WO1986006827A1 - Spin decay projectile - Google Patents
Spin decay projectile Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1986006827A1 WO1986006827A1 PCT/US1986/001076 US8601076W WO8606827A1 WO 1986006827 A1 WO1986006827 A1 WO 1986006827A1 US 8601076 W US8601076 W US 8601076W WO 8606827 A1 WO8606827 A1 WO 8606827A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- bullet
- range
- fins
- ballistic
- round
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B10/00—Means for influencing, e.g. improving, the aerodynamic properties of projectiles or missiles; Arrangements on projectiles or missiles for stabilising, steering, range-reducing, range-increasing or fall-retarding
- F42B10/32—Range-reducing or range-increasing arrangements; Fall-retarding means
- F42B10/48—Range-reducing, destabilising or braking arrangements, e.g. impact-braking arrangements; Fall-retarding means, e.g. balloons, rockets for braking or fall-retarding
- F42B10/54—Spin braking means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B10/00—Means for influencing, e.g. improving, the aerodynamic properties of projectiles or missiles; Arrangements on projectiles or missiles for stabilising, steering, range-reducing, range-increasing or fall-retarding
- F42B10/02—Stabilising arrangements
- F42B10/04—Stabilising arrangements using fixed fins
- F42B10/06—Tail fins
Definitions
- This invention relates to an explosive round having a relatively fixed limited range, and more particularly, to a bullet having spin decay fins for limiting the range of the bullet.
- Ammunition has a limited range of accuracy. However, the bullet travels far beyond the accuracy range and remains lethal beyond the accuracy range.
- service ammunition such as that for the 7.62 mm machine gun has a range of approximately 150 meters. It is desirable to provide practice ammunition which will match the trajectory of service ammunition for 100 to 400 meters, but which will have a limited maximum range. In the case of the service ammunition discussed above, the requirement is for a practice round with a maximum range which does not exceed 400 meters. The need for practice ammunition with a limited range is best pointed out by the very small number of practice ranges at which high velocity military ammunition can be fired. Because of this, training has been restricted.
- a limit on the maximum lethal range is also required for sporting ammunition. Rifled weapons are forbidden in many hunting areas because rifled bullets remain lethal far beyond the range of maximum accurate use.
- the bullet for an explosive round has a plurality of fins extending along the length of the bullet forward of the center of gravity. After the bullet has exceeded its maximum accurate range the fins decay the spin of the bullet causing it to tumble, thereby limiting its maximum range.
- Fins are not normally placed on projectiles forward of their center of gravity. Fins have a stablizing effect when they extend backward from the center of gravity but it is generally thought that fins in front of the center of gravity are destablizing.
- ammunition with bullets with fins forward of the center of gravity remain stable with an accurate projectory over the range of high velocity, the range of normal accuracy. After this range of accuracy, the fins rapidly decay the spin causing the bullet to tumble and abruptly shorten the maximum range.
- Fig. 1 shows a bullet with three spin decay fins
- Fig. 1A is an end view of the bullet of Figure 1;
- Fig. 2 shows a round with four spin decay fins on the bullet in accordance with the invention.
- Fig. 2A is an end view of the bullet of Fig. 2;
- Fig. 3 shows bullet drop vs. range for various ballistic coefficients and muzzle velocity at 2,500 ft./sec;
- Fig. 4 shows bullet drop vs. range for various ballistic coefficients and muzzle velocity at 3,000 ft./sec;
- Fig. 5 shows bullet drop vs. range for various ballistic coefficients and muzzle velocity at 3,500 ft./sec;
- Fig. 6 shows bullet drop vs. range for various ballistic coefficients and muzzle velocity at 4,000 ft./sec;
- Fig. 7 shows bullet drop in inches at 100 meters vs. ballistic coefficient at various muzzle velocities
- Fig. 8 shows ballistic coefficient vs. muzzle velocity to match drop of reference bullet at 100 and 150 meters.
- FIGS 1 and 2 show the invention embodied in a practice cartridge for 7.62 mm machine gun ammunition. Fins 11, 12, and 13 extend along the length of the bullet forward of the center of gravity. The center of gravity is in the cylindrical base 14. The front of the bullet is tapered toward a point 15.
- the fins extend forwardly of the base 14 and radiate outwardly from the tapered front of the bullet.
- the embodiment of Figures 1 and 1A has three equally spaced fins.
- the embodiment shown in Figures 2 and 2A have four equally spaced fins.
