WO1982001408A1 - Hazardous materials control - Google Patents
Hazardous materials control Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1982001408A1 WO1982001408A1 PCT/GB1981/000225 GB8100225W WO8201408A1 WO 1982001408 A1 WO1982001408 A1 WO 1982001408A1 GB 8100225 W GB8100225 W GB 8100225W WO 8201408 A1 WO8201408 A1 WO 8201408A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fluid
- pipeline
- liquid
- introduction
- hazardous material
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000383 hazardous chemical Substances 0.000 title description 11
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 239000013056 hazardous product Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052743 krypton Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N krypton atom Chemical compound [Kr] DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 38
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 20
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 19
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 19
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 4
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 4
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 231100000627 threshold limit value Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 235000004507 Abies alba Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000191291 Abies alba Species 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007792 gaseous phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000003642 hunger Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003949 liquefied natural gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003915 liquefied petroleum gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000015096 spirit Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002341 toxic gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- PGRNEGLBSNLPNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,6-dichloro-3-methylhex-1-ene Chemical compound ClC=CC(C)CCCCl PGRNEGLBSNLPNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DFNQEKIRKPNANW-UHFFFAOYSA-N azane;sulfur dioxide Chemical compound N.O=S=O DFNQEKIRKPNANW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008033 biological extinction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012993 chemical processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylmethane Natural products CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Natural products C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004291 sulphur dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010269 sulphur dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010977 unit operation Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
- A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
- A62C3/00—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places
- A62C3/04—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places for dust or loosely-baled or loosely-piled materials, e.g. in silos, in chimneys
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B35/00—Methods or apparatus for preventing or extinguishing fires
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B36/00—Heating, cooling, insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L55/00—Devices or appurtenances for use in, or in connection with, pipes or pipe systems
- F16L55/10—Means for stopping flow from or in pipes or hoses
- F16L55/103—Means for stopping flow from or in pipes or hoses by temporarily freezing liquid sections in the pipe
Definitions
- This invention relates to a method of combating the issue of hazardous material from a pipeline, for example during a blowout at an oil well or leakage of dangerous material from a chemical plant.
- the problem is potentially worse if the hazardous material is concentrated and/or under pressure.
- a method of combating the issue of hazardous material from a pipeline comprising providing the pipeline with a secondary inlet for introduction of a fluid inert to the hazardous material flowing in the pipeline, the fluid at normal temperature and pressure being a gas, and introducing said fluid into the pipeline through the secondary inlet, the introduction being made under conditions whereby the fluid expands and undergoes a temperature increase on introduction.
- Pressuring means may be provided for injecting the fluid into the pipeline.
- a valve may also be provided in association with the secondary inlet to allow the introduction of the fluid to be started, stopped and controlled as required.
- the method of this invention operates in general terms by treating the hazardous material prior to its escape from the pipeline.
- the treatment constitutes dilution by the inert fluid, and lowering of the hazardous material temperature and therefore, in many cases, its flash point.
- a cryogenic fluid When a cryogenic fluid is employed the hazardous material may even be liquefied or solidified as a result of heat exchange with the fluid, thus making it easier to deal with.
- the solidified ma£erial can form a frozen plug in the pipeline, thus s ⁇ alingthe pipeline against further escape until the cause of the escape can be located and dealt with.
- the secondary inlet may be fed with any of a number of fluids depending on the particular hazard being presented by the issuing material. For example, if the escaping material is inflammable the fluid selected would be incapable of supporting combustion, so that its injection into the pipeline would prevent ignition of the material or would extinguish any already-burning material. This particular effect would be enhanced by the cooling effect of the fluid.
- the fluid may be selected to provide in the pipeline sufficient daikition of the escaping material to reduce its concentration to below its threshold limit value, and in this case it is of advantage to use a fluid which undergoes a change of state on introduction into the pipeline, preferably from particulate solid or liquid to gas, so as to provide rapid volume expansion within the pipeline and provide fast dilution of the material.
- Especially advantageous fluids to introduce into the pipeline are solid carbon dioxide, liquid nitrogen, liquid helium, liquid neon, liquid argon, liquid krypton, liquid xenon and liquid carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof.
