Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F20/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride, ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
  • C08F20/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms, Derivatives thereof
  • C08F20/52—Amides or imides
  • C08F20/54—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide
  • C08F20/60—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide containing nitrogen in addition to the carbonamido nitrogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F20/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride, ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
  • C08F20/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms, Derivatives thereof
  • C08F20/10—Esters
  • C08F20/34—Esters containing nitrogen, e.g. N,N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F30/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and containing phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal
  • C08F30/02—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and containing phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal containing phosphorus
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
  • C09D5/16—Antifouling paints; Underwater paints
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
  • C09D5/16—Antifouling paints; Underwater paints
  • C09D5/1656—Antifouling paints; Underwater paints characterised by the film-forming substance
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
  • C09D5/16—Antifouling paints; Underwater paints
  • C09D5/1656—Antifouling paints; Underwater paints characterised by the film-forming substance
  • C09D5/1662—Synthetic film-forming substance
  • C09D5/1668—Vinyl-type polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
  • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
  • C08F220/10—Esters
  • C08F220/12—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols
  • C08F220/16—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols of phenols or of alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms
  • C08F220/18—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols of phenols or of alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms with acrylic or methacrylic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
  • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
  • C08F220/10—Esters
  • C08F220/12—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols
  • C08F220/16—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols of phenols or of alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms
  • C08F220/18—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols of phenols or of alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms with acrylic or methacrylic acids
  • C08F220/1811—C10or C11-(Meth)acrylate, e.g. isodecyl (meth)acrylate, isobornyl (meth)acrylate or 2-naphthyl (meth)acrylate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
  • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
  • C08F220/52—Amides or imides
  • C08F220/54—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide
  • C08F220/60—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide containing nitrogen in addition to the carbonamido nitrogen
  • C08F220/603—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide containing nitrogen in addition to the carbonamido nitrogen and containing oxygen in addition to the carbonamido oxygen and nitrogen

Definitions

• This invention relates to anti-fouling paint, especially for marine applications.
• Man-made structures such as boat hulls, buoys, drilling platforms, oil production rigs, and pipes which are immersed in water are prone to fouling by aquatic organisms such as green and brown algae, barnacles, mussels, and the like.
• aquatic organisms such as green and brown algae, barnacles, mussels, and the like.
• Such structures are commonly of metal, but may also comprise other structural materials such as concrete.
• This fouling is a nuisance on boat hulls, because it increases frictional resistance during movement through the water, the consequence being reduced speeds and increased fuel costs.
• It is a nuisance on static structures such as the legs of drilling platforms and oil production rigs, firstly because the resistance of thick layers of fouling to waves and currents can cause unpredictable and potentially dangerous stresses in the structure, and, secondly, because fouling makes it difficult to inspect the structure for defects such as stress cracking and corrosion.
• anti-fouling paint for instance as a top coat on ships' hulls, to inhibit the settlement and growth of marine organisms such as barnacles and algae, generally by release of a biocide for the marine organisms.
• anti-fouling paints have comprised a relatively inert binder with a biocidal pigment that is leached from the paint.
• binders which have been used are vinyl resins and rosin.
• Vinyl resins are seawater-insoluble and paints based on them use a high pigment concentration so as to have contact between the pigment particles to ensure leaching.
• Rosin is a hard brittle resin that is very slightly soluble in seawater.
• Rosin-based anti-fouling paints have been referred to as soluble matrix or eroding paints.
• the biocidal pigment is very gradually leached out of the matrix of rosin binder in use, leaving a skeletal matrix of rosin, which becomes washed off the hull surface to allow leaching of the biocidal pigment from deep within the paint film.
• GB-A-2 273 934 described a binder system that is an alternative to organotin-based anti-fouling systems.
• One of the hydrolysable polymeric binders described comprises quaternary ammonium groups bound to a polymeric backbone.
• Such a polymeric binder is prepared by co-polymerisation of halide-capped quaternary ammonium monomers of which one of the R groups has a (meth)acrylamide functionality.
• These polymeric binders are partially soluble in seawater due to the halide-capped quaternary ammonium groups. However, as the whole binder is to some extent seawater-soluble from the start, the paint erodes relatively quickly.