- the stability factor is given as:
- the contributing components are spin rate, destabilizing moment, and cross coupling of projectile inertias.
- Spin rate reduction requires lateral surface interaction of bullet surfaces during the time of flight of interest.
- the destabilizing moment is caused by the magnitude of the aerodynamic force and its displacement in front of the center of gravity.
- the bullet inertial properties are difficult to change in flight without costly moving parts.
- the bullet travels in two modes.
- the projectile will be spin stable and of sufficient drag such that it will fly a matching trajectory for 50 to 150 meters. At some point in this range, it will change abruptly to the second mode.
- the projectile In the second mode, the projectile will be characterized by a sharp increase in drag centered at its nose, which in turn, will significantly increase the destabilizing moment causing tumbling and curtailing projectile flight.
- the curves shown in Figures 3 to 6 display a parametric envelope of trajectories, ballistic coefficents and muzzle velocity variations wherein the reference trajectory serves as both the upper and lower limit. For each muzzle velocity there is a ballistic coefficient that most nearly matches the trajectory of the reference bullet.
- the reference bullet trajectory is based on the characteristics of a .308 diameter, 150 grain Spitzer bullet with a ballistic coefficient of .409. This bullet is considered to have trajectory characteristics close to the military 7.62 standard.
- Figure 7 shows bullet drop at 100 meters as a function of ballistic coefficient at various muzzle velocities.
- a ballistic coefficient to produce the same bullet drop as the reference at each muzzle velocity was determined by noting the crossing point of each bullet drop vs. ballistic coefficient curve with the reference bullet drop line.
- Figure 8 represents the same data as Figure 7, except the bullet drop for the reference bullet was taken at 150 meters.
- Figure 9 is a distillation of the information shown in Figure 7 and 8, except ballistic coefficient is shown as a function of muzzle velocity to match drop of the reference bullet at both 100 and 150 meters range.
- the zone between the cucves represents ballistic coefficient values to be considered at a particular muzzle velocity.
- trajectory matching of the practice ammunition bullet to the standard 7.62 mm bullet will be more sensitive to ballistic variability in the muzzle velocity range of 2750 to 3000 ft./sec. than it will be above 3000 ft./sec. muzzle velocity.
- the foregoing analysis was made to serve as a starting point, but the ballistic coefficients must be approximated experimentally.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
Abstract
An explosive round for a rifled gun has a bullet (14) with fins (11, 12, 13) extending along the length of the bullet forward of the center of gravity. The fins decay the spin of the bullet imparted by the rifling after the bullet has exceeded its maximum accurate range. After this range, the bullet tumbles rapidly thereby limiting its length range.
Description
SPIN DECAY PROJECTILE
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to an explosive round having a relatively fixed limited range, and more particularly, to a bullet having spin decay fins for limiting the range of the bullet.
Ammunition has a limited range of accuracy. However, the bullet travels far beyond the accuracy range and remains lethal beyond the accuracy range. For example, service ammunition such as that for the 7.62 mm machine gun has a range of approximately 150 meters. It is desirable to provide practice ammunition which will match the trajectory of service ammunition for 100 to 400 meters, but which will have a limited maximum range. In the case of the service ammunition discussed above, the requirement is for a practice round with a maximum range which does not exceed 400 meters. The need for practice ammunition with a limited range is best pointed out by the very small number of practice ranges at which high velocity military ammunition can be fired. Because of this, training has been restricted.
A limit on the maximum lethal range is also required for sporting ammunition. Rifled weapons are forbidden in many hunting areas because rifled bullets remain lethal far beyond the range of maximum accurate use.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an explosive round with a bullet having a maximum effective range
which is just beyond its range of accuracy. Another object of the present invention is to provide low cost practice ammunition which emulates the trajectory and accuracy of service ammunition for 100-1,000 meters.
It is another object of the present invention to provide ammunition suitable for sport use where a short maximum range is critical.
Summary of the Invention
In. accordance with the present invention, the bullet for an explosive round has a plurality of fins extending along the length of the bullet forward of the center of gravity. After the bullet has exceeded its maximum accurate range the fins decay the spin of the bullet causing it to tumble, thereby limiting its maximum range.