- these fluids are cryogenic it is important. to ensure that the material of the pipeline, secondary inlet and. any valves has the capability of withstanding low temperatures without failing.
- Stainless steel is useful in this context, and as much existing chemical plant is manufactured of this material the method of this invention can be introduced to existing plant without major replacement of pipework.
- the fluid can be passed in contact with the pipeline wall before introduction into the pipeline, thereby providing initial heat exchange between the fluid and the hazardous material through the pipeline wall.
- an annular conduit can be provided around a portion of the pipeline and communicating with the secondary inlet, the inner wall of the conduit being formed by the pipeline wall.
- proportion of the fluid can also be fed to a cooling unit within the pipeline for cooling purposes, and this unit may be an annular passageway which allows heat exchange through its wall without greatly impeding the normal flow of material through the pipeline.
- pipeline is used to describe any conduit for passage of material.
- the hazardous material is material which presents a problem, whether to the environment or to health or in any other manner, on escape from the pipeline.
- the invention in its aspects can be used, for example, in the following situations, with especial regard to oil wells: 1. Blow-out wild well control,
- cryogenic liquids for example:- neon, argon
- cryogenic gases for example:- neon, argon
- inert liquefied gases for example:- krypton, xenon, carbon dioxide
- inert gases for example:- krypton, xenon, carbon dioxide,
- cryogenic liquids for example:- oxygen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide,
- cryogenic gases for example:- oxygen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide,
- 2.2.3 liquefied flammable gases 2.2.3. 1 liquefied natural gases - for example:- methane, ethane,
- liquefied toxic gases for example:- chlorine, ammonia sulphur dioxide,
- toxic gases for example:- chlorine, ammonia, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide,
- the method of the invention is especially effective when the fluid has low-boiling point and high vapour, liquid-vapour or solid-vapour expansion ratio.
- the invention can be used with regard to: (a) preventing the ignition of flammable concentrations of vapours or aerosols;
- the first of these may involve the injection of an inert cryogenic liquid or liquefied inert gas into any line leaking flammable concentrations of vapour or aerosols. This requires the use of a low temperature liquid injection valve.
- the injection of an inert cryogenic gas or inert gas into any line leaking flammable concentrations ⁇ f vapour or aerosol requires the use of a gas injection valve capable of operation at low temperatures.
- valve would thereby permit injection of an inert cryogenic liquid, liquefied inert gas, inert cryogenic gas or inert gas directly into the leaking hazardous material prior to release, so that the vapourising inert cryogenic liquid or liquefied inert gas would both cool and inert the escaping release, through starving the hazardous material of oxygen, whilst the inert cryogenic gas or inert gas would inert the escaping release mainly by starving the fuel of oxygen, and additionally cool the escaping release should its temperature be sufficiently below the temperature of the escaping release.
- Similar injection devices may be installed at selected parts of all hazardous chemical installations etc., in order to control any potentially hazardous release.
- the inert fluid for example cryogenic liquid, liquefied inert gas, inert cryogenic gas or inert gas may be pumped into an existing facility that form an integral part of the pipelinp before and/or after the fluid injection facility, in order to effect the formation of a plug of material that will form an effective seal and thereby allow appropriate measures to be taken in order to control the material, once the plug of material is allowed to melt under controlled conditions.
- an inner annulus may be incorporated in order to increase the surface area available for the cooling effect of these inert liquids or inert gases.
- facilities may be provided for permitting the interchange of inert cryogenic liquids, liquefied inert gases, inert cryogenic gases and inert gases in circumstances where the additional cooling properties of a lower boiling inert material whether liquid or gaseous may replace a higher boiling inert material, whether liquid or gaseous, in order to provide an effective plug of material for sealing the pipeline.
- the invention can also employ the large dilution effects achieved by the injection of inert cryogenic liquids, liquefied inert gases, inert cryogenic gases and inert gases into any pipeline leaking gaseous or volatile hazardous material prior to the point of release, through either a low temperature liquid injection valve or a gas injection valve, thereby effecting the dispersal of these materials to the air at concentrations below their threshold limit values.
- the dispersion would be effective for any material irrespective of the actual vapour density, when compared to that of air.
