics substrate is normally immersed in a saturated solution of the dopant.
- a vessel is charged with a sufficient amount of solution to cover the substrate and heated with stirring to the required temperature.
- a condenser may be necessary if the temperature used is likely to cause excessive solvent evaporation.
- the temperature is best maintained by means of a thermostatted bath or by reflux of the solvent.
- Sufficient dopant is added to give a saturated solution with a small excess and the system allowed to equilibrate.
- the substrate is immersed in the solution for the required time.
- the solution is stirred solid dopant particles in suspension do not normally affect the process, but if the dopant is molten at the temperature used, care must be taken that the substrate is not wetted directly by dopant droplets; otherwise an uneven indiffusion is obtained. Usually, swirling will cause any droplets to adhere to the sides of the vessel: the substrate may then be introduced. Where uneven indiffusion does occur because of particles sticking to the substrate surface, the cause is often static electricity. Pretreatment of the substrate before immersion with an anti-static gun is normally effective in overcoming this problem. After immersion, the substrate may be cooled, washed and dried.
- the waveguides produced exhibit low loss, good surfaces, little scatter (due to the diffuse nature of the edge of the dopant boundary) and may support one or more modes depending on the depth to which the dopant is diffused.
- Choice of Substrate In view of the intended purpose of producing a waveguide it is necessary to use a substrate polymer which has good optical properties. Clear, amorphous polymers of good thermal and optical stability are called for, preferably with hard surfaces which can be polished to a flat surface.
- the polymer substrate may be selected from any polymers which have good optical properties and into which the dopant may be diffused.
- polymers which may be selected are polycarbonates, polyesters, polystyrene, vinylidene ⁇ difluoride polymers and polyalkyl acrylates and methacrylates.
- CR 39 poly diethylene glycol bis (allyl carbonate), which is obtainable from P.P.G. Limited as a curable polymer.
- CR 39 has shown the greatest uptake of the dopant materials so far tested. This may be partly explained by the fact that when cured, CR 39 is a cross-linked polymer having a loosely packed network of polymer chains allowing more space for the entry of dopant molecules. Preparation of optically clear flat sheets in CR 39 polymer is described in U.S. Patent No. 2,542,386.
- cross-linkable polymers such as CR 39, can be polished to provide satisfactory thin flat substrates.
- Polymers which can be shaped, e.g. by extrusion or by moulding or casting are also advantageous.
- polyvinylidene difluoride and copoly ers of vinylidene difluoride with trifluoroethylene can be extruded or moulded and also cast from solution in common solvents, such as acetone and di methylformam ide.
- Vinylidene difluoride polymers exhibit piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties when films of the material are poled (see British Patent No.1,589,786). These properties can be of value in connection with alignment of dopant materials as described subsequently herein. Another factor which should be taken into account in selecting the polymer material is its behaviour in contact with the solvent. Polymers which are dissolved or swelled excessively so as to cause distortion in the substrate are to be avoided.
- the dopant selected should primarily be capable, on diffusion into the polymer substrate, of raising the refractive index. In general, we prefer dopants which exhibit intrinsic non-linearity.
- the dopants are selected from organic compounds with high values of quadratic or cubic hyperpolar isabili ty.
- a large value for quadratic or hyperpolar i s abi 111 y which generally implies a corresponding high value for cubic hyperpolarisability, is easily measured (see Schmidt et al Appl. Phys. Lett. 25,
- the organic dopants which are most effective tend to be compounds having large dipole moments.
- the dopants may be selected from aryl compounds having a ino, nitro, hydroxy and/or alkoxy subst tuents, such as anilines and aniline derivatives.
- aryl compounds having a ino, nitro, hydroxy and/or alkoxy subst tuents such as anilines and aniline derivatives.
- this class of compounds are, m-nitroani line (mNA), o- mtroaniline (oNA), 2-chloro-4-nitroanilme (C1NA) and 1- di ethylamino-2-acetam ⁇ do-4-n ⁇ trobenzene (DAN).
- Dopants may also be selected from compounds having a heterocyclic nitrogen-containing ring, such as pyrazoline derivatives, and from compounds being extended conjugated systems extending between dipoles, such as azo dyes.
- the function of the solvent used in the process of this invention is to act essentially as a transport medium. It should be inert and should not dissolve or swell the substrate significantly. Although the dopant must be soluble in the solvent in order to make transferance possible, the solubility product should be small. There are two reasons for this. First, transfer of the dopant from the solvent to the substrate depends upon its relative solubility in the solvent and polymer. A low affinity for the solvent coupled with a high affinity for the polymer substrate should encourage dopant molecules at the interface to enter the substrate. Secondly, a high solubility in the solvent would mean that a large amount of dopant would be taken up, whereas a low solubility means that a saturated solution may be maintained with only a little dopant.