Fins are not normally placed on projectiles forward of their center of gravity. Fins have a stablizing effect when they extend backward from the center of gravity but it is generally thought that fins in front of the center of gravity are destablizing. However, ammunition with bullets with fins forward of the center of gravity remain stable with an accurate projectory over the range of high velocity, the range of normal accuracy. After this range of accuracy, the fins rapidly decay the spin causing the bullet to tumble and abruptly shorten the maximum range.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be better understood from the following more detailed description and claims.
Short Description of the Drawings
Fig. 1 shows a bullet with three spin decay fins;
Fig. 1A is an end view of the bullet of Figure 1;
Fig. 2 shows a round with four spin decay fins on the bullet in accordance with the invention.
Fig. 2A is an end view of the bullet of Fig. 2; and
Fig. 3 shows bullet drop vs. range for various ballistic coefficients and muzzle velocity at 2,500 ft./sec;
Fig. 4 shows bullet drop vs. range for various ballistic coefficients and muzzle velocity at 3,000 ft./sec;
Fig. 5 shows bullet drop vs. range for various ballistic coefficients and muzzle velocity at 3,500 ft./sec;
Fig. 6 shows bullet drop vs. range for various ballistic coefficients and muzzle velocity at 4,000 ft./sec;
Fig. 7 shows bullet drop in inches at 100 meters vs. ballistic coefficient at various muzzle velocities;
Fig. 8 shows ballistic coefficient vs. muzzle velocity to match drop of reference bullet at 100 and 150 meters.
Description of the Preferred Embodiment
Figures 1 and 2 show the invention embodied in a practice cartridge for 7.62 mm machine gun ammunition. Fins 11, 12, and 13 extend along the length of the bullet forward of
the center of gravity. The center of gravity is in the cylindrical base 14. The front of the bullet is tapered toward a point 15.
The fins extend forwardly of the base 14 and radiate outwardly from the tapered front of the bullet. The embodiment of Figures 1 and 1A has three equally spaced fins. The embodiment shown in Figures 2 and 2A have four equally spaced fins.
The criteria for design of an exemplary practice round emulating the characteristics of the standard 7.62 mm bullet (150 grains) are discussed below. The requirements are that the bullet be stable and accurate out to the 50 - 150 meter range. Upon reaching this range the bullet should become unstable and tumble rapidly to the ground. The contributing components for dynamic stability of a spinning projectile are separated into the following categories.
The stability factor is given as:
2(CL + ka~2CMp ) sd
-2 CL -CD -kfc (CM + CM ) where
Sd = stability factor o
C = lift coefficient L k = axial radius of gyration a
CM = magnus moment P
C = drag coefficent D k = transverse radius of gyration
-5-
CM = moment coefficent
CM = static moment coefficient
The contributing components are spin rate, destabilizing moment, and cross coupling of projectile inertias. Spin rate reduction requires lateral surface interaction of bullet surfaces during the time of flight of interest. The destabilizing moment is caused by the magnitude of the aerodynamic force and its displacement in front of the center of gravity. The bullet inertial properties are difficult to change in flight without costly moving parts.
In accordance with the invention, the bullet (projectile) travels in two modes. In the first mode, the projectile will be spin stable and of sufficient drag such that it will fly a matching trajectory for 50 to 150 meters. At some point in this range, it will change abruptly to the second mode. In the second mode, the projectile will be characterized by a sharp increase in drag centered at its nose, which in turn, will significantly increase the destabilizing moment causing tumbling and curtailing projectile flight.
The following ballistic parameters were determined for the exemplary round: range (meters), remaining velocity (ft./sec), remaining energy (ft.-lbs, total drop (inches), elevation in aim to strike target at given range (minutes of angle), maximum trajectory height above sight line (inches), time of flight, and ballistic coefficient.
First assumptions included the following inputs shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1
BALLISTIC
MUZZLE VELCOCITY COEFFICIENT FT./SEC. C
4000 .50
3500 *.409
3000 .20
*2750 .15
2500 .10
.05
Figures 3 through 6 depict trajectories shown as bullet drop in inches from horizontal vs. range in meters up to a max of 150 meters for ballistic coefficients ranging from .05 to .50. These curves illustrate the effect of ballistic coefficient and muzzle velocity variations on bullet trajectories compared to the reference ballistic coefficient of C= .409 at a muzzle velocity of 2750 ft./sec.
The effect of ballistic coefficient (C) and muzzle velocity on trajectory, even at this relatively short range of 150 meters, is striking. At a muzzle velocity of 4000 ft./sec, the total difference in drop between C = .50 and C = .05 is approximately 2 inches. The difference increases to approximately 5.8 inches when velocity drops to 2500 ft./sec.