• Self-polishing copolymer paints which release non-biocidal moieties, are described in EP-A-69 559, EP-A-204 456, EP-A-529 693, EP-A-779 304, WO-A-91/14743, WO-A-91/09915, GB-A-231 070, and JP-A-9-286933.
• U.S. Pat. No. 4,675,051 describes a marine anti-fouling paint which is gradually dissolved in seawater and which comprises a binder in the form of a resin produced by the reaction of rosin and an aliphatic polyamine containing at least one primary or secondary amine group.
• EP-A-802 243 describes a coating composition comprising a rosin compound, a polymer containing organisilyl ester groups, and an anti-foulant.
• WO-A-02/02698 describes an anti-fouling paint which is gradually dissolved in seawater.
• the paint comprises a binder and an ingredient having marine biocide properties.
• the binder comprises a rosin material and an auxiliary film-forming resin.
• the auxiliary film-forming resin comprises a non-hydrolysing, water-insoluble film-forming polymer and an acid-functional film-forming polymer the acid groups of which are blocked by quaternary ammonium groups or quaternary phosphonium groups.
• the blocking groups are hydrolysed, dissociated or exchanged with seawater species, the polymer framework that remains becoming soluble or dispersible in seawater as a result.
• the soluble or dispersible framework at the surface of the paint layer on the ship is washed out or eroded.
• the structure of the quaternary ammonium groups or quaternary phosphonium groups that are used as blocking groups on the acid-functional polymer influences the rate at which the paint dissolves or erodes. Although longer-chain quaternary ammonium groups ensure a slow degradation of the paint, these groups are more toxic with increasing size. This toxicity is for instance used in the mildew-proofing coating composition described in JP-A-2-120372.
• a binder polymer comprising blocked functional groups of which the blocking groups can be hydrolysed, dissociated or exchanged with seawater species, the polymer framework that remains becoming soluble or dispersible in seawater as a result, of which said blocking groups are of low toxicity, preferably non-biocidal.
• the present invention relates to a polymer which provides a solution to the above-mentioned problems/disadvantages.
• the invention further relates to the preparation of this polymer, its use in anti-fouling compositions, to anti-fouling compositions comprising the polymer, and to the use of such anti-fouling compositions for the protection of man-made structures immersed in water such as boat hulls, buoys, drilling platforms, oil production rigs, and pipes.
• the binder polymer of the present invention is a polymer comprising quaternary ammonium groups and/or quaternary phosphonium groups bound (pendant) to the backbone of the polymer, said quaternary ammonium groups and/or quaternary phosphonium groups being neutralised, in other words blocked or capped, by counter-ions.
• These counter-ions consist of the anionic residue of an acid having an aliphatic, aromatic, or alkaryl hydrocarbon group comprising at least 6 carbon atoms.
• the present invention further relates to a process for preparing such a long-chain, carboxylate-capped quaternary-functional ammonium or phosphonium polymer, which process comprises the steps of:
• the quaternisation of an amine- or phosphine-functional monomer of formula (I) can be performed by reacting the monomer (I) with a carbonic acid diester, preferably a carbonic acid diester with up to 6 carbon atoms such as dimethyl carbonate, ethymethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and dipropyl carbonate. Most preferred is a reaction using dimethyl carbonate.
• quaternisation of an amine-functional monomer of formula (I) using a carbonic acid diester results in a quaternary ammonium-functional monomer of formula (II): wherein Y, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are as specified above, R 5 is a C 1-C5 alkyl group, preferably R 5 is methyl, and X is an anionic residue of the carbonic acid diester.
• the reaction conditions can be as described in EP-A-291 074 for the quaternisation of a tertiary amine R x R y R z N wherein R x , R y , and R z represent hydrocarbon residues.
• the amine-functional monomer of formula (I) and the carbonic acid diester can be used in a mol ratio of from 0.2 to 5.
• the reaction can take place in the presence or absence of a solvent, at a reaction temperature of from 20° C. to 200° C.
• the reaction is performed at a temperature of from 115° C. to 135° C. in the presence of an alcohol, preferably methanol, under an increased pressure of about 90 psi to 100 psi (6.1 10 5 Pa to 6.8 10 5 Pa).
• an alcohol preferably methanol
• the replacement of the carbonate counter-ion of the quaternary ammonium or quaternary phosphonium monomer can be performed using an acid having an aliphatic, aromatic, or alkaryl hydrocarbon group comprising 6 or more carbon atoms.
