USRE36701E - Coronary heart disease treated with oestradiol - Google Patents
Coronary heart disease treated with oestradiol Download PDFInfo
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- USRE36701E USRE36701E US09/069,397 US6939798A USRE36701E US RE36701 E USRE36701 E US RE36701E US 6939798 A US6939798 A US 6939798A US RE36701 E USRE36701 E US RE36701E
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- oestradiol
- heart disease
- coronary heart
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
- A61K31/565—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the treatment of coronary heart disease and provides a pharmaceutical composition for such treatment, as well as a method for the treatment of coronary heart disease.
- Coronary heart disease arises from damage to the cardiac muscle, the myocardium, caused by insufficient flow of blood in the coronary arteries.
- the reduced flow of blood is termed myocardial ischemia, and the resulting heart damage is reflected in severe attacks of pain known as angina pectoris.
- the attacks of pain may be relieved or prevented using drugs, for example by sublingual administration of nitroglycerin or by the oral use of ⁇ -blocking agents and calcium antagonists.
- coronary heart disease may be treated by a combination of further methods, including the use of other drugs and the use of surgery.
- Coronary heart disease is particularly prevalent in women who have past the time of menopause. Furthermore, an increase in the incidence of heart conditions, including coronary artery disease, angina pectoris and vasomotor disturbance, is associated with the menopause.
- compositions and methods for the therapeutic treatment of coronary heart disease are based on the discovery that an oestrogen improves exercise-induced myocardial ischaemia in female patients with coronary artery disease.
- the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for treatment of coronary heart disease, comprising a synthetic or natural oestrogen together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- a method for the treatment of coronary heart disease comprises administration of an effective amount of an oestrogen.
- the treatment will generally be chronic but acute treatment is possible.
- the compositions can readily be formulated and administered to suit the mode of treatment.
- the currently preferred oestrogen is 17 ⁇ -oestradiol.
- Another product which may be employed is one prepared from the urine of pregnant mares, such as that sold by Wyeth under the Trade Name "Premarin" and which comprises a number of oestrogens, not all identified.
- the method of treatment of the present invention comprises the steps of:
- administering to said patient an effective amount of an oestrogen.
- the patient can then be monitored for improvement in the heart condition.
- a male of, say, 40 to 60 years or a female of, say, 60 to 75 years will exhibit one or more of the symptoms of coronary heart disease, including exceptional chest pain and shortness of breath.
- the oestrogen can be administered in various forms, depending upon the patient and the desired route of administration which may be oral, parenteral or transdermal.
- suitable formulations for oral administration include tablets, capsules, granules, powders or syrups; and suitable formulations for parenteral administration include injections (which may be intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous), drops or suppositories.
- oestrogen is mixed with additives such as those commonly employed in the field of pharmaceutical preparations, including vehicles, binders, disintegrators, lubricants, corrigents, solubilizers, suspending agents and coating agents.
- additives such as those commonly employed in the field of pharmaceutical preparations, including vehicles, binders, disintegrators, lubricants, corrigents, solubilizers, suspending agents and coating agents.
- the active ingredient may be formulated as a skin patch for transdermal application, e.g. the product Estradern manufactured by Ciba Laboratories.
- the dosage may be varied depending on the symptoms, age and body weight of the patient, the route of administration and the form of the preparation.
- the oestrogen may be administered in conjunction with added progesterone from 14-28 days.
- the present invention also provides for the use of an oestrogen in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of coronary heart disease, and particularly of coronary heart disease and myocardial ischaemia in female patients, particularly menopausal and post-menopausal women.
- Oestrogens have previously been administered for several medical indications, notably in hormone replacement therapy for menopausal and postmenopausal women.
- the administration of oestrogens is contra-indicated for patients with coronary heart disease, and the pharmacopoeia contain warnings for oestrogen products that they are not to be given to patients with cardiac disease.
- no medical practitioner will prescribe oestrogen for a patient with coronary heart disease.