These effects become minimal at the 50 meter range and somewhat greater at 100 meters, particularly at the lower velocities.
In essence, the curves shown in Figures 3 to 6 display a parametric envelope of trajectories, ballistic coefficents and muzzle velocity variations wherein the reference trajectory serves as both the upper and lower limit. For each muzzle velocity there is a ballistic coefficient that most nearly matches the trajectory of the reference bullet. The reference bullet trajectory is based on the characteristics of a .308 diameter, 150 grain Spitzer bullet with a ballistic coefficient of .409. This bullet is considered to have trajectory characteristics close to the military 7.62 standard.
Three additional useful curves were developed from the data. The first. Figure 7, shows bullet drop at 100 meters as a function of ballistic coefficient at various muzzle velocities. A ballistic coefficient to produce the same bullet drop as the reference at each muzzle velocity was determined by noting the crossing point of each bullet drop vs. ballistic coefficient curve with the reference bullet drop line.
Figure 8 represents the same data as Figure 7, except the bullet drop for the reference bullet was taken at 150 meters. Figure 9 is a distillation of the information shown in Figure 7 and 8, except ballistic coefficient is shown as a function of muzzle velocity to match drop of the reference bullet at both 100 and 150 meters range. The zone between the
cucves represents ballistic coefficient values to be considered at a particular muzzle velocity.
It is evident from Figure 9 that trajectory matching of the practice ammunition bullet to the standard 7.62 mm bullet will be more sensitive to ballistic variability in the muzzle velocity range of 2750 to 3000 ft./sec. than it will be above 3000 ft./sec. muzzle velocity. The foregoing analysis was made to serve as a starting point, but the ballistic coefficients must be approximated experimentally.
While a particular embodiment of the invention has been shown and described, various modifications are within the true spirit and scope of the invention. The appended claims are, therefore, intended to cover all such modifications.
Claims
1. An explosive round for a rifled gun comprising: a cartridge containing an explosive, and a bullet for said cartridge having a plurality of fins extending along the length of said bullet forward of the center of gravity thereof.
2. The explosive round recited in claim 1 wherein said fins decay the spin of said bullet imparted by the rifling of said gun.
3. The explosive round recited in claim 1 wherein said bullet has a cylindrical base with the front of said bullet being tapered toward a point, said fins extending forwardly of said base and radially outward from the tapered front of said bullet.
4. The explosive round recited in claim 1 wherein said bullet has three equally spaced fins.
5. The explosive round recited in claim 1 wherein said bullet has four equally spaced fins.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US73478885A | 1985-05-16 | 1985-05-16 | |
US734,788 | 1985-05-16 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1986006827A1 true WO1986006827A1 (en) | 1986-11-20 |
Family
ID=24953077
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1986/001076 WO1986006827A1 (en) | 1985-05-16 | 1986-05-16 | Spin decay projectile |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0223829A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU5902886A (en) |
ES (1) | ES294071Y (en) |
IL (1) | IL78434A0 (en) |
PT (1) | PT82595A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1986006827A1 (en) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2197057A (en) * | 1986-04-29 | 1988-05-11 | Royal Ordnance Plc | Practice projectile |
US5476045A (en) * | 1994-11-14 | 1995-12-19 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Limited range projectile |
WO1999013287A3 (en) * | 1997-09-09 | 1999-05-14 | Primex Tech Inc | Range limited projectile |
WO2002012820A1 (en) * | 2000-08-09 | 2002-02-14 | Dynamit Nobel Gmbh Explosivstoff- Und Systemtechnik | Projectile for short trajectory training ammunition |
WO2016007212A3 (en) * | 2014-04-10 | 2016-03-24 | Mahnke Joshua | Projectile with enhanced ballistics |