- leakages of hazardous material can be controlled, whether toxic, pyrophoric, flammable or explosive, through the use of combined inner and outer annulus cooling units, located before and/or after an injection unit to produce the liquefaction and/or solidification of these hazardous materials by the circulation of cryogenic fluids such as helium within the cooling unit.
- cryogenic fluids such as helium within the cooling unit.
- Fig. 1 shows a schematic layout for a pre installed annulus valve used for well-killing by the method of this invention, located in a tubing pocket.
- a fully developed blow-out can be killed by pumping an inert low-temperature fluid, for example liquid nitrogen as kill material down an annular passageway between an outer casing 2 and a pipeline 3 carrying the oil flow, through the pre-ins tailed annular valve 4 directly into the pipeline 3.
- the valve 4 is such that it can open from the annulus 1 to the pipeline 3 under a positive pressure difference, thereby allowing the inert kill material to be fed directly into the blow-out flow.
- the valve 4 in this embodiment is similar to conventional chemical injection valves and may be located at any predetermined level within the well, where it is thought to be most effective.
- Ancillary equipment can be p ⁇ ovided so that the well killing operation can be initiated as soon as possible followiny the blow-out.
- Valves 5 are ⁇ provided for controlling the flow of the kill-material to the annulus 1.
- the pipeline 3, outer casing 2, valves 5, annulus valve 4 and ancillary equipment are fabricated from materials capable of withstanding the range of temperatures to be encountered during this operation.
- Fig. 2 shows a schematic layout for a pre installed annulus kill-valve together with dual inert liquid/inert gas cooling units for use on any other type of line leaking hazardous materials;
- Figs.3(a) and (b) are respectively a schematic side section and plan section of an inert liquid/inert gas cooling unit of Fig. 2.
- Fig. 2 the annulus valve 4 is disposed between cooling units 6, the valve 4 and units 6 being fed by pipes 7 leading from a common source of liquid helium.
- the cooling units are shown in more detail in Fig. 3, from which it can be seen that the liquid helium is fed through the pipe 7 into an outer annulus 8 surrounding the pipeline 3, and thence through passageways 9 to an inner annulus 10 within the pipeline 3 and spaced from its wall. Flow of the helium through the annuli 8, 10 is ensured by an exhaust pipe 11 leading to a recycling plant for recooling the helium.
- the flow of low-temperature helium through the annuli 8,10 cools the oil and gas in the pipeline 3 thereby slowing or stopping its passage.
- liquid helium is supplied directly into the pipeline 3 through the annulus valve 4 to cool and dilute the flow as the helium vaporises and expands.
- the predominance of the helium prevents ignition or continued burning by isolating the combustible flow from the air.
Abstract
A method of combating escape of hazardous material from a pipeline, for example in oil well blow-outs or in escape of dangerous chemicals, by introducing into the pipeline an inert fluid which is normally a gas, the fluid being introduced at a temperature lower than that of the escaping material and in a condition whereby the fluid expands on introduction, so as to cool and dilute the escaping material.
Description
Hazardous Materials Control
This invention relates to a method of combating the issue of hazardous material from a pipeline, for example during a blowout at an oil well or leakage of dangerous material from a chemical plant.
Escape of hazardous material is a major danger in many industries and can result in widespread and expensive damage being caused.
The problem is potentially worse if the hazardous material is concentrated and/or under pressure.
In general, previously-proposed methods of dealing with such escapes have been aimed at combating the hazardous material after its escape while attempting to cut off its source. Thus damage can be caused by the issuing material before the source can be isolated, as the material is treated only after its escape.
According to the present invention there is provided a method of combating the issue of hazardous material from a pipeline, comprising providing the pipeline with a secondary inlet for introduction of a fluid inert to the hazardous material flowing in the pipeline, the fluid at normal temperature and pressure being a gas, and introducing said fluid into the pipeline through the secondary inlet, the introduction being made under conditions whereby the fluid expands and undergoes a temperature
increase on introduction.
Pressuring means may be provided for injecting the fluid into the pipeline. A valve may also be provided in association with the secondary inlet to allow the introduction of the fluid to be started, stopped and controlled as required.