- Ovarian hormones and in particular 17 ⁇ -oestradiol, are vasoactive substances. They have been shown to increase cardiac output and arterial flow velocity, and decrease vascular resistance, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (see, for example, Am. Heart J. 1987; 114: 1467-1503; N. Engl. J. Med. 1987; 316; 1105-1110; and .Circulation 1987; 75:1102-1109).
- the present invention is exemplified but not limited by the following Examples.
- the study population consisted of 11 female patients with coronary artery disease referred for cardiac evaluation during a 3 month period at the Royal Brompton National Heart & Lung Hospital, London. Patients were included in the study if they had a reproducible positive exercise test ( ⁇ 1 mm of ST segment depression), proven coronary artery disease ( ⁇ 70% diameter stenosis of one or more coronary arteries) and clinical indication of oestrogen deficiency. All but 2 of the women had 17 ⁇ -oestradiol plasma concentrations lower than 200 pmol/l (normal postmenopausal plasma concentration ⁇ 200 pmol/l ).
- a complete 12-lead electrocardiogram was obtained at rest, every minute during the test, at the end of each stage, at the onset of 1 mm of planar ST segment depression, at peak exercise and every minute during recovery.
- Leads V 2 , V 5 and II were continuously monitored.
- Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured at rest and monitored every minute during exercise and recovery.
- a positive response in the electrocardiogram was defined as a horizontal or downsloping ST segment depression ⁇ 1 mm at 60 ms after the J point occurring at least in six consecutive complexes.
- the exercise test was concluded at the point of physical exhaustion, ST segment depression ⁇ 3 min, severe angina, severe dyspnoea or a decline in systolic blood pressure greater than 20 mm Hg.
- Total exercise time, time to myocardial ischaemia, heart rate, blood pressure at the onset of 1 min ST segment depression, maximal ST segment depression and the development of angina during exercise were recorded.
- a blood sample for the evaluation of plasma levels of 17 ⁇ -oestradiol was taken after each test and analyzed using a standard radioimmunoassay method.
- the ST segment 60 ms after the J point, was evaluated after signal averaging using a computer assisted system (CASE Marquette 12) in all 12 leads.
- the lead showing the greatest ST segment depression in the placebo exercise test was selected for analysis. Exercise tests were reviewed in random order by independent, experienced investigators blinded to the clinical data.
- 17 ⁇ -oestradiol plasma concentrations increased from 155 ⁇ 168 to 2531 ⁇ 1192 pmol/l after administration of sublingual 17 ⁇ -oestradiol (normal premenopausal physiological ranges; luteal 368 to 1100 pmol/l, midcycle 785 to 1840 pmol/l, follicular 74 to 368 pmol/l ). No patients reported any adverse symptoms after administration of either 17 ⁇ -oestradiol or placebo.
- Heart rate and blood pressure were lower at rest after 17 ⁇ -oestradiol (p ⁇ 0.08). There were no differences in the haemodynamic variables either at the time of 1 mm ST segment depression or at peak exercise apart from the heart rate at 1 mm ST segment depression which was higher after 17 ⁇ -oestradiol (p ⁇ 0.02).
- results are similar to those obtained using acutely administered nitroglycerin or nitrates in patients with coronary artery diseases, and may explain some of the protection against coronary artery disease apparent in females before the menopause, and the protective effects of oestrogen replacement therapy in menopausal women.
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- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
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- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
Use of 17β-oestradiol in the treatment of coronary heart disease.
Description
The present invention relates to the treatment of coronary heart disease and provides a pharmaceutical composition for such treatment, as well as a method for the treatment of coronary heart disease.
Coronary heart disease arises from damage to the cardiac muscle, the myocardium, caused by insufficient flow of blood in the coronary arteries. The reduced flow of blood is termed myocardial ischemia, and the resulting heart damage is reflected in severe attacks of pain known as angina pectoris. The attacks of pain may be relieved or prevented using drugs, for example by sublingual administration of nitroglycerin or by the oral use of β-blocking agents and calcium antagonists. Apart from relieving or preventing the angina, coronary heart disease may be treated by a combination of further methods, including the use of other drugs and the use of surgery.