US12050093B2 (en) | 2021-11-23 | 2024-07-30 | G9 Holdings, Llc | Projectile with enhanced ballistics |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2286364A1 (en) * | 1974-09-26 | 1976-04-23 | France Etat | Target practice ammunition for reduced length rifle range - simulates trajectory and accuracy of real ammunition of same calibre |
US3968750A (en) * | 1972-03-22 | 1976-07-13 | Nederlandsche Wapen- En Munitiefabriek "De Kruithoorn" B.V. | Projectile-case connection |
DE2831574A1 (en) * | 1977-07-25 | 1979-02-08 | Eurometaal Nv | Training projectile for artillery - has hollow central body with base seal ejected after firing as well as braking fins |
GB2091856A (en) * | 1981-01-23 | 1982-08-04 | Bofors Ab | Training projectile |
-
1986
- 1986-04-08 IL IL78434A patent/IL78434A0/en unknown
- 1986-05-09 ES ES1986294071U patent/ES294071Y/en not_active Expired
- 1986-05-16 AU AU59028/86A patent/AU5902886A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1986-05-16 EP EP86903841A patent/EP0223829A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1986-05-16 WO PCT/US1986/001076 patent/WO1986006827A1/en unknown
- 1986-05-16 PT PT82595A patent/PT82595A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3968750A (en) * | 1972-03-22 | 1976-07-13 | Nederlandsche Wapen- En Munitiefabriek "De Kruithoorn" B.V. | Projectile-case connection |
FR2286364A1 (en) * | 1974-09-26 | 1976-04-23 | France Etat | Target practice ammunition for reduced length rifle range - simulates trajectory and accuracy of real ammunition of same calibre |
DE2831574A1 (en) * | 1977-07-25 | 1979-02-08 | Eurometaal Nv | Training projectile for artillery - has hollow central body with base seal ejected after firing as well as braking fins |
GB2091856A (en) * | 1981-01-23 | 1982-08-04 | Bofors Ab | Training projectile |
Cited By (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2197057A (en) * | 1986-04-29 | 1988-05-11 | Royal Ordnance Plc | Practice projectile |
GB2197057B (en) * | 1986-04-29 | 1989-12-20 | Royal Ordnance Plc | Spin-damped training round with selectable safety trace |
US4905602A (en) * | 1986-04-29 | 1990-03-06 | Royal Ordnance | Spin-damped training round with selectable safety trace |
US5476045A (en) * | 1994-11-14 | 1995-12-19 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Limited range projectile |
WO1999013287A3 (en) * | 1997-09-09 | 1999-05-14 | Primex Tech Inc | Range limited projectile |
US5932836A (en) * | 1997-09-09 | 1999-08-03 | Primex Technologies, Inc. | Range limited projectile using augmented roll damping |
USRE38261E1 (en) | 1997-09-09 | 2003-10-07 | General Dynamic Ordnance and Tactical System, Inc. | Ranged limited projectile using augmented roll damping |
WO2002012820A1 (en) * | 2000-08-09 | 2002-02-14 | Dynamit Nobel Gmbh Explosivstoff- Und Systemtechnik | Projectile for short trajectory training ammunition |
WO2016007212A3 (en) * | 2014-04-10 | 2016-03-24 | Mahnke Joshua | Projectile with enhanced ballistics |
USD863492S1 (en) | 2014-04-30 | 2019-10-15 | G9 Holdings, Llc | Projectile |
US9709368B2 (en) | 2014-04-30 | 2017-07-18 | G9 Holdings, Llc | Projectile with enhanced ballistics |
USD868199S1 (en) | 2014-04-30 | 2019-11-26 | G9 Holdings, Llc | Projectile |
US10502536B2 (en) | 2014-04-30 | 2019-12-10 | G9 Holdings, Llc | Projectile with enhanced ballistics |
US10578410B2 (en) | 2014-04-30 | 2020-03-03 | G9 Holdings, Llc | Projectile with enhanced ballistics |
US11041703B2 (en) | 2014-04-30 | 2021-06-22 | G9 Holdings, Llc | Projectile with enhanced ballistics |
US11181351B2 (en) | 2014-04-30 | 2021-11-23 | G9 Holdings, Llc | Projectile with enhanced ballistics |
USD978277S1 (en) | 2014-04-30 | 2023-02-14 | G9 Holdings, Llc | Projectile |
USD980941S1 (en) | 2014-04-30 | 2023-03-14 | G9 Holdings, Llc | Projectile |
US11808550B2 (en) | 2014-04-30 | 2023-11-07 | G9 Holdings, Llc | Projectile with enhanced ballistics |
US12050093B2 (en) | 2021-11-23 | 2024-07-30 | G9 Holdings, Llc | Projectile with enhanced ballistics |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU5902886A (en) | 1986-12-04 |
IL78434A0 (en) | 1986-08-31 |
ES294071Y (en) | 1987-10-16 |
PT82595A (en) | 1986-06-01 |
ES294071U (en) | 1987-03-16 |
EP0223829A1 (en) | 1987-06-03 |
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