The method of this invention operates in general terms by treating the hazardous material prior to its escape from the pipeline. The treatment constitutes dilution by the inert fluid, and lowering of the hazardous material temperature and therefore, in many cases, its flash point. When a cryogenic fluid is employed the hazardous material may even be liquefied or solidified as a result of heat exchange with the fluid, thus making it easier to deal with. When it is solidified by the cryogenic fluid the solidified ma£erial can form a frozen plug in the pipeline, thus sεalingthe pipeline against further escape until the cause of the escape can be located and dealt with.
The secondary inlet may be fed with any of a number of fluids depending on the particular hazard being presented by the issuing material. For example, if the escaping material is inflammable the fluid selected would be incapable of supporting combustion, so that its injection into the pipeline would prevent ignition of the material or would extinguish any already-burning material. This particular effect would be enhanced by the cooling effect of the fluid. Alternatively, the fluid may be selected to provide in the pipeline sufficient daikition of the escaping material to reduce its concentration to below its threshold limit value, and in this case it is of advantage to use a fluid which undergoes a change of state on introduction into the pipeline, preferably from particulate solid or liquid to gas, so as to provide rapid volume expansion within the pipeline and provide fast dilution of the material.
Especially advantageous fluids to introduce into the pipeline are solid carbon dioxide, liquid nitrogen, liquid helium, liquid neon, liquid argon, liquid krypton, liquid xenon and liquid carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof. As these fluids are cryogenic it is important. to ensure that the material of the pipeline, secondary inlet and. any valves has the capability of withstanding low temperatures without failing. Stainless steel is useful in this context, and as much existing chemical plant is manufactured of this material the method of this invention can be introduced to existing plant without major replacement of pipework.
As well as introduction of the fluid directly into the pipeline, the fluid can be passed in contact with the pipeline wall before introduction into the pipeline, thereby providing initial heat exchange between the fluid and the hazardous material through the pipeline wall. To this end an annular conduit can be provided around a portion of the pipeline and communicating with the secondary inlet, the inner wall of the conduit being formed by the pipeline wall.
A. proportion of the fluid can also be fed to a cooling unit within the pipeline for cooling purposes, and this unit may be an annular passageway which allows heat exchange through its wall without greatly impeding the normal flow of material through the pipeline.
In this specification and the accompanying claims the term "pipeline" is used to describe any conduit for passage of material. The hazardous material is material which presents a problem, whether to the environment or to health or in any other manner, on escape from the pipeline.
The invention in its aspects can be used, for example, in the following situations, with especial regard to oil wells:
1. Blow-out wild well control,
1.1 land based exploration and production oil rigs,
1.2 offshore based exploration and production platforms,
1.2.1 concrete platforms situated on the sea bed,
1.2.2 steel platforms situated on the sea bed,
1.2.3 semi-submersible platforms,
1.2.4 drill ships,
1.2.5 sub sea completions,
2. Leakages of hazardous chemicals with toxic, pyrophoric, flammable or explosive properties whilst under conditions of storage, transfer, physical processing or chemical processing,
2.1 inert fluids, 2.1.1 cryogenic liquids - for example:- neon, argon, 2.1.2 cryogenic gases - for example:- neon, argon, 2.1.3 inert liquefied gases - for example:- krypton, xenon, carbon dioxide,
2.1.4 inert gases - for example:- krypton, xenon, carbon dioxide,
2.2 non-inert materials, 2.2.1 cryogenic liquids - for example:- oxygen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide,
2.2.2 cryogenic gases - for example:- oxygen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide,
2.2.3 liquefied flammable gases, 2.2.3. 1 liquefied natural gases - for example:- methane, ethane,
2.2.3. 2 liquefied petroleum gases - for example:- propane, butane,
2.2.3. 3 other liquefied flammable gases - for example:- acetylene, ammonia, ethylene, propylene, vinyl chloride
2.2.4 flammable liquids, 2.2.4.1 petroleum spirits with flash points less than 22.8°C
- for example:- motor gasoline, aviation fuel, unrefined crude oils, toluene, benzene, naphtha,
2.2.4.2 highly flammable liquids with a flash point between 22°C to 32°C - for example:- xylene, naphtha,
2.2.4.3 non-petroleum derived flammable liquids with flash points less than 22.8°C:- for example diethyl ether, ethanol, methanol, acetone,
2.2.4.4 other flammable liquids with flash points above 32°C
- for example:- kerosene, dissel, styrene,
2.2.5 liquefied toxic gases - for example:- chlorine, ammonia sulphur dioxide,
2.2.6 toxic gases - for example:- chlorine, ammonia, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide,
2.2.7 flammable gases -for example:- vapourised LNG's, LPG's HFL'S, petroleum spirits etc.,
2.2.8 hazardous chemical liquids and gases,
2.2.9 materials at or above their autoignition temperature and which may be in the liquid or gaseous phase, 2.2.10 materials contained under pressure and which may be in the liquid or gaseous phase,
2.2.11 materials being processed under unit operations,
2.2.12 materials being processed under continuous operations,
3. Leakage of the above groups of toxic/pyrophoric/flammable/ explosive materials from - for example:- petrochemical works, refineries, oil platforms, tank farms/storage depots, rail tank wagons, road tankers, marine vessels, aeroplanes, advanced gas cooled reactors, pressurised water reactors, fast breeder reactors and pipelines.