- a high-boiling solvent is also desirable, both for high temperature diffusion of the dopant, and for operation at low temperature (where vapour loss is minimised) .
- perfluorinated organic solvents are advantageous solvents in the process of the invention.
- Most organic compounds are sparingly soluble in these solvents at elevated temperatures and a wide range of such solvents is available. They are inert, non-flammable and non-toxic and are commercially available from 3M Corporation (FC range of perfluorinated solvents) and from ISC Chemicals Ltd. ( P range).
- FC range of perfluorinated solvents 3M Corporation
- ISC Chemicals Ltd. P range
- Concentration refractive index profiling was achieved by an optical method, determining the refractive index profile from measurements of the mode propagation constants.
- a typical profile for C1NA is shown in Figure 1, and was determined at 633 nm using the method described by J.M. White and P.F. Heidrich, Appl. Opt. 1976, 1_5_, pp 151-155.
- Waveguiding quality was good with losses of only a few dBcm ⁇ . Depths of a few microns were used, with surface refractive index changes of 0.001 to 0.01 with respect to the undoped substrate.
- Non-linearity was investigated using an argon laser at 514.4nm.
- the response of a DAN waveguide is shown in Fig. 2; there was a reduction in coupling efficiency as input light intensity was increased. This was recoverable by realignment of the beam, as shown for the highest intensity.
- These results give an exceptionally large intensity-dependent index of ⁇ 0.5 (MWcm ⁇ 2 ) ⁇ , which was confirmed by experiments with DAN samples mounted in a Fabry-Perot cavity.
- These experiments revealed an associated time constant of ⁇ 2ms, which implies a thermal origin, unrelated to any effect.
- An almost identical response was obtained with m-NA waveguides.
- FIG. 3 shows the result obtained with an o-NA waveguide, similar to that described above but with a much
- more complicated waveguide structures can be formed by predefining a mask on the surface of the matrix material by standard photolithographic processes. Apertures defined in this mask enable selected areas of the surface of the matrix material to be solvent ind ' iffused, resulting in channel waveguide structures.
- a wide variety of active and passive channel waveguide structures can be formed by this technique, including curved waveguides, branching waveguides, directional couplers and interferometers. Typical waveguide structures are illustrated in Figures 4(a), (b) and (c) and in the paper by Bennion et al published in the Radio & Electronic Engineer, volume 53, No. , pp 313-320, September 1983.
- Figure 4(a) shows a planar waveguide, 4(b) a curved stripe waveguide and 4(c) a Y-junction broadening stripe waveguide.
- a plastics substrate 2 has a waveguiding surface layer 1 formed by solvent indiffusion of a dopant which raises the refractive index within the layer 1.
- the waveguide shown in Figure 4(b) has been formed with a 'J' shaped waveguide channel by confining the solvent indiffusion to the area 3.
- Figure 4(c) shows a 'Y' shaped channel waveguide structure formed by similarly restricting the solvent indiffusion dopant to a defined pattern in the surface layer 1.
- light directed along channel 4 will divide into two paths 5 and 6.
- the Bennion et al article describes basic principles of the fabrication and use of organic optical waveguides.
- channel waveguide structures of this kind are to provide optical interconnections between semiconductor components as described, for example in our British Patent Application No.85 05363 (Publication No.2155194).
- Multilayer waveguide structures can also be fabricated, e.g. by depositing one or more layers of polymer material onto the original substrate and subjecting the structure (after curing if necessary) to solvent indiffusion treatment prior to depositing the subsequent layer of polymer.
- Spin-coating or dip-coating techniques are suitable procedures for depositing two or more superposed layers of polymer matrix.
- channel waveguide structure can be produced by standard photolithographic methods to define desired patterns on the plastics substrate. Such methods have been used to define windows of the order of 3 to 7 urn in a metallic mask (e.g. aluminium) evaporated onto the plastics substrate. Solvent indiffusion into the substrate followed by removal of the aluminium left well-defined channel waveguides. Metallic layers deposited onto the plastics substrate by photolithography or other standard techniques need not be removed after solvent indiffusion but can be used as a means for applying an electrical field to the indif fused dopant causing alignment of polar dopant molecules.
- a metallic mask e.g. aluminium
- Waveguides fabricated with such organic molecules will be capable of performing a wide range of non-linear functions. They can take the form of the planar structures and the numerous channel waveguide structures, described above, as well as multilayer and distributed feedback structures.