Coronary heart disease is particularly prevalent in women who have past the time of menopause. Furthermore, an increase in the incidence of heart conditions, including coronary artery disease, angina pectoris and vasomotor disturbance, is associated with the menopause.
The present invention provides compositions and methods for the therapeutic treatment of coronary heart disease. Such compositions and methods are based on the discovery that an oestrogen improves exercise-induced myocardial ischaemia in female patients with coronary artery disease.
Thus, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for treatment of coronary heart disease, comprising a synthetic or natural oestrogen together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Correspondingly, a method for the treatment of coronary heart disease, especially coronary heart disease in post-menopausal women, comprises administration of an effective amount of an oestrogen. The treatment will generally be chronic but acute treatment is possible. The compositions can readily be formulated and administered to suit the mode of treatment.
Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description and the claims.
The currently preferred oestrogen is 17β-oestradiol. Another product which may be employed is one prepared from the urine of pregnant mares, such as that sold by Wyeth under the Trade Name "Premarin" and which comprises a number of oestrogens, not all identified.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the method of treatment of the present invention comprises the steps of:
diagnosing coronary heart disease in a patient; and then
administering to said patient an effective amount of an oestrogen. The patient can then be monitored for improvement in the heart condition.
Typically the patient, a male of, say, 40 to 60 years or a female of, say, 60 to 75 years will exhibit one or more of the symptoms of coronary heart disease, including exceptional chest pain and shortness of breath. The oestrogen can be administered in various forms, depending upon the patient and the desired route of administration which may be oral, parenteral or transdermal. Suitable formulations for oral administration include tablets, capsules, granules, powders or syrups; and suitable formulations for parenteral administration include injections (which may be intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous), drops or suppositories. These various formulations can be prepared by conventional means in which the oestrogen is mixed with additives such as those commonly employed in the field of pharmaceutical preparations, including vehicles, binders, disintegrators, lubricants, corrigents, solubilizers, suspending agents and coating agents. Similarly the active ingredient may be formulated as a skin patch for transdermal application, e.g. the product Estradern manufactured by Ciba Laboratories.
The dosage may be varied depending on the symptoms, age and body weight of the patient, the route of administration and the form of the preparation. A daily dose of from 0.1 mg to 10 mg, more typically 0.5 mg to 2 mg, which may be administered in a single dose or in divided doses, is usually appropriate for an adult human patient. For female patients, if the uterus is intact, the oestrogen may be administered in conjunction with added progesterone from 14-28 days.
The present invention also provides for the use of an oestrogen in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of coronary heart disease, and particularly of coronary heart disease and myocardial ischaemia in female patients, particularly menopausal and post-menopausal women.
Oestrogens have previously been administered for several medical indications, notably in hormone replacement therapy for menopausal and postmenopausal women. However, stemming from a recognition of the adverse effects of the contraceptive pill, the administration of oestrogens is contra-indicated for patients with coronary heart disease, and the pharmacopoeia contain warnings for oestrogen products that they are not to be given to patients with cardiac disease. Thus, no medical practitioner will prescribe oestrogen for a patient with coronary heart disease.
Ovarian hormones, and in particular 17β-oestradiol, are vasoactive substances. They have been shown to increase cardiac output and arterial flow velocity, and decrease vascular resistance, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (see, for example, Am. Heart J. 1987; 114: 1467-1503; N. Engl. J. Med. 1987; 316; 1105-1110; and .Circulation 1987; 75:1102-1109).
The present invention is exemplified but not limited by the following Examples.
The acute effect of sublingual 17β-oestradiol on exercise-induced myocardial ischaemia was assessed in women with coronary artery disease.