The method of the invention is especially effective when the fluid has low-boiling point and high vapour, liquid-vapour or solid-vapour expansion ratio.
The invention can be used with regard to:
(a) preventing the ignition of flammable concentrations of vapours or aerosols;
(b) controlling the leakage of any hazardous material by either liquefaction and/or solidification; and
(c) diluting any gaseous or volatile hazardous material to below its respective threshold limit value or T.L.V. prior to complete dispersal to the atmosphere.
The first of these may involve the injection of an inert cryogenic liquid or liquefied inert gas into any line leaking flammable concentrations of vapour or aerosols. This requires the use of a low temperature liquid injection valve. Alternatively the injection of an inert cryogenic gas or inert gas into any line leaking flammable concentrations αf vapour or aerosol requires the use of a gas injection valve capable of operation at low temperatures.
These two types of valve would thereby permit injection of an inert cryogenic liquid, liquefied inert gas, inert cryogenic gas or inert gas directly into the leaking hazardous material prior to release, so that the vapourising inert cryogenic liquid or liquefied inert gas would both cool and inert the escaping release, through starving the hazardous material of oxygen, whilst the inert cryogenic gas or inert gas would inert the escaping release mainly by starving the fuel of oxygen, and additionally cool the escaping release should its temperature be sufficiently below the temperature of the escaping release.
Technology currently exists whereby a down-hole valve below the Christmas-Tree on an oil rig, situated between an outer annulus and the main well-pipe, will allow drill-mud to be pumped directly into a blow-out in an attempt to overcome the main pressure of the well. This type of arrangement can be adapted for the injection of fluid by the method of this invention directly below the Christmas-Tree on any oil-well,
whether on a platform, a sub-sea completion or on land, so that in the event of a blow out, the possibility of an ignition is greatly reduced. Further, by the injection of an inert cryogenic liquid, liquefied inert gas, inert cryogenic gas or inert gas, a blow-out that has iynited can be safely extinguished.
Similar injection devices may be installed at selected parts of all hazardous chemical installations etc., in order to control any potentially hazardous release.
At present, technology exists for utilising liquid nitrogen to solidify the material in a pipe in order to facilitate the removal of a section of pipe from between two solidified plugs of material. This has been achieved by placiny an annulus around the pipe which will contain the liquid nitrogen and thereby allow a frozen plug of material to form on the inside of the pipe to form an effective seal.
Within the ambit of the present invention the inert fluid, for example cryogenic liquid, liquefied inert gas, inert cryogenic gas or inert gas may be pumped into an existing facility that form an integral part of the pipelinp before and/or after the fluid injection facility, in order to effect the formation of a plug of material that will form an effective seal and thereby allow appropriate measures to be taken in order to control the material, once the plug of material is allowed to melt under controlled conditions.
Where the pipeline does not require to be open, as in the case of a drill-pipe, an inner annulus may be incorporated in order to increase the surface area available for the cooling effect of these inert liquids or inert gases.