- Organic , non-linear waveguide devices formed by solvent indiffusion can perform a wide range of high speed optical signal processing functions including optical bistability, logic gating, inversion, optical limiting, pulse shaping, correlation and convolution by degenerate four-wave mixing, phase conjugation, harmonic generation, frequency mixing, frequency shifting and high speed all optical switching. Devices performing these functions will have widespread applicability in the fields of optical computing, signal processing and high data rate optical communications systems. Details of construction and operation of optical switching devices can be found in the review paper of G.I. Stiger an and CT. Seaton published in Journal Appl. Phys. 58, R57 (1985).
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB868610227A GB8610227D0 (en) | 1986-04-25 | 1986-04-25 | Organic optical waveguides |
GB8610227 | 1986-04-25 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1987006715A1 true WO1987006715A1 (en) | 1987-11-05 |
Family
ID=10596880
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB1987/000275 WO1987006715A1 (en) | 1986-04-25 | 1987-04-24 | Organic optical waveguides |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4838634A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0267219A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS63503172A (en) |
GB (2) | GB8610227D0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1987006715A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0432421A2 (en) * | 1989-12-08 | 1991-06-19 | Corning Incorporated | Chlorine-doped optical component |
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GB8709760D0 (en) * | 1987-04-24 | 1987-05-28 | Plessey Co Plc | Doped spun films for waveguides |
US5292620A (en) * | 1988-01-15 | 1994-03-08 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Optical waveguide devices, elements for making the devices and methods of making the devices and elements |
NL8800939A (en) * | 1988-04-12 | 1989-11-01 | Philips Nv | RADIANT COUPLING DEVICE. |
GB8814366D0 (en) * | 1988-06-16 | 1988-07-20 | Marconi Gec Ltd | Integrated optic devices |
EP0347233A3 (en) * | 1988-06-16 | 1991-02-13 | Gec-Marconi Limited | Integrated optic devices |
GB2222272A (en) * | 1988-08-25 | 1990-02-28 | Plessey Co Plc | Organic optical waveguides of doped optically nonlinear polymer |
JP2771247B2 (en) * | 1989-04-28 | 1998-07-02 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | Wavelength conversion element |
FR2646930B1 (en) * | 1989-05-12 | 1993-04-09 | Essilor Int | PROCESS FOR PRODUCING A DIFFRACTIVE ELEMENT, USABLE IN PARTICULAR IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL OPTICAL LENSES, AND LENSES THUS OBTAINED |
US4973125A (en) * | 1989-08-25 | 1990-11-27 | National Research Council Of Canada | All optical self limiter for fiber optics |
US5296305A (en) * | 1990-05-11 | 1994-03-22 | Esslior International (Compagnie Generale D'optique) | Method of fabricating a lens made of transparent polymer with modulated refracting index |
US5046800A (en) * | 1990-10-09 | 1991-09-10 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Article comprising a passive optical waveguide |
US5106211A (en) * | 1991-02-14 | 1992-04-21 | Hoechst Celanese Corp. | Formation of polymer channel waveguides by excimer laser ablation and method of making same |
US5434208A (en) * | 1992-07-10 | 1995-07-18 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Optically non-linear active waveguiding material comprising a dopant having multiple donor-n-acceptor systems |
US5230921A (en) * | 1992-08-04 | 1993-07-27 | Blacktoe Medical, Inc. | Flexible piezo-electric membrane |
TW249815B (en) * | 1993-08-19 | 1995-06-21 | Akzo Noble Nv | |
US5405926A (en) * | 1993-10-12 | 1995-04-11 | The University Of Akron | Polymer compositions and products made therefrom having nonlinear optical properties; methods for their synthesis, and for the production of the products |
US5729645A (en) * | 1996-08-13 | 1998-03-17 | The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Graded index optical fibers |
UA47454C2 (en) * | 1996-12-20 | 2002-07-15 | Научний Центр Волоконной Оптікі Прі Інстітутє Общєй Фізікі Россійской Акадєміі Наук | Fiber converter of the mode field diameter, method for local chanche of the refractive index of the optical waveguides and a method for preparing raw stock for optical waveguides |
US6661942B1 (en) | 1998-07-20 | 2003-12-09 | Trans Photonics, Llc | Multi-functional optical switch (optical wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer, add-drop multiplexer and inter-connect device) and its methods of manufacture |