The study population consisted of 11 female patients with coronary artery disease referred for cardiac evaluation during a 3 month period at the Royal Brompton National Heart & Lung Hospital, London. Patients were included in the study if they had a reproducible positive exercise test (≧1 mm of ST segment depression), proven coronary artery disease (≧70% diameter stenosis of one or more coronary arteries) and clinical indication of oestrogen deficiency. All but 2 of the women had 17β-oestradiol plasma concentrations lower than 200 pmol/l (normal postmenopausal plasma concentration <200 pmol/l ). Patients with primary valvar congenital heart disease, myocardial or pericardial disease, congestive heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, ST segment changes at rest and left bundle branch block were excluded. Patients with uncorrected hypokalaemia and those receiving digitalis or antidepressant drugs were also excluded.
The mean age of the 11 female patients was 58±8 years. Angina had been present for 4.6±3 years. Previous myocardial infarction had occurred in 3 patients and 2 had undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Hysterectomy had been performed in 2 patients. Eight patients were receiving β-blockers, 6 were receiving calcium channel antagonists and 4 were taking long acting nitrates. All patients underwent left ventriculography and selective coronary arteriography using the Judkins technique. Coronary artery disease (defined as at least 70% narrowing of the luminal diameter in one or more of the major coronary arteries or their major branches) was found in 3 vessels in 3 patients, in 2 vessels in 6 patients and in 1 vessel in 2 patients.
All 11 patients performed, off therapy, two exercise tests on two different days at the same hour of the day (±1 hour) using the modified Bruce protocol. Nitrates other than sublingual nitroglycerin were withdrawn 2 days before the study. Calcium channel blocking and β-adrenergic blocking agents were withdrawn 4 and 5 days before respectively. At least 6 hours elapsed between use of sublingual nitroglycerin and each exercise test. Forty minutes prior to each exercise, test patients were given either 17β-oestradiol (Estrace 1 mg, Mead Johnson laboratories, Evansville, Ind.) or 17β-oestradiol placebo (Mead Johnson laboratories, Evansville, Ind.) administered in random order. Both investigators and patients were blinded to the therapy taken by the patient. A complete 12-lead electrocardiogram was obtained at rest, every minute during the test, at the end of each stage, at the onset of 1 mm of planar ST segment depression, at peak exercise and every minute during recovery. Leads V2, V5 and II were continuously monitored. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured at rest and monitored every minute during exercise and recovery.
A positive response in the electrocardiogram was defined as a horizontal or downsloping ST segment depression ≧1 mm at 60 ms after the J point occurring at least in six consecutive complexes. The exercise test was concluded at the point of physical exhaustion, ST segment depression ≧3 min, severe angina, severe dyspnoea or a decline in systolic blood pressure greater than 20 mm Hg. Total exercise time, time to myocardial ischaemia, heart rate, blood pressure at the onset of 1 min ST segment depression, maximal ST segment depression and the development of angina during exercise were recorded.
A blood sample for the evaluation of plasma levels of 17β-oestradiol was taken after each test and analyzed using a standard radioimmunoassay method.
The ST segment, 60 ms after the J point, was evaluated after signal averaging using a computer assisted system (CASE Marquette 12) in all 12 leads. The lead showing the greatest ST segment depression in the placebo exercise test was selected for analysis. Exercise tests were reviewed in random order by independent, experienced investigators blinded to the clinical data.
All patients developed chest pain on exertion after placebo, while only 6 patients experienced chest pain after 17β-oestradiol. All patients had at least 1 mm ST segment depression during the placebo exercise test, but only 7 patients had a positive exercise test after 17β-oestradiol. Blood pressure, heart rate and rate pressure product at rest, at the onset of 1 mm of ST depression and at peak exercise are shown in the following Table. Statistical significance was tested using the two-tailed Mann-Whitney Test. The data are expressed as mean (±ISD) and differences with 95% confidence intervals are given.