Additionally, facilities may be provided for permitting the interchange of inert cryogenic liquids, liquefied inert gases,
inert cryogenic gases and inert gases in circumstances where the additional cooling properties of a lower boiling inert material whether liquid or gaseous may replace a higher boiling inert material, whether liquid or gaseous, in order to provide an effective plug of material for sealing the pipeline. There should also preferably be provision for a reverse procedure to allow controlled melting once the sealing operation has been successfully completed. These procedures can permit the reduction of operating costs through the use of the most cost effective material.
Under certain conditions of temperature and pressure, flow restriction may be necessary in order to permit an effective seal to be formed and maintained. However, installation of a correctly sized fluid injection and cooling unit should alleviate the need for substantial flow restriction, except in cases where prior operating conditions have been grossly exceeded.
The invention can also employ the large dilution effects achieved by the injection of inert cryogenic liquids, liquefied inert gases, inert cryogenic gases and inert gases into any pipeline leaking gaseous or volatile hazardous material prior to the point of release, through either a low temperature liquid injection valve or a gas injection valve, thereby effecting the dispersal of these materials to the air at concentrations below their threshold limit values. The dispersion would be effective for any material irrespective of the actual vapour density, when compared to that of air.
As a result of this invention it is possible to control leakages of all known hazardous materials, for example toxic, pyrophoric, flammable or explosive, through the use of specially designed low temperature liquid injection valves for use with either inert cryogenic liquids or liquefied inert gases, or specially designed gas injection valves for use with inert cryogenic gases
or inert gases. These valves permit the injection of inert fluid directly into a leaking line prior to the point of release. Benefits which can be obtained are:-
( a ) inertion of flammable gases and liquids.
(b) Extinction of flammable gas and liquid fires.
(c) Condensation of gaseous or volatile hazardous materials.
(d) Solidification of gaseous or volatile hazardous materials.
(e) Dispersion of gaseous or volatile hazardous materials.
Also as a result of this invention leakages of hazardous material can be controlled, whether toxic, pyrophoric, flammable or explosive, through the use of combined inner and outer annulus cooling units, located before and/or after an injection unit to produce the liquefaction and/or solidification of these hazardous materials by the circulation of cryogenic fluids such as helium within the cooling unit. Where the pipeline has to be maintained with a specific orifice, as in the case of drill pipe then the cooling unit preferably consists solely of an outer annulus.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which :
Fig. 1 shows a schematic layout for a pre installed annulus valve used for well-killing by the method of this invention, located in a tubing pocket.
By using standard well-head kill-line connections, a fully developed blow-out can be killed by pumping an inert low-temperature
fluid, for example liquid nitrogen as kill material down an annular passageway between an outer casing 2 and a pipeline 3 carrying the oil flow, through the pre-ins tailed annular valve 4 directly into the pipeline 3. The valve 4 is such that it can open from the annulus 1 to the pipeline 3 under a positive pressure difference, thereby allowing the inert kill material to be fed directly into the blow-out flow. The valve 4 in this embodiment is similar to conventional chemical injection valves and may be located at any predetermined level within the well, where it is thought to be most effective. Ancillary equipment can be pτovided so that the well killing operation can be initiated as soon as possible followiny the blow-out. Valves 5 are^ provided for controlling the flow of the kill-material to the annulus 1.
The pipeline 3, outer casing 2, valves 5, annulus valve 4 and ancillary equipment are fabricated from materials capable of withstanding the range of temperatures to be encountered during this operation.
Fig. 2 shows a schematic layout for a pre installed annulus kill-valve together with dual inert liquid/inert gas cooling units for use on any other type of line leaking hazardous materials; and
Figs.3(a) and (b) are respectively a schematic side section and plan section of an inert liquid/inert gas cooling unit of Fig. 2.
In Fig. 2 the annulus valve 4 is disposed between cooling units 6, the valve 4 and units 6 being fed by pipes 7 leading from a common source of liquid helium. The cooling units are shown in more detail in Fig. 3, from which it can be seen that the liquid helium is fed through the pipe 7 into an outer annulus 8 surrounding the pipeline 3, and thence through passageways 9 to
an inner annulus 10 within the pipeline 3 and spaced from its wall. Flow of the helium through the annuli 8, 10 is ensured by an exhaust pipe 11 leading to a recycling plant for recooling the helium. The flow of low-temperature helium through the annuli 8,10 cools the oil and gas in the pipeline 3 thereby slowing or stopping its passage. At the same time liquid helium is supplied directly into the pipeline 3 through the annulus valve 4 to cool and dilute the flow as the helium vaporises and expands.