• the acid may be a carbonic acid, a sulphonic acid, or a sulphate acid.
• the acid comprises 6 or more carbon atoms, more preferably 8 or more carbon atoms.
• the acid preferably comprises up to 50 carbon atoms, even more preferably up to 30 carbon atoms, and most preferred up to 20 carbon atoms.
• the polymerisation of the long-chain, acid-capped quaternary ammonium- or quaternary phosphonium-functional monomer, or of a mixture of quaternary-functional monomers, can be performed using a variety of co-monomers, optionally mixtures of co-monomers.
• addition co-polymerisation can be performed with an unsaturated monomer prepared by reacting an ester or amide of an alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, carbocylic or heterocyclic alcohol or amine with an unsaturated carboxylic acid, such as methyl acrylate or methacrylate, butyl acrylate or methacrylate, isobutylacrylate or methacrylate, and isobornyl acrylate or methacrylate.
• the unsaturated co-monomer can be a vinylic compound, for example styrene, vinyl pyrrolidone or vinyl acetate.
• the polymer comprising quaternary ammonium groups and/or quaternary phosphonium groups having counter-ions derived from acids having an aliphatic, aromatic, or alkaryl hydrocarbon group comprising 6 or more carbon atoms can be prepared by polymerisation of at least one type of long-chain, acid-capped quaternary-functional monomer as described above. Alternatively, it can be prepared by reaction of a polymer containing quaternary ammonium groups and/or quaternary phosphonium groups with an acid having an aliphatic, aromatic, or alkaryl hydrocarbon group comprising 6 or more carbon atoms.
• the present invention further relates to the use of a polymer comprising quaternary ammonium groups and/or quaternary phosphonium groups bound to the backbone of the polymer, said quaternary ammonium groups and/or quaternary phosphonium groups being neutralised by counter-ions, wherein the counter-ions consist of the anionic residue of an acid having an aliphatic, aromatic, or alkaryl hydrocarbon group comprising 6 or more carbon atoms in anti-fouling coating compositions.
• the present invention further relates to anti-fouling coating compositions comprising an ingredient having marine biocidal properties and a polymer comprising quaternary ammonium groups and/or quaternary phosphonium groups bound to the backbone of the polymer, said quaternary ammonium groups and/or quaternary phosphonium groups being neutralised by counter-ions, wherein the counter-ions consist of the anionic residue of an acid having an aliphatic, aromatic, or alkaryl hydrocarbon group comprising 6 or more carbon atoms.
• the rate at which the paint according to the current invention dissolves or erodes in seawater can be adjusted by the structure of the blocking groups, substantially without problems related to the toxicity of the released groups.
• the blocking groups comprise anionic residues of one or more acids having an aliphatic hydrocarbon group comprising 6 to 50 carbon atoms, more preferably 6 to 20 carbon atoms.
• the paint comprises a rosin material in addition to the ingredient having marine biocidal properties and the polymer comprising quaternary ammonium groups and/or quaternary phosphonium groups, said quaternary ammonium groups and/or quaternary phosphonium groups being neutralised by counter-ions consisting of the anionic residue of an acid having an aliphatic, aromatic, or alkaryl hydrocarbon group comprising 6 or more carbon atoms.
• Rosin is not a very good film former, and it is known to add other film-forming resins to rosin-based anti-fouling paints. Consequently, an anti-fouling coating composition according to the present invention comprising a rosin material preferably additionally comprises a non-hydrolysing, water-insoluble film-forming polymer.
• the ratio between the rosin material and the long-chain, acid-capped quaternary-functional polymer, and optionally one or more other film-forming resins influences the strength of the paint film and/or the reliable eroding of the rosin-based paint matrix after the ingredient having marine biocidal properties has been leached from the paint.
• the anti-fouling paint has a binder comprising a blend of a rosin material and an auxiliary film-forming resin in a weight ratio of 20:80 to 95:5, the auxiliary film-forming resin comprising 20-100% by weight of the total weight of the auxiliary film-forming resin of a quaternary ammonium- and/or quaternary phosphonium-functional film-forming polymer (A), the quaternised groups of which are blocked by groups capable of hydrolyzing, dissociating or exchanging with seawater species to leave a polymer soluble in seawater, the blocking groups being anionic residues of acids having an aliphatic, aromatic, or alkaryl hydrocarbon group comprising 6 or more carbon atoms, and 80-0% by weight of the total weight of the auxiliary film-forming resin of a non-hydrolysing, water-insoluble film-forming polymer (B).