__________________________________________________________________________
Difference
Placebo
17-β Oestradiol
(n = 11)
(n = 11)
(n = 11)
(95% Confidence
mean (SD)
Intervals)
__________________________________________________________________________
Resting
Heart Rate [beats/min]
80 (12)
-5 (-10 to 0.2)
Blood Pressure [mm Hg]
132 (22)
9 (-04 to 20)
Rate Pressure Product
10675 (3109)(2810)
0.1
7 (-1163 to 1745)
[mm Hg × (beats/min)]
1 mm ST Depression
Heart Rate [beats/min]
124 (20)*
-10 (-15 to -5)*
Blood Pressure [mm Hg]
161 (20)*
-10 (-18 to 23)*
Rate Pressure Product
19897 (4410)*43)
0.07
-l600 (-3483 to
59)*
[mm Hg × (beats/min)]
Time [seconds]
550 (166)*6 (214)
-101 (-154 to 39)*
Peak Exercise
Heart Rate [beats/min]
139 (19)
1 (-13 to 11)
Blood Prctsure[mm Hg]
171 (20)
-6 (-21 to 30)
Rate Pressure Product
24010 (4662)994)
-1930 (-4265 to
2224
[mm Hg × (beats/min)]
Time [seconds]
658 (193)69 (249)
-89 (-154 to -9)
Max ST Depression [mm]
1.2 (0.05)
-0.4 (0 to 0.7)
__________________________________________________________________________
n = 7
It can be seen that the time to 1 mm ST segment depression (p<0.02) and total exercise time (p<0.01) were increased by 17β-oestradiol. Heart rate at the onset of 1 mm ST segment depression was increased by 17β-oestradiol (p<0.05). If the peak exercise time was substituted for the time to 1 mm ST segment depression in those 4 patients who did not achieve 1 mm ST segment depression on exercise after 17β-oestradiol, then time to 1 mm ST segment depression increased (p<0.004).
17β-oestradiol plasma concentrations increased from 155±168 to 2531±1192 pmol/l after administration of sublingual 17β-oestradiol (normal premenopausal physiological ranges; luteal 368 to 1100 pmol/l, midcycle 785 to 1840 pmol/l, follicular 74 to 368 pmol/l ). No patients reported any adverse symptoms after administration of either 17β-oestradiol or placebo.
In general, patients who responded to 17β-oestradiol had a low control plasma oestradiol concentration. The two patients with the smallest increase in time to 1 mm ST segment depression had higher plasma oestradiol concentrations.
In summary, patients were randomized to receive either sublingual 17β-oestradiol or placebo 40 minutes before a treadmill exercise test. Plasma 17β-oestradiol concentrations were confirmed to be higher after sublingual 17β-oestradiol when compared with sublingual placebo (2531±1192 vs 155±168 pmol/l, p<0.001). 17β-Oestradiol increased both time to 1 mm ST depression (449±158 vs 550±166 seconds, p<0.02, difference 101, 95% confidence intervals 39 to 154) and total exercise time (569±249 vs 658±193 seconds, p<0.01, difference 89, 95% confidence intervals 9 to 154). Heart rate and blood pressure were lower at rest after 17β-oestradiol (p<0.08). There were no differences in the haemodynamic variables either at the time of 1 mm ST segment depression or at peak exercise apart from the heart rate at 1 mm ST segment depression which was higher after 17β-oestradiol (p<0.02).
The results are similar to those obtained using acutely administered nitroglycerin or nitrates in patients with coronary artery diseases, and may explain some of the protection against coronary artery disease apparent in females before the menopause, and the protective effects of oestrogen replacement therapy in menopausal women.
Other embodiments and within the following claims.
Claims (3)
1. A method for the treatment of myocardial ischaemia which results from coronary heart disease, which comprises administration to a patient of an effective amount of 17β-oestradiol.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said patient is a post-menopausal woman.