As the mixture of helium, gas and oil issues from the end of the pipeline 3 the predominance of the helium prevents ignition or continued burning by isolating the combustible flow from the air.
Modifications and improvements may be made without departing from the scope of the invention.
Claims
1. A method of combating the issue of hazardous material from a pipeline, comprising providing the pipeline with a secondary inlet for introduction of a fluid inert to the hazardous material flowing in the pipeline, the fluid at normal temperature and pressure being a gas, and introducing said fluid into the pipeline through the secondary inlet, the introduction being made under conditions whereby the fluid expands and undergoes a temperature increase on introduction.
2. A method according to Claim 1, wherein the fluid is a flαwable particulate solid on introduction into the pipeline.
3. A method according to Claim 2, wherein the fluid is solid carbon dioxide.
4. A method according to Claim 1, wherein the fluid is a liquid on introduction into the pipeline.
5. A method according to Claim 4, wherein the fluid is selected from liquid nitrogen, liquid helium, liquid neon, liquid argon, liquid krypton, liquid xenon and liquid carbon dioxide.
6. A method according to any one of Claims 1 to 5, wherein the fluid is incapable of supporting combustion.
7. A method according to any one of Claims 1 to 6, wherein the fluid is introduced to the secondary inlet through a valve.
8. A method according to any one of Claims 1 to 7, wherein the fluid is introduced into the pipeline at a temperature sufficiently low to change the state of the hazardous material.
9. A method according to Claim 8, wherein the injected fluid freezes the hazardous material to form a solid plug in the pipeline preventing flow of the hazardous material through the pipeline.
10. A method according to any one of Claims 1 to 9, wherein the fluid is passed in contact with the external face of the pipeline wall prior to introduction through the secondary inlet.
11. A method according to Claim 10, wherein the fluid is passed along an annular conduit whose inner wall is formed by the wall of the pipeline prior to introduction through the secondary inlet.
12. A method according to any one of Claims 1 to 11, wherein a proportion of the fluid is fed to a cooling unit in the form o f a passageway disposed within the pipeline in order to cool the hazardous material by heat exchange through the wall of the passageway.
13. A method according to Claim 12, wherein the passageway is annular.
14. A method according to any one of Claims 1 to 13, wherein the fluid is introduced into the pipeline between cooling units in which a proportion of the fluid is passed in heat exchange relationship through the wall of the pipeline with the hazardous material.
15. A method of combating the issue of hazardous material from a pipeline, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU76488/81A AU7648881A (en) | 1980-10-15 | 1981-10-14 | Hazardous materials control |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB8033275801015 | 1980-10-15 | ||
GB8033275 | 1980-10-15 | ||
GB8036745 | 1980-11-15 | ||
GB8036745 | 1980-11-15 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1982001408A1 true WO1982001408A1 (en) | 1982-04-29 |
Family
ID=26277221
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB1981/000225 WO1982001408A1 (en) | 1980-10-15 | 1981-10-14 | Hazardous materials control |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0069740A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1982001408A1 (en) |
Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2003093634A1 (en) * | 2002-05-03 | 2003-11-13 | Ingen Process Limited | Cooling of hydrocarbons |
US7516787B2 (en) | 2006-10-13 | 2009-04-14 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Method of developing a subsurface freeze zone using formation fractures |
ITMI20101095A1 (en) * | 2010-06-17 | 2011-12-18 | Antonino Gambino | PETROLEUM ARREST DEVICE FROM THE FIELD |
WO2013090828A3 (en) * | 2011-12-16 | 2013-10-31 | Biofilm Ip, Llc | Cryogenic injection compositions, systems and methods for cryogenically modulating flow in a conduit |
US8863839B2 (en) | 2009-12-17 | 2014-10-21 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Enhanced convection for in situ pyrolysis of organic-rich rock formations |
US8875789B2 (en) | 2007-05-25 | 2014-11-04 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Process for producing hydrocarbon fluids combining in situ heating, a power plant and a gas plant |