• A quaternary ammonium- and/or quaternary phosphonium-functional film-forming polymer
• the rosin material which can be added to a composition comprising a ingredient having marine biocidal properties and a long-chain, acid-capped quaternary-functional polymer, preferably is rosin, more particularly wood rosin or alternatively tall rosin or gum rosin.
• the main chemical constituent of rosin is abietic acid.
• the rosin can be any of the grades sold commercially, preferably that sold as WW (water white) rosin.
• the rosin material can alternatively be a rosin derivative, for example a maleinised or fumarised rosin, hydrogenated rosin, formulated rosin or polymerised rosin, or a rosin metal salt such as calcium, magnesium, copper or zinc rosinate.
• the non-hydrolysing, water-insoluble film-forming polymer (B) can for example be a vinyl ether polymer, for example a poly(vinyl alkyl ether) or a copolymer of a vinyl alkyl ether with vinyl acetate or vinyl chloride, an acrylate ester polymer such as a homopolymer or copolymer of one or more alkyl acrylates or methacrylates which preferably contain 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and may contain a co-monomer such as acrylonitrile or styrene, or a vinyl acetate polymer such as polyvinyl acetate or a vinyl acetate vinyl chloride copolymer.
• Polymer (B) can alternatively be a polyamine, particularly a polyamide having a plasticising effect such as a polyamide of a fatty acid dimer or the polyamide sold under the Trademark “Santiciser”.
• the paints of the invention have the optimum combination of film-forming and eroding properties when the non-hydrolysing, water insoluble film-forming polymer (B) is present in the composition.
• the weight ratio of rosin to total auxiliary film-forming resin is from 25:75, 50:50 or 55:45 up to 80:20.
• the hydrolysing or dissociating film-forming polymer (A) preferably forms at least 30, most preferably at least 50, up to 80 or 90% by weight of the auxiliary film-forming resin, the non-hydrolysing water-insoluble polymer (B) being the remainder.
• the rosin and the polymers forming the auxiliary film-forming resin can be mixed in a common solvent which forms at least part of the paint solvent, for example, an aromatic hydrocarbon such as xylene, toluene or trimethylbenzene, an alcohol such as n-butanol, an ether alcohol such as butoxyethanol or methoxypropanol, an ester such as butyl acetate or isoamyl acetate, an ether-ester such as ethoxyethyl acetate or methoxypropyl acetate, a ketone such as methyl isobutyl ketone or methyl isoamyl ketone, an aliphatic hydrocarbon such as white spirit, or a mixture of two or more of these solvents.
• an aromatic hydrocarbon such as xylene, toluene or trimethylbenzene
• an alcohol such as n-butanol
• an ether alcohol such as butoxyethanol or methoxypropanol
• An anti-fouling paint according to the present invention can include a non-polymeric plasticizer.
• a plasticiser can for example be present at up to 50% by weight based on the total binder polymer, most preferably at at least 10% and up to 35% by weight based on the binder polymer.
• plasticisers are phthalate esters such as dibutyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate or dioctyl phthalate, phosphate triesters such as tricresyl or tris(isopropyl)phenyl phosphate, or chlorinated paraffins.
• the ingredient having marine biocidal properties usually is a biocide for aquatic organisms or a pigment, or a mixture thereof.
• This biocide and/or pigment can be mixed with the binder using conventional paint-blending techniques.
• the ingredient having marine biocidal properties is a pigment, it can be all or part of the pigment of the paint.
• the coating composition preferably has a pigment volume concentration of, for example, 15 to 55%.
• the pigment can comprise a metalliferous pigment, for example a metalliferous pigment having a solubility in seawater of from 0.5 to 10 parts per million by weight.
• a metalliferous pigment for example a metalliferous pigment having a solubility in seawater of from 0.5 to 10 parts per million by weight.