US6429023B1 (en) | 1998-07-20 | 2002-08-06 | Shayda Technologies, Inc. | Biosensors with polymeric optical waveguides |
WO2002033005A2 (en) * | 2000-10-19 | 2002-04-25 | Trans Photonics, L.L.C. | Novel substituted-polyaryl chromophoric compounds |
US6836608B2 (en) | 2000-12-28 | 2004-12-28 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Planar optical waveguide, method for manufacturing the same and polymer optical waveguide |
US6714696B2 (en) | 2000-12-28 | 2004-03-30 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Light-wave circuit module and method for manufacturing the same |
US6801703B2 (en) | 2001-08-08 | 2004-10-05 | Photon-X, Llc | Freestanding athermal polymer optical waveguide |
US6631228B2 (en) | 2001-09-14 | 2003-10-07 | Photon-X, Inc. | Adhesive-free bonding method of fiber attachment for polymer optical waveguide on polymer substrate |
US6603917B2 (en) | 2001-11-07 | 2003-08-05 | Photon-X, Inc | Planar optical waveguide with core barrier |
US6917749B2 (en) | 2001-11-07 | 2005-07-12 | Photon-X, Llc | Polymer optical waveguides on polymer substrates |
US20030174964A1 (en) * | 2002-01-08 | 2003-09-18 | Photon-X, Inc. | Lens coupling fiber attachment for polymer optical waveguide on polymer substrate |
WO2003078304A2 (en) * | 2002-03-15 | 2003-09-25 | Photon-X, Inc. | Surface relief structures for joining and adhesion |
US20040120673A1 (en) * | 2002-12-19 | 2004-06-24 | Lucent Technologies | Method of polishing polymer facets on optical waveguides |
JP2008530317A (en) * | 2005-02-15 | 2008-08-07 | アールピーオー プロプライエタリー リミテッド | Photolithographic patterning of polymer materials |
US7742672B2 (en) * | 2005-08-24 | 2010-06-22 | General Electric Company | Composition, optical device article, and associated method |
US7976740B2 (en) * | 2008-12-16 | 2011-07-12 | Microsoft Corporation | Fabrication of optically smooth light guide |
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US3953620A (en) * | 1974-12-06 | 1976-04-27 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated | Producing integrated optical circuits |
JPS54119939A (en) * | 1978-03-10 | 1979-09-18 | Nippon Sheet Glass Co Ltd | Method of making lightttransmitting synthetic resin |
US4431263A (en) * | 1979-06-25 | 1984-02-14 | University Patents, Inc. | Novel nonlinear optical materials and processes employing diacetylenes |
JPS57198410A (en) * | 1981-06-01 | 1982-12-06 | Nippon Sheet Glass Co Ltd | Optical plane circuit equipped with optical coupler |
JPS59220704A (en) * | 1983-05-30 | 1984-12-12 | Nippon Sheet Glass Co Ltd | Manufacture of optical circuit of synthetic resin |
US4749245A (en) * | 1985-03-11 | 1988-06-07 | Kuraray Co., Ltd. | Thin film waveguide device and manufacturing method for making same |
-
1986
- 1986-04-25 GB GB868610227A patent/GB8610227D0/en active Pending
-
1987
- 1987-04-24 WO PCT/GB1987/000275 patent/WO1987006715A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1987-04-24 GB GB8709761A patent/GB2189624B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-04-24 US US06/141,665 patent/US4838634A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-04-24 EP EP87902627A patent/EP0267219A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1987-04-24 JP JP62502755A patent/JPS63503172A/en active Pending
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
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Electronics and Communications in Japan, Volume 65, No. 11, November 1982, Scripta Publishing Co., (Silver Spring, Maryland, US), I. KATO et al.: "Polymer Thin Film Optical Waveguide", pages 101-107 see the whole document * |
Optics Communications, Volume 50, No. 3, 1 Juni 1984, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland Physics Publishing Division), (Amsterdam, NL), S. TOMARU et al.: "Organic Crystals Growth for Optical Channel Waveguides", pages 154-156 see the whole document * |
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN, Volume 9, No. 93 (P-351)(1816), 23 April 1985, & JP, A, 59220704 (Nihon Ita Glass K.K.) 12 December 1984 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0432421A2 (en) * | 1989-12-08 | 1991-06-19 | Corning Incorporated | Chlorine-doped optical component |
EP0432421A3 (en) * | 1989-12-08 | 1992-07-08 | Corning Incorporated | Chlorine-doped optical component |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0267219A1 (en) | 1988-05-18 |
GB2189624B (en) | 1990-01-31 |
GB8610227D0 (en) | 1986-05-29 |
GB8709761D0 (en) | 1987-05-28 |
US4838634A (en) | 1989-06-13 |
JPS63503172A (en) | 1988-11-17 |
GB2189624A (en) | 1987-10-28 |
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