US9010132B2 (en) | 2010-06-15 | 2015-04-21 | Biofilm Ip, Llc | Methods, devices and systems for extraction of thermal energy from a heat conducting metal conduit |
US9080441B2 (en) | 2011-11-04 | 2015-07-14 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Multiple electrical connections to optimize heating for in situ pyrolysis |
US9347302B2 (en) | 2007-03-22 | 2016-05-24 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Resistive heater for in situ formation heating |
US9394772B2 (en) | 2013-11-07 | 2016-07-19 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Systems and methods for in situ resistive heating of organic matter in a subterranean formation |
US9512699B2 (en) | 2013-10-22 | 2016-12-06 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Systems and methods for regulating an in situ pyrolysis process |
US9605789B2 (en) | 2013-09-13 | 2017-03-28 | Biofilm Ip, Llc | Magneto-cryogenic valves, systems and methods for modulating flow in a conduit |
US9644466B2 (en) | 2014-11-21 | 2017-05-09 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Method of recovering hydrocarbons within a subsurface formation using electric current |
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Cited By (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2003093634A1 (en) * | 2002-05-03 | 2003-11-13 | Ingen Process Limited | Cooling of hydrocarbons |
US7516787B2 (en) | 2006-10-13 | 2009-04-14 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Method of developing a subsurface freeze zone using formation fractures |
US7516785B2 (en) | 2006-10-13 | 2009-04-14 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Method of developing subsurface freeze zone |
US7647972B2 (en) | 2006-10-13 | 2010-01-19 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Subsurface freeze zone using formation fractures |
US7647971B2 (en) | 2006-10-13 | 2010-01-19 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Method of developing subsurface freeze zone |
US9347302B2 (en) | 2007-03-22 | 2016-05-24 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Resistive heater for in situ formation heating |
US8875789B2 (en) | 2007-05-25 | 2014-11-04 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Process for producing hydrocarbon fluids combining in situ heating, a power plant and a gas plant |
US8863839B2 (en) | 2009-12-17 | 2014-10-21 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Enhanced convection for in situ pyrolysis of organic-rich rock formations |
US9528780B2 (en) | 2010-06-15 | 2016-12-27 | Biofilm Ip, Llc | Methods, devices and systems for extraction of thermal energy from a heat conducting metal conduit |
US9010132B2 (en) | 2010-06-15 | 2015-04-21 | Biofilm Ip, Llc | Methods, devices and systems for extraction of thermal energy from a heat conducting metal conduit |
ITMI20101095A1 (en) * | 2010-06-17 | 2011-12-18 | Antonino Gambino | PETROLEUM ARREST DEVICE FROM THE FIELD |
US9080441B2 (en) | 2011-11-04 | 2015-07-14 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Multiple electrical connections to optimize heating for in situ pyrolysis |
WO2013090828A3 (en) * | 2011-12-16 | 2013-10-31 | Biofilm Ip, Llc | Cryogenic injection compositions, systems and methods for cryogenically modulating flow in a conduit |
TWI575062B (en) * | 2011-12-16 | 2017-03-21 | 拜歐菲樂Ip有限責任公司 | Cryogenic injection compositions, systems and methods for cryogenically modulating flow in a conduit |
US9677714B2 (en) | 2011-12-16 | 2017-06-13 | Biofilm Ip, Llc | Cryogenic injection compositions, systems and methods for cryogenically modulating flow in a conduit |
US9605789B2 (en) | 2013-09-13 | 2017-03-28 | Biofilm Ip, Llc | Magneto-cryogenic valves, systems and methods for modulating flow in a conduit |
US9512699B2 (en) | 2013-10-22 | 2016-12-06 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Systems and methods for regulating an in situ pyrolysis process |
US9394772B2 (en) | 2013-11-07 | 2016-07-19 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Systems and methods for in situ resistive heating of organic matter in a subterranean formation |
US9644466B2 (en) | 2014-11-21 | 2017-05-09 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Method of recovering hydrocarbons within a subsurface formation using electric current |
US9739122B2 (en) | 2014-11-21 | 2017-08-22 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Mitigating the effects of subsurface shunts during bulk heating of a subsurface formation |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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