• examples of such pigments which also behave as aquatic biocides include copper or zinc compounds, such as cuprous oxide, cuprous thiocyanate, cuprous sulphate, zinc ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate), zinc dimethyl dithio-carbamate, zinc pyrithione, copper pyrithione, zinc diethyl dithio-carbamate, copper resinate or cuprous ethylene bis(dithio-carbamate).
• sparingly soluble pigments having a solubility in seawater of 0.5 to 10 parts per million include barium sulphate, calcium sulphate, dolomite, and zinc oxide. Mixtures of sparingly soluble pigments can be used; for example cuprous oxide, suprous thiocyanate or zinc ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate), which are highly effective biocidal pigments, can be mixed with zinc oxide, which is not effective as a biocide but dissolves slightly more rapidly in seawater. Copper metal can be present as an aquatic biocide, for example in the flake or powder form.
• the anti-fouling coating composition can contain a non-metalliferous biocide for marine organisms, i.e. an ingredient having marine biocidal properties that is a biocide, but not a pigment.
• a non-metalliferous biocide for marine organisms i.e. an ingredient having marine biocidal properties that is a biocide, but not a pigment.
• examples of such compounds are tetramethyl thiuram disulphide, methylene bis(thiocyanate), captan, pyridinium triphenylboron, a substituted isothiazolone such as 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 2-methylthio-4-t.butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-s-triazine, N-3,4-dichlorophenyl-N′,N′-dimethyl-urea (“Diuron”), 2-(thiocyanomethylthio
• the anti-fouling composition comprises one or more acid-functional biocides, for example, (9E)-4-(6,10-dimethylocta-9,11-dienyl) furan-2-carboxylic acid and p-(sulphooxy) cinnamic acid (zosteric acid).
• acid-functional biocides for example, (9E)-4-(6,10-dimethylocta-9,11-dienyl) furan-2-carboxylic acid and p-(sulphooxy) cinnamic acid (zosteric acid).
• Such a (mixture of) non-metalliferous acid-functional biocide(s) can be used as the only biocide of the coating in a copper-free, or even metal-free or pigment-free, anti-fouling coating.
• the coating composition can contain (other) pigments.
• highly insoluble pigments are preferably used at less than 60% by weight of the total pigment component of the paint, most preferably less than 40%.
• the coating composition can additionally contain other additives, for instance conventional thickeners, particularly thixotropes such as silica or bentonite and/or stabilisers, for example zeolites or aliphatic or aromatic amines such as dehydroabietylamine.
• additives for instance conventional thickeners, particularly thixotropes such as silica or bentonite and/or stabilisers, for example zeolites or aliphatic or aromatic amines such as dehydroabietylamine.
• the methyl carbonate salt of trimethylammonium propylmethacrylamide was neutralised using palmitic acid in the following way.
• Solid palmitic acid 60.26 g, 0.235 mole
• a mathanolic solution 300 ml of trimethylammonium propylmethacrylamide methylcarbonate salt (61.18 g, 0.235 mole).
• the bubbling suspension (CO 2 gas evolved) was stirred overnight at room temperature under an atmosphere of N 2 .
• the resultant solution was heated to 35° C. for a further hour to ensure complete reaction. Evaporative removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, yielded an off-white solid/semi-solid that was confirmed to be the desired product by 1 H-NMR and used without further purification.
• the trimethylammonium propylmethacrylamide palmitate salt prepared in Example 1 was polymerised with isobornylmethacrylate (iBoMA) (20:80) such that a 50% solids polymer solution was obtained.
• iBoMA isobornylmethacrylate
• a feed solution was prepared comprising trimethylammonium propylmethacrylamide palmitate (103.57 g, 0.235 mole) in (3:1) xylene:butanol (50 g), iBoMA (208.96 g, 0.940 mole), and 2,2′-azobis-(2-methylbutyronitrile) AMBN initiator (2.26 g, 0.118 mole, 1 mol %).
• This feed solution was added dropwise over 3 1 ⁇ 2 h, with mechanical stirring and under an atmosphere of N 2 , to a reaction vessel containing (3:1) xylene:butanol (265 g) at 85° C. After the monomer addition was complete, the temperature was raised to 95° C. and a booster amount of AMBN (1.13 g, 0.0059 mole, 1 ⁇ 2 mol %) was added. The reaction was maintained at this elevated temperature for 1 h. The polymer solution was transferred to a storage vessel on cooling.

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