3. A method of treatment of myocardial ischaemia which results from coronary heart disease, which comprises the steps of:
diagnosing coronary heart disease in a patient; and then administering to said patient an effective amount of 17β-oestradiol. .Iadd.4. A method for the treatment of myocardial ischaemia from coronary heart disease, which comprises administration to a patient of an effective amount of an oestrogen..Iaddend..Iadd.5. The method of claim 4 wherein said patient is a post-menopausal woman..Iaddend..Iadd.6. A method of treatment of myocardial ischaemia from coronary heart disease, which comprises the steps of:
diagnosing coronary heart disease in a patient; and then
administering to said patient an effective amount of an oestrogen..Iaddend.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09/069,397 USRE36701E (en) | 1993-07-15 | 1998-04-29 | Coronary heart disease treated with oestradiol |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9314695 | 1993-07-15 | ||
| GB939314695A GB9314695D0 (en) | 1993-07-15 | 1993-07-15 | Coronary heart disease |
| US08/132,369 US5512557A (en) | 1993-10-07 | 1993-10-07 | Coronary heart disease treated with 17βoestradiol |
| US09/069,397 USRE36701E (en) | 1993-07-15 | 1998-04-29 | Coronary heart disease treated with oestradiol |
Related Parent Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/132,369 Reissue US5512557A (en) | 1993-07-15 | 1993-10-07 | Coronary heart disease treated with 17βoestradiol |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| USRE36701E true USRE36701E (en) | 2000-05-16 |
Family
ID=22453699
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/132,369 Ceased US5512557A (en) | 1993-07-15 | 1993-10-07 | Coronary heart disease treated with 17βoestradiol |
| US09/069,397 Expired - Fee Related USRE36701E (en) | 1993-07-15 | 1998-04-29 | Coronary heart disease treated with oestradiol |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/132,369 Ceased US5512557A (en) | 1993-07-15 | 1993-10-07 | Coronary heart disease treated with 17βoestradiol |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US5512557A (en) |
Families Citing this family (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5877169A (en) * | 1993-11-05 | 1999-03-02 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | Methods of treatment of ischemic damage |
| US6350739B1 (en) * | 1999-08-11 | 2002-02-26 | University Of Florida Resarch Foundation, Inc. | Methods of prevention and treatment of ischemic damage |
| US6319914B1 (en) | 1993-11-05 | 2001-11-20 | Apollo Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. | Cytoprotective effect of polycyclic phenolic compounds |
| US20040127473A1 (en) * | 1996-12-05 | 2004-07-01 | Reed Michael John | Compound |
| US5968918A (en) * | 1997-10-17 | 1999-10-19 | Kanda; Iwao | Method for the prevention of coronary artery spasm |
| US6339078B1 (en) | 1999-07-20 | 2002-01-15 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | Methods of prevention and treatment of ischemic damage |
| US6326365B1 (en) | 1999-07-20 | 2001-12-04 | Apollo Biopharmaceutics, Inc. | Methods of prevention and treatment of ischemic damage |
| US20040229856A1 (en) * | 1999-09-21 | 2004-11-18 | Baskaran Chandrasekar | Local delivery of 17-beta estradiol for preventing vascular intimal hyperplasia and for improving vascular endothelium function after vascular injury |
| MXPA02003009A (en) * | 1999-09-21 | 2005-02-17 | Inst Cardiologie Montreal | Local delivery of 17-beta estradiol for preventing vascular intima hyperplasia and for improving vascular endothelium function after vascular injury. |
| US20020151732A1 (en) * | 2001-01-05 | 2002-10-17 | Claes Ohlsson | Estrogen receptors |
| WO2005116047A2 (en) * | 2004-05-27 | 2005-12-08 | Migenix Corp. | 2-substituted 17-imino estrogen compounds for cytoprotection |
| US20090075888A1 (en) * | 2007-09-13 | 2009-03-19 | University Of North Texas Health Science Center At Fort Worth | Cardiovascular and Brain Cell Therapy Using Intracellular Ryanodine Receptor Modulation by the Estrogen Receptor Beta |
| EP2303336B1 (en) * | 2008-07-11 | 2016-03-23 | The University Of Dundee | Sulfonylurea receptor and means for treating ischaemia |
-
1993
- 1993-10-07 US US08/132,369 patent/US5512557A/en not_active Ceased
-
1998
- 1998-04-29 US US09/069,397 patent/USRE36701E/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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